INSERT INTO `labs` VALUES (223,'synovial fluid analysis','What is a synovial fluid analysis?\nSynovial fluid, also known as joint fluid, is a thick liquid located between your joints. The fluid cushions the ends of bones and reduces friction when you move your joints. A synovial fluid analysis is a group of tests that checks for disorders that affect the joints. The tests usually include the following:\nAn exam of physical qualities of the fluid, such as its color and thickness\nChemical tests to check for changes in the fluid\'s chemicals\nMicroscopic analysis to look for crystals, bacteria, and other substances\nOther names: joint fluid analysis\n','What is it used for?\nA synovial fluid analysis is used to help diagnose the cause of joint pain and inflammation. Inflammation is the body\'s response to injury or infection. It can cause pain, swelling, redness, and loss of function in the affected area. Causes of joint problems include:\nOsteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis. It is a chronic, progressive disease that causes joint cartilage to break down. It can be painful and lead to loss of mobility and function.\nGout, a type of arthritis that causes inflammation in one or more joints, usually in the big toe\nRheumatoid arthritis, a condition in which the body\'s immune system attacks healthy cells in your joints\nJoint effusion, a condition that happens when too much fluid builds up around a joint. It often affects the knee. When it affects the knee, it may be referred to as knee effusion or fluid on the knee.\nInfection in a joint\nBleeding disorder, such as hemophilia. Hemophilia is an inherited disorder that can cause excessive bleeding. Sometimes the excess blood ends up in the synovial fluid.\n','Why do I need a synovial fluid analysis?\nYou may need this test if you have symptoms of a joint disorder. These include:\nJoint pain\nJoint swelling\nRedness at a joint\nJoint that feels warm to the touch\n','What happens during a synovial fluid analysis?\nYour synovial fluid will be collected in a procedure called arthrocentesis, also known as joint aspiration. During the procedure:\nA health care provider will clean the skin on and around the affected joint.\nThe provider will inject an anesthetic and/or apply a numbing cream to the skin, so you won\'t feel any pain during the procedure. If your child is getting the procedure, he or she may also be given a sedative. Sedatives are medicines that have a calming effect and help reduce anxiety.\nOnce the needle is in place, your provider will withdraw a sample of synovial fluid and collect it in the syringe of the needle.\nYour provider will put a small bandage on the spot where the needle was inserted.\nThe procedure usually takes less than two minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if you need to fast and if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nYour joint may be sore for a couple of days after the procedure. Serious complications, such as infection and bleeding may happen, but are uncommon.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results show your synovial fluid was not normal, it may mean one of the following conditions:\nA type of arthritis, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or gout\nBleeding disorder\nBacterial infection\nYour specific results will depend on what abnormalities were found. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a synovial fluid analysis?\nArthrocentesis, the procedure used to do a synovial fluid analysis, may also be done to remove excess fluid from a joint. Normally, there is only a small amount of synovial fluid between the joints. If you have a joint problem, extra fluid can build up, causing pain, stiffness, and inflammation. This procedure can help relieve pain and other symptoms.\n'),(224,'syphilis tests','What are syphilis tests?\nSyphilis is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). It is a bacterial infection spread through vaginal, oral, or anal sex with an infected person. Syphilis develops in stages that can last for weeks, months, or even years. The stages may be separated by long periods of apparent good health.\nSyphilis usually starts with a small, painless sore, called a chancre, on the genitals, anus, or mouth. In the next stage, you may have flu-like symptoms and/or a rash. Later stages of syphilis can damage the brain, heart, spinal cord, and other organs. Syphilis tests can help diagnose syphilis in the early stages of infection, when the disease is easiest to treat.\nOther names: rapid plasma reagin (RPR), venereal disease Research laboratory (VDRL), fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test, agglutination assay (TPPA), darkfield microscopy\n','What are they used for?\nSyphilis tests are used to screen for and diagnose syphilis.\nScreening tests for syphilis include:\nRapid plasma reagin (RPR), a syphilis blood test that looks for antibodies to the syphilis bacteria. Antibodies are proteins made by the immune system to fight foreign substances, such as bacteria.\nVenereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test, which also checks for syphilis antibodies. A VDRL test can be done on blood or spinal fluid.\nIf a screening test comes back positive, you will need more testing to rule out or confirm a syphilis diagnosis. Most of these follow up tests will also look for syphilis antibodies. Sometimes, a healthcare provider will use a test that looks for actual syphilis bacteria, instead of the antibodies. Tests that look for the actual bacteria are used less often because they can only be done in specialized labs by specially trained health care professionals.\n','Why do I need a syphilis test?\nYou may need a syphilis test if your sexual partner has been diagnosed with syphilis and/or you have symptoms of the disease. Symptoms usually appear about two to three weeks after infection and include:\nSmall, painless sore (chancre) on the genitals, anus, or mouth\nRough, red rash, usually on the palms of the hands or the bottom of the feet\nFever\nHeadache\nSwollen glands\nFatigue\nWeight loss\nHair loss\nEven if you don\'t have symptoms, you may need a test if you are at a higher risk of infection. Risk factors include having:\nMultiple sex partners\nA partner with multiple sex partners\nUnprotected sex (sex without using a condom)\nAn HIV/AIDS infection\nAnother sexually transmitted disease, such as gonorrhea\nYou may also need this test if you are pregnant. Syphilis can be passed from a mother to her unborn baby. A syphilis infection can cause serious, and sometimes deadly, complications to infants. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that all pregnant women get tested early in pregnancy. Women who have risk factors for syphilis should be tested again in the third trimester of pregnancy (28–32 weeks) and again at delivery.\n','What happens during a syphilis test?\nA syphilis test is usually in the form of a blood test. During a syphilis blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\nMore advanced stages of syphilis can affect the brain and spinal cord. If your symptoms show your disease might be in a more advanced stage, your health care provider may order a syphilis test on your cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is a clear liquid found in your brain and spinal cord.\nFor this test, your CSF will be collected through a procedure called a lumbar puncture, also known as a spinal tap. During the procedure:\nYou will lie on your side or sit on an exam table.\nA health care provider will clean your back and inject an anesthetic into your skin, so you  won\'t feel pain during the procedure. Your provider may put a numbing cream on your back before this injection.\nOnce the area on your back is completely numb, your provider will insert a thin, hollow needle between two vertebrae in your lower spine. Vertebrae are the small backbones that make up your spine.\nYour provider will withdraw a small amount of cerebrospinal fluid for testing. This will take about five minutes.\nYou\'ll need to stay very still while the fluid is being withdrawn.\nYour provider may ask you to lie on your back for an hour or two after the procedure. This may prevent you from getting a headache afterward.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a syphilis blood test. For a lumbar puncture, you may be asked to empty your bladder and bowels before the test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\nIf you had a lumbar puncture, you may have pain or tenderness in your back where the needle was inserted. You may also get a headache after the procedure.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your screening results were negative or normal, it means no syphilis infection was found. Since antibodies can take a couple of weeks to develop in response to a bacterial infection, you may need another screening test if you think you were exposed to the infection. Ask your health care provider about when or if you need to be re-tested.\nIf your screening tests show a positive result, you will have more testing to rule out or confirm a syphilis diagnosis. If these tests confirm you have syphilis, you will probably be treated with penicillin, a type of antibiotic. Most early-stage syphilis infections are completely cured after antibiotic treatment. Later-stage syphilis is also treated with antibiotics. Antibiotic treatment for later-stage infections can stop the disease from getting worse, but it can\'t undo damage already done.\nIf you have questions about your results, or about syphilis, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about syphilis tests?\nIf you are diagnosed with syphilis, you need to tell your sexual partner, so he or she can get tested and treated if necessary.\n'),(225,'testosterone levels test','What is a testosterone levels test?\nTestosterone is the main sex hormone in males. During a boy\'s puberty, testosterone causes the growth of body hair, muscle development, and deepening of the voice. In adult men, it controls sex drive, maintains muscle mass, and helps make sperm. Women also have testosterone in their bodies, but in much smaller amounts.\nThis test measures the levels of testosterone in your blood. Most of the testosterone in the blood is attached to proteins. Testosterone that is not attached to a protein is called free testosterone. There are two main types of testosterone tests:\nTotal testosterone, which measures both attached and free testosterone.\nFree testosterone, which measures just free testosterone. Free testosterone can give more information about certain medical conditions.\nTestosterone levels that are too low (low T) or too high (high T) can cause health problems in both men and women.\nOther names: serum testosterone, total testosterone, free testosterone, bioavailable testosterone\n','What is it used for?\nA testosterone levels test may be used to diagnose several conditions, including:\nDecreased sex drive in men and women\nInfertility in men and women\nErectile dysfunction in men\nTumors of testicles in men\nEarly or delayed puberty in boys\nExcess body hair growth and development of masculine features in women\nIrregular menstrual periods in women\n','Why do I need a testosterone levels test?\nYou may need this test if you have symptoms of abnormal testosterone levels. For adult men, it\'s mostly ordered if there are symptoms of low T levels. For women, it\'s mostly ordered if there are symptoms of high T levels.\nSymptoms of low T levels in men include:\nLow sex drive\nDifficulty getting an erection\nDevelopment of breast tissue\nFertility problems\nHair loss\nWeak bones\nLoss of muscle mass\nSymptoms of high T levels in women include:\nExcess body and facial hair growth\nDeepening of voice\nMenstrual irregularities\nAcne\nWeight gain\nBoys may also need a testosterone levels test. In boys, delayed puberty can be a symptom of low T , while early puberty may be a symptom of high T.\n','What happens during a testosterone levels test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a testosterone levels test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nResults mean different things depending on whether you are a man, woman, or boy.\nFor men:\nHigh T levels may mean a tumor in the testicles or adrenal glands. Adrenal glands are located above the kidneys and help control heart rate, blood pressure, and other bodily functions.\nLow T levels may mean a genetic or chronic disease, or a problem with the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is a small organ in the brain that controls many functions, including growth and fertility.\nFor women:\nHigh T levels may indicate a condition called polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is a common hormone disorder affecting women of childbearing age. It is one of the leading causes of female infertility.\nIt may also mean cancer of the ovaries or adrenal glands.\nLow T levels are normal, but extremely low levels may indicate Addison disease, a disorder of the pituitary gland.\nFor boys:\nHigh T levels may mean cancer in the testicles or adrenal glands.\nLow T levels in boys may mean there is some other problem with the testicles, including an injury.\nIf your results are not normal, it doesn\'t necessarily mean you have a medical condition needing treatment. Certain medicines, as well as alcoholism, can affect your results. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a testosterone levels test?\nMen who are diagnosed with low T levels may benefit from testosterone supplements, as prescribed by their health care provider. Testosterone supplements are not recommended for men with normal T levels. There is no proof they provide any benefits, and in fact they may be harmful to healthy men.\n'),(226,'therapeutic drug monitoring','What is therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)?\nTherapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is testing that measures the amount of certain medicines in your blood. It is done to make sure the amount of medicine you are taking is both safe and effective.\nMost medicines can be dosed correctly without special testing. But for certain types of medicines, it can be hard to figure out a dose that provides enough medicine to treat your condition without causing dangerous side effects. TDM helps your provider find out if you are taking the right dose of your medicine.\nOther names: medicine levels blood test, therapeutic drug levels\n','What is it used for?\nTherapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is used to determine the best dosages for people taking certain types of hard-to-dose medicines. Below are some of the most common medicines that should be monitored.\nTypes of Medicine\nMedicine Names\nAntibiotics\nvancomycin, gentamycin, amakacin\nHeart drugs\ndigoxin, procainamide, lidocaine\nAnti-seizure drugs\nphenytoin, phenobarbital\nDrugs treat autoimmune diseases\ncyclosporine, tacrolimus\nDrugs that treat bipolar disorder\nlithium, valproic acid\n','Why do I need TDM?\nYou may need testing when you first start taking a medicine. This helps your provider figure out the most effective dose for you. Once that dose is determined, you may be tested regularly to make sure the medicine is still effective without being harmful. You may also need testing if you have symptoms of a serious side effect. Side effects vary depending on the medicine. Your health care provider will let you know which symptoms to watch out for.\n','What happens during TDM?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nDepending on the type of medicine you are taking, you may need to schedule your test for before or after you take your regular dose.\n','Are there any risks to TDM?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nYour results will show if medicine levels in your blood are in a range that is medically helpful but not dangerous. This is called the therapeutic range. The range varies depending on the type of medicine and your own health needs. If your results are not in this range, your provider may need to adjust your dosages. If your dosages are changed, you may get repeated tests until your medicine levels fall into the therapeutic range.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n',NULL),(227,'thyroglobulin','What is a thyroglobulin test?This test measures the level of thyroglobulin in your blood. Thyroglobulin is a protein made by cells in the thyroid. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located near the throat. A thyroglobulin test is mostly used as a tumor marker test to help guide thyroid cancer treatment.Tumor markers, sometimes called cancer markers, are substances made by cancer cells or by normal cells in response to cancer in the body. Thyroglobulin is made by both normal and cancerous thyroid cells.The main goal of thyroid cancer treatment is to get rid of all thyroid cells. It usually involves removing the thyroid gland through surgery, followed by therapy with radioactive iodine (radioiodine). Radioiodine is a medicine used to destroy any thyroid cells that are left after surgery. It is most often given as a liquid or in a capsule.After treatment, there should be little to no thyroglobulin in the blood. Measuring thyroglobulin levels can show whether thyroid cancer cells are still in the body after treatment.Other names: Tg, TGB. thyroglobulin tumor marker\n','What is it used for?A thyroglobulin test is mostly used to:See if thyroid cancer treatment was successful. If thyroglobulin levels stay the same or increase after treatment, it may mean there are still thyroid cancer cells in the body. If thyroglobulin levels decrease or disappear after treatment, it may mean there are no normal or cancerous thyroid cells left in the body.See if cancer has returned after successful treatment.A healthy thyroid will make thyroglobulin. So a thyroglobulin test is not used to diagnose thyroid cancer.\n','Why do I need a thyroglobulin test?You will probably need this test after you\'ve been treated for thyroid cancer. Your health care provider may test you regularly to see if any thyroid cells remain after treatment. You may be tested every few weeks or months, beginning shortly after treatment ends. After that, you would be tested less often.\n','What happens during a thyroglobulin test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You usually don\'t need any special preparations for a thyroglobulin test. But you may be asked to avoid taking certain vitamins or supplements. Your health care provider will let you know if you need to avoid these and/or take any other special steps.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?You will probably be tested several times, beginning shortly after treatment ends, then every so often over time. Your results may show that:Your thyroglobulin levels are high and/or have increased over time. This may mean thyroid cancer cells are growing, and/or cancer is starting to spread.Little or no thyroglobulin was found. This may mean that your cancer treatment has worked to remove all thyroid cells from your body.Your thyroglobulin levels decreased for a few weeks after treatment, but then started to increase over time. This may mean your cancer has come back after you\'ve been successfully treated.If your results show that your thyroglobulin levels are increasing, your health care provider may prescribe additional radioiodine therapy to remove remaining cancer cells. Talk to your health care provider if you have questions about your results and/or treatment.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a thyroglobulin test?Although a thyroglobulin test is mostly used as a tumor marker test, it is occasionally used to help diagnose these thyroid disorders:Hyperthyroidism is a condition of having too much thyroid hormone in your blood.Hypothyroidism is a condition of not having enough thyroid hormone.\n'),(228,'thyroid antibodies','What is a thyroid antibodies test?This test measures the level of thyroid antibodies in your blood. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located near the throat. Your thyroid makes hormones that regulate the way your body uses energy. It also plays an important role in regulating your weight, body temperature, muscle strength, and even your mood.Antibodies are proteins made by the immune system to fight foreign substances like viruses and bacteria. But sometimes antibodies attack the body\'s own cells, tissues, and organs by mistake. This is known as an autoimmune response. When thyroid antibodies attack healthy thyroid cells, it can lead to an autoimmune disorder of the thyroid. These disorders can cause serious health problems if not treated.There are different types of thyroid antibodies. Some antibodies destroy thyroid tissue. Others cause the thyroid to make too much of certain thyroid hormones. A thyroid antibodies test usually measures one or more of the following types of antibodies:Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO). These antibodies can be a sign of:Hashimoto disease, also known as Hashimoto thyroiditis. This is an autoimmune disease and the most common cause of hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid doesn\'t make enough thyroid hormones.Graves\' disease. This is also an autoimmune disease and the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid makes too much of certain thyroid hormones.Thyroglobulin antibodies (Tg). These antibodies can also be a sign of Hashimoto disease. Most people with Hashimoto disease have high levels of both Tg and TPO antibodies.Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor. These antibodies can be a sign of Grave\'s disease.Other names: thyroid autoantibodies, thyroid peroxidase antibody, TPO, Anti-TPO, thyroid- stimulating immunoglobulin, TSI\n','What is it used for?A thyroid antibodies test is used to help diagnose autoimmune disorders of the thyroid.\n','Why do I need a thyroid antibodies test?You may need this test if you have symptoms of a thyroid problem and your provider thinks they may be caused by Hashimoto disease or Grave\'s disease.Symptoms of Hashimoto disease include:Weight gainFatigueHair lossLow tolerance for cold temperaturesIrregular menstrual periodsConstipationDepressionJoint painSymptoms of Grave\'s disease include:Weight lossBulging of the eyesTremors in the handLow tolerance for heatTrouble sleepingAnxietyIncreased heart rateSwollen thyroid, known as goiterYou may also need this test if other thyroid tests show that your thyroid hormone levels are too low or too high. These tests include measurements of hormones known as T3, T4, and TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone).\n','What happens during a thyroid antibodies test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?There are no special preparations necessary for a thyroid antibodies blood test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?Your results may show one of the following:Negative: no thyroid antibodies were found. This means your thyroid symptoms are probably not caused by an autoimmune disease.Positive: antibodies to TPO and/or Tg were found. This may mean you have Hashimoto disease. Most people with Hashimoto disease have high levels of one or both of these types of antibodies.Positive: antibodies to TPO and/or TSH receptor were found. This may mean you have Grave\'s disease.The more thyroid antibodies you have, the more likely it is that you have an autoimmune disorder of the thyroid. If you are diagnosed with Hashimoto disease or Grave\'s disease, there are medicines you can take to manage your condition.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a thyroid antibodies test?Thyroid disease can get worse during pregnancy. This can harm both the mother and her unborn baby. If you have ever had thyroid disease and are pregnant, you may be tested for thyroid antibodies along with tests that measure thyroid hormones. Medicines to treat thyroid disease are safe to take during pregnancy.\n'),(229,'thyroxine (t4) test','What is a thyroxine (T4) test?A thyroxine test helps diagnose disorders of the thyroid. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located near the throat. Your thyroid makes hormones that regulate the way your body uses energy. It also plays an important role in regulating your weight, body temperature, muscle strength, and even your mood. Thyroxine, also known as T4, is a type of thyroid hormone. This test measures the level of T4 in your blood. Too much or too little T4 can indicate thyroid disease.The T4 hormone comes in two forms:Free T4, which enters the body tissues where it\'s neededBound T4, which attaches to proteins, preventing it from entering body tissuesA test that measures both free and bound T4 is called a total T4 test. Other tests measure just free T4. A free T4 test is considered more accurate than a total T4 test for checking thyroid function.Other names: free thyroxine, free T4, total T4 concentration, thyroxine screen, free T4 concentration\n','What is it used for?A T4 test is used to evaluate thyroid function and diagnose thyroid disease.\n','Why do I need a thyroxine test?Thyroid disease is much more common in women and most often occurs under the age of 40. It also tend to run in families. You may need a thyroxine test if a family member has ever had thyroid disease or if you have symptoms of having too much thyroid hormone in your blood, a condition called hyperthyroidism, or symptoms of having too little thyroid hormone, a condition called hypothyroidism.Symptoms of hyperthyroidism, also known as overactive thyroid, include:AnxietyWeight lossTremors in the handsIncreased heart ratePuffinessBulging of the eyesTrouble sleepingSymptoms of hypothyroidism, also known as underactive thyroid, include:Weight gainFatigueHair lossLow tolerance for cold temperaturesIrregular menstrual periodsConstipation\n','What happens during a thyroxine test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a thyroxine blood test. If your health care provider has ordered more tests on your blood sample, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?Your results may come in the form of total T4, free T4, or a free T4 index.The free T4 index includes a formula that compares free and bound T4.High levels of any of these tests (total T4, free T4, or free T4 index) may indicate an overactive thyroid, also known as hyperthyroidism.Low levels of any of these tests (total T4, free T4, or free T4 index) may indicate an underactive thyroid, also known as hypothyroidism.If your T4 test results are not normal, your health care provider will likely order more thyroid tests to help make a diagnosis. These may include:T3 thyroid hormone tests. T3 is another hormone made by the thyroid.A TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) test. TSH is a hormone made by the pituitary gland. It stimulates the thyroid to produce T4 and T3 hormones.Tests to diagnose Graves\' disease, an autoimmune disease that causes hyperthyroidismTests to diagnose Hashimoto\'s thyroiditis, an autoimmune disease that causes hypothyroidismLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a thyroxine test?Thyroid changes can happen during pregnancy. Although it is not common, some women can develop thyroid disease during pregnancy. Hyperthyroidism happens in about 0.1% to 0.4% of pregnancies, while hypothyroidism happens in approximately 2.5% of pregnancies. Hyperthyroidism, and less often, hypothyroidism, may remain after pregnancy. If you develop a thyroid condition during pregnancy, your health care provider will monitor your condition after your baby is born. Also, if you have a history of thyroid disease, be sure to talk with your health care provider if you are pregnant or are thinking of becoming pregnant.\n'),(230,'tp53 genetic test','What is a TP53 genetic test?A TP53 genetic test looks for a change, known as a mutation, in a gene called TP53 (tumor protein 53). Genes are the basic units of heredity passed down from your mother and father.TP53 is a gene that helps stop the growth of tumors. It\'s known as a tumor suppressor. A tumor suppressor gene works like the brakes on a car. It puts the \"brakes\" on cells, so they don\'t divide too quickly. If you have a TP53 mutation, the gene may not be able to control the growth of your cells. Uncontrolled cell growth can lead to cancer.A TP53 mutation can be inherited from your parents, or acquired later in life from the environment or from a mistake that happens in your body during cell division.An inherited TP53 mutation is known as Li-Fraumeni syndrome.Li-Fraumeni syndrome is a rare genetic condition that can increase your risk of certain types of cancers.These cancers include breast cancer, bone cancer, leukemia, and soft tissue cancers, also called sarcomas.Acquired (also known as somatic) TP53 mutations are much more common. These mutations have been found in about half of all cases of cancer, and in many different types of cancer.Other names: TP53 mutation analysis, TP53 full gene analysis, TP53 somatic mutation\n','What is it used for?The test is used to look for a TP53 mutation. It is not a routine test. It is usually given to people based on family history, symptoms, or previous diagnosis of cancer.\n','Why do I need a TP53 genetic test?You may need a TP53 test if:You\'ve been diagnosed with a bone or soft tissue cancer before the age of 45You\'ve been diagnosed with, pre-menopausal breast cancer, a brain tumor, leukemia, or lung cancer before the age of 46You\'ve had one or more tumors before the age of 46One or more of your family members have been diagnosed with Li-Fraumeni syndrome and/or have had cancer before the age of 45These are signs you may have an inherited mutation of the TP53 gene.If you\'ve been diagnosed with cancer and don\'t have a family history of the disease, your health care provider may order this test to see if a TP53 mutation may be causing your cancer. Knowing whether you have the mutation can help your provider plan treatment and predict the likely outcome of your disease.\n','What happens during a TP53 genetic test?A TP53 test is usually done on blood or bone marrow.If you are getting a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.If you are getting a bone marrow test, your procedure may include the following steps:You\'ll lie down on your side or your stomach, depending on which bone will be used for testing. Most bone marrow tests are taken from the hip bone.Your body will be covered with cloth, so that only the area around the testing site is showing.The site will be cleaned with an antiseptic.You will get an injection of a numbing solution. It may sting.Once the area is numb, the health care provider will take the sample. You will need to lie very still during the tests.The health care provider will use a special tool that twists into the bone to take out a sample of bone marrow tissue. You may feel some pressure on the site while the sample is being taken.After the test, the health care provider will cover the site with a bandage.Plan to have someone drive you home, since you may be given a sedative before the tests, which may make you drowsy.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You usually don\'t need any special preparations for a blood or bone marrow test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.After a bone marrow test, you may feel stiff or sore at the injection site. This usually goes away in a few days. Your health care provider may recommend or prescribe a pain reliever to help.\n','What do the results mean?If you\'ve been diagnosed with Li-Fraumeni syndrome, it does not mean you have cancer, but your risk is higher than most people. But if you have the mutation, you can take steps to reduce your risk, such as:More frequent cancer screenings. Cancer is more treatable when found in the early stages.Making lifestyle changes, such as getting more exercise and eating a healthier dietChemoprevention, the taking of certain medicines, vitamins, or other substances to reduce the risk or delay the development of cancer.Removing \"at-risk\" tissueThese steps will vary depending on your health history and family background.If you have cancer and your results indicate an acquired TP53 mutation (a mutation was found, but you have no family history of cancer or Li-Fraumeni syndrome), your provider can use the information to help predict how your disease will develop and guide your treatment.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a TP53 test?If you\'ve been diagnosed with or suspect you have Li-Fraumeni syndrome, it may help to speak to a genetic counselor. A genetic counselor is a specially trained professional in genetics and genetic testing. If you haven\'t yet been tested, the counselor can help you understand the risks and benefits of testing. If you have been tested, the counselor can help you understand the results and direct you to support services and other resources.\n'),(231,'trichomoniasis test','What is a trichomoniasis test?Trichomoniasis, often called trich, is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by a parasite. A parasite is a tiny plant or animal that gets nutrients by living off another creature. Trichomoniasis parasites are spread when an infected person has sex with an uninfected person. The infection is more common in women, but men can also get it. Infections usually affect the lower genital tract. In women, that includes the vulva, vagina, and cervix. In men, it most often infects the urethra, a tube that carries urine out of the body.Trichomoniasis is one of the most common STDs. In the United States, it\'s estimated that more than 3 million people are currently infected. Many people with the infection don\'t know they have it. This test can find the parasites in your body, even if you don\'t have symptoms. Trichomoniasis infections are rarely serious, but they can increase your risk of getting or spreading other STDs. Once diagnosed, trichomoniasis is easily cured with medicine.Other names: T. vaginalis, trichomonas vaginalis testing, wet prep\n','What is it used for?The test is used to find out if you have been infected with the trichomoniasis parasite. A trichomoniasis infection can put you at higher risk for different STDs. So this test is often used along with other STD testing.\n','Why do I need a trichomoniasis test?Many people with trichomoniasis don\'t have any signs or symptoms. When symptoms do happen, they usually show up within 5 to 28 days of infection. Both men and women should get tested if they have symptoms of an infection.Symptoms in women include:Vaginal discharge that is gray-green or yellow. It is often foamy and may have a fishy smell.Vaginal itching and/or irritationPainful urinationDiscomfort or pain during sexual intercourseMen usually don\'t have symptoms of infection. When they do, symptoms may include:Abnormal discharge from the penisItching or irritation on the penisBurning feeling after urination and/or after sexSTD testing, including a trichomoniasis test, may be recommended if you have certain risk factors. You may be at higher risk for trichomoniasis and other STDs if you have:Sex without using a condomMultiple sex partnersA history of other STDs\n','What happens during a trichomoniasis test?If you are a woman, your health care provider will use a small brush or swab to collect a sample of cells from your vagina. A laboratory professional will examine the slide under a microscope and look for parasites.If you\'re a man, your health care provider may use a swab to take a sample from your urethra. You will also probably get a urine test.Both men and women may get a urine test. During a urine test, you will be instructed to provide a clean catch sample: The clean catch method generally includes the following steps:Clean your genital area with a cleansing pad given to you by your provider. Men should wipe the tip of their penis. Women should open their labia and clean from front to back.Start to urinate into the toilet.Move the collection container under your urine stream.Pass at least an ounce or two of urine into the container, which should have markings to indicate the amounts.Finish urinating into the toilet.Return the sample container as instructed by your health care provider.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a trichomoniasis test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There are no known risks to having a trichomoniasis test.\n','What do the results mean?If your result was positive, it means you have a trichomoniasis infection. Your provider will prescribe medicine that will treat and cure the infection. Your sexual partner should also be tested and treated.If your test was negative but you still have symptoms, your provider may order another trichomoniasis test and/or other STD testing to help make a diagnosis.If you are diagnosed with the infection, be sure to take the medicine as prescribed. Without treatment, the infection can last for months or even years. The medicine can cause side effects such as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. It\'s also very important to not drink alcohol while on this medicine. Doing so can cause more severe side effects.If you are pregnant and have a trichomoniasis infection, you may be at higher risk for premature delivery and other pregnancy problems. But you should talk to your health care provider about the risks and benefits of medicines that treat trichomoniasis.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a trichomoniasis test?The best way to prevent infection with trichomoniasis or other STDs is to not have sex. If you are sexually active, you can reduce your risk of infection by:Being in a long-term relationship with one partner who has tested negative for STDsUsing condoms correctly every time you have sex\n'),(232,'triglycerides test','What is a triglycerides test?A triglycerides test measures the amount of triglycerides in your blood. Triglycerides are a type of fat in your body. If you eat more calories than you need, the extra calories are changed into triglycerides. These triglycerides are stored in your fat cells for later use. When your body needs energy, triglycerides are released into your bloodstream to provide fuel for your muscles to work. If you eat more calories than you burn off, especially calories from carbohydrates and fats, you may get high triglyceride levels in your blood. High triglycerides may put you at greater risk for a heart attack or stroke.Other names for a triglycerides test: TG, TRIG, lipid panel, fasting lipoprotein panel\n','What is it used for?A triglycerides test is usually part of a lipid profile. Lipid is another word for fat. A lipid profile is a test that measures the level of fats in your blood, including triglycerides and cholesterol, a waxy, fatty substance found in every cell of your body. If you have high levels of both LDL (bad) cholesterol and triglycerides, you may be at an increased risk for a heart attack or stroke.Your health care provider may order a lipid profile as part of a routine exam or to diagnose or monitor heart conditions.\n','Why do I need a triglycerides test?Healthy adults should get a lipid profile, which includes a triglycerides test, every four to six years. You may need to be tested more often if you have certain risk factors for heart disease. These include:Family history of heart diseaseSmokingBeing overweightUnhealthy eating habitsLack of exerciseDiabetesHigh blood pressureAge. Men 45 years or older and women 50 years or older are at a higher risk for heart disease\n','What happens during a triglycerides test?A triglycerides test is a blood test. During the test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You may need to fast (not eat or drink) for 9 to 12 hours before your blood is drawn. Your health care provider will let you know if you need to fast and if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?Triglycerides are usually measured in milligrams (mg) of triglycerides per deciliter (dL) of blood. For adults, results are usually categorized as:Normal/desirable triglyceride range: less than 150mg/dLBorderline high triglyceride range: 150 to 199 mg/dLHigh triglyceride range: 200 to 499 mg/dLVery high triglyceride range: 500 mg/dL and aboveHigher than normal triglyceride levels may put you at risk for heart disease. To reduce your levels and lower your risk, your health care provider may recommend lifestyle changes and/or prescribe medicines.If your results were borderline high, your provider may recommend that you:Lose weightEat a healthier dietGet more exerciseReduce alcohol intakeTake a cholesterol lowering medicineIf your results were high or very high, your provider may recommend the same lifestyle changes as above and also that you:Follow a very low-fat dietLose a significant amount of weightTake medicine or medicines designed to lower triglyceridesBe sure to talk to your health care provider before making any major changes to your diet or exercise routine.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n',NULL),(233,'triiodothyronine (t3) tests','What is a triiodothyronine (T3) test?\nThis test measures the level of triiodothyronine (T3) in your blood. T3 is one of two major hormones made by your thyroid, a small, butterfly-shaped gland located near the throat. The other hormone is called thyroxine (T4.) T3 and T4 work together to regulate how your body uses energy. These hormones also play an important role in controlling your weight, body temperature, muscle strength, and nervous system.\nThe T3 hormone comes in two forms:\nBound T3, which attaches to protein\nFree T3, which does not attach to anything\nA test that measures both bound and free T3 is called a total T3 test. Another test called free T3 just measures free T3. Either test may be used to check T3 levels. If T3 levels are not normal, it can be a sign of thyroid disease.\nOther names: thyroid function test; total triiodothyronine, free triiodothyronine, FT3\n','What is it used for?\nA T3 test is most often used to diagnose hyperthyroidism, a condition in which the body makes too much thyroid hormone.\nT3 tests are frequently ordered with T4 and TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) tests. A T3 test may also be used to monitor treatment for thyroid disease.\n','Why do I need a T3 test?\nYou may need a T3 test if you have symptoms of hyperthyroidism. These include:\nAnxiety\nWeight loss\nTremors in the hands\nIncreased heart rate\nBulging of the eyes\nTrouble sleeping\nFatigue\nLow tolerance for heat\nMore frequent bowel movements\n','What happens during a T3 test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a T3 blood test. Your health care provider will let you know if you need to stop taking any medicines before your test. Certain medicines can raise or lower T3 levels.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results show high total T3 levels or high free T3 levels, it may mean you have hyperthyroidism. Low T3 levels may mean you have hypothyroidism, a condition in which your body doesn\'t make enough thyroid hormone.\nT3 test results are often compared with T4 and TSH test results to help diagnose thyroid disease.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a T3 test?\nThyroid changes can happen during pregnancy. These changes are usually not serious, and most pregnant women don\'t need T3 testing. But your health care provider may order a T3 test during pregnancy if you have:\nSymptoms of thyroid disease\nA history of thyroid disease\nAn autoimmune disease\nA family history of thyroid disease\n'),(234,'troponin test','What is a troponin test?A troponin test measures the level of troponin in your blood. Troponin is a type of protein found in the muscles of your heart. Troponin isn\'t normally found in the blood. When heart muscles become damaged, troponin is sent into the bloodstream. As heart damage increases, greater amounts of troponin are released in the blood.High levels of troponin in the blood may mean you are having or recently had a heart attack. A heart attack happens when blood flow to the heart gets blocked. This blockage can be deadly. But quick diagnosis and treatment can save your life.Other names: cardiac troponin I (cTnI), cardiac troponin T (cTnT), cardiac troponin (cTN),\ncardiac-specific troponin I and troponin T\n','What is it used for?The test is most often used to diagnose a heart attack. It is sometimes used to monitor angina, a condition that limits blood flow to the heart and causes chest pain. Angina sometimes leads to a heart attack.\n','Why do I need a troponin test?You may need this test if you have been admitted to the emergency room with symptoms of a heart attack. These symptoms include:Chest pain or discomfortPain in other parts of the body, including your arm, back, jaw, or neckTrouble breathingNausea and vomitingFatigueDizzinessSweatingAfter you are first tested, you will probably get retested two or more times over the next 24 hours. This is done to see if there are any changes in your troponin levels over time.\n','What happens during a troponin test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a troponin test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?Normal troponin levels in the blood are usually so low, they can\'t be found on most blood tests. If your results show normal troponin levels for 12 hours after chest pain has started, it\'s unlikely that your symptoms were caused by a heart attack.If even a small level of troponin is found in your blood, it may mean there is some damage to your heart. If high levels of troponin are found in one or more tests over time, it probably means you had a heart attack. Other reasons for higher than normal troponin levels include:Congestive heart failureKidney diseaseBlood clot in your lungsIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a troponin test?If you have symptoms of a heart attack at home or elsewhere, call 911 immediately. Quick medical attention could save your life.\n'),(235,'tsh (thyroid-stimulating hormone) test','What is a TSH test?TSH stands for thyroid stimulating hormone. A TSH test is a blood test that measures this hormone. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located near your throat. Your thyroid makes hormones that regulate the way your body uses energy. It also plays an important role in regulating your weight, body temperature, muscle strength, and even your mood. TSH is made in a gland in the brain called the pituitary. When thyroid levels in your body are low, the pituitary gland makes more TSH. When thyroid levels are high, the pituitary gland makes less TSH. TSH levels that are too high or too low can indicate your thyroid isn\'t working correctly.Other names: thyrotropin test\n','What is it used for?A TSH test is used to find out how well the thyroid is working.\n','Why do I need a TSH test?You may need a TSH test if you have symptoms of too much thyroid hormone in your blood (hyperthyroidism), or too little thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism).Symptoms of hyperthyroidism, also known as overactive thyroid, include:AnxietyWeight lossTremors in the handsIncreased heart ratePuffinessBulging of the eyesDifficulty sleepingSymptoms of hypothyroidism, also known as underactive thyroid, include:Weight gainTirednessHair lossLow tolerance for cold temperaturesIrregular menstrual periodsConstipation\n','What happens during a TSH test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a TSH blood test. If your health care provider has ordered other blood tests, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?High TSH levels can mean your thyroid is not making enough thyroid hormones, a condition called hypothyroidism. Low TSH levels can mean your thyroid is making too much of the hormones, a condition called hyperthyroidism. A TSH test does not explain why TSH levels are too high or too low. If your test results are abnormal, your health care provider will probably order additional tests to determine the cause of your thyroid problem. These tests may include:T4 thyroid hormone testsT3 thyroid hormone testsTests to diagnose Graves\' disease, an autoimmune disease that causes hyperthyroidismTests to diagnose Hashimoto\'s thyroiditis, an autoimmune disease that causes hypothyroidismLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a TSH test?Thyroid changes can happen during pregnancy. These changes are usually not significant, but some women can develop thyroid disease during pregnancy. Hyperthyroidism occurs in about one in every 500 pregnancies, while hypothyroidism occurs in approximately one in every 250 pregnancies. Hyperthyroidism, and less often, hypothyroidism, may remain after pregnancy. If you develop a thyroid condition during pregnancy, your health care provider will monitor your condition after your baby is born. If you have a history of thyroid disease, be sure to talk with your health care provider if you are pregnant or are thinking of becoming pregnant.\n'),(236,'tuberculosis screening','What is a tuberculosis (TB) screening?This test checks to see if you have been infected with tuberculosis, commonly known as TB. TB is a serious bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs. It can also affect other parts of the body, including the brain, spine, and kidneys. TB is spread from person to person through coughing or sneezing.Not everyone infected with TB gets sick. Some people have an inactive form of the infection called latent TB. When you have latent TB, you don\'t feel sick and can\'t spread the disease to others.Many people with latent TB will never feel any symptoms of the disease. But for others, especially those who have or develop weakened immune systems, latent TB can turn into a far more dangerous infection called active TB. If you have active TB, you may feel very sick. You may also spread the disease to other people. Without treatment, active TB can cause serious illness or even death.There are two types of TB tests used for screening: a TB skin test and a TB blood test. These tests can show if you have ever been infected with TB. They don\'t show if you have a latent or active TB infection. More tests will be needed to confirm or rule out a diagnosis.Other names: TB test, TB skin test, PPD test, IGRA test\n','What is it used for?TB screening is used to look for a TB infection in a skin or blood sample. The screening can show whether you have been infected with TB. It does not show if TB is latent or active.\n','Why do I need a TB screening?You may need a TB skin test or TB blood test if you have symptoms of an active TB infection or if you have certain factors that put you at higher risk for getting TB.Symptoms of an active TB infection include:Cough that lasts for three weeks or moreCoughing up bloodChest painFeverFatigueNight sweatsUnexplained weight lossIn addition, some childcare centers and other facilities require TB testing for employment.You may be at higher risk for getting TB if you:Are a health care worker who cares for patients who have or are at high risk for getting TBLive or work in a place with a high rate of TB infection. These include homeless shelters, nursing homes, and prisons.Have been exposed to someone who has an active TB infectionHave HIV or another disease that weakens your immune systemUse illegal drugsHave traveled or lived in an area where TB is more common. These include countries in Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Caribbean, and in Russia.\n','What happens during a TB screening?A TB screening will either be a TB skin test or a TB blood test. TB skin tests are used more often, but blood tests for TB are becoming more common. Your health care provider will recommend which type of TB test is best for you.For a TB skin test (also called a PPD test), you will need two visits to your health care provider\'s office. On the first visit, your provider will:Wipe your inner arm with an antiseptic solutionUse a tiny needle to inject a small amount of PPD under the first layer of skin. PPD is a protein that comes from the tuberculosis bacteria. It is not live bacteria, and it will not make you sick.A small bump will form on your forearm. It should go away in a few hours.Be sure to leave the site uncovered and undisturbed.After 48-72 hours, you will return to your provider\'s office. During this visit, your provider will check the injection site for a reaction that may indicate a TB infection. This includes swelling, redness, and an increase in size.For a TB test in blood (also called an IGRA test), a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for TB skin test or a TB blood test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a TB skin test or blood test. For a TB skin test, you may feel a pinch when you get the injection.For a blood test, you may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your TB skin test or blood test shows a possible TB infection, your health care provider will probably order more tests to help make a diagnosis. You may also need further testing if your results were negative, but you have symptoms of TB and/or have certain risk factors for TB. Tests that diagnose TB include chest x-rays and tests on a sputum sample. Sputum is a thick mucous coughed up from the lungs. It is different than spit or saliva.If not treated, TB can be deadly. But most cases of TB can be cured if you take antibiotics as directed by your health care provider. Both active and latent TB should be treated, because latent TB can turn into active TB and become dangerous.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a TB screening?Treating TB takes much longer than treating other types of bacterial infections. After a few weeks on antibiotics, you will no longer be contagious, but you will still have TB. To cure TB, you need to take antibiotics for at least six to nine months. The length of time depends on your overall health, age, and other factors. It\'s important to take the antibiotics for as long as your provider tells you, even if you feel better. Stopping early can cause the infection to come back.\n'),(237,'tumor marker tests','What are tumor marker tests?\nThese tests look for tumor markers, sometimes called cancer markers, in the blood, urine, or body tissues. Tumor markers are substances made by cancer cells or by normal cells in response to cancer in the body. Some tumor markers are specific to one type of cancer. Others can be found in several types of cancers.\nBecause tumor markers can also show up in certain noncancerous conditions, tumor marker tests are not usually used to diagnose cancer or screen people at low risk of the disease. These tests are most often done on people already diagnosed with cancer. Tumor markers can help find out if your cancer has spread, whether your treatment is working, or if your cancer has come back after you\'ve finished treatment.\n','What are they used for?\nTumor marker tests are most often used to:\nPlan your treatment. If tumor marker levels go down, it usually means the treatment is working.\nHelp find out if a cancer has spread to other tissues\nHelp predict the likely outcome or course of your disease\nCheck to see if your cancer has come back after successful treatment\nScreen people at high risk for cancer. Risk factors can include family history and previous diagnosis of another type of cancer\n','Why do I need a tumor marker test?\nYou may need a tumor marker test if you are currently being treated for cancer, have finished cancer treatment, or have a high risk of getting cancer because of family history or other reasons.\nThe type of test you get will depend on your health, health history, and symptoms you may have. Below are some of the most common types of tumor markers and what they are used for.\nCA 125 (cancer antigen 125)\nTumor marker for:\novarian cancer\nUsed to:\nSee if cancer treatment is working\nSee if cancer has come back after you\'ve finished treatment\nCA 15-3 and CA 27-29 (cancer antigens 15-3 and 27-29)\nTumor markers for:\nbreast cancer\nUsed to:\nMonitor treatment in women with advanced breast cancer\nPSA (prostate-specific antigen)\nTumor marker for:\nprostate cancer\nUsed to:\nScreen for prostate cancer\nHelp diagnose prostate cancer\nMonitor treatment\nCheck to see if cancer has come back after you\'ve finished treatment\nCEA (carcinoembryonic antigen)\nTumor marker for:\ncolorectal cancer, and also for cancers of the lung, stomach, thyroid, pancreas, breast, and ovary\nUsed to:\nSee if cancer treatment is working\nSee if cancer has come back after you\'ve finished treatment\nAFP (Alpha-fetoprotein)\nTumor marker for:\nliver cancer, and cancers of the ovary or testicles\nUsed to:\nHelp diagnose liver cancer\nFind out if cancer has spread (the stage of cancer)\nSee if cancer treatment is working\nPredict chances for recovery\nB2M (Beta 2-microglobulin)\nTumor marker for:\nmultiple myeloma, some lymphomas, and leukemias\nUsed to:\nSee if cancer treatment is working\nPredict chances for recovery\n','What happens during a tumor marker test?\nThere are different ways to test for tumor markers. Blood tests are the most common type of tumor marker tests. Urine tests or biopsies may also be used to check for tumor markers. A biopsy is a minor procedure that involves removing a small piece of tissue for testing.\nIf you are getting a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\nIf you are getting a urine test, ask your health care provider for instructions on how to provide your sample.\nIf you are getting a biopsy, a health care provider will take out a small piece of tissue by cutting or scraping the skin. If your provider needs to test tissue from inside your body, he or she may use a special needle to withdraw the sample.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou usually don\'t need any special preparations for a blood or urine test. If you are getting a biopsy, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the procedure. Talk to your health care provider if you have any questions about preparing for your test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\nThere is no risk to a urine test.\nIf you have had a biopsy, you may have a little bruising or bleeding at biopsy site. You may also have a little discomfort at the site for a day or two.\n','What do the results mean?\nDepending in what type of test you had and how it was used, your results may:\nHelp diagnose the type or stage of your cancer.\nShow whether your cancer treatment is working.\nHelp plan future treatment.\nShow if your cancer has returned after you\'ve finished treatment.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about tumor marker tests?\nTumor markers can be very useful, but the information they provide can be limited because:\nSome noncancerous conditions can cause tumor markers.\nSome people with cancer don\'t have tumor markers.\nNot all types of cancer have tumor markers.\nSo, tumor markers are almost always used with other tests to help diagnose and monitor cancer.\n'),(238,'uric acid test','What is a uric acid test?This test measures the amount of uric acid in your blood or urine. Uric acid is a normal waste product that\'s made when the body breaks down chemicals called purines. Purines are substances found in your own cells and also in some foods. Foods with high levels of purines include liver, anchovies, sardines, dried beans, and beer.Most uric acid dissolves in your blood, then goes to the kidneys. From there, it leaves the body through your urine. If your body makes too much uric acid or doesn\'t release enough into your urine, it can make crystals that form in your joints. This condition is known as gout. Gout is a form of arthritis that causes painful inflammation in and around the joints. High uric acid levels can also cause other disorders, including kidney stones and kidney failure.Other names: serum urate, uric acid: serum and urine\n','What is it used for?A uric acid test is most often used to:Help diagnose goutHelp find the cause of frequent kidney stonesMonitor the uric acid level of people undergoing certain cancer treatments. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy can cause high levels of uric acid to go into the blood.\n','Why do I need a uric acid test?You may also need a uric acid test if you have symptoms of gout. These include:Pain and/or swelling in the joints, especially in the big toe, ankle, or kneeReddish, shiny skin around the jointsJoints that feel warm when touchedYou may also need this test if you have symptoms of a kidney stone. These include:Sharp pains in your abdomen, side, or groinBack painBlood in your urineFrequent urge to urinatePain when urinatingCloudy or bad-smelling urineNausea and vomitingIn addition, you may need this test if you are undergoing chemotherapy or radiation therapy for cancer. These treatments can raise uric acid levels. The test can help make sure you get treated before levels get too high.\n','What happens during a uric acid test?A uric acid test can be done as a blood test or a urine test.During a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.For a uric acid urine test, you\'ll need to collect all urine passed in a 24-hour period. This is called a 24-hour urine sample test. Your health care provider or a laboratory professional will give you a container to collect your urine and instructions on how to collect and store your samples. A 24-hour urine sample test generally includes the following steps:Empty your bladder in the morning and flush that urine away. Record the time.For the next 24 hours, save all your urine passed in the container provided.Store your urine container in the refrigerator or a cooler with ice.Return the sample container to your health provider\'s office or the laboratory as instructed.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a uric acid blood test. Be sure to carefully follow all the instructions for providing a 24-hour urine sample.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is no known risk to having a uric acid blood or urine test.\n','What do the results mean?If your blood test results show high uric acid levels, it can mean you have:Kidney diseasePreeclampsia, a condition that can cause dangerously high blood pressure in pregnant womenA diet that includes too many purine-rich foodsAlcoholismSide effects from cancer treatmentLow levels of uric acid in blood are uncommon and not usually cause for concern.If your urine test results show high uric levels, it may mean you have:GoutA diet that includes too many purine-rich foodsLeukemiaMultiple myelomaSide effects from cancer treatmentObesityLow levels of uric acid in urine can be a sign of kidney disease, lead poisoning, or heavy alcohol use.There are treatments that can reduce or raise uric acid levels. These include medicines and/or dietary changes. If you have questions about your results and/or treatments, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a uric acid test?Some people with high uric acid levels don\'t have gout or other kidney disorders. You may not need treatment if you don\'t have symptoms of disease. But be sure to talk to your health care provider if you are concerned about your uric acid levels, and/or if you start to have any symptoms.\n'),(239,'urobilinogen in urine','What is a urobilinogen in urine test?A urobilinogen in urine test measures the amount of urobilinogen in a urine sample. Urobilinogen is formed from the reduction of bilirubin. Bilirubin is a yellowish substance found in your liver that helps break down red blood cells. Normal urine contains some urobilinogen. If there is little or no urobilinogen in urine, it can mean your liver isn\'t working correctly. Too much urobilinogen in urine can indicate a liver disease such as hepatitis or cirrhosis.Other names: urine test; urine analysis; UA, chemical urinalysis\n','What is it used for?A urobilinogen test may part of a urinalysis, a test that measures different cells, chemicals, and other substances in your urine. A urinalysis is often part of a routine exam.\n','Why do I need a urobilinogen in urine test?Your health care provider may have ordered this test as part of your regular checkup, to monitor an existing liver condition, or if you have symptoms of a liver disease. These include:Jaundice, a condition that causes your skin and eyes to turn yellowNausea and/or vomitingDark colored urinePain and swelling in the abdomenItchy skin\n','What happens during a urobilinogen in urine test?Your health care provider will need to collect a sample of your urine. He or she will provide you with special instructions to ensure the sample is sterile. These instructions are often called as the \"clean catch method.\" The clean catch method includes the following steps:Wash your hands.Clean your genital area with a cleansing pad given to you by your provider. Men should wipe the tip of their penis. Women should open their labia and clean from front to back.Start to urinate into the toilet.Move the collection container under your urine stream.Collect at least an ounce or two of urine into the container, which should have markings to indicate the amounts.Finish urinating into the toilet.Return the sample container as instructed by your health care provider.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations. If your health care provider has ordered other urine or blood tests, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is no known risk to having this test.\n','What do the results mean?If your test results show too little or no urobilinogen in your urine, it may indicate:A blockage in the structures that carry bile from your liverA blockage in the blood flow of the liverA problem with liver functionIf your test results show a higher-than-normal level of urobilinogen, it may indicate:HepatitisCirrhosisLiver damage due to drugsHemolytic anemia, a condition in which red blood cells are destroyed before they can be replaced. This leaves the body without enough healthy red blood cellsIf your results are abnormal, it does not necessarily indicate you have a medical condition requiring treatment. Be sure to tell your health care provider about any medicines and supplements you are taking, as these can affect your results. If you are a woman, you should tell your health care provider if you are menstruating.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a urobilinogen in urine test?This test is only one measure of liver function. If your health care provider thinks you might have a liver disease, additional urine and blood tests may be ordered.\n'),(240,'videonystagmography (vng)','What is videonystagmography (VNG)?Videonystagmography (VNG) is a test that measures a type of involuntary eye movement called nystagmus. These movements can be slow or fast, steady or jerky. Nystagmus causes your eyes to move from side to side or up and down, or both. It happens when the brain gets conflicting messages from your eyes and the balance system in the inner ear. These conflicting messages can cause dizziness.You can briefly get nystagmus when you move your head a certain way or look at some types of patterns. But if you get it when you don\'t move your head or if it lasts a long time, it may mean you have a disorder of the vestibular system.Your vestibular system includes organs, nerves, and structures that are in your inner ear. It is your body\'s main center of balance. The vestibular system works together with your eyes, sense of touch, and brain. Your brain communicates with the different systems in your body to control your balance.Other names: VNG\n','What is it used for?VNG is used to find out if you have a disorder of the vestibular system (the balance structures in your inner ear) or in the part of the brain that controls balance.\n','Why do I need a VNG?You may need a VNG if you have symptoms of a vestibular disorder. The main symptom is dizziness, a general term for different symptoms of imbalance. These include vertigo, a feeling that you or your surroundings are spinning, staggering while walking, and lightheadedness, a feeling like you are going to faint.Other symptoms of a vestibular disorder include:Nystagmus (involuntary eye movements that go side to side or up and down)Ringing in the ears (tinnitus)Feeling of fullness or pressure in the earConfusion\n','What happens during a VNG?A VNG may be done by a primary health care provider or one of the following types of specialists:An audiologist, a health care provider who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and managing hearing lossAn otolaryngologist (ENT), a doctor specializing in treating diseases and conditions of the ears, nose, and throatA neurologist, a doctor specializing in diagnosing and treating disorders of the brain and nervous systemDuring a VNG test, you will sit in a dark room and wear special goggles. The goggles have a camera that records eye movements. There are three main parts to a VNG:Ocular testing. During this part of the VNG, you will watch and follow moving and nonmoving dots on a light bar.Positional testing. During this part, your provider will move your head and body in different positions. Your provider will check if this movement causes nystagmus.Caloric testing. During this part, warm and cool water or air will be put in each ear. When cold water or air enters the inner ear, it should cause nystagmus. The eyes should then move away from the cold water in that ear and slowly back. When warm water or air is put in the ear, the eyes should move slowly toward that ear and slowly back. If the eyes don\'t respond in these ways, it may mean there is damage to the nerves of the inner ear. Your provider will also check to see if one ear responds differently from the other. If one ear is damaged, the response will be weaker than the other, or there may be no response at all.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for a VNG?You may need to make changes in your diet or avoid certain medicines for a day or two before your test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to a VNG?The test may make you feel dizzy for a few minutes. You may want to make arrangements for someone to drive you home, in case the dizziness lasts for a longer period of time.\n','What do the results mean?If the results were not normal, it may mean you have a disorder of the inner ear. These include:Meniere\'s disease, a disorder that causes dizziness, bouts of hearing loss, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears). It usually affects only one ear. Although there is no cure for Meniere\'s disease, the disorder may be managed with medicine and/or changes in your diet.Labyrinthitis, a disorder that causes vertigo and imbalance. It is caused when part of the inner ear becomes infected or swollen. The disorder sometimes goes away on its own, but you may be prescribed antibiotics if you are diagnosed with an infection.An abnormal result may also mean you have a condition that affects the parts of the brain that helps control your balance.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a VNG?Another test called electronystagmography (ENG) measures the same type of eye movements as a VNG. It also uses ocular, positional, and caloric testing. But instead of using a camera to record eye movements, an ENG measures eye movements with electrodes placed on the skin around the eyes.While ENG testing is still being used, VNG testing is now more common. Unlike an ENG, a VNG can measure and record eye movements in real time. VNGs can also provide clearer pictures of eye movements.\n'),(241,'vision screening','What is vision screening?A vision screening, also called an eye test, is a brief exam that looks for potential vision problems and eye disorders. Vision screenings are often done by primary care providers as part of a child\'s regular checkup. Sometimes screenings are given to children by school nurses.Vision screening is not used to diagnose vision problems. If a problem is found on a vision screening, your or your child\'s provider will refer you to an eye care specialist for diagnosis and treatment. This specialist will do a more thorough eye test. Many vision problems and disorders can be successfully treated with corrective lenses, minor surgery, or other therapies.Other names: eye test, vision test\n','What is it used for?Vision screening is most often used to check for possible vision problems in children. The most common eye disorders in children include:Amblyopia, also known as lazy eye. Children with amblyopia have blurry or reduced vision in one eye.Strabismus, also known as crossed eyes. In this disorder, the eyes don\'t line up right and point in different directions.Both of these disorders can be easily treated when found early.Vision screening is also used to help find the following vision problems, which affect both children and adults:Nearsightedness (myopia), a condition that makes far away things look blurryFarsightedness (hyperopia), a condition that makes close-up things look blurryAstigmatism, a condition that makes both close-up and far-away things look blurry\n','Why do I need vision screening?A routine vision screening is not recommended for most healthy adults. But most adults are encouraged to get eye exams from an eye care specialist on a regular basis. If you have questions about when to get an eye exam, talk to your primary care provider.Children should be screened on a regular basis. The American Academy of Ophthalmology and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommend the following vision screening schedule:Newborns. All new babies should be checked for eye infections or other disorders.6 months. Eyes and vision should be checked during a regular well-baby visit.1–4 years. Eyes and vision should be checked during routine visits.5 years and older. Eyes and vision should be checked every year.You may need to get your child screened if he or she has symptoms of an eye disorder. For infants three months or older, symptoms include:Not being able to make steady eye contactEyes that don\'t look properly alignedFor older children, symptoms include:Eyes that don\'t look properly lined upSquintingClosing or covering one eyeTrouble reading and/or doing close-up workComplaints that things are blurryBlinking more than usualWatery eyesDroopy eyelidsRedness in one or both eyesSensitivity to lightIf you are an adult with vision problems or other eye symptoms, you will probably be referred to an eye care specialist for a comprehensive eye test.\n','What happens during vision screening?There are several types of visual screening tests. They include:Distance vision test. School-age children and adults are usually tested with a wall chart. The chart has several rows of letters. The letters on the top row are the biggest. The letters on the bottom are the smallest. You or your child will stand or sit 20 feet from the chart. He or she will be asked to cover one eye and read the letters, one row at a time. Each eye is tested separately.Distance vision test for preschoolers. For children too young to read, this test uses a wall chart similar to the one for older children and adults. But instead of rows of different letters, it only has the letter E in different positions. Your child will be asked to point in the same direction as the E. Some of these charts use the letter C, or use pictures, instead.Close-up vision test. For this test, you or your child will be given a small card with written text. The lines of text get smaller as you go farther down the card. You or your child will be asked to hold the card about 14 inches away from the face, and read aloud. Both eyes are tested at the same time. This test is often given to adults over 40, as close-up vision tends to get worse as you get older.Color blindness test. Children are given a card with colored numbers or symbols hidden in a background of multicolored dots. If they can read the numbers or symbols, it means they probably are not color blind.If your infant is getting a vision screening, your provider will check for:The your baby\'s ability to follow an object, such as a toy, with his or her eyesHow his or her pupils (black center part of the eye) respond to a bright lightTo see if your baby blinks when a light is shone in the eye\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for vision screening?If you or your child wears glasses or contact lenses, bring them with you to the screening. Your provider may want to check the prescription.\n','Are there any risks to screening?There is no risk to a vision screening.\n','What do the results mean?If your vision screening shows a possible vision problem or eye disorder, you will be referred to an eye care specialist for a more thorough eye test and treatment. Many vision problems and eye disorders are easily treatable, especially if found early.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about vision screening?There are different types of eye care specialists. The most common types include:Ophthalmologist: A medical doctor who specializes in eye health and in treating and preventing eye disease. Ophthalmologists provide complete eye exams, prescribe corrective lenses, diagnose and treat eye diseases, and perform eye surgery.Optometrist: A trained health professional who specializes in vision problems and disorders of the eye. Optometrists provide many of the same services as ophthalmologists, including performing eye exams, prescribing corrective lenses, and treating some eye disorders. For more complex eye disorders or surgery, you will need to see an ophthalmologist.Optician: A trained professional who fills prescriptions for corrective lenses. Opticians prepare, assemble, and fit eyeglasses. Many opticians also provide contact lenses.\n'),(242,'vitamin b test','What is a vitamin B test?This test measures the amount of one or more B vitamins in your blood or urine. B vitamins are nutrients the body needs so that it can perform a variety of essential functions. These include:Maintaining normal metabolism (the process of how your body uses food and energy)Making healthy blood cellsHelping the nervous system work properlyReducing risk of heart diseaseHelping to lower bad cholesterol (LDL) and increase good cholesterol (HDL)There are several types of B vitamins. These vitamins, also known as the B vitamin complex, include the following:B1, thiamineB2, riboflavinB3, niacinB5, pantothenic acidB6, pyridoxal phosphateB7, biotinB9, folic acid (or folate) and B12, cobalamin. These two B vitamins are often measured together in a test called vitamin B12 and folate.Vitamin B deficiencies are rare in the United States, because many everyday foods are fortified with B vitamins. These foods include cereals, breads, and pasta. Also, B vitamins are found naturally in a variety of foods, including leafy green vegetables and whole grains. But if you do have a deficiency in any of the B vitamins, it can cause serious health problems.Other names: vitamin B testing, vitamin B complex, thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxal phosphate (B6), biotin (B7), vitamin B12 and folate\n','What is it used for?Vitamin B testing is used to find out if your body is not getting enough of one or more B vitamins (vitamin B deficiency). A vitamin B12 and folate test is often used to check for certain types of anemia.\n','Why do I need a vitamin B test?You may need this test if you have symptoms of a vitamin B deficiency. Symptoms vary depending on which B vitamin is deficient, but some common symptoms include:RashTingling or burning in the hands and feetCracked lips or mouth soresWeight lossWeaknessFatigueMood changesYou may also need testing if you have certain risk factors. You may be at a higher risk for a vitamin B deficiency if you have:Celiac diseaseHad gastric bypass surgeryA family history of anemiaSymptoms of anemia, which include fatigue, pale skin, and dizziness\n','What happens during a vitamin B test?Vitamin B levels may be checked in blood or urine.During a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.Vitamin B urine testing may be ordered as a 24-hour urine sample test or a random urine test.For a 24-hour urine sample test, you\'ll need to collect all urine passed in a 24-hour period. This is called a 24-hour urine sample test. Your health care provider or a laboratory professional will give a container to collect your urine and instructions on how to collect and store your samples. A 24-hour urine sample test generally includes the following steps:Empty your bladder in the morning and flush that urine away. Record the time.For the next 24 hours, save all your urine passed in the container provided.Store your urine container in the refrigerator or a cooler with ice.Return the sample container to your health provider\'s office or the laboratory as instructed.For a random urine test, your sample of urine may be collected any time of the day.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?If you are having a vitamin B blood test, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test.You don\'t need any special preparations for a urine test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may experience slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.There is no known risk to having a urine test.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show you have a vitamin B deficiency, it can mean you have:Malnutrition, a condition that happens when you don\'t get enough nutrients in your diet.A malabsorprtion syndrome, a type of disorder where your small intestine can\'t absorb enough nutrients from food. Malabsorption syndromes include celiac disease and Crohn\'s disease.Vitamin B12 deficiencies are most often caused by pernicious anemia, a condition in which the body does not make enough healthy red blood cells.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about vitamin B testing?Vitamin B6, folic acid (vitamin B9), and vitamin B12 play a key role in maintaining a healthy pregnancy. While pregnant women are not routinely tested for vitamin B deficiencies, nearly all pregnant women are encouraged to take prenatal vitamins, which include B vitamins. Folic acid, in particular, can help prevent birth defects of the brain and spine when taken during pregnancy.\n'),(243,'vitamin d test','What is a vitamin D test?Vitamin D is a nutrient that is essential for healthy bones and teeth. There are two forms of vitamin D that are important for nutrition: vitamin D2 and vitamin D3. Vitamin D2 mainly comes from fortified foods like breakfast cereals, milk, and other dairy items. Vitamin D3 is made by your own body when you are exposed to sunlight. It is also found in some foods, including eggs and fatty fish, such as salmon, tuna, and mackerel.In your bloodstream, vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 are changed into a form of vitamin D called 25 hydroxyvitamin D, also known as 25(OH)D. A vitamin D blood test measures the level of 25(OH)D in your blood. Abnormal levels of vitamin D can indicate bone disorders, nutrition problems, organ damage, or other medical conditions.Other names: 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 25(OH)D\n','What is it used for?A vitamin D test is used to screen for or monitor bone disorders. It is also sometimes used to check vitamin D levels in people with chronic illnesses such as asthma, psoriasis, and certain autoimmune diseases.\n','Why do I need a vitamin D test?Your health care provider may have ordered a vitamin D test if you have symptoms of a vitamin D deficiency (not enough vitamin D). These symptoms include:Bone weaknessBone softnessBone malformation (in children)FracturesThe test may be ordered if you are at a higher risk for a vitamin D deficiency. Risk factors include:Osteoporosis or other bone disorderPrevious gastric bypass surgeryAge; vitamin D deficiency is more common in older adults.ObesityLack of exposure to sunlightHaving a darker complexionDifficulty absorbing fat in your dietIn addition, breastfed babies may be at a higher risk if they aren\'t taking vitamin D supplements.\n','What happens during a vitamin D test?A vitamin D test is a blood test. During a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a vitamin D test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show a deficiency in vitamin D, it may mean you are:Not getting enough exposure to sunlightNot getting enough vitamin D in your dietHaving trouble absorbing vitamin D in your foodA low result may also mean your body is having trouble using the vitamin as it should, and may indicate kidney or liver disease.A vitamin D deficiency is usually treated with supplements and/or dietary changes.If your results show you have an excess of (too much) vitamin D, it is most likely due to taking too many vitamin pills or other supplements. You’ll need to stop taking these supplements to reduce your vitamin D levels.  Too much vitamin D can cause damage to your organs and blood vessels.To learn what your results mean, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a vitamin D test?Be sure to tell your health care provider about medicines, vitamins, or supplements you are taking, because they can affect your test results.\n'),(244,'vitamin e (tocopherol) test','What is a vitamin E (tocopherol) test?\nA vitamin E test measures the amount of vitamin E in your blood. Vitamin E (also known as tocopherol or alpha-tocopherol) is a nutrient that is important for many body processes. It helps your nerves and muscles work well, prevents blood clots, and boosts the immune system. Vitamin E is a type of antioxidant, a substance that protects cells from damage.\nMost people get the right amount of vitamin E from their diet. Vitamin E is found naturally in many foods, including green, leafy vegetables, nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils. If you have too little or too much vitamin E in your body, it can cause serious health problems.\nOther names: tocopherol test, alpha-tocopherol test, vitamin E, serum\n','What is it used for?\nA vitamin E test may be used to:\nFind out if you are getting enough vitamin E in your diet\nFind out if you are absorbing enough vitamin E. Certain disorders cause problems with the way the body digests and uses nutrients, such as vitamin E.\nCheck the vitamin E status of premature babies. Premature babies are at a higher risk of vitamin E deficiency, which can cause serious complications.\nFind out if you are getting too much vitamin E\n','Why do I need a vitamin E test?\nYou may need a vitamin E test if you have symptoms of vitamin E deficiency (not getting or absorbing enough vitamin E) or of vitamin E excess (getting too much vitamin E).\nSymptoms of a vitamin E deficiency include:\nMuscle weakness\nSlow reflexes\nDifficulty or unsteady walking\nVision problems\nVitamin E deficiency is very rare in healthy people. Most of the time, vitamin E deficiency is caused by a condition where nutrients are not properly digested or absorbed. These include Crohn\'s disease, liver disease, cystic fibrosis, and some rare genetic disorders. Vitamin E deficiency may also be caused by a very low-fat diet.\nSymptoms of vitamin E excess include:\nDiarrhea\nNausea\nFatigue\nVitamin E excess is also rare. It\'s usually caused by taking too many vitamins. If not treated, excess vitamin E can lead to serious health problems, including an increased risk of stroke.\n','What happens during a vitamin E test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou will probably need to fast (not eat or drink) for 12–14 hours before the test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nA low amount of vitamin E means you are not getting or absorbing enough vitamin E. Your health care provider will probably order more tests to find out the cause. Vitamin E deficiency can be treated with vitamin supplements.\nHigh vitamin E levels means you are getting too much vitamin E. If you are using vitamin E supplements, you will need to stop taking them. Your health care provider may also prescribe other medicines to treat you.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a vitamin E test?\nMany people believe vitamin E supplements can help prevent certain disorders. But there is no solid evidence that vitamin E has any effect on heart disease, cancer, eye disease, or mental function. To learn more about vitamin supplements or any dietary supplements, talk to your health care provider.\n'),(245,'white blood cell (wbc) in stool','What is a white blood cell (WBC) in stool test?\nThis test looks for white blood cells, also known as leukocytes, in your stool. White blood cells are part of the immune system. They help your body fight off infections and other diseases. If you have leukocytes in your stool, it can be a sign of a bacterial infection that affects the digestive system. These include:\nClostridium difficile (C. diff), an infection that most often happens after someone takes antibiotics. Some people with C. diff could develop life-threatening inflammation of the large intestine. It mostly affects older adults.\nShigellosis, an infection of the lining of the intestine. It is spread by direct contact with the bacteria in the stool. This can happen if an infected person doesn\'t wash their hands after using the bathroom. The bacteria can then be passed in food or water that this person handles. It mostly affects children under the age of 5.\nSalmonella, a bacteria mostly found in undercooked meat, poultry, dairy, and seafood, and inside eggs. You can get the disease if you eat contaminated food.\nCampylobacter, a bacteria found in raw or undercooked chicken. It can also be found in unpasteurized milk and contaminated water. You can get the disease by eating or drinking contaminated food.\nLeukocytes in stool can also be a sign of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is a type of chronic disorder that causes inflammation in the digestive system. Common types of IBD include ulcerative colitis and Crohn\'s disease.\nBoth IBD and bacterial infections of the digestive system can cause severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, and dehydration, a condition in which your body doesn\'t have enough water or other fluids to function normally. In some cases, these symptoms can be life-threatening.\nOther names: leukocytes in stool, stool WBC, fecal leukocyte test, FLT\n','What is it used for?A white blood cell in stool test is most often used to find out the cause of severe diarrhea that\'s lasted for more than four days.\n','Why do I need a white blood cell in stool test?Your health care provider may order a white blood cell in stool test if you or your child has any of the following symptoms:Watery diarrhea three or more times a day, lasting for more than four daysAbdominal painBlood and/or mucus in the stoolFeverFatigueWeight loss\n','What happens during a white blood cell in stool test?You will need to provide a sample of your stool. Your provider or your child\'s provider will give you specific instructions on how to collect and send in your sample. Your instructions may include the following:Put on a pair of rubber or latex gloves.Collect and store the stool in a special container given to you by your health care provider or a lab. You may get a device or applicator to help you collect the sample.Make sure no urine, toilet water, or toilet paper mixes in with the sample.Seal and label the container.Remove the gloves, and wash your hands.Return the container to your health care provider or the lab by mail or in person.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?Certain medicines and foods may affect the results. Ask your provider or your child\'s provider if there are any specific things you need to avoid before the test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is no known risk to having a white blood cell in stool test.\n','What do the results mean?A negative result means no white blood cells (leukocytes) were found in the sample. If you or your child\'s results were negative, the symptoms are probably not caused by an infection.A positive result means white blood cells (leukocytes) were found in your stool sample. If you or your child\'s results show leukocytes in stool, it means there is some kind of inflammation in the digestive tract. The more leukocytes that are found, the higher the chance that you or your child has a bacterial infection.If your provider thinks you have an infection, he or she may order a stool culture. A stool culture can help find out which specific bacteria is causing your illness. If you are diagnosed with a bacterial infection, your provider will prescribe antibiotics to treat your condition.If your provider suspects C. diff, you may first be told to stop taking the antibiotics you are currently using. Your provider may then prescribe a different type of antibiotics, which target C diff bacteria. Your provider may also recommend a type of supplement called probiotics to help your condition. Probiotics are considered \"good bacteria.\" They are helpful to your digestive system.If your provider thinks you have inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), he or she may order further tests to confirm a diagnosis. If you are diagnosed with IBD, your provider may recommend dietary and lifestyle changes and/or medicines to help relieve your symptoms.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a white blood cell in stool test?If your symptoms or your child\'s symptoms are not too severe, your provider may treat the symptoms without making a more definite diagnosis. Treatment usually includes drinking plenty of water and restricting the diet to bland foods for several days.\n'),(246,'white blood count (wbc)','What is a white blood count (WBC)?\nA white blood count measures the number of white cells in your blood. White blood cells are part of the immune system. They help your body fight off infections and other diseases.\nWhen you get sick, your body makes more white blood cells to fight the bacteria, viruses, or other foreign substances causing your illness. This increases your white blood count.\n Other diseases can cause your body to make fewer white blood cells than you need. This lowers your white blood count. Diseases that can lower your white blood count include some types of cancer and HIV/AIDS, a viral disease that attacks white blood cells. Certain medicines, including chemotherapy, may also lower the number of your white blood cells.\nThere are five major types of white blood cells:\nNeutrophils\nLymphocytes\nMonocytes\nEosinophils\nBasophils\nA white blood count measures the total number of these cells in your blood. Another test, called a blood differential, measures the amount of each type of white blood cell.\nOther names: WBC count, white cell count, white blood cell count\n','What is it used for?\nA white blood count is most often used to help diagnose disorders related to having a high white blood cell count or low white blood cell count.\nDisorders related to having a high white blood count include:\nAutoimmune and inflammatory diseases, conditions that cause the immune system to attack healthy tissues\nBacterial or viral infections\nCancers such as leukemia and Hodgkin disease\nAllergic reactions\nDisorders related to having a low white blood count include:\nDiseases of the immune system, such as HIV/AIDS\nLymphoma, a cancer of the bone marrow\nDiseases of the liver or spleen\nA white blood count can show if the number of your white blood cells is too high or too low, but it can\'t confirm a diagnosis. So it is usually done along with other tests, such as a complete blood count, blood differential, blood smear, and/or bone marrow test.\n','Why do I need a white blood count?\nYou may need this test if you have signs of an infection, inflammation, or autoimmune disease. Symptoms of infection include:\nFever\nChills\nBody aches\nHeadache\nSymptoms of inflammation and autoimmune diseases will be different, depending on the area of inflammation and type of disease.\nYou may also need this test if you have a disease that weakens your immune system or are taking medicine that lowers your immune response. If the test shows your white blood count is getting too low, your provider may be able to adjust your treatment.\nYour newborn or older child may also be tested as part of a routine screening, or if they have symptoms of a white blood cell disorder.\n','What happens during a white blood count?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out.\nTo test children, a health care provider will take a sample from the heel (newborns and young babies) or the fingertip (older babies and children). The provider will clean the heel or fingertip with alcohol and poke the site with a small needle. The provider will collect a few drops of blood and put a bandage on the site.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a white blood count.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nAfter a blood test, you may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\nThere is very little risk to your baby or child with a needle stick test. Your child may feel a little pinch when the site is poked, and a small bruise may form at the site. This should go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nA high white blood count may mean you have one of the following conditions:\nA bacterial or viral infection\nAn inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis\nAn allergy\nLeukemia or Hodgkin disease\nTissue damage from a burn injury or surgery\nA low white blood count may mean you have one of the following conditions:\nBone marrow damage. This may be caused by infection, disease, or treatments such as chemotherapy.\nCancers that affect the bone marrow\nAn autoimmune disorder, such as lupus (or SLE)\nHIV/AIDS\nIf you are already being treated for a white blood cell disorder, your results may show if your treatment is working or whether your condition has improved.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a white blood count?\nWhite blood count results are often compared with results of other blood tests, including a blood differential. A blood differential test shows the amount of each type of white blood cell, such as neutrophils or lymphocytes. Neutrophils mostly target bacterial infections. Lymphocytes mostly target viral infections.\nA higher than normal amount of neutrophils is known as neutrophilia.\nA lower than normal amount is known as neutropenia.\nA higher than normal amount of lymphocytes is known as lymphocytosis.\nA lower normal amount is known as lymphopenia. \n'),(247,'whooping cough diagnosis','What is a whooping cough test?\nWhooping cough, also known as pertussis, is a bacterial infection that causes severe fits of coughing and trouble breathing. People with whooping cough sometimes make a \"whooping\" sound as they try to take a breath. Whooping cough is very contagious. It is spread from person to person by coughing or sneezing.\nYou can get whooping cough at any age, but it mostly affects children. It\'s especially serious, and sometimes deadly, for babies less than a year old. A whooping cough test can help diagnose the disease. If your child gets a whooping cough diagnosis, he or she may be able to get treatment to prevent severe complications.\nThe best way to protect against whooping cough is with vaccination.\nOther names: pertussis test, bordetella pertussis culture, PCR, antibodies (IgA, IgG, IgM)\n','What is the test used for?\nA whooping cough test is used to find out whether you or your child has whooping cough. Getting diagnosed and treated in the early stages of infection may make your symptoms less severe and help prevent the spread of the disease.\n','Why do I need a whooping cough test?\nYour health care provider may order a whooping cough test if you or your child has symptoms of whooping cough. You or your child may also need a test if you\'ve been exposed to someone who has whooping cough.\nSymptoms of whooping cough usually occur in three stages. In the first stage, symptoms are like those of a common cold and may include:\nRunny nose\nWatery eyes\nMild fever\nMild cough\nIt\'s better to get tested in the first stage, when the infection is most treatable.\nIn the second stage, the symptoms are more serious and may include:\nSevere coughing that\'s hard to control\nTrouble catching your breath when coughing, which may cause a \"whooping\" sound\nCoughing so hard it causes vomiting\nIn the second stage, infants may not cough at all. But they may struggle to breathe or may even stop breathing at times.\nIn the third stage, you will start to feel better. You may still be coughing, but it will probably be less often and less severe.\n','What happens during a whooping cough test?\nThere are different ways to test for whooping cough. Your health care provider may choose one of the following ways to make a whooping cough diagnosis.\nNasal aspirate. Your health care provider will inject a saline solution into your nose, then remove the sample with gentle suction.\nSwab test. Your health care provider will use a special swab to take a sample from your nose or throat.\nA blood test. During a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes. Blood tests are used more often in later stages of whooping cough.\nIn addition, your health care provider may order an x-ray to check for inflammation or fluid in the lungs.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for a whooping cough test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a whooping cough test.\n','Are there any risks to the tests?\nThere is very little risk to whooping cough tests.\nThe nasal aspirate may feel uncomfortable. These effects are temporary.\nFor a swab test, you may feel a gagging sensation or even a tickle when your throat or nose is swabbed.\nFor a blood test, you may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nA positive result probably means you or your child has whooping cough. A negative result doesn\'t completely rule out whooping cough. If your results are negative, your health care provider will probably order more tests to confirm or rule out a whooping cough diagnosis.\nWhooping cough is treated with antibiotics. Antibiotics can make your infection less serious if you start treatment before your cough gets really bad. Treatment may also help prevent you from spreading the disease to others.\nIf you have questions about your test results or treatment, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about whooping cough tests?\nThe best way to protect against whooping cough is with vaccination. Before whooping cough vaccines became available in the 1940s, thousands of children in the United States died from the disease every year. Today, deaths from whooping cough are rare, but as many as 40,000 Americans get sick with it every year. Most cases of whooping cough affect babies too young to be vaccinated or teens and adults who are not vaccinated or up to date on their vaccines.\nThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends vaccination for all babies and children, teens, pregnant women, and adults who have not been vaccinated or are not up to date on their vaccines. Check with your health care provider to see if you or child needs to be vaccinated.\n'),(248,'xylose testing','What is a xylose test?\nXylose, also known as D-xylose, is a type of sugar that is normally easily absorbed by the intestines. A xylose test checks the level of xylose in both blood and urine. Levels that are lower than normal can mean there is a problem with your body\'s ability to absorb nutrients.\nOther names: xylose tolerance test, xylose absorption test, D-xylose tolerance test, D-xylose absorption test\n','What is it used for?\nA xylose test is most often used to:\nHelp diagnose malabsorption disorders, conditions that affect your ability to digest and absorb nutrients from food\nFind out why a child is not gaining weight, especially if the child seems to be eating enough food\n','Why do I need a xylose test?\nYou may need this test if you have symptoms of a malabsorption disorder, which include:\nPersistent diarrhea\nAbdominal pain\nBloating\nGas\nUnexplained weight loss, or in children, the inability to gain weight\n','What happens during a xylose test?\nA xylose test involves getting samples from both blood and urine. You will be tested before and after you drink a solution that contains 8 ounces of water that is mixed with a small amount of xylose.\nFor the blood tests:\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial.\nNext, you will drink the xylose solution.\nYou will be asked to rest quietly.\nYour provider will give you another blood test two hours later. For children, it may be one hour later.\nFor the urine tests, you will need to collect all the urine you produce for five hours after you have taken the xylose solution. Your health care provider will give you instructions on how to collect your urine during the five-hour period.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou will need to fast (not eat or drink) for eight hours before the test. Children younger than 9 years old should fast for four hours before the test.\nFor 24 hours before the test, you will need to not eat foods high in a type of sugar known as pentose, which is similar to xylose. These foods include jams, pastries, and fruits. Your provider will let you know if you need to take any other preparations.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly. \nThe xylose solution may make you feel nauseous.\nThere is no risk to having a urine test.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results showed lower than normal amounts of xylose in the blood or urine, it may mean you have a malabsorption disorder, such as:\nCeliac disease, an autoimmune disorder that causes a serious allergic reaction to gluten. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye.\nCrohn\'s disease, a condition that causes swelling, inflammation, and sores in the digestive tract\nWhipple disease, a rare condition that prevents the small intestine from absorbing nutrients\nLow results may also be caused by an infection from a parasite, such as:\nHookworm\nGiardiasis\nIf your xylose blood levels were normal, but urine levels were low, it may be a sign of kidney disease and/or malabsorption. You may need more tests before your provider can make a diagnosis.\nIf you have questions about your results or your child\'s results, talk to your health care provider.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about xylose testing?\nA xylose test takes a long time. You may want to bring a book, game, or other activity to keep yourself or your child occupied while you wait.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n'),(249,'yeast infection tests','What is a yeast test?Yeast is a type of fungus that can live on the skin, mouth, digestive tract, and genitals. Some yeast in the body is normal, but if there is an overgrowth of yeast on your skin or other areas, it can cause an infection. A yeast test can help determine whether you have a yeast infection. Candidiasis is another name for a yeast infection.Other names: potassium hydroxide preparation, fungal culture; fungal antigen and antibody tests, calcofluor white stain, fungal smear\n','What is it used for?A yeast test is used to diagnose and detect yeast infections. There are different methods of yeast testing, depending on where you have symptoms.\n','Why do I need a yeast test?Your health care provider may order a test if you have symptoms of a yeast infection. Your symptoms will vary, depending on where the infection is on your body. Yeast infections tend to happen in moist areas of the skin and mucous membranes. Below are symptoms of some common types of yeast infections. Your individual symptoms may vary.Yeast infections on the folds of the skin include conditions such as athlete\'s foot and diaper rash. Symptoms include:Bright red rash, often redness or ulcers in the skinItchingBurning sensationPimplesYeast infections on the vagina are common. Nearly 75% of women will get at least one yeast infection in their lifetime. Symptoms include:Genital itching and/or burningA white, cottage cheese-like dischargePainful urinationRedness in the vaginaYeast infection of the penis may cause:RednessScalingRashYeast infection of the mouth is called thrush. It is common in young children. Thrush in adults may indicate a weakened immune system. Symptoms include:White patches on the tongue and inside of cheeksSoreness on the tongue and inside of cheeksYeast infection at the corners of the mouth may be caused by thumb sucking, ill-fitting dentures, or frequent licking of the lips. Symptoms include:Cracks and tiny cuts at the corners of the mouthYeast infection in the nail beds can happen in the fingers or toes, but are more common in toenails. Symptoms include:Pain and redness around the nailDiscoloration of nailCracks in the nailSwellingPusWhite or yellow nail that separates from nail bed\n','What happens during a yeast test?The type of test depends on the location of your symptoms:If a vaginal yeast infection is suspected, your health care provider will perform a pelvic exam and take a sample of the discharge from your vagina.If thrush is suspected, your health care provider will look at the infected area in the mouth and may also take a small scraping to examine under the microscope.If a yeast infection is suspected on the skin or nails, your health care provider may use a blunt-edged instrument to scrape off a small bit of skin or part of a nail for examination. During this type of test, you may feel some pressure and a little discomfort.Your health care provider may be able to tell if you have a yeast infection just by examining the infected area and looking at the cells under a microscope. If there are not enough cells to detect an infection, you may need a culture test. During a culture test, the cells in your sample will be put in a special environment in a lab to encourage cell growth. Results are often available within a few days. But some yeast infections grow slowly, and it may take weeks to get a result.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a yeast test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is no known risk to having a yeast test.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results indicate a yeast infection, your health care provider may recommend an over-the-counter antifungal medicine or prescribe an antifungal medicine. Depending on where your infection is, you may need a vaginal suppository, a medicine applied directly to the skin, or a pill. Your health care provider will tell you which treatment is best for you.\nIt’s important to take all your medicine as prescribed, even if you feel better sooner. Many yeast infections get better after a few days or weeks of treatment, but certain fungal infections may need to be treated for several months or longer before they clear up.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a yeast test?Certain antibiotics can also cause an overgrowth of yeast. Be sure to tell your health care provider about any medicines you are taking.Yeast infections of the blood, heart, and brain are less common but more serious than yeast infections of the skin and genitals. Serious yeast infections occur more often in hospital patients and in people with weakened immune systems.\n'),(250,'zika virus test','What is a Zika virus test?\nZika is a viral infection usually spread by mosquitos. It can also spread through sex with an infected person or from a pregnant woman to her baby.  A Zika virus test looks for signs of the infection in blood or urine.\nMosquitos that carry the Zika virus are most common in areas of the world with tropical climates. These include islands in the Caribbean and the Pacific, and parts of Africa, Central America, South America, and Mexico. Mosquitos carrying the Zika virus have also been found in parts of the United States, including South Florida.\nMost people infected with Zika have no symptoms or mild symptoms that last a few days to a week. But a Zika infection can cause serious complications if you are pregnant. A Zika infection during pregnancy can cause a birth defect called microcephaly. Microcephaly can severely affect the development of a baby\'s brain. Zika infections during pregnancy have also been linked to an increased risk of other birth defects, miscarriage, and stillbirth.\nIn rare cases, children and adults infected with Zika may get a disease called Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). GBS is a disorder that causes the body\'s immune system to attack part of the nervous system. GBS is serious, but treatable. If you get GBS, you will probably recover within a few weeks.\nOther names: Zika Antibody Test, Zika RT-PCR Test , Zika test\n','What is it used for?\nA Zika virus test is used to find out if you have a Zika infection. It is mostly used on pregnant women who have recently traveled to an area where there is a risk of Zika infection.\n','Why do I need a Zika virus test?\nYou may need a Zika virus test if you are pregnant and have recently traveled to an area where there is a risk of Zika infection. You may also need a Zika test if you are pregnant and have had sex with a partner who traveled to one of these areas.\nA Zika test might be ordered if you have symptoms of Zika. Most people with Zika don\'t have symptoms, but when there are symptoms, they often include:\nFever\nRash\nJoint pain\nMuscle pain\nHeadache\nRed eyes (conjunctivitis)\n','What happens during a Zika virus test?\nA Zika virus test is usually a blood test or a urine test.\nIf you are getting a Zika blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\nIf you are getting a Zika test in urine, ask your health care provider for instructions on how to provide your sample.\nIf you are pregnant and your prenatal ultrasound shows the possibility of microcephaly, your health care provider may recommend a procedure called amniocentesis to check for Zika. Amniocentesis is a test that looks at the fluid that surrounds an unborn baby (amniotic fluid). For this test, your provider will insert a special hollow needle into your belly and withdraw a small sample of fluid for testing.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t any special preparations for a Zika virus test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\nThere are no known risks to a urine test.\nAmniocentesis may cause some cramping or pain in your belly. There is a small chance the procedure will cause a miscarriage. Talk to your health care provider about the benefits and risks of this test.\n','What do the results mean?\nA positive Zika test result probably means you have a Zika infection. A negative result can mean you aren\'t infected or you were tested too soon for the virus to show up in testing. If you think you were exposed to the virus, talk to your health care provider about when or if you need to be retested.\nIf you are diagnosed with Zika and are pregnant, you can start to prepare for your baby\'s possible health problems before he or she is born. While not all babies exposed to Zika have birth defects or any health problems, many children born with Zika have long-lasting special needs. Talk to your health care provider about how to get support and health care services should you need them. Early intervention may make a difference in your child\'s health and quality of life.\nIf you are diagnosed with Zika and are not pregnant, but would like become pregnant in the future, talk to your health care provider. Currently, there is no evidence of Zika-related pregnancy complications in women who have fully recovered from Zika. Your provider can tell you how long you should wait before trying to have a baby and if you need to retested.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a Zika virus test?\nIf you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant, you should take steps to reduce your risk of getting a Zika infection. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that pregnant women avoid traveling in areas that may put you at risk for Zika infection. If you can\'t avoid travel or if you live in one of these areas, you should:\nApply an insect repellent containing DEET on your skin and clothing. DEET is safe and effective for pregnant women.\nWear long-sleeved shirts and pants\nUse screens on windows and doors\nSleep under a mosquito net\n');


