(113,'gram stain','What is a Gram stain?\nA Gram stain is a test that checks for bacteria at the site of a suspected infection or in certain body fluids, such as blood or urine. These sites include the throat, lungs, and genitals, and in skin wounds.\nThere are two main categories of bacterial infections: Gram-positive and Gram-negative. The categories are diagnosed based on the how the bacteria reacts to the Gram stain. A Gram stain is colored purple. When the stain combines with bacteria in a sample, the bacteria will either stay purple or turn pink or red. If the bacteria stays purple, they are Gram-positive. If the bacteria turns pink or red, they are Gram-negative. The two categories cause different types of infections:\nGram-positive infections include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), strep infections, and toxic shock.\nGram-negative infections include salmonella, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and gonorrhea.\nA Gram stain may also be used to diagnose fungal infections.\nOther names: Gram\'s stain\n','What is it used for?\nA Gram stain is most often used to find out if you have a bacterial infection. If you do, the test will show if your infection is Gram-positive or Gram-negative.\n','Why do I need a Gram stain?\nYou may need this test if you have symptoms of a bacterial infection. Pain, fever, and fatigue are common symptoms of many bacterial infections. Other symptoms will depend on the type of infection you have and where in the body it is located.\n','What happens during a Gram stain?\nYour health care provider will need to take a sample from the site of a suspected infection or from certain body fluids, depending on what type of infection you may have. The most common types of Gram stain tests are listed below.\nWound sample:\nA provider will use a special swab to collect a sample from the site of your wound.\nBlood test:\nA provider will take a sample of blood from a vein in your arm.\nUrine test:\nYou will provide a sterile sample of urine in a cup, as instructed by your health care provider.\nThroat culture:\nYour health care provider will insert a special swab into your mouth to take a sample from the back of the throat and tonsils.\nSputum culture. Sputum is a thick mucus that is coughed up from the lungs. It is different from spit or saliva.\nYour health care provider will ask you to cough up sputum into a special cup, or a special swab may be used to take a sample from your nose.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a Gram stain.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is no risk to having a swab, sputum, or urine test.  \nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nYour sample will be placed on a slide and treated with the Gram stain. A laboratory professional will examine the slide under a microscope. If no bacteria were found, it means you probably don\'t have a bacterial infection or there weren\'t enough bacteria in the sample.\nIf bacteria were found, it will have certain qualities may provide important information about your infection:\nIf the bacteria was colored purple, it means you likely have a Gram-positive infection.\nIf the bacteria was colored pink or red, it means you likely have a Gram-negative infection.\nYour results will also include information about the shape of the bacteria in your sample. Most bacteria are either round (known as cocci) or rod-shaped (known as bacilli). The shape can provide more information about the type of infection you have.\nAlthough your results may not identify the exact type of bacteria in your sample, they can help your provider get closer to finding out what\'s causing your illness and how best to treat it. You may need more tests, such as a bacteria culture, to confirm what type of bacteria it is.\nGram stain results may also show whether you have a fungal infection. The results may show what category of fungal infection you have: yeast or mold. But you may need more tests to find out which specific fungal infection you have.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a Gram stain?\nIf you are diagnosed with a bacterial infection, you will probably be prescribed antibiotics. It\'s important to take your medicine as prescribed, even if your symptoms are mild. This can prevent your infection from getting worse and causing serious complications.\n'),(114,'haptoglobin (hp) test','What is a haptoglobin (HP) test?\nThis test measures the amount of haptoglobin in the blood. Haptoglobin is a protein made by your liver. It attaches to a certain type of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. Most hemoglobin is located inside red blood cells, but small amounts circulate in the bloodstream. Haptoglobin binds to hemoglobin in the bloodstream. Together, the two proteins are known as the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex. This complex is quickly cleared from the bloodstream and removed from the body by your liver.\nWhen red blood cells are damaged, they release more hemoglobin into the bloodstream. That means more of the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex will be cleared from the body. The haptoglobin may leave the body faster than the liver can make it. This causes your haptoglobin blood levels to drop. If your haptoglobin levels are too low, it may be a sign of a disorder of the red blood cells, such as anemia.\nOther names: hemoglobin-binding protein, HPT, Hp\n','What is it used for?\nA haptoglobin test is most often used to diagnose hemolytic anemia. Hemolytic anemia is a disorder that happens when your red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be replaced. This test may also be used to see if another type of anemia or another blood disorder is causing your symptoms.\n','Why do I need a haptoglobin test?\nYou may need this test if you have symptoms of anemia. These include:\nFatigue\nPale skin\nShortness of breath\nRapid heart rate\nJaundice, a condition that causes your skin and eyes to turn yellow\nDark colored urine\nYou may also need this test if you\'ve had a blood transfusion. The test may be done with another test called direct anti-globulin. The results of these tests can show if you\'ve had a bad reaction to the transfusion.\n','What happens during a haptoglobin test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a haptoglobin test.\n','Are there any risks to a haptoglobin test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results show that your haptoglobin levels are lower than normal, it may mean you have one of the following conditions:\nHemolytic anemia\nLiver disease\nReaction to a transfusion\nYour health care provider may order other blood tests to help make a diagnosis. These include:\nReticulocyte Count\nHemoglobin Test\nHematocrit Test\nLactate Dehydrogenase Test\nBlood Smear\nComplete Blood Count\nThese tests may be done at the same time or after your haptoglobin test.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a haptoglobin test?\nHigh haptoglobin levels may be a sign of an inflammatory disease. Inflammatory diseases are disorders of the immune system that can cause serious health problems. But haptoglobin testing is not usually used to diagnose or monitor conditions related to high haptoglobin levels.\n'),(115,'hearing tests for adults','What are hearing tests?Hearing tests measure how well you are able to hear. Normal hearing happens when sound waves travel into your ear, causing your eardrum to vibrate. The vibration moves the waves farther into the ear, where it triggers nerve cells to send sound information to your brain. This information is translated into the sounds you hear.Hearing loss happens when there is a problem with one or more parts of the ear, the nerves inside the ear, or the part of the brain that controls hearing. There are three main types of hearing loss:Sensorineurual (also called nerve deafness). This type of hearing loss is caused by a problem with the structure of the ear and/or with the nerves that control hearing. It may be present at birth or show up late in life. Sensorineural hearing loss is usually permanent. This type of hearing loss ranges from mild (the inability to hear certain sounds) to profound (the inability to hear any sounds).Conductive. This type of hearing loss is caused by a blockage of sound transmission into the ear. It can occur at any age, but it\'s most common in infants and young children and is often caused by ear infections or fluid in the ears. Conductive hearing loss is usually mild, temporary, and treatable.Mixed, a combination of both sensorineural and conductive hearing loss.Hearing loss is common in older adults. About one-third of adults over the age of 65 have some hearing loss, most often the sensorineural type. If you are diagnosed with hearing loss, there are steps you can take that may help treat or manage the condition.Other names: audiometry, audiography, audiogram, sound test\n','What are they used for?Hearing tests are used to find out whether or not you have a hearing problem and, if so, how serious it is.\n','Why do I need a hearing test?You may need a hearing test if you have symptoms of hearing loss. These include:Trouble understanding what other people are saying, especially in a noisy environmentNeeding to ask people to repeat themselvesTrouble hearing high-pitched soundsNeeding to turn up the volume on the TV or music playerA ringing sound in your ears\n','What happens during a hearing test?Your hearing test may be done by a primary health care provider or one of the following types of providers:An audiologist, a health care provider who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and managing hearing lossAn otolaryngologist (ENT), a doctor specializing in treating diseases and conditions of the ears, nose, and throat.There are several types of hearing tests. Most tests check for your response to tones or words delivered at different pitches, volumes, and/or noise environments. These are called sound tests. Common sound tests include:Acoustic Reflex Measures, also called middle ear muscle reflex (MEMR), test how well the ear responds to loud sounds. In normal hearing, a tiny muscle inside the ear tightens when you hear loud noises. This is called the acoustic reflex. It happens without you knowing it. During the test:The audiologist or other provider will place a soft rubber tip inside the ear.A series of loud sounds will be sent through the tips and recorded onto a machine.The machine will show when or if the sound has triggered a reflex.If hearing loss is bad, the sound may have to be very loud to trigger a reflex, or it may not trigger the reflex at all.Pure-tone test, also known as audiometry. During this test:You will put on headphones.A series of tones will be sent to your headphones.The audiologist or other provider will change the pitch and loudness of the tones at different points during the test. At some points, the tones may be barely audible.The provider will ask you to respond whenever you hear the tones. Your response may be to raise your hand or press a button.The test helps find the quietest sounds you can hear at different pitches.Tuning fork tests. A tuning fork is a two-pronged metal device that makes a tone when it vibrates. During the test:The audiologist or other provider will place the tuning fork behind your ear or on top of your head.The provider will hit the fork so that it makes a tone.You\'ll be asked to tell the provider whenever you hear the tone at different volumes, or if you heard the sound in your left ear, right ear, or both equally.Depending on where the fork is placed and how you respond, the test can show if there is hearing loss in one or both ears. It can also show which type of hearing loss you have (conductive or sensorineural).Speech and word recognition tests can show how well you can hear spoken language. During the test:You will put on headphones.The audiologist will talk to you through your headphones, and ask you to repeat a series of simple words, spoken at different volumes.The provider will record the softest speech you are able to hear.Some of the testing may be done in a noisy environment, because many people with hearing loss have trouble understanding speech in loud places.Another type test, called tympanometry, checks for how well your eardrum moves.During a tympanometry test:The audiologist or other provider will place a small device inside the ear canal.The device will push air into the ear, making the eardrum move back and forth.A machine records the movement on graphs called tympanograms.The test helps find out if there is an ear infection or other problems such as fluid or wax buildup, or a hole or tear in the eardrum.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for a hearing test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a hearing test.\n','Are there any risks to hearing tests?There is no risk to having a hearing test.\n','What do the results mean?Your results may show if you have a hearing loss, and whether the hearing loss is sensorineural or conductive.If you are diagnosed with sensorineural hearing loss, your results may show that the hearing loss is:Mild: you can\'t hear certain sounds, such as tones that are too high or too low.Moderate: you can\'t hear many sounds, such as speech in a noisy environment.Severe: you can\'t hear most sounds.Profound: you can\'t hear any sounds.Treatment and management of sensorineural hearing loss will depend on serious it is.If you are diagnosed with conductive hearing loss, your provider may recommend medicine or surgery, depending on the cause of the loss.If you have questions about the results, talk to your health care provider.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about hearing tests?\nEven mild hearing loss can make it difficult to understand normal speech. Because of this, many older adults will avoid social situations, leading to isolation and depression. Treating hearing loss can help prevent these problems. While hearing loss in older adults is usually permanent, there are ways to manage the condition. Treatment options include:\nHearing aids. A hearing aid is a device that\'s worn either behind or inside the ear. A hearing aid amplifies (makes louder) sound. Some hearing aids have more advanced functions. Your audiologist can recommend the best option for you.\nCochlear implants. This is a device that\'s implanted surgically in the ear. It\'s usually used in people with more severe hearing loss and who don\'t get much benefit from using a hearing aid. Cochlear implants send sound directly to the hearing nerve.\nSurgery. Some types of hearing loss can be treated with surgery. These include problems with the eardrum or in the tiny bones inside the ear.\n'),(116,'hearing tests for children','What are hearing tests for children?These tests measure how well your child is able to hear. Although hearing loss can occur at any age, hearing problems in infancy and early childhood can have serious consequences. That\'s because normal hearing is essential for language development in babies and toddlers. Even a temporary hearing loss can make it harder for a child to understand spoken language and learn to speak.Normal hearing happens when sound waves travel into your ear, causing your eardrum to vibrate. The vibration moves the waves farther into the ear, where it triggers nerve cells to send sound information to your brain. This information is translated into the sounds you hear.Hearing loss happens when there is a problem with one or more parts of the ear, the nerves inside the ear, or the part of the brain that controls hearing. There are three main types of hearing loss:Conductive. This type of hearing loss is caused by a blockage of sound transmission into the ear. It\'s most common in infants and young children and is often caused by ear infections or fluid in the ears. Conductive hearing loss is usually mild, temporary, and treatable.Sensorineurual (also called nerve deafness). This type of hearing loss is caused by a problem with the structure of the ear and/or with the nerves that control hearing. It may be present at birth or show up late in life. Sensorineural hearing loss is usually permanent. This type of hearing loss ranges from mild (the inability to hear certain sounds) to profound (the inability to hear any sounds).Mixed, a combination of both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.If your child is diagnosed with hearing loss, there are steps you can take that may help treat or manage the condition.Other names: audiometry; audiography, audiogram, sound test\n','What are they used for?These tests are used to find out if your child has hearing loss and, if so, how serious it is.\n',NULL,'What happens during a hearing test?Initial hearing tests are often done during regular checkups. If there is hearing loss, your child may be tested and treated by one of the following providers:An audiologist, a health care provider who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and managing hearing lossAn otolaryngologist (ENT), a doctor specializing in treating diseases and conditions of the ears, nose, and throat.There are several types of hearing tests. The type of tests given depends on age and symptoms. For infants and young children, testing involves using sensors (which look like small stickers) or probes to measure hearing. They don\'t require a verbal response. Older children may be given sound tests. Sound tests check for response to tones or words delivered at different pitches, volumes, and/or noise environments.Auditory brainstorm (ABR) test. This checks for sensorineural hearing loss. It measures how the brain responds to sound. It is most often used to test infants, including newborns. During this test:The audiologist or other provider will place electrodes on the scalp and behind each ear. The electrodes are connected to a computer.Tiny earphones will be placed inside the ears.Clicks and tones will be sent to the earphones.The electrodes measure the brain\'s response to the sounds and will display the results on the computer.Otoacoustic emissions (OAE) test. This test is used for infants and young children. During the test:The audiologist or other provider will place a small probe that looks like an earphone inside the ear canal.Sound will be sent to the probe.The probe records and measures the inner ear\'s response to the sounds.The test can find hearing loss, but can\'t tell the difference between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.Tympanometry tests how well your eardrum moves. During the test:The audiologist or other provider will place a small device inside the ear canal.The device will push air into the ear, making the eardrum move back and forth.A machine records the movement on graphs called tympanograms.The test helps find out if there is an ear infection or other problems such as fluid or wax buildup, or a hole or tear in the eardrum.This test requires your child to sit very still, so it\'s not usually used on infants or young children.The following are other types of sound tests:Acoustic Reflex Measures also called middle ear muscle reflex (MEMR), test how well the ear responds to loud sounds. In normal hearing, a tiny muscle inside the ear tightens when you hear loud noises. This is called the acoustic reflex. It happens without you knowing it. During the test:The audiologist or other provider will place a soft rubber tip inside the ear.A series of loud sounds will be sent through the tips and recorded onto a machine.The machine will show when or if the sound has triggered a reflex.If hearing loss is bad, the sound may have to be very loud to trigger a reflex, or it may not trigger the reflex at all.Pure-tone test, also known as audiometry. During this test:Your child will put on headphones.A series of tones will be sent to the headphones.The audiologist or other provider will change the pitch and loudness of the tones at different points during the test. At some points, the tones may be barely audible.The provider will ask your child to respond whenever they hear the tones. The response may be to raise a hand or press a button.The test helps find the quietest sounds your child can hear at different pitches.Tuning fork tests. A tuning fork is a two-pronged metal device that makes a tone when it vibrates. During the test:The audiologist or other provider will place the tuning fork behind the ear or on top of the head.The provider will hit the fork so that it makes a tone.Your child will be asked to tell the provider whenever you hear the tone at different volumes, or if they heard the sound in the left ear, right ear, or both equally.The test can show if there is hearing loss in one or both ears. It can also show which type of hearing loss your child has (conductive or sensorineural).Speech and word recognition  can show how well your child can hear spoken language. During the test:Your child will put on headphones.The audiologist will talk through the headphones, and ask your child to repeat a series of simple words, spoken at different volumes.The provider will record the softest speech your child is able to hear.Some of the testing may be done in a noisy environment, because many people with hearing loss have trouble understanding speech in loud places.These tests are done on children old enough to talk and understand language.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for a hearing test?Your child doesn\'t need any special preparations for a hearing test.\n','Are there any risks to hearing tests?There is no risk to having a hearing test.\n','What do the results mean?Your results may show if your child has hearing loss, and whether the hearing loss is conductive or sensorineural.If your child is diagnosed with conductive hearing loss, your provider may recommend medicine or surgery, depending on the cause of the loss.If your child is diagnosed with sensorineural hearing loss, your results may show that the hearing loss is:Mild: your child can\'t hear certain sounds, such as tones that are too high or too low.Moderate: your child can\'t hear many sounds, such as speech in a noisy environment.Severe: your child can\'t hear most sounds.Profound: your child can\'t hear any sounds.Treatment and management of sensorineural hearing loss will depend on age and how serious it is. If you have questions about the results, talk to your child\'s health care provider.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about hearing tests?\nThere are many ways to manage hearing loss. Even if the hearing loss is permanent, there are ways to manage your condition. Treatment options include:\nHearing aids. A hearing aid is a device that\'s worn either behind or inside the ear. A hearing aid amplifies (makes louder) sound. Some hearing aids have more advanced functions. Your audiologist can recommend the best option for you.\nCochlear implants. This is a device that\'s implanted surgically in the ear. It\'s usually used in people with more severe hearing loss and who don\'t get much benefit from using a hearing aid. Cochlear implants send sound directly to the hearing nerve.\nSurgery. Some types of hearing loss can be treated with surgery. These include problems with the eardrum or in the tiny bones inside the ear.\nIn addition, you may want to:\nWork with health care providers who can help you and your child communicate. These may include speech therapists and/or specialists who provide training in sign language, lip reading, or other types of language approaches.\nJoin support groups\nSchedule regular visits with an audiologist and/or otolaryngologist (ear, nose, and throat doctor)\n'),(117,'heavy metal blood test','What is a heavy metal blood test?A heavy metal blood test is a group of tests that measure the levels of potentially harmful metals in the blood. The most common metals tested for are lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium. Metals that are less commonly tested for include copper, zinc, aluminum, and thallium. Heavy metals are found naturally in the environment, certain foods, medicines, and even in water.Heavy metals can get in your system in different ways. You might breathe them in, eat them, or absorb them through your skin. If too much metal gets into your body, it can cause heavy metal poisoning. Heavy metal poisoning can lead to serious health problems. These include organ damage, behavioral changes, and difficulties with thinking and memory. The specific symptoms and how it will affect you, depend on the type of metal and how much of it is in your system.Other names: heavy metals panel, toxic metals, heavy metal toxicity test\n','What is it used for?Heavy metal testing is used to find out if you have been exposed to certain metals, and how much of the metal is in your system.\n','Why do I need a heavy metal blood test?Your health care provider may order a heavy metal blood test if you have symptoms of heavy metal poisoning. The symptoms depend on the type of metal and how much exposure there was.Your symptoms may include:Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal painDiarrheaTingling in the hands and feetShortness of breathChillsWeaknessSome children under the age of 6 may need to be tested for lead because they have a higher risk for lead poisoning. Lead poisoning is a very serious type of heavy metal poisoning. It is especially dangerous for children because their brains are still developing, so they are more vulnerable to brain damage from lead poisoning. In the past, lead was frequently used in paint and other household products. It is still used in some products today.Young children get exposed to lead by touching surfaces with lead, then putting their hands in their mouths. Children living in older houses and/or living in poorer conditions may be at an even higher risk because their environments often contain more lead. Even low levels of lead can cause permanent brain damage and behavioral disorders. Your child\'s pediatrician may recommend lead testing for your child, based on your living environment and your child\'s symptoms.\n','What happens during a heavy metal blood test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?Some fish and shellfish contain high levels of mercury, so you should avoid eating seafood for 48 hours before being tested.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may experience slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your heavy metal blood test shows a high level of metal, you will need to completely avoid exposure to that metal. If that doesn\'t reduce enough metal in your blood, your health care provider may recommend chelation therapy. Chelation therapy is a treatment where you take a pill or get an injection that works to remove excess metals from your body.If your levels of heavy metal are low, but you still have symptoms of exposure, your health care provider will likely order more tests. Some heavy metals don\'t stay in the bloodstream very long. These metals may stay longer in urine, hair, or other body tissues. So you may need to take a urine test or provide a sample of your hair, fingernail, or other tissue for analysis.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n',NULL),(118,'helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) tests','What are helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) tests?Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria that infects the digestive system. Many people with H. pylori will never have symptoms of infection. But for others, the bacteria can cause a variety of digestive disorders. These include gastritis (inflammation of the stomach), peptic ulcers (sores in the stomach, small intestine, or esophagus), and certain types of stomach cancer.There are different ways to test for an H. pylori infection. They include blood, stool, and breath tests. If you are having digestive symptoms, testing and treatment may help prevent serious complications.Other names: H. pylori stool antigen, H. pylori breath tests, urea breath test, rapid urease test (RUT) for H. pylori, H. pylori culture\n','What are they used for?H. pylori tests are most often used to:Look for H. pylori bacteria in the digestive tractFind out if your digestive symptoms are caused by an H. pylori infectionFind out if treatment for an H. pylori infection has worked\n','Why do I need an H. pylori test?You may need testing if you have symptoms of a digestive disorder. Since gastritis and ulcers both inflame the lining of the stomach, they share many of the same symptoms. They include:Abdominal painBloatingNausea and vomitingDiarrheaLoss of appetiteWeight lossAn ulcer is a more serious condition than gastritis, and symptoms are often more severe. Treating gastritis in early stages may help prevent the development of an ulcer or other complications.\n','What happens during H. pylori testing?\nThere are different ways to test for H. pylori. Your health care provider may order one or more of the following types of tests.\nBlood test\nChecks for antibodies (infection-fighting cells) to H. pylori\nTest procedure:\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle.\nAfter the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial.\nBreath test, also known as a urea breath test\nChecks for infection by measuring certain substances in your breath\nTest procedure:\nYou will provide a sample of your breath by breathing into a collection bag.\nAfter that, you will swallow a pill or liquid containing a harmless radioactive material.\nYou will provide another sample of your breath.\nYour provider will compare the two samples. If the second sample has higher than normal carbon dioxide levels, it is a sign of an H. pylori infection.\nStool tests.Your provider may order a stool antigen or a stool culture test.\nA stool antigen test looks for antigens to H. pylori in your stool. Antigens are substances that trigger an immune response.\nA stool culture test looks for H. pylori bacteria in the stool.\nSamples for both types of stool tests are collected in the same way. Sample collection usually includes the following steps:\nPut on a pair of rubber or latex gloves.\nCollect and store the stool in a special container given to you by your health care provider or a lab.\nIf collecting a sample from a baby, line the baby\'s diaper with plastic wrap.\nMake sure no urine, toilet water, or toilet paper mixes in with the sample.\nSeal and label the container.\nRemove the gloves, and wash your hands.\nReturn the container to your health care provider.\nEndoscopy. If other tests did not provide enough information for a diagnosis, your provider may order a procedure called an endoscopy. An endoscopy allows your provider to look at your esophagus (the tube that links your mouth and stomach), the lining of your stomach, and part of your small intestine. During the procedure:\nYou will lie down on an operating table on your back or side.\nYou will be given medicine to help you relax and prevent you from feeling pain during the procedure.\nYour provider will insert a thin tube, called an endoscope, into your mouth and throat. The endoscope has a light and camera on it. This allows the provider to get a good view of your internal organs.\nYour provider may take a biopsy (removal of a small sample of tissue) to examine after the procedure.\nAfter the procedure, you will be observed for an hour or two while the medicine wears off.\nYou may be drowsy for a while, so plan to have someone drive you home.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for testing?You don\'t need any special preparation for an H. pylori blood test.For breath, stool, and endoscopy tests, you may need to stop taking certain medicines for as long as two weeks to a month before testing. Be sure to talk with your health care provider about all medicines you are currently taking.For an endoscopy, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for about 12 hours before the procedure.\n','Are there any risks to testing?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.There is no known risk to having breath or stool tests.During an endoscopy, you may feel some discomfort when the endoscope is inserted, but serious complications are rare. There is a very small risk of getting a tear in your intestine. If you had a biopsy, there is a small risk of bleeding at the site. Bleeding usually stops without treatment.\n','What do the results mean?If your results were negative, it means you probably don\'t have an H. pylori infection. Your provider may order more tests to find out the cause of your symptoms.If your results were positive, it means you have an H. pylori infection. H. pylori infections are treatable. Your health care provider will probably prescribe a combination of antibiotics and other medicines to treat the infection and relieve pain. The medicine plan can be complicated, but it\'s important to take all the medicines as prescribed, even if your symptoms go away. If any H. pylori bacteria remain in your system, your condition can worsen. Gastritis caused by H. pylori can lead to a peptic ulcer and sometimes stomach cancer.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about H. pylori testing?After you\'ve been treated with antibiotics, your health care provider may order repeat tests to make sure all the H. pylori bacteria is gone.\n'),(119,'hematocrit test','What is a hematocrit test?A hematocrit test is a type of blood test. Your blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These cells and platelets are suspended in a liquid called plasma. A hematocrit test measures how much of your blood is made up of red blood cells. Red blood cells contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. Hematocrit levels that are too high or too low can indicate a blood disorder, dehydration, or other medical conditions.Other names: HCT, packed cell volume, PCV, Crit; Packed Cell Volume, PCV; H and H (Hemoglobin and Hematocrit)\n','What is it used for?A hematocrit test is often part of a complete blood count (CBC), a routine test that measures different components of your blood. The test is also used to help diagnose blood disorders such as anemia, a condition in which your blood doesn\'t have enough red cells, or polycythemia vera, a rare disorder in which your blood has too many red cells.\n','Why do I need a hematocrit test?Your health care provider may have ordered a hematocrit test as part of your regular checkup or if you have symptoms of a red blood cell disorder, such as anemia or polycythemia vera. These include:Symptoms of anemia:Shortness of breathWeakness or fatigueHeadacheDizzinessCold hands and feetPale skinChest painSymptoms of polycythemia vera:Blurred or double visionShortness of breathHeadacheItchingFlushed skinTirednessExcessive sweating\n','What happens during a hematocrit test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a hematocrit test. If your health care provider has ordered more tests on your blood sample, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a hematocrit test or other type of blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If test results show your hematocrit levels are too low, it may indicate:AnemiaNutritional deficiency of iron, vitamin B-12, or folateKidney diseaseA bone marrow diseaseCertain cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, or multiple myelomaIf test results show your hematocrit levels are too high, it may indicate:Dehydration, the most common cause of high hematocrit levels. Drinking more fluids will usually bring your levels back to normal.Lung diseaseCongenital heart diseasePolycythemia veraIf your results are not in the normal range, it doesn\'t necessarily mean that you have a medical condition requiring treatment. To learn more about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a hematocrit test?Many factors can affect your hematocrit levels, including a recent blood transfusion, pregnancy, or living at a high altitude.\n'),(120,'hemoglobin a1c (hba1c) test','What is a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test?\nA hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test measures the amount of blood sugar (glucose) attached to hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the part of your red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. An HbA1c test shows what the average amount of glucose attached to hemoglobin has been over the past three months. It\'s a three-month average because that\'s typically how long a red blood cell lives.\nIf your HbA1c levels are high, it may be a sign of diabetes, a chronic condition that can cause serious health problems, including heart disease, kidney disease, and nerve damage.\nOther names: HbA1c, A1c, glycohemoglobin, glycated hemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin\n','What is it used for?\nAn HbA1c test may be used to check for diabetes or prediabetes in adults. Prediabetes means your blood sugar levels show you are at risk for getting diabetes.\nIf you already have diabetes, an HbA1c test can help monitor your condition and glucose levels.\n','Why do I need an HbA1c test?\nYou may need an HbA1c test if you have symptoms of diabetes. These include:\nIncreased thirst\nIncreased urination\nBlurred vision\nFatigue\nYour health care provider may also order an HbA1c test if you are at higher risk for getting diabetes. Risk factors include:\nBeing overweight or obese\nHigh blood pressure\nHistory of heart disease\nPhysical inactivity\n','What happens during an HbA1c test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for an HbA1c test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nHbA1c results are given in percentages. Typical results are below.\nNormal: HbA1c below 5.7%\nPrediabetes: HbA1c between 5.7% and 6.4%\nDiabetes: HbA1c of 6.5% or higher\nYour results may mean something different. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nIf you have diabetes, the American Diabetes Association recommends keeping your HbA1c levels below 7%. Your health care provider may have other recommendations for you, depending on your overall health, age, weight, and other factors.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an HbA1c test?\nThe HbA1c test is not used for gestational diabetes, a type of diabetes that only affects pregnant women, or for diagnosing diabetes in children.\nAlso, if you have anemia or another type of blood disorder, an HbA1c test may be less accurate for diagnosing diabetes. If you have one of these disorders and are at risk for diabetes, your health care provider may recommend different tests.\n'),(121,'hemoglobin electrophoresis','What is hemoglobin electrophoresis?\nHemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. There are several different types of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin electrophoresis is a test that measures the different types of hemoglobin in the blood. It also looks for abnormal types of hemoglobin.\nNormal types of hemoglobin include:\nHemoglobin (Hgb) A, the most common type of hemoglobin in healthy adults\nHemoglobin (Hgb) F, fetal hemoglobin. This type of hemoglobin is found in unborn babies and newborns. HgbF is replaced by HgbA shortly after birth.\nIf levels of HgbA or HgbF are too high or too low, it can indicate certain types of anemia.\nAbnormal types of hemoglobin include:\nHemoglobin (Hgb) S. This type of hemoglobin is found in sickle cell disease. Sickle cell disease is an inherited disorder that causes the body to make stiff, sickle-shaped red blood cells. Healthy red blood cells are flexible so they can move easily through blood vessels. Sickle cells can get stuck in the blood vessels, causing severe and chronic pain, infections, and other complications.\nHemoglobin (Hgb) C. This type of hemoglobin does not carry oxygen well. It can cause a mild form of anemia.\nHemoglobin (Hgb) E. This type of hemoglobin is mostly found in people of Southeast Asian descent. People with HgbE usually have no symptoms or mild symptoms of anemia.\nA hemoglobin electrophoresis test applies an electric current to a blood sample. This separates normal and abnormal types of hemoglobin. Each type of hemoglobin can then be measured individually.\nOther names: Hb electrophoresis, hemoglobin evaluation, hemoglobinopathy evaluation, hemoglobin fractionation, Hb ELP, sickle cell screen\n','What is it used for?\nHemoglobin electrophoresis measures hemoglobin levels and looks for abnormal types of hemoglobin. It\'s most often used to help diagnose anemia, sickle cell disease, and other hemoglobin disorders.\n','Why do I need hemoglobin electrophoresis?\nYou may need testing if you have symptoms of a hemoglobin disorder. These include:\nFatigue\nPale skin\nJaundice, a condition that causes your skin and eyes to turn yellow\nSevere pain (sickle cell disease)\nGrowth problems (in children)\nIf you\'ve just had a baby, your newborn will be tested as part of a newborn screening. Newborn screening is a group of tests given to most American babies shortly after birth. The screening checks for a variety of conditions. Many of these conditions can be treated if found early.\nYou may also want testing if you are at risk for having a child with sickle cell disease or another inherited hemoglobin disorder. Risk factors include:\nFamily history\nEthnic background\nIn the United States, most people with sickle cell disease are of African ancestry.\nThalassemia, another inherited hemoglobin disorder, is most common among people of Italian, Greek, Middle Eastern, Southern Asian, and African descent.\n','What happens during hemoglobin electrophoresis?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\nTo test a newborn, a health care provider will clean your baby\'s heel with alcohol and poke the heel with a small needle. The provider will collect a few drops of blood and put a bandage on the site.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a hemoglobin electrophoresis test.\n','Are there any risks to hemoglobin electrophoresis?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\nYour baby may feel a little pinch when the heel is poked, and a small bruise may form at the site. This should go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nYour results will show the types of hemoglobin found and the levels of each.\nHemoglobin levels that are too high or too low may mean:\nThalassemia, a condition that affects the production of hemoglobin. Symptoms range from mild to severe.\nSickle cell trait. In this condition, you have one sickle cell gene and one normal gene. Most people with sickle cell trait do not have health problems.\nSickle cell disease\nHemoglobin C disease, a condition that causes a mild form of anemia and sometimes an enlarged spleen and joint pain\nHemoglobin S-C disease, a condition that causes a mild or moderate form of sickle cell disease\nYour results may also show whether a specific disorder is mild, moderate, or severe.\nHemoglobin electrophoresis test results are often compared with other tests, including a complete blood count and a blood smear. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about hemoglobin electrophoresis?\nIf you are at risk of having a child with an inherited hemoglobin disorder, you may want to speak to a genetic counselor. A genetic counselor is a specially trained professional in genetics and genetic testing. He or she can help you understand the disorder and your risk of passing it along to your child.\n'),(122,'hemoglobin test','What is a hemoglobin test?A hemoglobin test measures the levels of hemoglobin in your blood. Hemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. If your hemoglobin levels are abnormal, it may be a sign that you have a blood disorder.Other names: Hb, Hgb\n','What is it used for?A hemoglobin test is often used to check for anemia, a condition in which your body has fewer red blood cells than normal. If you have anemia, your cells don\'t get all the oxygen they need. Hemoglobin tests are also frequently performed with other tests, such as:Hematocrit, which measures the percentage of red blood cells in your bloodComplete blood count, which measures the number and type of cells in your blood\n','Why do I need a hemoglobin test?Your health care provider may have ordered the test as part of a routine exam, or if you have:Symptoms of anemia, which include weakness, dizziness, pale skin, and cold hands and feetA family history of thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, or other inherited blood disorderA diet low in iron and mineralsA long-term infectionExcessive blood loss from an injury or surgical procedure\n','What happens during a hemoglobin test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a hemoglobin test. If your health care provider has also ordered other blood tests, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms usually go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?There are many reasons your hemoglobin levels may be outside the normal range.Low hemoglobin levels may be a sign of:Different types of anemiaThalassemiaIron deficiencyLiver diseaseCancer and other diseasesHigh hemoglobin levels may be a sign of:Lung diseaseHeart diseasePolycythemia vera, a disorder in which your body makes too many red blood cells. It can cause headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.If any of your levels are abnormal, it does not necessarily indicate a medical problem needing treatment. Diet, activity level, medications, a women\'s menstrual cycle, and other considerations can affect the results. In addition, you may have higher than normal hemoglobin if you live in a high altitude area. Talk to your health care provider to learn what your results mean.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a hemoglobin test?Some forms of anemia are mild, while other types of anemia can be serious and even life-threatening if not treated. If you are diagnosed with anemia, be sure to talk to your health care provider to find out the best treatment plan for you.\n'),(123,'hepatitis panel','What is a hepatitis panel?Hepatitis is a type of liver disease. Viruses called hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C are the most common causes of hepatitis. A hepatitis panel is a blood test that checks to see if you have a hepatitis infection caused by one of these viruses.The viruses are spread in different ways and cause different symptoms:Hepatitis A is most often spread by contact with contaminated feces (stool) or by eating tainted food. Though uncommon, it can also be spread through sexual contact with an infected person. Most people recover from hepatitis A without any lasting liver damage.Hepatitis B is spread through contact with infected blood, semen, or other bodily fluids. Some people recover quickly from a hepatitis B infection. For others, the virus can cause long-term, chronic liver disease.Hepatitis C is most often spread by contact with infected blood, usually through sharing of hypodermic needles. Though uncommon, it can also be spread through sexual contact with an infected person. Many people with hepatitis C develop chronic liver disease and cirrhosis.A hepatitis panel includes tests for hepatitis antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are proteins that the immune system produces to help fight infections. Antigens are substances that cause an immune response. Antibodies and antigens can be detected before symptoms appear.Other names: acute hepatitis panel, viral hepatitis panel, hepatitis screening panel\n','What is it used for?A hepatitis panel is used to find out if you have a hepatitis virus infection.\n','Why do I need a hepatitis panel?You may need a hepatitis panel if you have symptoms of liver damage. These symptoms include:Jaundice, a condition that causes your skin and eyes to turn yellowFeverFatigueLoss of appetiteDark-colored urinePale-colored stoolNausea and vomitingYou may also need a hepatitis panel if you have certain risk factors. You may be at a higher risk for a hepatitis infection if you:Use illegal, injectable drugsHave a sexually transmitted diseaseAre in close contact with someone infected with hepatitisAre on long-term dialysisWere born between 1945 and 1965, often referred to as the baby boom years. Though the reasons aren\'t entirely understood, baby boomers are 5 times more likely to have hepatitis C than other adults.\n','What happens during a hepatitis panel?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.You may also be able to use an at-home kit to test for hepatitis. While instructions may vary between brands, your kit will include a device to prick your finger (lancet). You’ll use this device to collect a drop of blood for testing. For more information on at-home testing for hepatitis, talk to your health care provider.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a hepatitis panel.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?A negative result means you probably don\'t have a hepatitis infection. A positive result may mean you have or previously had an infection from hepatitis A, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C. You may need more tests to confirm a diagnosis. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a hepatitis panel?There are vaccines for hepatitis A and hepatitis B. Talk to your health care provider to see if you or your children should get vaccinated.\n'),(124,'her2 (breast cancer) testing','What is HER2 breast cancer testing?HER2 stands for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. It is a gene that makes a protein found on the surface of all breast cells. It is involved in normal cell growth.Genes are the basic units of heredity, passed down from your mother and father. In certain cancers, especially breast cancer, the HER2 gene mutates (changes) and makes extra copies of the gene. When this happens, the HER2 gene makes too much HER2 protein, causing cells to divide and grow too fast.Cancers with high levels of the HER2 protein are known as HER2-positive. Cancers with low levels of the protein are known as HER2-negative. About 20 percent of breast cancers are HER2-positive.HER2 testing looks at a sample of tumor tissue. The most common ways to test tumor tissue are:Immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing measures the HER2 protein on the surface of the cellsFluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) testing looks for extra copies of the HER2 geneBoth types of tests can tell whether you have HER2-positive cancer. Treatments that specifically target HER2-positive breast cancer can be very effective.Other names: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, ERBB2 amplification, HER2 overexpression, HER2/neu tests\n','What is it used for?HER2 testing is mostly used to find out whether cancer is HER2-positive. It is also sometimes used to see if cancer is responding to treatment or if cancer has returned after treatment.\n','Why do I need HER2 breast cancer testing?If you\'ve been diagnosed with breast cancer, you may need this test to find out if your cancer is HER2-positive or HER2-negative. If you are already being treated for HER2-positive breast cancer, you may need this test to:Find out if your treatment is working. Normal levels of HER2 may mean you are responding to treatment. High levels may mean the treatment is not working.Find out if cancer has come back after treatment.\n','What happens during a HER2 breast cancer test?Most HER2 testing involves taking a sample of tumor tissue in a procedure called a biopsy. There are three main types of biopsy procedures:Fine needle aspiration biopsy, which uses a very thin needle to remove a sample of breast cells or fluidCore needle biopsy, which uses a larger needle to remove a sampleSurgical biopsy, which removes a sample in a minor, outpatient procedureFine needle aspiration and core needle biopsies usually include the following steps:You will lay on your side or sit on an exam table.A health care provider will clean the biopsy site and inject it with an anesthetic so you won\'t feel any pain during the procedure.Once the area is numb, the provider will insert either a fine aspiration needle or core biopsy needle into the biopsy site and remove a sample of tissue or fluid.You may feel a little pressure when the sample is withdrawn.Pressure will be applied to the biopsy site until the bleeding stops.Your provider will apply a sterile bandage at the biopsy site.In a surgical biopsy, a surgeon will make a small cut in your skin to remove all or part of a breast lump. A surgical biopsy is sometimes done if the lump can\'t be reached with a needle biopsy. Surgical biopsies usually include the following steps.You will lie on an operating table. An IV (intravenous line) may be placed in your arm or hand.You may be given medicine, called a sedative, to help you relax.You will be given local or general anesthesia so you won\'t feel pain during the procedure.For local anesthesia, a health care provider will inject the biopsy site with medicine to numb the area.For general anesthesia, a specialist called an anesthesiologist will give you medicine so you will be unconscious during the procedure.Once the biopsy area is numb or you are unconscious, the surgeon will make a small cut into the breast and remove part or all of a lump. Some tissue around the lump may also be removed.The cut in your skin will be closed with stitches or adhesive strips.The type of biopsy you have will depend on different factors, including the size and location of the tumor. HER2 can also be measured in a blood test, but blood testing for HER2 has not been proven to be useful for most patients. So it is not usually recommended.After your tissue sample has been taken, it will be tested in one of two ways:HER2 protein levels will be measured.The sample will be looked at for extra copies of the HER2 gene.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You won\'t need any special preparations if you are getting local anesthesia (numbing of the biopsy site). If you are getting general anesthesia, you will probably need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before surgery. Your surgeon will give you more specific instructions. Also, if you are getting a sedative or general anesthesia, be sure to arrange for someone to drive you home. You may be groggy and confused after you wake up from the procedure.\n','Are there any risks to the test?You may have a little bruising or bleeding at the biopsy site. Sometimes the site gets infected. If that happens, you will be treated with antibiotics. A surgical biopsy may cause some additional pain and discomfort. Your health care provider may recommend or prescribe medicine to help you feel better.There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If HER2 protein levels are higher than normal or extra copies of the HER2 gene are found, it probably means you have HER2-positive cancer. If your results show normal amounts of HER2 protein or the normal number HER2 genes, you probably have HER2-negative cancer.If your results were not clearly positive or negative, you will probably get retested, either using a different tumor sample or using a different testing method. Most often, IHC (testing for the HER2 protein) is done first, followed by FISH (testing for extra copies of the gene). IHC testing is less expensive and provides faster results than FISH. But most breast specialists think FISH testing is more accurate.Treatments for HER2-positive breast cancer can substantially shrink cancerous tumors, with very few side effects. These treatments are not effective in HER2-negative cancers.If you are being treated for HER2-positive cancer, normal results may mean you are responding to treatment. Results that show higher than normal amounts may mean your treatment is not working, or that cancer has come back after treatment.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about HER2 breast cancer testing?While it\'s much more common in women, breast cancer, including HER2-positive breast cancer, can also affect men. If a man has been diagnosed with breast cancer, HER2 testing may be recommended.In addition, both men and women may need HER2 testing if they have been diagnosed with certain cancers of the stomach and esophagus. These cancers sometimes have high levels of the HER2 protein and may respond well to HER2-positive cancer treatments.\n'),(125,'herpes (hsv) test','What is a herpes (HSV) test?Herpes is a skin infection caused by the herpes simplex virus, known as HSV. HSV causes painful blisters or sores in different parts of the body. There are two main types of HSV:HSV-1, which usually causes blisters or cold sores around the mouth (oral herpes)HSV-2, which usually causes blisters or sores in the genital area (genital herpes)Herpes is spread through direct contact with sores. HSV-2 is usually spread through vaginal, oral, or anal sex. Sometimes herpes can be spread even if there are no visible sores.Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 are recurring infections. That means after your first outbreak of sores clears up, you may get another outbreak in the future. But the severity and number of outbreaks tend to lessen over time. Although oral and genital herpes can be uncomfortable, the viruses usually don\'t cause any major health problems.In rare cases, HSV can infect other parts of the body, including the brain and spinal cord. These infections can be very serious. Herpes can also be dangerous to a newborn baby. A mother with herpes can pass the infection to her baby during delivery. A herpes infection can be life threatening to a baby.An HSV test looks for the presence of the virus in your body. While there is no cure for herpes, there are medicines that can help manage the condition.Other names: herpes culture, herpes simplex viral culture, HSV-1 antibodies, HSV-2 antibodies, HSV DNA\n','What is it used for?An HSV test may be used to:Find out whether sores on the mouth or genitals are caused by HSVDiagnose an HSV infection in a pregnant womanFind out if a newborn is infected with HSV\n','Why do I need an HSV test?The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) does not recommend HSV testing for people without symptoms of HSV. But you may need an HSV test if:You have symptoms of herpes, such as blisters or sores on the genitals or other part of the bodyYour sex partner has herpesYou are pregnant and you or your partner has had a previous herpes infection or symptoms of genital herpes. If you test positive for HSV, your baby may need testing as well.HSV-2 may increase your risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). You may need a test if you have certain risk factors for STDs. You may be at higher risk if you:Have multiple sex partnersAre a man who has sex with menHave a partner with HIV and/or another STDIn rare cases, HSV can cause encephalitis or meningitis, life-threatening infections of the brain and spinal cord. You may need an HSV test if you have symptoms of a brain or spinal cord disorder. These include:FeverStiff neckConfusionSevere headacheSensitivity to light\n','What happens during an HSV test?HSV testing is usually done as a swab test, blood test, or lumbar puncture. The type of test you get will depend on your symptoms and health history.For a swab test, a health care provider will use a swab to collect fluid and cells from a herpes sore.For a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.A lumbar puncture, also called a spinal tap, is only done if your provider thinks you may have an infection of the brain or spinal cord. During a spinal tap:You will lie on your side or sit on an exam table.A health care provider will clean your back and inject an anesthetic into your skin, so you won\'t feel pain during the procedure. Your provider may put a numbing cream on your back before this injection.Once the area on your back is completely numb, your provider will insert a thin, hollow needle between two vertebrae in your lower spine. Vertebrae are the small backbones that make up your spine.Your provider will withdraw a small amount of cerebrospinal fluid for testing. This will take about five minutes.Your provider may ask you to lie on your back for an hour or two after the procedure. This may prevent you from getting a headache afterward.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a swab test or a blood test. For a lumbar puncture, you may be asked to empty your bladder and bowels before the test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is no known risk to having a swab test.There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.If you had a lumbar puncture, you may have pain or tenderness in your back where the needle was inserted. You may also get a headache after the procedure.\n','What do the results mean?Your HSV test results will be given as negative, also called normal, or positive, also called abnormal.Negative/Normal. The herpes virus was not found. You may still have an HSV infection if your results were normal. It may mean the sample didn\'t have enough of the virus to be detected. If you still have symptoms of herpes, you may need to get tested again.Positive/Abnormal. HSV was found in your sample. It may mean you have an active infection (you currently have sores), or were infected in the past (you have no sores).If you tested positive for HSV, talk to your health care provider. While there is no cure for herpes, it hardly ever causes serious health problems. Some people may only have one outbreak of sores their whole lives, while others break out more often. If you want to reduce the severity and number of your outbreaks, your provider may prescribe a medicine that can help.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an HSV test?The best way to prevent genital herpes or another STD is to not have sex. If you are sexually active, you can reduce your risk of infection byBeing in a long-term relationship with one partner who has tested negative for STDsUsing condoms correctly every time you have sexIf you\'ve been diagnosed with genital herpes, condom use can reduce your risk of spreading the infection to others.\n'),(126,'hiv screening test','What is an HIV test?\nAn HIV test shows whether you are infected with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). HIV is a virus that attacks and destroys cells in the immune system. These cells protect your body against disease-causing germs, such as bacteria and viruses. If you lose too many immune cells, your body will have trouble fighting off infections and other diseases.\nThere are three main types of HIV tests:\nAntibody Test. This test looks for HIV antibodies in your blood or saliva. Your immune system makes antibodies when you are exposed to bacteria or viruses, like HIV. An HIV antibody test can determine if you have HIV from 3–12 weeks after infection. That\'s because it can take a few weeks or longer for your immune system to make antibodies to HIV. You may be able to do an HIV antibody test in the privacy of your home. Ask your health care provider about at-home HIV test kits.\nHIV Antibody/Antigen Test. This test looks for HIV antibodies and antigens in the blood. An antigen is a part of a virus that triggers an immune response. If you\'ve been exposed to HIV, antigens will show up in your blood before HIV antibodies are made. This test can usually find HIV within 2–6 weeks of infection. The HIV antibody/antigen test is one of the most common types of HIV tests.\nHIV Viral Load. This test measures the amount of the HIV virus in the blood. It can find HIV faster than antibody and antibody/antigen tests, but it is very expensive. It is mostly used for monitoring HIV infections.\nOther names: HIV antibody/antigen tests, HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibody and antigen evaluation, HIV test, human immunodeficiency virus antibody test, type 1, HIV p24 antigen test\n','What is it used for?An HIV test is used to find out if you have been infected with HIV. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Most people with HIV don\'t have AIDS. People with AIDS have an extremely low number of immune cells and are at risk for life-threatening illnesses, including dangerous infections, a severe type of pneumonia, and certain cancers, including Kaposi sarcoma.If HIV is found early, you can get medicines to protect your immune system. HIV medicines may prevent you from getting AIDS.\n','Why do I need an HIV test?The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that everyone between the ages of 13 and 64 get tested for HIV at least once as part of routine health care. You may also need an HIV test if you are at higher risk for infection. HIV is mainly spread through sexual contact and blood, so you may be at a higher risk for HIV if you:Are a man that has had sex with another manHave had sex with an HIV-infected partnerHave had multiple sex partnersHave injected drugs, such as heroin, or shared drug needles with someone elseHIV can spread from mother to child during birth and through breast milk, so if you are pregnant your doctor may order an HIV test. There are medicines you can take during pregnancy and delivery to greatly reduce your risk of spreading the disease to your baby.\n','What happens during an HIV test?You will either get a blood test in a lab, or do your own test at home.For a blood test in a lab:A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.For at home test, you will need to get a sample of saliva from your mouth or a drop of blood from your fingertip.The test kit will provide instructions on how to get your sample, package it, and send it to a lab.For a saliva test, you will use special spatula-like tool to take a swab from your mouth.For a fingertip antibody blood test, you will use a special tool to prick your finger and collect a sample of blood.For more information on at-home testing, talk to your health care provider.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for an HIV test. But you should talk with a counselor before and/or after your test so you can better understand what the results mean and your treatment options if you are diagnosed with HIV.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having any HIV screening test. If you get a blood test from a lab, you may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your result is negative, it can mean you don\'t have HIV. A negative result may also mean you have HIV but it\'s too soon to tell. It can take a few weeks for HIV antibodies and antigens to show up in your body. If your result is negative, your health care provider may order additional HIV tests at a later date.If your result is positive, you will get a follow-up test to confirm the diagnosis. If both tests are positive, it means you have HIV. It does not mean you have AIDS. While there is no cure for HIV, there are better treatments available now than in the past. Today, people with HIV are living longer, with a better quality of life than ever before. If you are living with HIV, it\'s important to see your health care provider regularly.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n',NULL),(127,'hiv viral load','What is an HIV viral load?An HIV viral load is a blood test that measures the amount of HIV in your blood. HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. HIV is a virus that attacks and destroys cells in the immune system. These cells protect your body against viruses, bacteria, and other disease-causing germs. If you lose too many immune cells, your body will have trouble fighting off infections and other diseases.HIV is the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). HIV and AIDS are often used to describe the same disease. But most people with HIV don\'t have AIDS. People with AIDS have an extremely low number of immune cells and are at risk for life-threatening illnesses, including dangerous infections, a severe type of pneumonia, and certain cancers, including Kaposi sarcoma.If you have HIV, you can take medicines to protect your immune system, and they may prevent you from getting AIDS.Other names: nucleic acid testing, NAT, nucleic acid amplification test, NAAT, HIV PCR, RNA Test, HIV quantification\n','What is it used for?An HIV viral load test may be used to:Check how well your HIV medicines are workingMonitor any changes in your HIV infectionDiagnose HIV if you think you\'ve been recently infectedAn HIV viral load is an expensive test and is mostly used when a quick result is needed. Other less expensive types of tests are used more often for diagnosing HIV.\n','Why do I need an HIV viral load?Your health care provider may order an HIV viral load when you are first diagnosed with HIV. This initial measurement helps your provider measure how your condition changes over time. You will probably be tested again every three to four months to see if your viral levels have changed since your first test. If you are being treated for HIV, your health care provider may order regular viral load tests to see how well your medicines are working.You may also need an HIV viral load if you think you may have been recently infected. HIV is mainly spread through sexual contact and blood. (It can also be transmitted from mother to child during birth and through breast milk.) You may be at higher risk of infection if you:Are a man that has had sex with another manHave had sex with an HIV-infected partnerHave had multiple sex partnersHave injected drugs, such as heroin, or shared drug needles with someone elseAn HIV viral load can find HIV in your blood within days after you\'ve been infected. Other tests can take several weeks or months to show an infection. During that time, you could infect someone else without knowing it. An HIV viral load gives you results sooner, so you can avoid spreading the disease.\n','What happens during an HIV viral load?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for an HIV viral load. But if you are getting this test to find out if you are infected with HIV, you should talk with a counselor before or after your test so you can better understand the results and your treatment options.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?Below is a list of typical results. Your results may vary depending on your health and even the lab used for testing.A normal result means no HIV was found in your blood, and you are not infected.A low viral load means the virus is not very active and probably means your HIV treatment is working.A high viral load means the virus is more active and your treatment is not working well. The higher the viral load, the more risk you have for problems and diseases related to a weak immune system. It may also mean you are at higher risk for developing AIDS. If your results show a high viral load, your health care provider will probably make changes in your treatment plan.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an HIV viral load?While there is no cure for HIV, there are better treatments available now than in the past. Today, people with HIV are living longer, with a better quality of life than ever before. If you are living with HIV, it\'s important to see your health care provider regularly.\n'),(128,'homocysteine test','What is a homocysteine test?\nA homocysteine test measures the amount of homocysteine in your blood. Homocysteine is a type of amino acid, a chemical your body uses to make proteins. Normally, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and folic acid break down homocysteine and change it into other substances your body needs. There should be very little homocysteine left in the bloodstream. If you have high levels of homocysteine in your blood, it may be a sign of a vitamin deficiency, heart disease, or a rare inherited disorder.\nOther names: total homocysteine, plasma total homocysteine\n','What is it used for?\nA homocysteine test may be used to:\nFind out if you have deficiency in vitamin B12, B6, or folic acid.\nHelp diagnose homocystinuria, a rare, inherited disorder that prevents the body from breaking down certain proteins. It can cause serious health problems and usually starts in early childhood. Most U.S. states require all infants to get a homocysteine blood test as part of routine newborn screening.\nScreen for heart disease in people at high risk for heart attack or stroke\nMonitor people who have heart disease.\n','Why do I need a homocysteine test?\nYou may need this test if you have symptoms of a vitamin B or folic acid deficiency. These include:  \nDizziness\nWeakness\nFatigue\nPale skin\nSore tongue and mouth\nTingling in the hands, feet, arms, and/or legs (in vitamin B12 deficiency)\nYou may also need this test if you are at high risk for heart disease because of prior heart problems or a family history of heart disease. Excess levels of homocysteine can build up in the arteries, which may increase your risk of blood clots, heart attack, and stroke.\n','What happens during a homocysteine test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou may need to fast (not eat or drink) for 8–12 hours before a homocysteine test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results show high homocysteine levels, it may mean:\nYou are not getting enough vitamin B12, B6, or folic acid in your diet.\nYou are at a higher risk of heart disease.\nHomocystinuria. If high levels of homocysteine are found, more testing will be needed to rule out or confirm a diagnosis.\nIf your homocysteine levels were not normal, it doesn\'t necessarily mean you have a medical condition needing treatment. Other factors can affect your results, including:\nYour age. Homocysteine levels can get higher as you get older.\nYour gender. Men usually have higher homocysteine levels than women.\nAlcohol use\nSmoking\nUse of vitamin B supplements\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider. \nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a homocysteine blood test?\nIf your health care provider thinks a vitamin deficiency is the reason for your high homocysteine levels, he or she may recommend dietary changes to address the problem. Eating a balanced diet should ensure you get the right amount of vitamins.\nIf your health care provider thinks your homocysteine levels put you at risk for heart disease, he or she will monitor your condition and may order more tests.\n'),(129,'how to understand your lab results',NULL,'Why do I need a lab test?Lab tests are used in many different ways. Your health care provider may order one or more lab tests to:Diagnose or rule out a specific disease or conditionAn HPV test is an example of this type of test. It can show you whether or not you have an HPV infectionScreen for a disease. A screening test can show if you are at a higher risk for getting a specific disease. It can also find out if you have a disease, even if you have no symptoms.A Pap test is a type of screening test for cervical cancerMonitor a disease and/or treatment. If you\'ve already been diagnosed with a disease, lab tests can show if your condition is getting better or worse. It can also show if your treatment is working.A blood glucose test is a type of test that is used to monitor diabetes and diabetes treatment. It is also sometimes used to diagnose the disease.Check your overall health. Lab tests are often included in a routine checkup. Your provider may order tests of various organs and systems to see if there have been changes in your health over time. Testing can help find health problems before symptoms appear.A complete blood count is a type of routine test that measures different substances in your blood. It can give your health care provider important information about your overall health and risk for certain diseases.\n','What do my results mean?Lab results are often shown as a set of numbers known as a reference range. A reference range may also be called \"normal values.\" You may see something like this on your results: \"normal: 77-99mg/dL\" (milligrams per deciliter). Reference ranges are based on the normal test results of a large group of healthy people. The range helps show what a typical normal result looks like.But not everyone is typical. Sometimes, healthy people get results outside the reference range, while people with health problems can have results in the normal range. If your results fall outside the reference range, or if you have symptoms despite a normal result, you will likely need more testing.Your lab results may also include one of these terms:Negative or normal, which means the disease or substance being tested was not foundPositive or abnormal, which means the disease or substance was foundInconclusive or uncertain, which means there wasn\'t enough information in the results to diagnose or rule out a disease. If you get an inconclusive result, you will probably get more tests.Tests that measure various organs and systems often give results as reference ranges, while tests that diagnose or rule out diseases often use the terms listed above.\n',NULL,NULL,NULL,'\nRelated Health Topics\nHealth Checkup\nHealth Screening\nUrinalysis\n',NULL),(130,'human papillomavirus (hpv) test','What is an HPV test?\nHPV stands for human papillomavirus. It is the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD), with millions of Americans currently infected. HPV can infect both men and women. Most people with HPV don\'t know they have it and never get any symptoms or health problems.\nThere are many different types of HPV. Some types do cause health problems. HPV infections are usually grouped as low-risk or high-risk HPV.\nLow-Risk HPV can cause warts on the anus and genital area, and sometimes the mouth. Other low-risk HPV infections can cause warts on arms, hands, feet, or chest. HPV warts do not cause serious health problems. They may go away on their own, or a health care provider may remove them in a minor in-office procedure.\nHigh-Risk HPV. Most high-risk HPV infections do not cause any symptoms and will go away within a year or two. But some high-risk HPV infections can last for years. These long-lasting infections can lead to cancer. HPV is the cause of most cervical cancers. Long-lasting HPV may also cause other cancers, including those of the anus, vagina, penis, mouth, and throat.\nAn HPV test looks for high-risk HPV in women. Health care providers can usually diagnose low-risk HPV by visually examining the warts. So no testing is needed. While men can be infected with HPV, there is no test available for men. Most men with HPV recover from the infection without any symptoms.\nOther names: genital human papillomavirus, high risk HPV, HPV DNA, HPV RNA\n','What is it used for?\nThe test is used to check for the type of HPV that can lead to cervical cancer. It is often done at the same time as a pap smear, a procedure that checks for abnormal cells that can also lead to cervical cancer. When an HPV test and a pap smear are done at the same time, it\'s called co-testing.\n','Why do I need an HPV test?\nYou may need an HPV test if you:\nAre a woman aged 30-65. The American Cancer Society recommends women in this age group have an HPV test with a pap smear (co-testing) every five years.\nIf you are a woman of any age that gets an abnormal result on a pap smear\nHPV testing in not recommended for women younger than 30 who have had normal pap smear results. Cervical cancer is rare in this age group, but HPV infections are common. Most HPV infections in young women clear up without treatment.\n','What happens during an HPV test?\nFor an HPV test, you will lie on your back on an exam table, with your knees bent. You will rest your feet in supports called stirrups. Your health care provider will use a plastic or metal instrument called a speculum to open the vagina, so the cervix can be seen. Your provider will then use a soft brush or plastic spatula to collect cells from the cervix. If you are also getting a pap smear, your provider may use the same sample for both tests, or collect a second sample of cells.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou should not have the test while you are having your period. You should also avoid certain activities before testing. Starting two days before your test, you should not:\nUse tampons\nUse vaginal medicines or birth control foams\nDouche\nHave sex\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere are no known risks to an HPV test. You may feel some mild discomfort during the procedure. Afterward, you may have a little bleeding or other vaginal discharge.\n','What do the results mean?\nYour results will be given as negative, also called normal, or positive, also called abnormal.\nNegative/Normal. No high-risk HPV was found. Your health care provider may recommend you come back for another screening in five years, or sooner depending on your age and medical history.\nPositive/Abnormal. High-risk HPV was found. It does not mean you have cancer. It means you may be at higher risk for getting cervical cancer in the future. Your health care provider may order more tests to monitor and/or diagnose your condition. These tests may include:\nColposcopy, a procedure in which your provider uses a special magnifying tool (colposcope) to look at the vagina and cervix\nCervical Biopsy, a procedure in which your provider takes a sample of tissue from the cervix to look at under a microscope\nMore frequent co-testing (HPV and pap smear)\nIf your results were positive, it\'s important to get regular or more frequent tests. It can take decades for abnormal cervical cells to turn into cancer. If found early, abnormal cells can be treated before they become cancerous. It\'s much easier to prevent cervical cancer than to treat it once it develops.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an HPV test?\nThere is no treatment for HPV, but most infections clear up on their own. You can take steps to reduce your risk of getting HPV. Having sex with only one partner and having safe sex (using a condom) can lower your risk. Vaccination is even more effective.\nThe HPV vaccine is a safe, effective way to protect yourself from the HPV infections that commonly cause cancer. The HPV vaccine works best when it\'s given to someone who has never been exposed to the virus. So it\'s recommended to give it to people before they start sexual activity. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend girls and boys get vaccinated starting at age 11 or 12. Usually, a total of two or three HPV shots (vaccinations) are given, spaced a few months apart. The difference in  the number of doses depends on the age of your child or young adult and the recommendations of the health care provider.\nIf you have questions about the HPV vaccine, talk to your child\'s health care provider and/or your own provider.\n'),(131,'hysteroscopy','What is a hysteroscopy?\nA hysteroscopy is a procedure that allows a health care provider to look at the inside of a woman\'s cervix and uterus. It uses a thin tube called a hysteroscope, which is inserted through the vagina. The tube has a camera on it. The camera sends images of the uterus onto a video screen. The procedure can help diagnose and treat causes of abnormal bleeding, uterine diseases, and other conditions.\nOther names: hysteroscopic surgery, diagnostic hysteroscopy, operative hysteroscopy\n','What is it used for?\nA hysteroscopy is most often used to:\nDiagnose the cause of abnormal bleeding\nHelp find the cause of infertility, the inability to get pregnant after at least a year of trying\nFind the cause of repeated miscarriages (more than two miscarriages in a row)\nFind and remove fibroids and polyps. These are types of abnormal growths in the uterus. They are usually not cancerous.\nRemove scar tissue from the uterus\nRemove an intrauterine device (IUD), a small, plastic device placed inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy\nPerform a biopsy. A biopsy is a procedure that removes a small sample of tissue for testing.\nImplant a permanent birth control device into the fallopian tubes. Fallopian tubes carry eggs from the ovaries into the uterus during ovulation (the release of an egg during the menstrual cycle).\n','Why do I need a hysteroscopy?\nYou may need this test if:\nYou are having heavier than normal menstrual periods and/or bleeding between periods.\nYou are bleeding after menopause.\nYou are having trouble getting or staying pregnant.\nYou want a permanent form of birth control.\nYou want to remove an IUD.\n','What happens during a hysteroscopy?\nA hysteroscopy is often done in a hospital or outpatient surgery center. The procedure usually includes the following steps:\nYou will remove your clothing and put on a hospital gown.\nYou will lie on your back on an exam table with your feet in stirrups.\nAn intravenous (IV) line may be put in your arm or hand.\nYou may be given a sedative, a type of medicine to help you relax and block the pain. Some women may be given general anesthesia. General anesthesia is a medicine that will make you unconscious during the procedure. A specially trained doctor called an anesthesiologist will give you this medicine.\nYour vaginal area will be cleaned with a special soap.\nYour provider will insert a tool called a speculum into your vagina. It is used to spread open your vaginal walls.\nYour provider will then insert the hysteroscope into the vagina and move it through your cervix and into your uterus.\nYour provider will inject a liquid or gas through the hysteroscope and into your uterus. This helps expand the uterus so your provider can get a better view.\nYour provider will be able to see images of the uterus on a video screen.\nYour provider may take a sample of tissue for testing (biopsy).\nIf you are having a uterine growth removed or another uterine treatment, your provider will insert tools through the hysteroscope to perform the treatment.\nA hysteroscopy may take 15 minutes to an hour, depending on what was done during the procedure. The medicines you were given may make you drowsy for a while. You should arrange for someone to drive you home after the procedure.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nIf you will be getting general anesthesia, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for 6–12 hours before the procedure. Do not use a douche, tampons, or vaginal medicines for 24 hours before the test.\nIt\'s best to schedule your hysteroscopy when you are not having your menstrual period. If you get your period unexpectedly, tell your health care provider. You may need to reschedule.\nAlso, tell your provider if you are pregnant or think you might be. A hysteroscopy should not be done on pregnant women. The procedure may be harmful to an unborn baby.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nA hysteroscopy is a very safe procedure. You may have mild cramping and a little bloody discharge for a few days after the procedure. Serious complications are rare, but they may include heavy bleeding, infection, and tears in the uterus.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results were not normal, it may mean one of the following conditions:\nFibroids, polyps, or other abnormal growths were found. Your provider may be able to remove these growths during the procedure. He or she may also take a sample of the growths for further testing.\nScar tissue was found in the uterus. This tissue may be removed during the procedure.\nThe size or shape of the uterus did not look normal.\nOpenings on one or both fallopian tubes are closed.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a hysteroscopy?\nA hysteroscopy is not recommended for women with cervical cancer or pelvic inflammatory disease.\n'),(132,'immunofixation (ife) blood test','What is an immunofixation (IFE) blood test?\nAn immunofixation blood test, also known as protein electrophoresis, measures certain proteins in the blood. Proteins play many important roles, including providing energy for the body, rebuilding muscles, and supporting the immune system.\nThere are two main types of proteins in the blood: albumin and globulin. The test separates these proteins into subgroups based on their size and electrical charge. The subgroups are:\nAlbumin\nAlpha-1 globulin\nAlpha-2 globulin\nBeta globulin\nGamma globulin\nMeasuring the proteins in each subgroup can help diagnose a variety of diseases.\nOther names: serum protein electrophoresis, (SPEP), protein electrophoresis, SPE,  immunofixation electrophoresis, IFE, serum immunofixation\n','What is it used for?\nThis test is most often used to help diagnose or monitor a variety of different conditions. These include:\nMultiple myeloma, a cancer of the white blood cells\nOther forms of cancer, such as lymphoma (cancer of the immune system) or leukemia (cancer of blood-forming tissues, such as bone marrow)\nKidney disease\nLiver disease\nCertain autoimmune diseases and neurological disorders\nMalnutrition or malabsorption, conditions in which your body is not getting enough nutrients from the foods you eat\n','Why do I need an IFE test?\nYou may need testing if you have symptoms of certain diseases, such as multiple myeloma, multiple sclerosis, malnutrition, or malabsorption.\nSymptoms of multiple myeloma include:\nBone pain\nFatigue\nAnemia (low level of red blood cells)\nFrequent infections\nExcessive thirst\nNausea\nSymptoms of multiple sclerosis include:\nNumbness or tingling in the face, arms and/or legs\nTrouble walking\nFatigue\nWeakness\nDizziness and vertigo\nProblems controlling urination\nSymptoms of malnutrition or malabsorption include:\nWeakness\nFatigue\nWeight loss\nNausea and vomiting\nBone and joint pain\n','What happens during an IFE test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for an immunofixation blood test.\n','Are there any risks to an IFE test? \nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nYour results will show that your protein levels are in the normal range, too high, or too low.\nHigh protein levels may be caused by many conditions. Common causes of high levels include:\nDehydration\nLiver disease\nInflammatory diseases, a condition when the body\'s immune system attacks healthy tissues by mistake. Inflammatory diseases include rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn\'s disease. Inflammatory diseases are similar to autoimmune diseases, but they affect different parts of the immune system.\nKidney disease\nHigh cholesterol\nIron-deficiency anemia\nMultiple myeloma\nLymphoma\nCertain infections\nLow protein levels may be caused by many conditions. Common causes of low levels include:\nKidney disease\nLiver disease\nAlpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, an inherited disorder that can lead to lung disease at an early age\nMalnutrition\nCertain autoimmune disorders\nYour diagnosis will depend on which specific protein levels were not normal, and whether the levels were too high or too low. It may also depend on the unique patterns made by the proteins.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an IFE test?\nImmunofixation tests can also be done in urine. Urine IFE tests are often done if IFE blood test results were not normal.\n'),(133,'immunoglobulins blood test','What is an immunoglobulins blood test?\nThis test measures the amount of immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, in your blood. Antibodies are proteins made by the immune system to fight disease-causing substances, like viruses and bacteria. Your body makes different types of immunoglobulins to fight different types of these substances.\nAn immunoglobulins test usually measures three specific types of immunoglobulins. They are called igG, igM, and IgA. If your levels of igG, igM, or IgA are too low or too high, it may be a sign of a serious health problem.\nOther names: quantitative immunoglobulins, total immunoglobulins, IgG, IgM, IgA testing\n','What is it used for?\nAn immunoglobulins blood test may be used to help diagnose a variety of conditions, including:\nBacterial or viral infections\nImmunodeficiency, a condition that reduces the body\'s ability to fight infections and other diseases\nAn autoimmune disorder, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. An autoimmune disorder causes your immune system to attack healthy cells, tissues, and/or organs by mistake.\nCertain types of cancer, such as multiple myeloma\nInfections in newborns\n','Why do I need an immunoglobulins blood test?\nYou may need this test if your health care provider thinks your immunoglobulin levels might be too low or too high.\nSymptoms of levels that are too low include:\nFrequent and/or unusual bacterial or viral infections\nChronic diarrhea\nSinus infections\nLung infections\nFamily history of immunodeficiency\nIf your immunoglobulin levels are too high, it may be a sign of an autoimmune disease, a chronic illness, an infection, or a type of cancer. Symptoms of these conditions vary greatly. Your health care provider may use information from your physical exam, medical history, and/or other tests to see if you are at risk for one of these diseases.\n','What happens during an immunoglobulins blood test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for an immunoglobulins blood test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results show lower than normal levels of immunoglobulins, it may indicate:\nKidney disease\nSevere burn injury\nComplications from diabetes\nMalnutrition\nSepsis\nLeukemia\nIf your results show higher than normal levels of immunoglobulins, it may indicate:\nAn autoimmune disease\nHepatitis\nCirrhosis\nMononucleosis\nA chronic infection\nA viral infection such as HIV or cytomegalovirus\nMultiple myeloma\nNon-Hodgkin lymphoma\nIf your results are not normal, it doesn\'t necessarily mean you have a medical condition needing treatment. The use of certain medicines, alcohol, and recreational drugs can affect your results. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an immunglobulins blood test?\nYour health care provider may order other tests to help make a diagnosis. These tests might include urinalysis, other blood tests, or a procedure called a spinal tap. During a spinal tap, a health care provider will use a special needle to remove a sample of a clear liquid, called cerebrospinal fluid, from your back.\n'),(134,'insulin in blood','What is an insulin in blood test?\nThis test measures the amount of insulin in your blood. Insulin is a hormone that helps move blood sugar, known as glucose, from your bloodstream into your cells. Glucose comes from the foods you eat and drink. It is your body\'s main source of energy.\nInsulin plays a key role in keeping glucose at the right levels. If glucose levels are too high or too low, it can cause serious health problems. Glucose levels that are not normal are known as:\nHyperglycemia, blood glucose levels that are too high. It happens when your body doesn\'t make enough insulin. If there\'s not enough insulin, glucose can\'t get into your cells. It stays in the bloodstream instead.\nHypoglycemia, blood glucose levels that are too low. If your body sends too much insulin into the blood, too much glucose will go into your cells. This leaves less in the bloodstream.\nDiabetes is the most common cause of abnormal glucose levels. There are two types of diabetes.\nType 1 Diabetes. If you have type 1 diabetes, your body makes little or no insulin at all. This can cause hyperglycemia.\nType 2 Diabetes. If you have type 2 diabetes, your body may still be able to make insulin, but the cells in your body don\'t respond well to insulin and can\'t easily take up enough glucose from your blood. This is called insulin resistance.\nInsulin resistance often develops before type 2 diabetes. At first, insulin resistance causes the body to make extra insulin, to make up for ineffective insulin. Extra insulin in the bloodstream can cause hypoglycemia. But insulin resistance tends to get worse over time. Eventually, it decreases your body\'s ability to make insulin. As insulin levels drop, blood sugar levels rise. If levels don\'t return to normal, you may get type 2 diabetes.\nOther names: fasting insulin, insulin serum, total and free insulin\n','What is it used for?An insulin in blood test is most often used to:Find out the cause of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)Diagnose or monitor insulin resistanceMonitor the condition of people with type 2 diabetesFind out if there is a type of tumor on the pancreas, known as an insulinoma. If the tumor has been removed, the test may be used to see if it has been done successfully.An insulin in blood test is sometimes used along with other tests to help diagnose and monitor type 1 diabetes. These other tests may include glucose and hemoglobin AIC testing.\n','Why do I need an insulin in blood test?You may need an insulin in blood test if you have symptoms of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). These include:SweatingTremblingIrregular heartbeatConfusionDizzinessBlurred visionExtreme hungerYou may also need this test if other tests, such as a blood glucose test, show you have low blood sugar.\n','What happens during an insulin in blood test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You will probably need to fast (not eat or drink) for eight hours before the test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your insulin levels were too high, it may mean you have:Type 2 diabetesInsulin resistanceHypoglycemiaCushing\'s syndrome, a disorder of the adrenal glands. Adrenal glands make hormones that help the body break down fat and protein.An insulinoma (pancreatic tumor)If insulin levels were too low, it may mean you have:Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)Type 1 diabetesPancreatitis, an inflammation of the pancreasIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I should know about an insulin in blood test?Insulin and glucose work together. So your health care provider may compare your insulin in blood results with blood glucose test results before making a diagnosis.\n'),(135,'intravenous pyelogram (ivp)','What is an intravenous pyelogram (IVP)?An intravenous pyelogram (IVP) is a type of x-ray that provides images of the urinary tract. The urinary tract is made up of:Kidneys, two organs located below the rib cage. They filter the blood, remove wastes, and make urine.Bladder, a hollow organ in the pelvis area that stores your urine.Ureters, thin tubes that carry urine from your kidneys to your bladder.In men, an IVP will also take images of the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. The prostate lies below a man\'s bladder.During an IVP, a health care provider will inject one of your veins with a substance called contrast dye. The dye travels through your bloodstream and into your urinary tract. Contrast dye makes your kidneys, bladder, and ureters look bright white on the x-rays. This allows your provider to get clear, detailed images of these organs. It can help show whether there are any disorders or problems with the structure or function of the urinary tract.Other names: excretory urography\n','What is it used for?An IVP is used to help diagnose disorders of the urinary tract. These include:Kidney stonesKidney cystsEnlarged prostateTumors in the kidneys, bladder, or uretersBirth defects that affect the structure of the urinary tractScarring from a urinary tract infection\n','Why do I need an IVP?You may need an IVP if you have symptoms of a urinary tract disorder. These include:Pain in your side or backAbdominal painBlood in your urineCloudy urinePain when urinatingNausea and vomitingSwelling in your feet or legsFever\n','What happens during an IVP?An IVP may be done in a hospital or a health care provider\'s office. The procedure usually includes the following steps:You will lie face up on an x-ray table.A health care provider called a radiology technician will inject contrast dye into your arm.You may have a special belt tightly wrapped around your abdomen. This can help the contrast dye stay in the urinary tract.The technician will walk behind a wall or into another room to turn on the x-ray machine.Several x-rays will be taken. You will need to stay very still while the images are being taken.You will be asked to urinate. You will be given a bedpan or urinal, or you may be able to get up and use the bathroom.After you\'ve urinated, a final image will be taken to see how much contrast dye is left in the bladder.When the test is over, you should drink plenty of fluids to help flush the contrast dye out of your body.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You may be asked to fast (not eat or drink) after midnight on the night before your test. You may also be asked to take a mild laxative on the evening before the procedure.\n','Are there any risks to the test?Some people may have an allergic reaction to the contrast dye. Reactions are usually mild and may include itching and/or a rash. Serious complications are rare. Be sure to tell your health care provider if you have other allergies. This may put you at higher risk for an allergic reaction to the dye.Some people may feel a mild itching sensation and a metallic taste in the mouth as the contrast dye travels through the body. These feelings are harmless and usually go away within a minute or two.You should tell your health care provider if you are pregnant or think you may be pregnant. An IVP delivers a low dose of radiation. The dose is safe for most people, but it can be harmful to an unborn baby.\n','What do the results mean?Your results will be looked at by a radiologist, a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating medical conditions using imaging technologies. He or she will share the results with your health care provider.If your results were not normal, it may mean you have one of the following disorders:Kidney stoneKidneys, bladder, or ureters that have an abnormal shape, size, or position in the bodyDamage or scarring of the urinary tractTumor or cyst in the urinary tractEnlarged prostate (in men)If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an IVP?IVP tests aren\'t used as often as CT (computerized tomography) scans for viewing the urinary tract. A CT scan is a type of x-ray that takes a series of pictures as it rotates around you. CT scans can provide more detailed information than an IVP. But IVP tests can be very helpful in finding kidney stones and certain urinary tract disorders. Also, an IVP test exposes you to less radiation than a CT scan.\n'),(136,'iron tests','What are iron tests?\nIron tests measure different substances in the blood to check iron levels in your body. Iron is a mineral that\'s essential for making red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. Iron is also important for healthy muscles, bone marrow, and organ function. Iron levels that are too low or too high can cause serious health problems.\nDifferent types of iron tests include:\nSerum iron test, which measures the amount of iron in the blood\nTransferrin test, which measures transferrin, a protein that moves iron throughout the body\nTotal iron-binding capacity (TIBC), which measures how well iron attaches to transferrin and other proteins in the blood\nFerritin blood test, which measures how much iron is stored in the body\nSome or all of these tests are often ordered at the same time.\nOther names: Fe tests, iron indices\n','What are they used for?\nIron tests are most often used to:\nCheck if your iron levels are too low, a sign of anemia\nDiagnose different types of anemia\nCheck if your iron levels are too high, which could be a sign of hemochromatosis. This is a rare genetic disorder that causes too much iron to build up in the body.\nSee if treatments for iron deficiency (low iron levels) or excess iron (high iron levels) are working\n','Why do I need an iron test?\nYou may need testing if you have symptoms of iron levels that are too low or too high.\nSymptoms of iron levels that are too low include:\nPale skin\nFatigue\nWeakness\nDizziness\nShortness of breath\nRapid heartbeat\nSymptoms of iron levels that are too high include:\nJoint pain\nAbdominal pain\nLack of energy\nWeight loss\n','What happens during an iron test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYour health care provider may ask you to fast (not eat or drink) for 12 hours before your test. The test is usually done in the morning. If you have any questions about how to prepare for your test, talk to your health care provider.\n','Are there any risks to iron tests? \nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf one or more iron test results show your iron levels are too low, it may mean you have:\nIron deficiency anemia, a common type of anemia. Anemia is a disorder in which your body doesn\'t make enough red blood cells.\nAnother type of anemia\nThalassemia, an inherited blood disorder that causes the body to make fewer than normal healthy red blood cells\nIf one or more iron test results show your iron levels are too high, it may mean you have:\nHemochromatosis, a disorder that causes too much iron to build up in the body\nLead poisoning\nLiver disease\nMost conditions that cause too little or too much iron can be successfully treated with iron supplements, diet, medicines, and/or other therapies.\nIf your iron test results are not normal, it does not necessarily mean you have a medical condition needing treatment. Some medicines, including birth control pills and estrogen treatments, can affect iron levels. Iron levels may also be lower for women during their menstrual cycles. \nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about iron tests?\nYour health care provider may order other blood tests to help check your iron levels. These include:\nHemoglobin test\nHematocrit test\nComplete blood count\nMean corpuscular volume\n'),(137,'karyotype genetic test','What is a karyotype test?A karyotype test looks at the size, shape, and number of your chromosomes. Chromosomes are the parts of your cells that contain your genes. Genes are parts of DNA passed down from your mother and father. They carry information that determines your unique traits, such as height and eye color.People normally have 46 chromosomes, divided into 23 pairs, in each cell. One of each pair of chromosomes comes from your mother, and the other pair comes from your father.If you have more or fewer chromosomes than 46, or if there is anything unusual about the size or shape of your chromosomes, it can mean you have a genetic disease. A karyotype test is often used to help find genetic defects in a developing baby.Other names: genetic testing, chromosome testing, chromosome studies, cytogenetic analysis\n','What is it used for?A karyotype test may be used to:Check an unborn baby for genetic disordersDiagnose a genetic disease in a baby or young childFind out if a chromosomal defect is preventing a woman from getting pregnant or is causing miscarriagesCheck a stillborn baby (a baby that died late in pregnancy or during birth) to see if a chromosomal defect was the cause of deathSee if you have a genetic disorder that could be passed along to your childrenDiagnose or make a treatment plan for certain types of cancer and blood disorders\n','Why do I need a karyotype test?If you are pregnant, you may want to get a karyotype test for your unborn baby if you have certain risk factors. These include:Your age. The overall risk of genetic birth defects is small, but the risk is higher for women who have babies at age 35 or older.Family history. Your risk is increased if you, your partner, and/or another one of your children has a genetic disorder.Your baby or young child may need a test if he or she has signs of a genetic disorder. There are many types of genetic disorders, each with different symptoms. You and your health care provider can talk about whether testing is recommended.If you are a woman, you may need a karyotype test if you\'ve had trouble getting pregnant or have had several miscarriages. While one miscarriage is not uncommon, if you have had several, it may be due to a chromosomal problem.You may also need a karyotype test if you have symptoms of or have been diagnosed with leukemia, lymphoma, or myeloma, or a certain type of anemia. These disorders can cause chromosomal changes. Finding these changes can help your provider diagnose, monitor, and/or treat the disease.\n','What happens during a karyotype test?For a karyotype test, your provider will need to take a sample of your cells. The most common ways to get a sample include:A blood test. For this test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.Prenatal testing with amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS). Chorionic villi are tiny growths found in the placenta.For amniocentesis:You\'ll lie on your back on an exam table.Your provider will move an ultrasound device over your abdomen. Ultrasound uses sound waves to check the position of your uterus, placenta, and baby.Your provider will insert a thin needle into your abdomen and withdraw a small amount of amniotic fluid.Amniocentesis is usually done between week 15 and 20 of pregnancy.For CVS:You\'ll lie on your back on an exam table.Your provider will move an ultrasound device over your abdomen to check the position of your uterus, placenta, and baby.Your provider will collect cells from the placenta in one of two ways: either through your cervix with a thin tube called a catheter, or with a thin needle through your abdomen.CVS is usually done between week 10 and 13 of pregnancy.Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy. If you are being tested for or treated for a certain type of cancer or blood disorder, your provider may need to take a sample of your bone marrow. For this test:You\'ll lie on your side or your stomach, depending on which bone will be used for testing. Most bone marrow tests are taken from the hip bone.The site will be cleaned with an antiseptic.You will get an injection of a numbing solution.Once the area is numb, the health care provider will take the sample.For a bone marrow aspiration, which is usually performed first, the health care provider will insert a needle through the bone and pull out bone marrow fluid and cells. You may feel a sharp but brief pain when the needle is inserted.For a bone marrow biopsy, the health care provider will use a special tool that twists into the bone to take out a sample of bone marrow tissue. You may feel some pressure on the site while the sample is being taken.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparation for karyotype testing.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.Amniocentesis and CVS tests are usually very safe procedures, but they do have a slight risk of causing a miscarriage. Talk to your health care provider about the risks and benefits of these tests.After a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy test, you may feel stiff or sore at the injection site. This usually goes away in a few days. Your health care provider may recommend or prescribe a pain reliever to help.\n','What do the results mean?If your results were abnormal (not normal,) it means you or your child has more or fewer than 46 chromosomes, or there is something abnormal about the size, shape, or structure of one or more of your chromosomes. Abnormal chromosomes can cause a variety of health problems. The symptoms and severity depend on which chromosomes have been affected.Some disorders caused by chromosomal defects include:Down syndrome, a disorder that causes intellectual disabilities and developmental delaysEdwards syndrome, a disorder that causes severe problems in the heart, lungs, and kidneysTurner syndrome, a disorder in girls that affects the development of female characteristicsIf you were tested because you have a certain type of cancer or blood disorder, your results can show whether or not your condition is caused by a chromosomal defect. These results can help your health care provider make the best treatment plan for you.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a karyotype test?If you are thinking about getting tested or have received abnormal results on your karyotype test, it may help to speak to a genetic counselor. A genetic counselor is a specially trained professional in genetics and genetic testing. He or she can explain what your results mean, direct you to support services, and help you make informed decisions about your health or the health of your child.\n'),(138,'ketones in blood','What is a ketones in blood test?A ketones in blood test measures the level of ketones in your blood. Ketones are substances that your body makes if your cells don\'t get enough glucose (blood sugar). Glucose is your body\'s main source of energy.Ketones can show up in blood or urine. High ketone levels may indicate diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a complication of diabetes that can lead to a coma or even death. A ketones in blood test can prompt you to get treatment before a medical emergency occurs.Other names: Ketone bodies (blood), serum ketones, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, acetoacetate\n','What is it used for?A ketones in blood test is mostly used to check for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in people with diabetes. DKA can affect anyone with diabetes, but it is most common for people with type 1 diabetes. If you have type 1 diabetes, your body does not make any insulin, the hormone that controls the amount of glucose in your blood. People with type 2 diabetes can make insulin, but their bodies don\'t use it properly.\n','Why do I need a ketones in blood test?You may need a ketones in blood test if you have diabetes and symptoms of DKA. DKA symptoms include:Excessive thirstIncreased urinationNausea and vomitingDry or flushed skinShortness of breathFruity smell on breathFatigueConfusion\n','What happens during a ketones in blood test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.You may also be able to use an at-home kit to test for ketones in blood. While instructions may vary, your kit will include some kind of device for you to prick your finger. You will use this to collect a drop of blood for testing. Read the kit instructions carefully, and talk to your health care provider to make sure you collect and test your blood correctly.Your health care provider may order a ketones in urine test in addition to or instead of a ketones in blood test to check for diabetic ketoacidosis. He or she may also want to check your A1c levels and blood glucose levels to help monitor your diabetes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a ketones in blood test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?A normal test result is negative. This means no ketones were found in your blood. If high blood ketone levels are found, it may mean you have diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). If you have DKA, your health care provider will provide or recommend treatment, which may involve going to the hospital.Other conditions can cause you to test positive for blood ketones. These include:Eating disorders, malnutrition, and other conditions where the body does not take in enough caloriesPregnancy. Sometimes pregnant women will develop blood ketones. If high levels are found, it can mean gestational diabetes, a type of diabetes that only affects pregnant women.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a ketones in blood test?Some people use at-home kits to test for ketones if they are on a ketogenic or \"keto\" diet. A keto diet is type of weight-loss plan that causes a healthy person\'s body to make ketones. Be sure to talk to your health care provider before going on a keto diet.\n'),(139,'ketones in urine','What is a ketones in urine test?The test measures ketone levels in your urine. Normally, your body burns glucose (sugar) for energy. If your cells don\'t get enough glucose, your body burns fat for energy instead. This produces a substance called ketones, which can show up in your blood and urine. High ketone levels in urine may indicate diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a complication of diabetes that can lead to a coma or even death. A ketones in urine test can prompt you to get treatment before a medical emergency occurs.Other names: ketones urine test, ketone test, urine ketones, ketone bodies\n','What is it used for?The test is often used to help monitor people at a higher risk of developing ketones. These include people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. If you have diabetes, ketones in urine can mean that you are not getting enough insulin. If you don\'t have diabetes, you may still be at risk for developing ketones if you:Experience chronic vomiting and/or diarrheaHave a digestive disorderParticipate in strenuous exerciseAre on a very low-carbohydrate dietHave an eating disorderAre pregnant\n','Why do I need a ketones in urine test?Your health care provider may order a ketones in urine test if you have diabetes or other risk factors for developing ketones. You may also need this test if you have symptoms of ketoacidosis. These include:Nausea or vomitingAbdominal painConfusionTrouble breathingFeeling extremely sleepyPeople with type 1 diabetes are at a higher risk for ketoacidosis.\n','What happens during a ketones in urine test?A ketones in urine test can be done in the home as well as in a lab. If in a lab, you will be given instructions to provide a \"clean catch\" sample. The clean catch method generally includes the following steps:Wash your hands.Clean your genital area with a cleansing pad. Men should wipe the tip of their penis. Women should open their labia and clean from front to back.Start to urinate into the toilet.Move the collection container under your urine stream.Collect at least an ounce or two of urine into the container, which should have markings to indicate the amount.Finish urinating into the toilet.Return the sample container as instructed by your health care provider.If you do the test at home, follow the instructions that are in your test kit. Your kit will include a package of strips for testing. You will either be instructed to provide a clean catch sample in a container as described above or to put the test strip directly in the stream of your urine. Talk to your health care provider about specific instructions.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You may have to fast (not eat or drink) for a certain period of time before taking a ketones in urine test. Ask your health care provider if you need to fast or do any other type of preparation before your test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is no known risk to having a ketones in urine test.\n','What do the results mean?Your test results may be a specific number or listed as a \"small,\" \"moderate,\" or \"large\" amount of ketones. Normal results can vary, depending on your on your diet, activity level, and other factors. Because high ketone levels can be dangerous, be sure to talk to your health care provider about what is normal for you and what your results mean.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a ketones in urine test?\nKetone test kits are available at most pharmacies without a prescription. If you are planning to test for ketones at home, ask your health care provider for recommendations on which kit would be best for you. At-home urine tests are easy to perform and can provide accurate results as long as you carefully follow all instructions.\nSome people use at-home kits to test for ketones if they are on a ketogenic or \"keto\" diet. A keto diet is type of weight-loss plan that causes a healthy person\'s body to make ketones. Be sure to talk to your health care provider before going on a keto diet.\n'),(140,'kidney stone analysis','What is a kidney stone analysis?\nKidney stones are small, pebble-like substances made from chemicals in your urine. They are formed in the kidneys when high levels of certain substances, such as minerals or salts, get into the urine. A kidney stone analysis is a test that figures out what a kidney stone is made of. There are four main types of kidney stones:\nCalcium, the most common type of kidney stone\nUric acid, another common type of kidney stone\nStruvite, a less common stone that is caused by urinary tract infections\nCystine, a rare type of stone that tends to run in families\nKidney stones can be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a golf ball. Many stones pass through your body when you urinate. Larger or odd-shaped stones can get stuck inside the urinary tract and may need treatment. While kidney stones rarely cause serious damage, they can be very painful.\nIf you\'ve had a kidney stone in the past, you are likely to get another one. A kidney stone analysis provides information on what a stone is made of. This can help your health care provider develop a treatment plan to reduce your risk of forming more stones.\nOther names: urinary stone analysis, renal calculus analysis\n','What is it used for?\nA kidney stone analysis is used to:\nFigure out the chemical makeup of a kidney stone\nHelp guide a treatment plan to prevent more stones from forming\n','Why do I need a kidney stone analysis?\nYou may need a kidney stone analysis if you have symptoms of a kidney stone. These include:\nSharp pains in your abdomen, side, or groin\nBack pain\nBlood in your urine\nFrequent urge to urinate\nPain when urinating\nCloudy or bad-smelling urine\nNausea and vomiting\nIf you\'ve already passed a kidney stone and you kept it, your health care provider may ask you to bring it in for testing. He or she will give you instructions on how to clean and package the stone.\n','What happens during a kidney stone analysis?\nYou will get a kidney stone strainer from your health care provider or from a drug store. A kidney stone strainer is a device made of fine mesh or gauze. It is used to filter your urine. You will also get or be asked to provide a clean container to hold your stone. To collect your stone for testing, do the following:\nFilter all your urine through the strainer.\nAfter each time you urinate, check the strainer carefully for particles. Remember that a kidney stone can be very small. It may look like a grain of sand or a tiny piece of gravel.\nIf you find a stone, put it in the clean container, and let it dry.\nDO NOT add any fluid, including urine, to the container.\nDO NOT add tape or tissue to the stone.\nReturn the container to your health care provider or laboratory as instructed.\nIf your kidney stone is too large to pass, you may need a minor surgical procedure to remove the stone for testing.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a kidney stone analysis.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is no known risk to having a kidney stone analysis.\n','What do the results mean?\nYour results will show what your kidney stone is made of. Once your health care provider has these results, he or she can recommend steps and/or medicines that may prevent you from forming more stones. The recommendations will depend on the chemical makeup of your stone.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a kidney stone analysis?\nIt\'s important to filter all your urine through the kidney stone strainer until you find your kidney stone. The stone may pass at any time, day or night.\n'),(141,'lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) isoenzymes test','What is a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes test?This test measures the level of the different lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes in the blood. LDH, also known as lactic acid dehydrogenase, is a type of protein, known as an enzyme. LDH plays an important role in making your body\'s energy. It is found in almost all the body\'s tissues.There are five types of LDH. They are known as isoenzymes. The five isoenzymes are found in different amounts in tissues throughout the body.LDH-1: found in heart and red blood cellsLDH-2: found in white blood cells. It is also found in heart and red blood cells, but in lesser amounts than LDH-1.LDH-3: found in lung tissueLDH-4: found in white blood cells, kidney and pancreas cells, and lymph nodesLDH-5: found in the liver and muscles of skeletonWhen tissues are damaged or diseased, they release LDH isoenzymes into the bloodstream. The type of LDH isoenzyme released depends on which tissues are damaged. This test can help your provider find out the location and cause of your tissue damage.Other names: LD isoenzyme, lactic dehydrogenase isoenzyme\n','What is it used for?An LDH isoenzymes test is used to find out the location, type, and severity of tissue damage. It can help diagnose a number of different conditions including:Recent heart attackAnemiaKidney diseaseLiver disease, including hepatitis and cirrhosisPulmonary embolism, a life-threatening blood clot in the lungs\n','Why do I need an LDH isoenzymes test?You may need this test if your health care provider suspects that you have tissue damage based on your symptoms and/or other tests. An LDH isoenzymes test is often done as a follow-up to a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) test. An LDH test also measures LDH levels, but it doesn\'t provide information on the location or type of tissue damage.\n','What happens during an LDH isoenzymes test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for an LDH isoenzymes test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your results showed that levels of one or more LDH isoenzymes were not normal, it probably means you have some kind of tissue disease or damage. The type of disease or damage will depend on which LDH isoenzymes had abnormal levels. Disorders that cause abnormal LDH levels include:AnemiaKidney diseaseLiver diseaseMuscle injuryHeart attackPancreatitisInfectious mononucleosis (mono)If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n',NULL),(142,'lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) test','What is a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) test?This test measures the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), also known as lactic acid dehydrogenase, in your blood or sometimes in other body fluids. LDH is a type of protein, known as an enzyme. LDH plays an important role in making your body\'s energy. It is found in almost all the body\'s tissues, including those in the blood, heart, kidneys, brain, and lungs.When these tissues are damaged, they release LDH into the bloodstream or other body fluids. If your LDH blood or fluid levels are high, it may mean certain tissues in your body have been damaged by disease or injury.Other names: LD test, lactic dehydrogenase, lactic acid dehydrogenase\n','What is it used for?An LDH test is most often used to:Find out if you have tissue damageMonitor disorders that cause tissue damage. These include anemia, liver disease, lung disease, and some types of infections.Monitor chemotherapy for certain types cancer. The test may show if treatment is working.\n','Why do I need an LDH test?You may need this test if other tests and/or your symptoms indicate you have tissue damage or disease. Symptoms will vary depending on the type of tissue damage you have.You may also need an LDH test if you are currently being treated for cancer.\n','What happens during an LDH test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.LDH is sometimes measured in other body fluids, including fluids in the spinal cord, lungs, or abdomen. If you are having one of these tests, your health care provider will give more information about the procedure.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for an LDH blood test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?Higher than normal LDH levels usually means you have some type of tissue damage or disease. Disorders that cause high LDH levels include:AnemiaKidney diseaseLiver diseaseMuscle injuryHeart attackPancreatitisInfections, including meningitis, encephalitis, and infectious mononucleosis (mono)Certain types of cancer, including lymphoma and leukemia. A higher than normal LDH level may also mean treatment for cancer is not working.Although the test can show if you have tissue damage or disease, it does not show where the damage is located. If your results showed higher than normal LDH levels, your provider may need to order more tests to make a diagnosis. One of these tests may be an LDH isoenzyme test. An LDH isoenzyme test measures different forms of LDH. It can help your provider find out about the location, type, and severity of tissue damage.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n',NULL),(143,'lactic acid test','What is a lactic acid test?This test measures the level of lactic acid, also known as lactate, in your blood. Lactic acid is a substance made by muscle tissue and by red blood cells, which carry oxygen from your lungs to other parts of your body. Normally, the level of lactic acid in the blood is low. Lactic acid levels rise when oxygen levels decrease. Low oxygen levels may be caused by:Strenuous exerciseHeart failureSevere infectionShock, a dangerous condition that limits blood flow to your organs and tissuesIf lactic acid levels get too high, it can lead to a life-threatening condition known as lactic acidosis. A lactic acid test can help diagnose lactic acidosis before it causes serious complications.Other names: lactate test, lactic acid: plasma\n','What is it used for?A lactic acid test is most often used to diagnose lactic acidosis. The test may also be used to:Help find out if enough oxygen is reaching the body\'s tissuesHelp diagnose sepsis, a life-threatening reaction to a bacterial infectionIf meningitis is suspected, the test may also be used to help find out if it is caused by bacteria or a virus. Meningitis is a serious infection of the brain and spinal cord. A test for lactate in cerebrospinal fluid is used with a lactic acid blood test to figure out the type of infection.\n','Why do I need a lactic acid test?You may need a lactic acid test if you have symptoms of lactic acidosis. These include:Nausea and vomitingMuscle weaknessSweatingShortness of breathAbdominal painYou may also need this test if you have symptoms of sepsis or meningitis. Symptoms of sepsis include:FeverChillsRapid heart rateRapid breathingConfusionSymptoms of meningitis include:Severe headacheFeverStiff neckSensitivity to light\n','What happens during a lactic acid test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein or an artery. To take a sample from a vein, the health care professional will insert a small needle into your arm. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes. Make sure you don\'t clench your fist during the test, as this can temporarily raise lactic acid levels.Blood from an artery has more oxygen than blood from a vein, so your health care provider may recommend this type of blood test. The sample is usually taken from an artery inside the wrist. During the procedure, your provider will insert a needle with a syringe into the artery. You may feel a sharp pain as the needle goes into the artery. Once the syringe is filled with blood, your provider will put a bandage over the puncture site. After the procedure, you or a provider will need to apply firm pressure to the site for 5–10 minutes, or even longer if you are taking a blood-thinning medicine.If meningitis is suspected, your provider may order a test called a spinal tap or lumbar puncture to get a sample of your cerebrospinal fluid.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?Your health care provider may tell you to not exercise for several hours before the test. Exercise can cause a temporary increase in lactic acid levels.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.A blood test from an artery is more painful than a blood test from a vein, but this pain usually goes away quickly. You may have some bleeding, bruising, or soreness at the spot where the needle was put in. Though problems are rare, you should avoid lifting heavy objects for 24 hours after the test.\n','What do the results mean?A high lactic acid level means you likely have lactic acidosis. There are two types of lactic acidosis: type A and type B. The cause of your lactic acidosis depends on which type you have.Type A is the most common form of the disorder. Conditions that cause type A lactic acidosis include:SepsisShockHeart failureLung diseaseAnemiaType B lactic acidosis may be caused by one of the following conditions:Liver diseaseLeukemiaKidney diseaseStrenuous exerciseIf you had a spinal tap to check for a meningitis infection, your results may show:High levels of lactic acid. This probably means you have bacterial meningitis.Normal or slightly high levels of lactic acid. This probably means you have a viral form of the infection.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a lactic test?Certain medicines cause the body to make too much lactic acid. These include some treatments for HIV and a medicine for type 2 diabetes called metformin. If you are taking any of these medicines, you may be at a higher risk for lactic acidosis. Talk to your health care provider if you are concerned about any medicines you are taking.\n'),(144,'laparoscopy','What is a laparoscopy?A laparoscopy is a type of surgery that checks for problems in the abdomen or a woman\'s reproductive system. Laparoscopic surgery uses a thin tube called a laparoscope. It is inserted into the abdomen through a small incision. An incision is a small a cut made through the skin during surgery. The tube has a camera attached to it. The camera sends images to a video monitor. This allows a surgeon to view the inside of the body without major trauma to the patient.Laparoscopy is known as minimally invasive surgery. It allows for shorter hospital stays, faster recovery, less pain, and smaller scars than traditional (open) surgery.Other names: diagnostic laparoscopy, laparoscopic surgery\n','What is it used for?\nFor people with abdominal symptoms, laparoscopic surgery may be used to diagnose:\nTumors and other growths\nBlockages\nUnexplained bleeding\nInfections\nFor women, it may be used to diagnose and/or treat:\nFibroids, growths that form inside or outside the uterus. Most fibroids are noncancerous.\nOvarian cysts, fluid-filled sacs that form inside or on the surface of an ovary.\nEndometriosis, a condition in which tissue that normally lines the uterus grows outside of it.\nPelvic prolapse, a condition in which the reproductive organs drop into or out of the vagina.\nIt may also be used to:\nRemove an ectopic pregnancy, a pregnancy that grows outside the uterus. A fertilized egg can\'t survive an ectopic pregnancy. It can be life threatening for a pregnant woman.\nPerform a hysterectomy, the removal of the uterus. A hysterectomy may be done to treat cancer, abnormal bleeding, or other disorders.\nPerform a tubal ligation, a procedure used to prevent pregnancy by blocking a woman\'s fallopian tubes.\nTreat incontinence, accidental or involuntary urine leakage.\nThe surgery is sometimes used when a physical exam and/or imaging tests, such as x-rays or ultrasounds, don\'t give enough information to make a diagnosis.\n','Why do I need a laparoscopy?You may need a laparoscopy if you:Have severe and/or chronic pain in your abdomen or pelvisFeel a lump in your abdomenHave abdominal cancer. Laparoscopic surgery can remove some types of cancer.Are a woman with heavier than normal menstrual periodsAre a woman who wants a surgical form of birth controlAre a woman having trouble getting pregnant. A laparoscopy can be used to check for blockages in the fallopian tubes and other conditions that can affect fertility.\n','What happens during a laparoscopy?Laparoscopic surgery is usually done in a hospital or outpatient clinic. It usually includes the following steps:You will remove your clothing and put on a hospital gown.You will lay on an operating table.Most laparoscopies are done while you are under general anesthesia. General anesthesia is a medicine that makes you unconscious. It makes sure you won\'t feel any pain during the surgery. You will be given the medicine through an intravenous (IV) line or by inhaling gases from a mask. A specially trained doctor called an anesthesiologist will give you this medicineIf you are not given general anesthesia, a medicine will be injected in your abdomen to numb the area so you won\'t feel any pain.Once you are unconscious or your abdomen is completely numb, your surgeon will make a small incision just below your belly button, or near that area.The laparoscope, a thin tube with a camera attached, will be inserted through the incision.More small incisions may be made if a probe or other surgical tools are needed. A probe is a surgical instrument used to explore internal areas of the body.During the procedure, a type of gas will be put into your abdomen. This expands the area, making it easier for the surgeon to see inside your body.The surgeon will move the laparoscope around the area. He or she will view the images of the abdomen and pelvic organs on a computer screen.After the procedure is done, the surgical tools and most of the gas will be removed. The small incisions will be closed up.You will be moved to a recovery room.You may feel sleepy and/or nauseous for a few hours after the laparoscopy.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?If you will be getting general anesthesia, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for six or more hours before your surgery. You may not even be able to drink water during this period. Ask your health care provider about specific instructions. Also, if you are getting general anesthesia, be sure to arrange for someone to drive you home. You may be groggy and confused after you wake up from the procedure.In addition, you should wear loose-fitting clothes. Your abdomen may feel a little sore after the surgery.\n','Are there any risks to the test?Many people have mild abdominal pain or discomfort afterward. Serious problems are uncommon. But they can include bleeding at the incision site and infection.\n','What do the results mean?Your results may include diagnosing and/or treating one of the following conditions:EndometriosisFibroidsOvarian cystsEctopic pregnancyIn some cases, your provider may remove a piece of tissue to test for cancer.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\n',NULL),(145,'legionella tests','What are Legionella tests?\nLegionella is a type of bacteria that can cause a severe form of pneumonia known as Legionnaires\' disease. Legionella tests look for these bacteria in urine, sputum, or blood. Legionnaires\' disease got its name in 1976 after a group of people attending an American Legion convention became ill with pneumonia.\nLegionella bacteria can also cause a milder, flu-like illness called Pontiac fever. Together, Legionnaires\' disease and Pontiac fever are known as legionellosis.\nLegionella bacteria are found naturally in freshwater environments. But the bacteria can make people sick when it grows and spreads in man-made water systems. These include plumbing systems of large buildings, including hotels, hospitals, nursing homes, and cruise ships. The bacteria may then contaminate water sources, such as hot tubs, fountains, and air-conditioning systems.\nLegionellosis infections happen when people breathe in mist or small drops of water that contain the bacteria. The bacteria do not spread from person to person. But a disease outbreak can occur when many people are exposed to the same contaminated water source.\nNot everyone who is exposed to Legionella bacteria will get sick. You are more likely to develop an infection you are:\nOver the age of 50\nA current or former smoker\nHave a chronic disease such as diabetes or kidney failure\nHave a weakened immune system due to a disease such as HIV/AIDS or cancer, or are taking medicines that suppress the immune system\nWhile Pontiac fever usually clears up on its own, Legionnaires\' disease can be fatal if not treated. Most people will recover if promptly treated with antibiotics.\nOther names: Legionnaires\' disease testing, Legionellosis testing\n','What are they used for?\nLegionella tests are used to find out whether you have Legionnaires\' disease. Other lung diseases have symptoms similar to Legionnaires\' disease. Getting the right diagnosis and treatment may help prevent life-threatening complications.\n','Why do I need a Legionella test?\nYou may need this test if you have symptoms of Legionnaires\' disease. Symptoms usually show up two to 10 days after exposure to Legionella bacteria and may include:\nCough\nHigh fever\nChills\nHeadache\nChest pain\nShortness of breath\nFatigue\nNausea and vomiting\nDiarrhea\n','What happens during a Legionella test?\nLegionella tests may be done in urine, sputum, or blood.\nDuring a urine test:\nYou will need to use the \"clean catch\" method to ensure your sample is sterile. The clean catch method includes the following steps:\nWash your hands.\nClean your genital area with a cleansing pad.\nStart to urinate into the toilet.\nMove the collection container under your urine stream.\nCollect at least an ounce or two of urine into the container, which should have markings to indicate the amount.\nFinish urinating into the toilet.\nReturn the sample container as instructed by your health care provider.\nSputum is a thick type of mucus made in your lungs when you have an infection. \nDuring a sputum test:\nA health care provider will ask you to breathe deeply and then cough deeply into a special cup.\nYour provider may tap you on the chest to help loosen sputum from your lungs.\nIf you have trouble coughing up enough sputum, your provider may ask you to breathe in a salty mist that can help you cough more deeply.\nDuring a blood test:\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a Legionella test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is no risk to providing a urine or sputum sample. There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results were positive, it probably means you have Legionnaires\' disease. If your results were negative, it may mean you have a different type of infection. It may also mean not enough Legionella bacteria were found in your sample.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about Legionella tests?\nWhether your results were positive or negative, your provider may do others tests to confirm or rule out a diagnosis of Legionnaires\' disease. These include:\nChest X-Rays\nGram Stain\nAcid Fast Bacillus (AFB) Tests\nBacteria Culture\nSputum Culture\nRespiratory Pathogens Panel\n'),(146,'lipase tests','What is a lipase test?\nLipase is a type of protein made by your pancreas, an organ located near your stomach. Lipase helps your body digest fats. It\'s normal to have a small amount of lipase in your blood. But, a high level of lipase can mean you have pancreatitis, an inflammation of the pancreas, or another type of pancreas disease. Blood tests are the most common way of measuring lipase.\nOther names: serum lipase, lipase, LPS\n','What is it used for?\nA lipase test may be used to:\nDiagnose pancreatitis or another disease of the pancreas\nFind out if there is a blockage in your pancreas\nCheck for chronic diseases that affect the pancreas, including cystic fibrosis\n','Why do I need a lipase test?\nYou may need a lipase test if you have symptoms of a pancreas disease. These include:\nNausea and vomiting\nDiarrhea\nSevere back pain\nSevere abdominal pain\nFever\nLoss of appetite\nYou may also need a lipase test if you certain risk factors for pancreatitis. These include:\nA family history of pancreatitis\nDiabetes\nGallstones\nHigh triglycerides\nObesity\nYou may also be at a higher risk if you are a smoker or heavy alcohol user.\n','What happens during a lipase test?\nA lipase test is usually in the form of a blood test. During a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\nLipase can also be measured in urine. Usually, a lipase urine test can be taken at any time of day, with no special preparation needed.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou may need to fast (not eat or drink) for 8–12 hours before a lipase blood test.  If your health care provider has ordered a lipase urine test, be sure to ask if you need to follow any special instructions.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\nThere are no known risks to a urine test.\n','What do the results mean?\nA high level of lipase may indicate:\nPancreatitis\nA blockage in the pancreas\nKidney disease\nPeptic ulcer\nA problem with your gall bladder\nA low level of lipase may mean there is damage to cells in the pancreas that make lipase. This happens in certain chronic diseases such as cystic fibrosis.\nIf your lipase levels are not normal, it doesn\'t necessarily mean you have a medical condition needing treatment. Certain medicines, including codeine and birth control pills, can affect your lipase results. If you have questions about your lipase test results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a lipase test?\nA lipase test is commonly used to diagnose pancreatitis. Pancreatitis can be acute or chronic. Acute pancreatitis is a short-term condition that usually goes away after a few days of treatment. Chronic pancreatitis is a long-lasting condition that gets worse over time. But it can be managed with medicine and lifestyle changes, such as quitting drinking. Your health care provider may also recommend surgery to repair the problem in your pancreas.\n'),(147,'lipoprotein (a) blood test','What is a lipoprotein (a) blood test?A lipoprotein (a) test measures the level of lipoprotein (a) in your blood. Lipoproteins are substances made of protein and fat that carry cholesterol through your bloodstream. There are two main types of cholesterol:High-density lipoprotein (HDL), or \"good\" cholesterolLow-density lipoprotein (LDL), or \"bad\" cholesterol.Lipoprotein (a) is a type of LDL (bad) cholesterol. A high level of lipoprotein (a) may mean you are at risk for heart disease.Other names: cholesterol Lp(a), Lp(a)\n','What is it used for?A lipoprotein (a) test is used to check for risk of stroke, heart attack, or other heart diseases. It is not a routine test. It is usually only given to people who have certain risk factors, such as a family history of heart disease.\n','Why do I need a lipoprotein (a) test?You may need this test if you have:Heart disease, despite normal results on other lipid testsHigh cholesterol, despite maintaining a healthy dietA family history of heart disease, especially heart disease that has occurred at an early age and/or sudden deaths from heart disease\n','What happens during a lipoprotein (a) test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a lipoprotein (a) test. If your health care provider has ordered other tests, such as a cholesterol test, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for 9 to 12 hours before your blood is drawn. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may experience slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?A high lipoprotein (a) level may mean you are at risk for heart disease. There are no specific treatments to lower lipoprotein (a). Your level of lipoprotein (a) is determined by your genes and is not affected by your lifestyle or by most medicines. But if your test results show a high level of lipoprotein (a), your health care provider may make recommendations to reduce other risk factors that can lead to heart disease. These may include medicines or lifestyle changes such as:Eating a healthy dietWeight ControlQuitting smokingGetting regular exerciseReducing stressLowering blood pressureReducing LDL cholesterolLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a lipoprotein (a) test?Certain situations and factors can affect your test results. You should not get a lipoprotein (a) test if you have any of these conditions:FeverInfectionRecent and considerable weight lossPregnancy\n'),(148,'liver function tests','What are liver function tests?\nLiver function tests (also known as a liver panel) are blood tests that measure different enzymes, proteins, and other substances made by the liver. These tests check the overall health of your liver. The different substances are often tested at the same time on a single blood sample, and may include the following:\nAlbumin, a protein made in the liver\nTotal protein. This test measures the total amount of protein in the blood.\nALP (alkaline phosphatase), ALT (alanine transaminase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). These are different enzymes made by the liver.\nBilirubin, a waste product made by the liver.\nLactate dehydrogenase (LD), an enzyme found in most of the body\'s cells. LD is released into the blood when cells have been damaged by disease or injury.\nProthrombin time (PT), a protein involved in blood clotting.\nIf levels of one or more of these substances are outside of the normal range, it may be a sign of liver disease.\nOther names: liver panel, liver function panel, liver profile hepatic function panel, LFT\n','What are they used for?Liver function tests are most often used to:Help diagnose liver diseases, such as hepatitisMonitor treatment of liver disease. These tests can show how well the treatment is working.Check how badly a liver has been damaged or scarred by disease, such as cirrhosisMonitor side effects of certain medicines\n','Why do I need liver function testing?You may need liver function testing if you have symptoms of liver disease. These include:Jaundice, a condition that causes your skin and eyes to turn yellowNausea and vomitingDiarrheaAbdominal painDark-colored urineLight-colored stoolFatigueYou may also need these tests if you have certain risk factors. You may be at higher risk for liver disease if you:Have a family history of liver diseaseHave alcohol use disorder, a condition in which you have difficulty controlling how much you drinkThink you have been exposed to a hepatitis virusTake medicines that may cause liver damage\n','What happens during a liver function test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You may need to fast (not eat or drink) for 10-12 hours before the test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If one or more of your liver function test results were not normal, it may mean your liver is damaged or not working properly. Liver damage can be caused by a number of different conditions, including:Hepatitis AHepatitis BHepatitis CAlcohol use disorder, which includes alcoholism.Liver cancerDiabetesIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about liver function tests?If any of your liver function tests were not normal, your provider may need more tests to confirm or rule out a specific diagnosis. These tests may include more blood tests and/or a liver biopsy. A biopsy is a procedure that removes a small sample of tissue for testing.\n'),(149,'lung cancer tumor markers','What are lung cancer tumor marker tests?Lung cancer tumor markers are substances produced by tumor cells. Normal cells can turn into tumor cells due to a genetic mutation, a change in the normal function of genes. Genes are the basic units of heredity passed down from your mother and father.Some genetic mutations can be inherited from your parents. Others are acquired later in life due to environmental or lifestyle factors. The mutations that cause lung cancer are usually due to acquired, also known as somatic, mutations. These mutations are most often, though not always caused by a history of tobacco smoking. A genetic mutation can cause a lung tumor to spread and grow into cancer.There are different types of mutations that cause lung cancer. A lung cancer tumor marker test looks for the specific mutation that may be causing your cancer. The most commonly tested lung cancer markers include mutations in the following genes:EGFR, which makes a protein involved in cell divisionKRAS, which helps control the growth of tumorsALK, which is involved in cell growthNot all lung cancers are caused by genetic mutations. But if your cancer is caused by a mutation, you may be able to take a medicine that\'s designed to attack your specific type of mutated cancer cells. This is called targeted therapy.Other names: Lung cancer targeted gene panel\n','What are they used for?Tests for lung cancer tumor markers are most often used to find out which, if any, genetic mutation is causing your lung cancer. Lung cancer markers may be tested individually or grouped together in one test.\n','Why do I need a lung cancer tumor marker test?You may need a lung cancer tumor marker test if you have been diagnosed with a type of lung cancer called non-small cell lung cancer. This type of cancer is more likely to have a genetic mutation that will respond to targeted therapy.Targeted therapy is often more effective and causes fewer side effects than chemotherapy or radiation. But it\'s important to know which mutation you have. Targeted therapy medicines that are effective in someone with one type of mutation, might not work or may be dangerous to someone with a different mutation or no mutation.\n','What happens during a lung cancer tumor marker test?A health care provider will need to take a small sample of the tumor in a procedure called a biopsy. It may be one of two types of biopsies:Fine needle aspiration biopsy, which uses a very thin needle to remove a sample of  cells or fluidCore needle biopsy, which uses a larger needle to remove a sampleFine needle aspiration and core needle biopsies usually include the following steps:You will lay on your side or sit on an exam table.An x-ray or other imaging device may be used to locate the desired biopsy site. The skin will be marked.A health care provider will clean the biopsy site and inject it with an anesthetic so you won\'t feel any pain during the procedure.Once the area is numb, the provider will make a small incision (cut) and insert either a fine aspiration needle or core biopsy needle into the lung. Then he or she will remove a sample of tissue from the biopsy site.You may feel a little pressure when the needle enters the lung.Pressure will be applied to the biopsy site until the bleeding stops.Your provider will apply a sterile bandage at the biopsy site.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the procedure. Talk to your health care provider if you have any questions about preparing for your test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?You may have a little bruising or bleeding at the biopsy site. You may also have a little discomfort at the site for a day or two.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show you have one of the lung cancer markers that may respond well to targeted therapy, your provider may start you on treatment right away. If your results show you do not have one of these lung cancer markers, you and your provider may discuss other treatment options.Genetic testing takes longer than many other types of lab tests. You may not get your results for a few weeks.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about lung cancer tumor marker tests?If you have lung cancer, it\'s important to see your health care provider regularly throughout your treatment and afterward. Lung cancer can be difficult to treat, even if you are on targeted therapy. Close monitoring with frequent checkups, and periodic x-rays and scans is recommended for the first five years after treatment, and yearly for the rest of your life.\n'),(150,'lung function tests','What are lung function tests?Lung function tests, also known as pulmonary function tests, or PFTs, are a group of tests that check to see if your lungs are working right. The tests look for:How much air your lungs can holdHow well you move air in and out of your lungsHow well the lungs move oxygen into your bloodstream. Your blood cells need oxygen to grow and stay healthy.There are several types of lung tests. They include:Spirometry. the most common type of lung function test. It measures how much and how quickly you can move air in and out of your lungs.Lung volume test. also known as body plethysmography. This test measures the amount of air you can hold in your lungs and the amount of air that remains after you exhale (breathe out) as much as you can.Gas diffusion test. This test measures how oxygen and other gases move from the lungs to the bloodstream.Exercise stress test. This test looks at how exercise affects lung function.These tests may be used together or by themselves, depending on your specific symptoms or condition.Other names: pulmonary function tests, PFTs\n','What are they used for?Lung function tests are often used to:Find the cause of breathing problemsDiagnose and monitor chronic lung diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and emphysemaSee if lung disease treatments are workingCheck lung function before surgeryCheck whether exposure to chemicals or other substances in the home or workplace have caused lung damage\n','Why do I need a lung function test?You may need this test if you:Have symptoms of a breathing problem such as shortness of breath, wheezing, and/or coughingHave a chronic lung diseaseHave been exposed to asbestos or other substances known to cause lung damageHave scleroderma, a disease that damages connective tissueHave sarcoidosis, a disease that causes damage to cells around the lungs, liver, and other organsHave a respiratory infectionHad an abnormal chest x-rayAre scheduled for an operation such as abdominal or lung surgery\n','What happens during lung function testing?Below are the steps for the most common types of lung function tests.For a spirometry test:You\'ll sit in a chair and a soft clip will be put on your nose. This is done so you\'ll breathe through your mouth, rather than your nose.You\'ll be given a mouthpiece that is attached to a machine called a spirometer.You\'ll place your lips tightly around the mouthpiece, and breathe in and out as instructed by your provider.The spirometer will measure the amount and rate of air flow over a period of time.For a lung volume (body plethysmography) test:You\'ll sit in a clear, airtight room that looks like a telephone booth.As with a spirometry test, you\'ll wear a nose clip and place your lips around a mouthpiece connected to a machine.You\'ll breathe in and breathe out as instructed by your provider.The pressure changes inside the room help measure lung volume.For a gas diffusion test:You\'ll wear a mouthpiece connected to a machine.You will be asked to inhale (breathe in) a very small, nondangerous amount of carbon monoxide or other type of gas.Measurements will either be taken as you breathe in or as you breathe out.The test can show how effective your lungs are in moving gases to your bloodstream.For an exercise test, you will:Ride a stationary bike or walk on a treadmill.You\'ll be attached to monitors and machines that will measure blood oxygen, blood pressure, and heartbeat.This helps show how well your lungs perform during exercise.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the tests?To prepare for a lung function test, you\'ll need to take some steps to ensure your breathing is normal and unrestricted. These include:Don\'t eat a heavy meal before the test.Avoid food or drinks with caffeine.Don\'t smoke or do heavy exercise for six hours before the test.Wear loose, comfortable clothing.If you wear dentures, you\'ll need to wear them during the test. They can help you form a tight seal around the mouthpiece.\n','Are there any risks to the tests?There is very little risk to having a lung function test. Some people may feel lightheaded or dizzy during the procedure. Also, some people may feel claustrophobic during a lung volume test. If you have questions or concerns about the tests, talk to your health care provider.\n','What do the results mean?If any of your lung function test results were not normal, it may mean you have a lung disease. There are two main types of lung diseases that can be diagnosed with a lung function test:Obstructive diseases. These diseases cause airways to become narrow, making it hard for air to flow out of the lungs. Obstructive lung diseases include asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema.Restrictive diseases. n these diseases, the lungs or chest muscles aren\'t able to expand enough. This reduces air flow and the ability to send oxygen into the bloodstream. Restrictive lung disorders include scleroderma, sarcoidosis, and pulmonary fibrosis.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about lung function tests?Your health care provider may order another test, called arterial blood gases (ABGs), in addition to your lung function tests. ABGs measure the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.\n'),(151,'luteinizing hormone (lh) levels test','What is a luteinizing hormone (LH) levels test?This test measures the level of luteinizing hormone (LH) in your blood. LH is made by your pituitary gland, a small gland located underneath the brain. LH plays an important role in sexual development and functioning.In women, LH helps control the menstrual cycle. It also triggers the release of an egg from the ovary. This is known as ovulation. LH levels quickly rise just before ovulation.In men, LH causes the testicles to make testosterone, which is important for producing sperm. Normally, LH levels in men do not change very much.In children, LH levels are usually low in early childhood, and begin to rise a couple of years before the start of puberty. In girls, LH helps signal the ovaries to make estrogen. In boys, it helps signal the testes to make testosterone.Too much or too little LH can cause a variety of problems, including infertility (the inability to get pregnant), menstrual difficulties in women, low sex drive in men, and early or delayed puberty in children.Other names: lutropin, interstitial cell stimulating hormone\n','What is it used for?An LH test works closely with another hormone called follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to control sexual functions. So an FSH test is often done along with an LH test. These tests are used in different ways, depending on whether you are a woman, man, or child.In women, these tests are most often used to:Help find the cause of infertilityFind out when ovulation occurs, this is the time when you are most likely to get pregnant.Find the reason for irregular or stopped menstrual periods.Confirm the start of menopause, or perimenopause. Menopause is the time in a woman\'s life when her menstrual periods have stopped and she can\'t become pregnant anymore. It usually starts when a woman is around 50 years old. Perimenopause is the transition period before menopause. It can last for several years. LH testing may be done towards the end of this transition.In men, these tests are most often used to:Help find the cause of infertilityFind the reason for a low sperm countFind the reason for low sex driveIn children, these tests are most often used to help diagnose early or delayed puberty.Puberty is considered early if it starts before age 9 in girls and before age 10 in boys.Puberty is considered delayed if hasn\'t started by age 13 in girls and by age 14 in boys.\n','Why do I need an LH test?If you are a woman, you may need this test if:You\'ve been unable to get pregnant after 12 months of trying.Your menstrual cycle is irregular.Your periods have stopped. The test may be used to find out if you have gone through menopause or are in perimenopause.If you are a man, you may need this test if:You\'ve been unable to get your partner pregnant after 12 months of trying.Your sex drive is decreased.Both men and women may need testing if they have symptoms of a pituitary disorder. These include some of the symptoms listed above, as well as:FatigueWeaknessWeight lossDecreased appetiteYour child may need an LH test if he or she is does not seem to be starting puberty at the right age (either too early or too late).\n','What happens during an LH levels test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?If you are a woman that has not gone through menopause, your provider may want to schedule your test at a specific time during your menstrual cycle.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?The meaning of your results will depend on whether you are a woman, man, or child.If you are woman, high LH levels may mean you:Are not ovulating. If you are of childbearing age, this may mean you have a problem in your ovaries. If you are older, it may mean you have started menopause or are in perimenopause.Have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is a common hormone disorder affecting childbearing women. It is one of the leading causes of female infertility.Have Turner syndrome, a genetic disorder affects sexual development in females. It often causes infertility.If you are woman, low LH levels may mean:Your pituitary gland is not working correctly.You have an eating disorder.You have malnutrition.If you are a man, high LH levels may mean:Your testicles have been damaged due chemotherapy, radiation, infection, or alcohol abuse.You have Klinefelter\'s syndrome, a genetic disorder that affects sexual development in males. It often causes infertilityIf you are a man, low LH levels may mean you have a disorder of the pituitary gland or the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and other important body functions.In children, high LH levels, along with high levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, may mean puberty is about to start or has already started. If this is happening before age 9 in a girl or before age 10 in a boy (precocious puberty), it may be a sign of:A disorder of the central nervous systemsA brain injuryLow LH and follicle-stimulating hormone levels in children may mean be a sign of delayed puberty. Delayed puberty may be caused by:A disorder of the ovaries or testiclesTurner syndrome in girlsKlinefelter\'s syndrome in boysAn infectionA hormone deficiencyAn eating disorderIf you have questions about your results or child\'s results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an LH test?There is an at-home test that measures LH levels in urine. The kit is designed to detect the rise in LH that happens just before ovulation. This test may help you figure out when you will be ovulating and have the best chances of getting pregnant. But you should not use this test to prevent pregnancy. It is not reliable for that purpose.\n'),(152,'lyme disease tests','What are Lyme disease tests?\nLyme disease is an infection caused by bacteria carried by ticks. Lyme disease tests look for signs of infection in your blood or cerebrospinal fluid.\nYou can get Lyme disease if an infected tick bites you. Ticks can bite you anywhere on your body, but they usually bite in hard-to-see parts of your body such as the groin, scalp, and armpits. The ticks that cause Lyme disease are tiny, as small as a speck of dirt. So you may not know you have been bitten.\nIf left untreated, Lyme disease can cause serious health problems affecting your joints, heart, and nervous system. But if diagnosed early, most cases of Lyme disease can be cured after a few weeks of treatment with antibiotics.\nOther names: Lyme antibodies detection, Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies test, Borrelia DNA Detection, IgM/IgG by Western Blot, Lyme disease test (CSF), Borrelia antibodies, IgM/IgG\n','What are they used for?\nLyme disease tests are used to find out if you have a Lyme disease infection.\n','Why do I need a Lyme disease test?\nYou may need a Lyme disease test if you have symptoms of infection. The first symptoms of Lyme disease usually show up between three and 30 days after the tick bite. They may include:\nA distinctive skin rash that looks like a bull\'s-eye (a red ring with a clear center)\nFever\nChills\nHeadache\nFatigue\nMuscle aches\nYou may also need a Lyme disease test if you don\'t have symptoms, but are at risk for infection. You may be at a higher risk if you:\nRecently removed a tick from your body\nWalked in a heavily wooded area, where ticks live, without covering exposed skin or wearing repellent \nHave done either of the above activities and live in or have recently visited the northeast or midwestern areas of the United States, where most Lyme disease cases occur\nLyme disease is most treatable in its early stages, but you may still benefit from testing later on. Symptoms that may show up weeks or months after the tick bite. They may include:\nSevere headache\nNeck stiffness\nSevere joint pain and swelling\nShooting pains, numbness, or tingling in the hands or feet\nMemory and sleep disorders\n','What happens during Lyme disease testing?\nLyme disease testing is usually done with your blood or cerebrospinal fluid.\nFor a Lyme disease blood test:\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\nIf you have symptoms of Lyme disease affecting your nervous system, such as neck stiffness and numbness in hands or feet, you may need a test of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is a clear liquid found in your brain and spinal cord. During this test, your CSF will be collected through a procedure called a lumbar puncture, also known as a spinal tap. During the procedure:\nYou will lie on your side or sit on an exam table.\nA health care provider will clean your back and inject an anesthetic into your skin, so you  won\'t feel pain during the procedure. Your provider may put a numbing cream on your back before this injection.\nOnce the area on your back is completely numb, your provider will insert a thin, hollow needle between two vertebrae in your lower spine. Vertebrae are the small backbones that make up your spine.\nYour provider will withdraw a small amount of cerebrospinal fluid for testing. This will take about five minutes.\nYou\'ll need to stay very still while the fluid is being withdrawn.\nYour provider may ask you to lie on your back for an hour or two after the procedure. This may prevent you from getting a headache afterward.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a Lyme disease blood test. \nFor a lumbar puncture, you may be asked to empty your bladder and bowels before the test.\n','Are there any risks to Lyme disease tests?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test or a lumbar puncture. If you had a blood test, you may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly. If you had a lumbar puncture, you may have pain or tenderness in your back where the needle was inserted. You may also get a headache after the procedure.\n','What do the results mean?\nThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends a two-test process of your sample:\nIf your first test result is negative for Lyme disease, you don\'t need any more testing.\nIf your first result is positive for Lyme disease, your blood will get a second test.\nIf both results are positive for Lyme disease and you also have symptoms of infection, you probably have Lyme disease.\nPositive results don\'t always mean a Lyme disease diagnosis. In some cases, you can have a positive result but not have an infection. Positive results may also mean you have an autoimmune disease, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis.\nIf your lumbar puncture results are positive, it may mean you have Lyme disease, but you might need more tests to confirm a diagnosis.\nIf your health care provider thinks you have Lyme disease, he or she will prescribe antibiotic treatment. Most people who are treated with antibiotics in the early stage of disease will make a complete recovery.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about Lyme disease tests?\nYou can reduce your chances of getting Lyme disease by taking the following steps:\nAvoid walking in wooded areas with high grass.\nWalk in the center of trails.\nWear long pants and tuck them into your boots or socks.\nApply an insect repellent containing DEET to your skin and clothing.\n'),(153,'magnesium blood test','What is a magnesium blood test?A magnesium blood test measures the amount of magnesium in your blood. Magnesium is a type of electrolyte. Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals that are responsible for many important functions and processes in your body.Your body needs magnesium to help your muscles, nerves, and heart work properly. Magnesium also helps control blood pressure and blood sugar.Most of your body\'s magnesium is in your bones and cells. But a small amount is found in your blood. Magnesium levels in the blood that are too low or too high can be a sign of a serious health problem.Other names: Mg, Mag, Magnesium-Serum\n','What is it used for?A magnesium blood test is used to check to see if you have too little or too much magnesium in the blood. Having too little magnesium, known as hypomagnesemia or magnesium deficiency, is more common than having too much magnesium, which is known as hypermagnesemia.A magnesium blood test is also sometimes included with tests of other electrolytes, such as sodium, calcium, potassium, and chloride.\n','Why do I need a magnesium blood test?Your health care provider may order a magnesium blood test if you have symptoms of low magnesium or high magnesium levels.Symptoms of low magnesium include:WeaknessMuscle cramps and/or twitchingConfusionIrregular heartbeatSeizures (in severe cases)Symptoms of high magnesium include:Muscle weaknessFatigueNausea and vomitingTrouble breathingCardiac arrest, the sudden stopping of the heart (in severe cases)You may also need this test if you are pregnant. A magnesium deficiency can be a sign of preeclampsia, a serious form of high blood pressure that affects pregnant women.In addition, your provider may order this test if you have a health problem that can cause a magnesium deficiency. These include malnutrition, alcoholism, and diabetes.\n','What happens during a magnesium blood test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?Certain medicines can affect magnesium levels. Tell your health care provider about any prescription and over-the-counter medicines you are taking. Your provider will let you know if you need to stop taking them for a few days before your test. You\'ll also need to stop taking magnesium supplements before your test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show you have a magnesium deficiency, it may be a sign of:AlcoholismMalnutritionPreeclampsia (if you are pregnant)Chronic diarrheaDigestive disorder, such as Crohn\'s disease or ulcerative colitisDiabetesIf your results show you have a higher than normal amount of magnesium, it may be a sign of:Addison disease, a disorder of the adrenal glandsKidney diseaseDehydration, the loss of too much bodily fluidsDiabetic ketoacidosis, a life-threatening complication of diabetesOveruse of antacids or laxatives that contain magnesiumIf your results show you have a magnesium deficiency, your health care provider will probably recommend you take magnesium supplements to raise levels of the mineral. If your results show you have too much magnesium, your provider may recommend IV therapies (medicine given directly to your veins) that can remove excess magnesium.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a magnesium blood test?Your health care provider may order a magnesium in urine test, in addition to a magnesium blood test.\n'),(154,'malaria tests','What are malaria tests?Malaria is a serious disease caused by a parasite. Parasites are tiny plants or animals that get nutrients by living off another creature. Parasites that cause malaria are passed to humans through the bite of infected mosquitos. At first, malaria symptoms may be similar to those of the flu. Later on, malaria can lead to life-threatening complications.Malaria is not contagious like a cold or flu, but it can be spread from person to person by mosquitos. If a mosquito bites an infected person, it will spread the parasite to anyone it bites afterward. If you are bitten by an infected mosquito, the parasites will travel into your bloodstream. The parasites will multiply inside your red blood cells and cause illness. Malaria tests look for signs of a malaria infection in the blood.Malaria is common in tropical and subtropical areas. Every year, millions of people are infected with malaria, and hundreds of thousands of people die from the disease. Most people who die from malaria are young children in Africa. While malaria is found in more than 87 countries, most infections and deaths happen in Africa. Malaria is rare in the United States. But U.S. citizens who travel to Africa and other tropical countries are at risk for getting infected.Other names: malaria blood smear, malaria rapid diagnostic test, malaria by PCR\n','What are they used for?Malaria tests are used to diagnose malaria. If malaria is diagnosed and treated early, it can usually be cured. Left untreated, malaria can lead to life-threatening complications, including kidney failure, liver failure, and internal bleeding.\n','Why do I need a malaria test?You may need this test if you live or have recently traveled to an area where malaria is common and you have symptoms of malaria. Most people will have symptoms within 14 days of being bitten by an infected mosquito. But symptoms can show up as soon as seven days afterward or can take as long as a year to appear. In the early stages of infection, malaria symptoms are similar to the flu, and may include:FeverChillsFatigueHeadacheBody achesNausea and vomitingIn the later stages of infection, symptoms are more serious and may include:High feverShivering and chillsConvulsionsBloody stoolsJaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)SeizuresMental confusion\n','What happens during a malaria test?\nYour health care provider will probably ask about your symptoms and for details on your recent travels. If an infection is suspected, your blood will be tested to check for signs of a malaria infection.\nDuring a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\nYour blood sample may be tested in one or both of the following ways.\nBlood smear test. In a blood smear, a drop of blood is put on a specially treated slide. A laboratory professional will examine the slide under a microscope and look for parasites.\nRapid diagnostic test. This test looks for proteins known as antigens, which are released by malaria parasites. It can provide faster results than a blood smear, but a blood smear is usually needed to confirm a diagnosis.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t any special preparations for a malaria test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your results were negative, but you still have malaria symptoms, you may need retesting. The number of malaria parasites can vary at times. So your provider may order blood smears every 12-24 hours over a period of two to three days. It\'s important to find out whether you have malaria so you can get treated quickly.If your results were positive, your health care provider will prescribe medicine to treat the disease. The type of medicine will depend on your age, how serious your malaria symptoms are, and whether you are pregnant. When treated early, most cases of malaria can be cured.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about malaria tests?If you will be traveling to an area where malaria is common, talk to your health care provider before you go. He or she may prescribe a medicine that can help prevent malaria.There are also steps you can take to prevent mosquito bites. This may reduce your risk of getting malaria and other infections transmitted by mosquitos. To prevent bites, you should:Apply an insect repellent containing DEET on your skin and clothing.Wear long-sleeved shirts and pants.Use screens on windows and doors.Sleep under a mosquito net.\n'),(155,'mcv (mean corpuscular volume)','What is an MCV blood test?MCV stands for mean corpuscular volume. There are three main types of corpuscles (blood cells) in your blood–red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. An MCV blood test measures the average size of your red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes. Red blood cells move oxygen from your lungs to every cell in your body. Your cells need oxygen to grow, reproduce, and stay healthy. If your red blood cells are too small or too large, it could be a sign of a blood disorder such as anemia, a vitamin deficiency, or other medical condition.Other names: CBC with differential\n','What is it used for?An MCV blood test is often part of a complete blood count (CBC), a routine screening test that measures many different components of your blood, including red cells. It may also be used to diagnose or monitor certain blood disorders.\n','Why do I need an MCV blood test?Your health care provider may have ordered a complete blood count, which includes an MCV test, as part of your regular checkup or if you have symptoms of a blood disorder. These symptoms include:FatigueUnusual bleeding or bruisingCold hands and feetPale skin\n','What happens during an MCV blood test?During the test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for an MCV blood test. If your health care provider has ordered more tests on your blood sample, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show that your red blood cells are smaller than normal, it may indicate:Iron-deficiency anemia or other types of anemiaAnemia is a condition in which your blood has a lower than normal amount of red blood cells. Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia.Thalassemia, an inherited disease that can cause severe anemiaIf your results show that your red blood cells are larger than normal, it may indicate:A vitamin B12 deficiencyA deficiency in folic acid, another type of B vitaminLiver diseaseHypothyroidismIf your MCV levels are not in the normal range, it doesn\'t necessarily mean that you have a medical problem needing treatment. Diet, activity level, medicines, a women\'s menstrual cycle, and other considerations can affect the results. Talk to your health care provider to learn what your results mean.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an MCV blood test?If your health care provider suspects you have anemia or another blood disorder, he or she may order additional tests of your red blood cells. These include a red blood cell count and measurements of hemoglobin.\n'),(156,'measles and mumps tests','What are measles and mumps tests?\nMeasles and mumps are infections caused by similar viruses. They are both very contagious, meaning they easily spread from person to person. Measles and mumps mostly affect children.\nMeasles can make you feel like you have a bad cold or the flu. It will also cause a flat, red rash. This rash usually starts on your face and spreads all over your body.\nMumps can also make you feel like you have the flu. It causes painful swelling of the salivary glands. These glands are located in your cheek and jaw area.\nMost people with measles or mumps infections will get better in about two weeks or less. But sometimes these infections can cause serious complications, including meningitis (swelling of the brain and spinal cord) and encephalitis (a type of infection in the brain). Measles and mumps testing can help your health care provider find out if you or your child has been infected with one of the viruses. It may also help prevent the spread of these diseases in your community.\nOther names: measles immunity test, mumps immunity test, measles blood test, mumps blood test, measles viral culture, measles viral culture\n','What are the tests used for?\nMeasles testing and mumps testing can be used to:\nFind out whether you have an active infection of measles or mumps. An active infection means you have symptoms of the illness.\nFind out whether you are immune to measles or mumps because you\'ve been vaccinated or have had either virus before.\nHelp public health officials track and monitor outbreaks of measles or mumps.\n','Why do I need a measles or mumps test?\nYour health care provider may order tests if you or your child has symptoms of measles or mumps.\nSymptoms of measles include:\nRash that starts on the face and spreads to the chest and legs\nHigh fever\nCough\nRunny nose\nSore throat\nItchy, red eyes\nTiny white spots in the mouth\nSymptoms of mumps include:\nSwollen, painful jaw\nPuffy cheeks\nHeadache\nEarache\nFever\nMuscle aches\nLoss of appetite\nPainful swallowing\n','What happens during measles and mumps tests?\nA blood test. During a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\nSwab test. Your health care provider will use a special swab to take a sample from your nose or throat.\nNasal aspirate. Your health care provider will inject a saline solution into your nose, then remove the sample with gentle suction.\nSpinal tap, if meningitis or encephalitis is suspected. For a spinal tap, your health care provider will insert a thin, hollow needle into your spine and withdraw a small amount of fluid for testing.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for these tests?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for measles testing or mumps testing.\n','Are there any risks to these tests?\nThere is very little risk to measles or mumps testing.\nFor a blood test, you may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\nFor a swab test, you may feel a gagging sensation or even a tickle when your throat or nose is swabbed.\nThe nasal aspirate may feel uncomfortable. These effects are temporary.\nFor a spinal tap, you may feel a little pinch or pressure when the needle is inserted. Some people may get a headache after the procedure.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your test results are negative, it likely means you do not have and have never been exposed to measles or mumps. If your test results are positive, it can mean one of the following:\nA measles diagnosis\nA mumps diagnosis\nYou have been vaccinated for the measles and/or mumps\nYou have had a previous infection of measles and/or mumps\nIf you (or your child) tests positive for measles and/or mumps and have symptoms of illness, you should stay at home for several days to recover. This will also help make sure you don\'t spread the disease. Your health care provider will let you know how long you will be contagious and when it will be okay to return to your regular activities.\nIf you\'ve been vaccinated or have had a previous infection, your results will show that you have been exposed to the measles virus and/or mumps virus at one time in your life. But you will not be sick or have any symptoms. It also means you should be protected from getting sick in the future. Vaccination is the best protection against measles and mumps and their complications.\nThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that children get two doses of the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine; one in infancy, the other before starting school. Talk to your child\'s pediatrician for more information. If you are an adult, and don\'t know if you have been vaccinated or were ever sick with the viruses, talk to your health care provider.  Measles and mumps tend to make adults sicker than children.\nIf you have questions about your test results or your vaccination status, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about measles and mumps tests?\nInstead of separate measles and mumps tests, your health care provider may order a combination blood test called an MMR antibody screening. MMR stands for measles, mumps, and rubella. Rubella, also known as German measles, is another type of viral infection.\n'),(157,'measuring blood pressure','What is a blood pressure measurement?\nEach time your heart beats, it pumps blood into your arteries. A blood pressure measurement is a test that measures the force (pressure) in your arteries as your heart pumps. Blood pressure is measured as two numbers:\nSystolic blood pressure (the first and higher number) measures pressure inside your arteries when the heart beats.\nDiastolic blood pressure (the second and lower number) measures the pressure inside the artery when the heart rests between beats.\nHigh blood pressure, also known as hypertension, affects tens of millions of adults in the United States. It increases the risk of life-threatening conditions including heart attack and stroke. But high blood pressure rarely causes symptoms. A blood pressure measurement helps diagnose high blood pressure early, so it may be treated before it leads to serious complications.\nOther names: blood pressure reading, blood pressure test, blood pressure screening, sphygmomanometry\n','What is it used for?\nA blood pressure measurement is most often used to diagnose high blood pressure.\nBlood pressure that\'s too low, known as hypotension, is much less common. But you may get tested for low blood pressure if you have certain symptoms. Unlike high blood pressure, low blood pressure usually causes symptoms. These include:\nDizziness or lightheadedness\nNausea\nCold, sweaty skin\nPale skin\nFainting\nWeakness\n','Why do I need a blood pressure test?\nA blood pressure measurement is often included as part of a regular checkup. Adults 18 years and older should have their blood pressure measured at least once every two to five years. You should get tested every year if you have certain risk factors. You may be at higher risk if you:\nAre 40 years old or older\nAre overweight or have obesity\nHave a family history of heart disease or diabetes\nTake birth control pills\nAre Black/African American. Black/African Americans have a higher rate of high blood pressure than other racial and ethnic groups\nYou may need this test if you have symptoms of low blood pressure.\n','What happens during a blood pressure test?\nA blood pressure test includes the following steps:\nYou will sit in a chair with your feet flat on the floor.\nYou will rest your arm on a table or other surface, so your arm is level with your heart. You may be asked to roll up your sleeve.\nYour provider will wrap a blood pressure cuff around your arm. A blood pressure cuff is a strap-like device. It should fit snugly around your upper arm, with the bottom edge placed just above your elbow.\nYour provider will inflate the blood pressure cuff using a small hand pump or by pressing a button on an automated device.\nYour provider will measure the pressure manually (by hand) or with an automated device.\n    \nIf manually, he or she will place a stethoscope over the major artery in your upper arm to listen to the blood flow and pulse as the cuff inflates and deflates.\nIf using an automated device, the blood pressure cuff automatically inflates, deflates, and measures pressure.\nAs the blood pressure cuff inflates, you\'ll feel it tighten around your arm.\nYour provider will then open a valve on the cuff to slowly release air from it. As the cuff deflates, blood pressure will fall.\nAs the pressure falls, a measurement is taken when the sound of blood pulsing is first heard. This is the systolic pressure.\nAs the air continues to be let out, the blood pulsing sound will start to go away. When it completely stops, another measurement is taken. This is the diastolic pressure.\nThis test only takes about one minute to complete.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a blood pressure measurement.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nYou may have a little discomfort when the blood pressure cuff inflates and squeezes your arm. But this feeling only lasts for a few seconds.\n','What do the results mean?\nYour results, also known as a blood pressure reading, will contain two numbers. The top or first number is the systolic pressure. The bottom or second number is the diastolic pressure. High blood pressure readings are also labeled by categories, ranging from normal to crisis. Your reading may show your blood pressure is:\nBlood Pressure Category\nSystolic Blood Pressure\nDiastolic Blood Pressure\nNormal\nLess than 120\nand\nLess than 80\nHigh Blood Pressure (no other heart risk factors)\n140 or higher\nor\n90 or higher\nHigh Blood Pressure (with other heart risk factors, according to some providers)\n130 or higher\nor\n80 or higher\nDangerously high blood pressure - seek medical care right away\n180 or higher\nand\n120 or higher\nIf you\'ve been diagnosed with high blood pressure, your provider may recommend lifestyle changes and/or medicines to control your blood pressure. Your provider may also recommend that you regularly check your blood pressure at home with an automated blood pressure monitor. An at-home blood pressure monitor usually includes a blood pressure cuff and a digital device to record and display blood pressure readings.\nHome monitoring is not a replacement for regular visits to your provider. But it can provide important information, such as whether treatment is working or your condition may have worsened. Also, home monitoring may make the test less stressful. Many people get nervous about getting their blood pressure taken at a provider\'s office. This is called \"white coat syndrome.\" It can cause a temporary rise in blood pressure, making the results less accurate. \nFor more information about home monitoring of blood pressure, talk to your provider.\nIf you were tested for low blood pressure, a blood pressure reading of 90 systolic, 60 diastolic (90/60) or lower is considered abnormal. Treatments for low blood pressure may include medicines and making certain changes to your diet.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a blood pressure measurement?\nIf you were diagnosed with high blood pressure, your provider may recommend one or more of the following lifestyle changes.\nExercise regularly. Staying active can help lower your blood pressure and also help manage your weight. Most adults should aim for 150 minutes of physical activity per week. Check with your provider before beginning an exercise program.\nKeep a healthy weight. If you are overweight, losing as little as 5 pounds can lower your blood pressure.\nEat a healthy diet that includes fruits, vegetable, and whole grains. Limit foods high in saturated fat and total fat.\nReduce salt in your diet. Most adults should have less than 1500 mg of salt per day.\nLimit alcohol use. If you choose to drink, limit yourself to one drink a day if you are a woman; two drinks a day if you\'re a man.\nDon\'t smoke.\n'),(158,'mental health screening','What is a mental health screening?\nA mental health screening is an exam of your emotional health. It helps find out if you have a mental disorder. Mental disorders are common. They affect more than half of all Americans at some point in their lives. There are many types of mental disorders. Some of the most common disorders include:\nDepression and mood disorders. These mental disorders are different than normal sadness or grief. They can cause extreme sadness, anger, and/or frustration.\nAnxiety disorders. Anxiety can cause excessive worry or fear at real or imagined situations.\nEating disorders. These disorders cause obsessive thoughts and behaviors related to food and body image. Eating disorders may cause people to severely limit the amount of food they eat, excessively overeat (binge), or do a combination of both.\nAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is one of the most common mental disorders in children. It can also continue into adulthood. People with ADHD have trouble paying attention and controlling impulsive behavior.\nPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This disorder can happen after you live through a traumatic life event, such as a war or serious accident. People with PTSD feel stressed and afraid, even long after the danger is over.\nSubstance abuse and addictive disorders. These disorders involve excessive use of alcohol or drugs. People with substance abuse disorders are at risk for overdose and death.\nBipolar disorder, formerly called manic depression. People with bipolar disorder have alternating episodes of mania (extreme highs) and depression.\nSchizophrenia and psychotic disorders. These are among the most serious psychiatric disorders. They can cause people to see, hear, and/or believe things that aren\'t real.\nThe effects of mental disorders range from mild to severe to life-threatening. Fortunately, many people with mental disorders can be successfully treated with medicine and/or talk therapy.\nOther names: mental health assessment, mental illness test, psychological evaluation, psychology test, psychiatric evaluation\n','What is it used for?A mental health screening is used to help diagnose mental disorders. Your primary care provider may use a mental health screening to see if you need to go to a mental health provider. A mental health provider is a health care professional that specializes in diagnosing and treating mental health problems. If you are already seeing a mental health provider, you may get a mental health screening to help guide your treatment.\n','Why do I need a mental health screening?You may need a mental health screening if you have symptoms of a mental disorder. Symptoms vary depending on the type of disorder, but common signs may include:Excessive worrying or fearExtreme sadnessMajor changes in personality, eating habits, and/or sleeping patternsDramatic mood swingsAnger, frustration, or irritabilityFatigue and lack of energyConfused thinking and trouble concentratingFeelings of guilt or worthlessnessAvoidance of social activitiesOne of the most serious signs of a mental disorder is thinking about or attempting suicide. If you are thinking about hurting yourself or about suicide, seek help right away. There are many ways to get help. You can:Call 911 or your local emergency roomCall your mental health provider or other health care providerReach out to a loved one or close friendCall a suicide hotline. In the United States, you can call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (1-800-273-8255)If you are a veteran, call the Veterans Crisis Line at 1-800-273-8255 or send a text to 838255\n','What happens during a mental health screening?Your primary care provider may give you a physical exam and ask you about your feelings, mood, behavior patterns, and other symptoms. Your provider may also order a blood test to find out if a physical disorder, such as thyroid disease, may be causing mental health symptoms.During a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.If you are being tested by a mental health provider, he or she may ask you more detailed questions about your feelings and behaviors. You may also be asked to fill out a questionnaire about these issues.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for a mental health screening?You don\'t need any special preparations for a mental health screening.\n','Are there any risks to screening?There is no risk to having a physical exam or taking a questionnaire.There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If you are diagnosed with a mental disorder, it\'s important to get treatment as soon as possible. Treatment may help prevent long-term suffering and disability. Your specific treatment plan will depend on the type of disorder you have and how serious it is.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a mental health screening?There are many types of providers who treat mental disorders. The most common types of mental health providers include:Psychiatrist, a medical doctor who specializes in mental health. Psychiatrists diagnose and treat mental health disorders. They can also prescribe medicine.Psychologist, a professional trained in psychology. Psychologists generally have doctoral degrees. But they do not have medical degrees. Psychologists diagnose and treat mental health disorders. They offer one-on-one counseling and/or group therapy sessions. They can\'t prescribe medicine, unless they have a special license. Some psychologists work with providers who are able to prescribe medicine.Licensed clinical social worker (L.C.S.W.) has a master\'s degree in social work with training in mental health. Some have additional degrees and training. L.C.S.W.s diagnose and provide counseling for a variety of mental health problems. They can\'t prescribe medicine, but can work with providers who are able to.Licensed professional counselor. (L.P.C.). Most L.P.C.s have a master\'s degree. But training requirements vary by state. L.P.C.s diagnose and provide counseling for a variety of mental health problems. They can\'t prescribe medicine, but can work with providers who are able to.C.S.W.s and L.P.C.s may be known by other names, including therapist, clinician, or counselor.If you don\'t know which type of mental health provider you should see, talk to your primary care provider.\n'),(159,'methylmalonic acid (mma) test','What is a methylmalonic acid (MMA) test?\nThis test measures the amount of methylmalonic acid (MMA) in your blood or urine. MMA is a substance made in small amounts during metabolism. Metabolism is the process of how your body changes food into energy. Vitamin B12 plays an important role in metabolism. If your body doesn\'t have enough vitamin B12, it will make extra amounts of MMA. High MMA levels can be a sign of a vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to serious health problems including anemia, a condition in which your blood has a lower than normal amount of red blood cells.\nOther names: MMA\n','What is it used for?\nAn MMA test is most often used to diagnose a vitamin B12 deficiency.\nThis test is also used to diagnose methylmalonic acidemia, a rare genetic disorder. It is usually included as part of a series of tests called a newborn screening. A newborn screening helps diagnose a variety of serious health conditions.\n','Why do I need an MMA test?\nYou may need this test if you have symptoms of a vitamin B12 deficiency. These include:\nFatigue\nLoss of appetite\nTingling in hands and/or feet\nMood changes\nConfusion\nIrritability\nPale skin\nIf you have a new baby, he or she will probably be tested as part of a newborn screening.\n','What happens during an MMA test?\nMMA levels may be checked in blood or urine. \nDuring a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\nDuring a newborn screening, a health care provider will clean your baby\'s heel with alcohol and poke the heel with a small needle. The provider will collect a few drops of blood and put a bandage on the site.\nMMA urine testing may be ordered as a 24-hour urine sample test or a random urine test.\nFor a 24-hour urine sample test, you\'ll need to collect all urine passed in a 24-hour period. Your health care provider or a laboratory professional will give a container to collect your urine and instructions on how to collect and store your samples. A 24-hour urine sample test generally includes the following steps:\nEmpty your bladder in the morning and flush that urine away. Record the time.\nFor the next 24 hours, save all your urine passed in the container provided.\nStore your urine container in the refrigerator or a cooler with ice.\nReturn the sample container to your health care provider\'s office or the laboratory as instructed.\nFor a random urine test, your sample of urine may be collected any time of the day.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before your test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to you or your baby during an MMA blood test. You may experience slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\nYour baby may feel a little pinch when the heel is poked, and a small bruise may form at the site. This should go away quickly.\nThere is no known risk to having a urine test.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results show higher than normal levels of MMA, it may mean you have a vitamin B12 deficiency. The test can\'t show how much of a deficiency you have or whether your condition is likely to get better or worse. To help make a diagnosis, your results may be compared with other tests including a homocysteine blood test and/or vitamin B tests.\nLower than normal levels of MMA are not common and not considered a health problem.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nIf your baby has moderate or high levels of MMA, it may mean he or she has methylmalonic acidemia. Symptoms of the disorder can range from mild to severe and may include vomiting, dehydration, developmental delays, and intellectual disability. Left untreated, it can cause life-threatening complications. If your baby is diagnosed with this disorder, talk to your child\'s health care provider about treatment options.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n',NULL),(160,'microalbumin creatinine ratio','What is a microalbumin creatinine ratio?\nMicroalbumin is a small amount of a protein called albumin. It is normally found in the blood.  Creatinine is a normal waste product found in urine. A microalbumin creatinine ratio compares the amount of albumin to the amount of creatinine in your urine.\nIf there is any albumin in your urine, the amount can vary greatly throughout the day. But creatinine is released as a steady rate.  Because of this, your health care provider can more accurately measure the amount of albumin by comparing it to the amount of creatinine in your urine. If albumin is found in your urine, it may mean you have a problem with your kidneys.\nOther names: albumin-creatinine ratio; urine albumin; microalbumin, urine; ACR; UACR\n','What is it used for?\nA microalbumin creatinine ratio is most often used to screen people who are at higher risk for kidney disease. These include people with diabetes or high blood pressure. Identifying kidney disease at an early stage can help prevent serious complications.\n','Why do I need a microalbumin creatinine ratio?\nYou may need this test if you have diabetes. The American Diabetes Association recommends:\nPeople with type 2 diabetes get tested every year\nPeople with type 1 diabetes get tested every five years\nIf you have high blood pressure, you may get a microalbumin creatinine ratio at regular intervals, as recommended by your health care provider.\n','What happens during a microalbumin creatinine ratio?\nFor a microalbumin creatinine ratio you will be asked to provide either a 24-hour urine sample or a random urine sample.\nFor a 24-hour urine sample, you will need to collect all urine passed in a 24-hour period. Your health care provider or a laboratory professional will give you a container to collect your urine and instructions on how to collect and store your samples. A 24-hour urine sample test usually includes the following steps:\nEmpty your bladder in the morning and flush that urine down. Do not collect this urine. Record the time.\nFor the next 24 hours, save all your urine passed in the container provided.\nStore your urine container in the refrigerator or a cooler with ice.\nReturn the sample container to your health provider\'s office or the laboratory as instructed.\nFor a random urine sample, you will receive a container in which to collect the urine and special instructions to ensure the sample is sterile. These instructions are often referred to as the \"clean catch method.\" The clean catch method includes the following steps:\nWash your hands.\nClean your genital area with a cleansing pad. Men should wipe the tip of their penis. Women should open their labia and clean from front to back.\nStart to urinate into the toilet.\nMove the collection container under your urine stream.\nCollect at least an ounce or two of urine into the container, which should have markings to indicate the amount.\nFinish urinating into the toilet.\nReturn the sample container as instructed by your health care provider.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a microalbumin creatinine ratio. \n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is no known risk to a 24-hour urine sample or a random urine sample.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your microalbumin creatinine ratio shows albumin in your urine, you may get tested again to confirm the results. If your results continue to show albumin in urine, it may mean you have early-stage kidney disease. If your test results show high levels of albumin, it may mean you have kidney failure. If you are diagnosed with kidney disease, your health care provider will take steps to treat the disease and/or prevent further complications.\nIf small amounts of albumin are found in your urine, it doesn\'t necessarily mean you have kidney disease. Urinary tract infections and other factors can cause albumin to show up in urine. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a microalbumin creatinine ratio?\nBe sure not to confuse \"prealbumin\" with albumin. Although they sound similar, prealbumin is a different type of protein. A prealbumin test is used to diagnose different conditions than a microalbumin creatinine ratio.\n'),(161,'mononucleosis (mono) tests','What are mononucleosis (mono) tests?\nMononucleosis (mono) is an infectious disease caused by a virus. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the most common cause of mono, but other viruses can also cause the disease.\nEBV is a type of herpes virus and is very common. Most Americans have been infected with EBV by the age of 40 but may never get symptoms of mono.\nYoung children infected with EBV usually have mild symptoms or no symptoms at all.\nTeens and young adults, though, are more likely to get mono and experience noticeable symptoms. In fact, at least one out of four teens and adults who get EBV will develop mono.\nMono can cause symptoms similar to those of the flu. Mono is rarely serious, but symptoms can linger for weeks or months. Mono is sometimes called the kissing disease because it is spread through saliva. You can also get mono if you share a drinking glass, food, or utensils with an a person who has mono.\nTypes of mono tests include:\nMonospot test. This test looks for specific antibodies in the blood. These antibodies show up during or after during certain infections, including mono.\nEBV antibody test. This test looks for EBV antibodies, the main cause of mono. There are different types of EBV antibodies. If certain types of antibodies are found, it may mean you were infected recently. Other types of EBV antibodies may mean you were infected in the past.\nOther names: monospot test, mononuclear heterophile test, heterophile antibody test, EBV antibody test, Epstein-Barr virus antibodies\n','What are they used for?\nMono tests are used to help diagnose a mono infection. Your provider may use a monospot to get fast results. Results are usually ready within an hour. But this test has a high rate of false negatives. So monospot tests are often ordered with an EVB antibody test and other tests that look for infections. These include:\nComplete blood count and/or blood smear, which checks for high levels of white blood cells, a sign of infection.\nThroat culture, to check for strep throat, which has similar symptoms to mono. Strep throat is a bacterial infection treated with antibiotics. Antibiotics don\'t work on viral infections like mono.\n','Why do I need a mono test? \nYour health care provider may order one or more mono tests if you or your child has symptoms of mono. Symptoms include:\nFever\nSore throat\nSwollen glands, especially in the neck and/or armpits\nFatigue\nHeadache\nRash\n','What happens during a mono test?\nYou will need to provide a sample of blood from your fingertip or from a vein.\nFor a fingertip blood test, a health care professional will prick your middle or ring finger with a small needle. After wiping away the first drop of blood, he or she will place a little tube on your finger and collect a small amount of blood. You may feel a pinch when the needle pricks your finger.\nFor a blood test from a vein, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out.\nBoth types of tests are quick, usually taking less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t any special preparations for a fingertip blood test or blood test from a vein.\n','Are there any risks to mono tests\nThere is very little risk to having a fingertip blood test or blood test from a vein. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf monospot test results were positive, it may mean you or your child has mono. If it was negative, but you or your child still has symptoms, your health care provider will probably order an EBV antibody test.\nIf your EBV test was negative, it means you don\'t currently have an EBV infection and were never infected with the virus. A negative result means your symptoms are probably caused by another disorder.\nIf your EBV test was positive, it means EBV antibodies were found in your blood. The test will also show which types of antibodies were found. This allows your provider to find out whether you were infected recently or in the past.\nWhile there is no cure for mono, you can take steps to relieve symptoms. These include:\nGet plenty of rest\nDrink lots of fluids\nSuck on lozenges or hard candy to soothe a sore throat\nTake over-the-counter relievers. But don\'t give aspirin to children or teens because it may cause Reye syndrome, a serious, sometimes fatal, disease that affects the brain and liver.\nMono usually goes away on its own within a few weeks. Fatigue may last a bit longer. Health care providers recommend children avoid sports for at least a month after symptoms have gone. This helps avoid injury to the spleen, which may be at a higher risk for damage during and just after an active mono infection. If you have questions about your results or treatment for mono, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about mono tests?\nSome people think that EBV causes a disorder called chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). But as of now, researchers have not found any evidence to show this is true. So monospot and EBV tests are not used to diagnose or monitor CFS.\n'),(162,'mpv blood test','What is an MPV blood test?MPV stands for mean platelet volume. Platelets are small blood cells that are essential for blood clotting, the process that helps you stop bleeding after an injury. An MPV blood test measures the average size of your platelets. The test can help diagnose bleeding disorders and diseases of the bone marrow.Other names: Mean Platelet Volume\n','What is it used for?An MPV blood test is used to help diagnose or monitor a variety of blood-related conditions. A test called a platelet count is often included with an MVP test. A platelet count measures the total number of platelets you have.\n','Why do I need an MPV blood test?Your health care provider may have ordered an MPV blood test as part of a complete blood count (CBC), which measures many different components of your blood, including platelets. A CBC test is often part of a routine exam. You may also need an MPV test if you have symptoms of a blood disorder. These include:Prolonged bleeding after a minor cut or injuryNosebleedsSmall red spots on the skinPurplish spots on the skinUnexplained bruising\n','What happens during an MPV blood test?During the test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for an MPV blood test. If your health care provider has ordered more tests on your blood sample, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?MPV results, along with platelet counts and other tests, can provide a more complete picture of the health of your blood. Depending on your platelet count and other blood measurements, an increased MPV result can indicate:Thrombocytopenia, a condition in which your blood has a lower than normal number of plateletsMyeloproliferative disease, a type of blood cancerPreeclampsia, a complication in pregnancy that causes high blood pressure. It usually starts after the 20th week of pregnancy.Heart diseaseDiabetesA low MPV can indicate exposure to certain drugs that are harmful to cells. It may also indicate marrow hypoplasia, a disorder that causes a decrease in blood cell production. To learn what your results mean, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an MPV blood test?There are many factors that can affect the results of your MPV blood test. Living in high altitudes, strenuous physical activity, and certain drugs, such as birth control pills, may cause an increase in platelet levels. Decreased platelet levels may be caused by a women\'s menstrual cycle or pregnancy. In rare cases, platelets can be affected by a genetic defect.\n'),(163,'mrsa tests','What are MRSA tests?\nMRSA stands for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. It is a type of staph bacteria. Many people have staph bacteria living on their skin or in their noses. These bacteria usually don\'t cause any harm. But when staph enters the body through a cut, scrape, or other open wound, it can cause a skin infection. Most staph skin infections are minor and heal on their own or after treatment with antibiotics.\nMRSA bacteria are different than other staph bacteria. In a normal staph infection, antibiotics will kill the disease-causing bacteria and prevent them from growing. In a MRSA infection, the antibiotics usually used to treat staph infections don\'t work. The bacteria are not killed and continue to grow. When common antibiotics don\'t work on bacterial infections, it\'s known as antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance makes it very difficult to treat certain bacterial infections. Every year, nearly 3 million people in the United States are infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and more than 35,000 people die from the infections.\nIn the past, MRSA infections mostly happened to hospital patients. Now, MRSA is becoming more common in healthy people. The infection can be spread from person to person or through contact with objects that are contaminated with the bacteria. It is not spread through the air like a cold or flu virus. But you can get a MRSA infection if you share personal items such as a towel or a razor. You may also get the infection if you have close, personal contact with someone who has an infected wound. This can happen when large groups of people are close together, such as in a college dorm, locker room, or military barracks.\nA MRSA test looks for the MRSA bacteria in a sample from a wound, nostril, or other body fluid. MRSA can be treated with special, powerful antibiotics. If left untreated, a MRSA infection can lead to serious illness or death.\nOther names: MRSA screening, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus screening\n','What are they used for?\nThis test is most often used to find out if you have a MRSA infection. The test may also be used to see if treatment for a MRSA infection is working.\n','Why do I need a MRSA test?\nYou may need this test if you have symptoms of a MRSA infection. Symptoms depend on where the infection is located. Most MRSA infections are in the skin, but the bacteria can spread to the bloodstream, lungs, and other organs.\nA MRSA infection on the skin may look like a type of rash. A MRSA rash looks like red, swollen bumps on the skin. Some people may mistake a MRSA rash for a spider bite. The infected area may also be:\nWarm to the touch\nPainful\nSymptoms of a MRSA infection in the bloodstream or other parts of the body include:\nFever\nChills\nHeadache\nMRSA rash\n','What happens during a MRSA test?\nA health care provider will take a fluid sample from your wound, nose, blood, or urine. Steps may include the following:\nWound sample:\nA provider will use a special swab to collect a sample from the site of your wound.\nNasal swab:\nA provider will put a special swab inside each nostril and twirl it around to collect the sample.\nBlood test:\nA provider will take a sample of blood from a vein in your arm.\nUrine test:\nYou will provide a sterile sample of urine in a cup, as instructed by your health care provider.\nAfter your test, your sample will be sent to a lab for testing. Most tests take 24-48 hours to get results. That\'s because it takes time to grow enough bacteria to be detected. But a new test, called the cobas vivoDx MRSA test, can deliver results much faster. The test, which is done on nasal swabs, can find MRSA bacteria in as little as five hours.\nTalk to your health care provider to see if this new test would be a good choice for you.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a MRSA test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a wound sample, swab, or urine test.\nYou may feel a little pain when a sample is taken from a wound. A nasal swab may be slightly uncomfortable. These effects are usually mild and temporary.\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results are positive, it means you have a MRSA infection. Treatment will depend on how serious the infection is. For mild skin infections, your provider may clean, drain, and cover the wound. You may also get an antibiotic to put on the wound or take by mouth. Certain antibiotics still work for some MRSA infections.\nFor more serious cases, you may need to go to the hospital and get treated with powerful antibiotics through an IV (intravenous line).\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about MRSA tests?\nThe following steps can reduce your risk of getting a MRSA infection:\nWash your hands often and thoroughly, using soap and water.\nKeep cuts and scrapes clean and covered until they are fully healed.\nDon\'t share personal items such as towels and razors.\nYou can also take steps to reduce antibiotic-resistant infections. Antibiotic resistance happens when people don\'t use antibiotics in the right way. To prevent antibiotic resistance:\nTake antibiotics as prescribed, making sure to finish the medicine even after you feel better.\nDon\'t use antibiotics if you don\'t have a bacterial infection. Antibiotics don\'t work on viral infections.\nDon\'t use antibiotics prescribed for someone else.\nDon\'t use old or leftover antibiotics.\n'),(164,'mthfr mutation test','What is an MTHFR mutation test?This test looks for mutations (changes) in a gene called MTHFR. Genes are the basic units of heredity passed down from your mother and father.Everyone has two MTHFR genes, one inherited from your mother and one from your father. Mutations can occur in one or both MTHFR genes. There are different types of MTHFR mutations. An MTHFR test looks for two of these mutations, also known as variants. The MTHFR variants are called C677T and A1298C.The MTHFR gene helps your body break down a substance called homocysteine. Homocysteine is a type of amino acid, a chemical your body uses to make proteins. Normally, folic acid and other B vitamins break down homocysteine and change it into other substances your body needs. There should then be very little homocysteine left in the bloodstream.If you have an MTHFR mutation, your MTHFR gene may not work right. This may cause too much homocysteine to build up in the blood, leading to various health problems, including:Homocystinuria, a disorder that affects the eyes, joints, and cognitive abilities. It usually starts in early childhood.An increased risk of heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, and blood clotsIn addition, women with MTHFR mutations have a higher risk of having a baby with one of the following birth defects:Spina bifida, known as a neural tube defect. This is a condition in which the bones of the spine do not completely close around the spinal cord.Anencephaly, another type of neural tube defect. In this disorder, parts of the brain and/or skull may be missing or deformed.You can reduce your homocysteine levels by taking folic acid or other B vitamins These can be taken as supplements or added through dietary changes. If you need to take folic acid or other B vitamins, your health care provider will recommend which option is best for you.Other names: plasma total homocysteine, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase DNA mutation analysis\n','What is it used for?This test is used to find out if you have one of two MTHFR mutations: C677T and A1298C. It is often used after other tests show you have higher than normal homocysteine levels in the blood. Conditions such as high cholesterol, thyroid disease, and dietary deficiencies can also raise homocysteine levels. An MTHFR test will confirm whether the raised levels are caused by a genetic mutation.Even though an MTHFR mutation brings a higher risk of birth defects, the test is not usually recommended for pregnant women. Taking folic acid supplements during pregnancy can greatly reduce the risk of neural tube birth defects. So most pregnant women are encouraged to take folic acid, whether or not they have an MTHFR mutation.\n','Why do I need an MTHFR mutation test?You may need this test if:You had a blood test that showed higher than normal levels of homocysteineA close relative was diagnosed with an MTHFR mutationYou and/or close family members have a history of premature heart disease or blood vessel disordersYour new baby may also get an MTHFR test as part of routine newborn screening. A newborn screening is a simple blood test that checks for a variety of serious diseases.\n','What happens during an MTHFR mutation test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.For a newborn screening, a health care professional will clean your baby\'s heel with alcohol and poke the heel with a small needle. He or she will collect a few drops of blood and put a bandage on the site.Testing is most often done when a baby is 1 to 2 days old, usually in the hospital where he or she was born. If your baby wasn\'t born in the hospital or if you have left the hospital before the baby could be tested, talk to your health care provider about scheduling testing as soon as possible.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for an MTHFR mutation test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to you or your baby with MTHFR testing. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.Your baby may feel a little pinch when the heel is poked, and a small bruise may form at the site. This should go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?Your results will show whether you are positive or negative for an MTHFR mutation. If positive, the result will show which of the two mutations you have, and whether you have one or two copies of the mutated gene. If your results were negative, but you have high homocysteine levels, your health care provider may order more tests to find out the cause.Regardless of the reason for high homocysteine levels, your health care provider may recommend taking folic acid and/or other vitamin B supplements, and/or changing your diet. B vitamins can help bring your homocysteine levels back to normal.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an MTHFR mutation test?Some health care providers choose to only test for homocysteine levels, rather than doing a MTHFR gene test. That is because treatment is often the same, whether or not high homocysteine levels are caused by a mutation.\n'),(165,'mucus in urine','How do you test for mucus in urine?Mucus is a thick, slimy substance that coats and moistens certain parts of the body, including the nose, mouth, throat, and urinary tract. A small amount of mucus in your urine is normal. An excess amount may indicate a urinary tract infection (UTI) or other medical condition. A test called urinalysis can detect whether there is too much mucus in your urine.Other names: microscopic urine analysis, microscopic examination of urine, urine test, urine analysis, UA\n',NULL,'Why do I need a mucus in urine test?A urinalysis is often part of a routine checkup. Your health care provider may include a mucus in urine test in your urinalysis if you have symptoms of a UTI. These include:Frequent urge to urinate, but little urine is passedPainful urinationDark, cloudy, or reddish-colored urineBad smelling urineWeaknessFatigue\n','What happens during a mucus in urine test?Your health care provider will need to collect a sample of your urine. You will receive a container to collect the urine and special instructions to make sure that the sample is sterile. These instructions are often called the \"clean catch method.\" The clean catch method includes the following steps:Wash your hands.Clean your genital area with a cleansing pad given to you by your provider. Men should wipe the tip of their penis. Women should open their labia and clean from front to back.Start to urinate into the toilet.Move the collection container under your urine stream.Collect at least an ounce or two of urine into the container. The container will have markings to indicate the amounts.Finish urinating into the toilet.Return the sample container as instructed by your health care provider.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for this test. If your health care provider has ordered other urine or blood tests, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is no known risk to having a urinalysis or a test for mucus in urine.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show a small or moderate amount of mucus in your urine, it is mostly likely due to normal discharge. A large amount of mucus may indicate one of the following conditions:A UTIA sexually transmitted disease (STD)Kidney stonesIrritable bowel syndromeBladder cancerTo learn what your results mean, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a mucus in urine test?If a urinalysis is part of your regular checkup, your urine will be tested for a variety of substances along with mucus. These include red and white blood cells, proteins, acid and sugar levels, and the concentration of particles in your urine.If you get frequent UTIs, your health care provider may recommend more testing, as well as steps that may help prevent reinfection.\n'),(166,'myelography','What is myelography?\nMyelography, also called a myelogram, is an imaging test that checks for problems in your spinal canal. The spinal canal contains your spinal cord, nerve roots, and the subarachnoid space. The subarachnoid space is a fluid-filled space between the spinal cord and the membrane that covers it. During the test, contrast dye is injected into the spinal canal. Contrast dye is a substance that makes specific organs, blood vessels, and tissue show up more clearly on an x-ray.\nMyelography involves using one of these two imaging procedures:\nFluoroscopy, a type of x-ray that shows internal tissues, structures, and organs moving in real time.\nCT scan (computerized tomography), a procedure that combines a series of x-ray images taken from different angles around the body.\nOther names: myelogram \n','What is it used for?\nMyelography is used to look for conditions and diseases that affect the nerves, blood vessels, and structures in the spinal canal. These include:\nHerniated disk. Spinal disks are rubbery cushions (disks) that sit between the bones of your spine. A herniated disk is a condition in which the disk bulges out and presses on spinal nerves or the spinal cord.\nTumors\nSpinal stenosis, a condition that causes swelling and damage to the bones and tissues around the spinal cord. This leads to narrowing of the spinal canal.\nInfections, such as meningitis, that affect the membranes and tissues of the spinal cord\nArachnoiditis, a condition that causes inflammation of a membrane that covers the spinal cord\n','Why do I need myelography?\nYou may need this test if you have symptoms of a spinal disorder, such as:\nPain in the back, neck, and/or leg\nTingling sensations\nWeakness\nTrouble walking\nTrouble with tasks that involve small muscle groups, such as buttoning a shirt\n','What happens during myelography?\nA myelography may be done at a radiology center or in the radiology department of a hospital. The procedure usually includes the following steps:\nYou may need to remove your clothing. If so, you will be given a hospital gown.\nYou will lie on your stomach on a padded x-ray table.\nYour provider will clean your back with an antiseptic solution.\nYou will be injected with numbing medicine, so you won\'t feel any pain during the procedure.\nOnce the area is numb, your provider will use a thin needle to inject contrast dye into your spinal canal. You may feel some pressure when the needle goes in, but it should not hurt.\nYour provider may remove a sample of spinal fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) for testing.\nYour x-ray table will be tilted in different directions to allow the contrast dye to move to different areas of the spinal cord.\nYour provider will remove the needle.\nYour provider will capture and record images using fluoroscopy or a CT scan.\nAfter the test, you may be monitored for one to two hours. You may also be advised to lie down at home for a few hours and to avoid strenuous activity for one to two days after the test.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYour provider may ask you to drink extra fluids on the day before the test. On the day of the test, you will probably be asked to not eat or drink anything, except for clear fluids. These include water, clear broth, tea, and black coffee.\nTalk to your provider about any medicines you are taking. Certain medicines, especially aspirin and blood thinners, should not be taken before your test. Your provider will let you know how long you need to avoid these medicines. It may be as long as 72 hours before the test.\n','Are there any risks to the test? \nYou should not take this test if you are pregnant or think you may be pregnant. Radiation can be harmful to an unborn baby.\nFor others, there is little risk to having this test. The dose of radiation is very low and is not considered harmful for most people. But talk to your provider about all the x-rays you\'ve had in the past. The risks from radiation exposure may be linked to the number of x-ray treatments you\'ve had over time.\nThere is a small risk of an allergic reaction to the contrast dye. Tell your provider if you have any allergies, especially to shellfish or iodine, or if you\'ve ever had a reaction to contrast material.\nOther risks include headache and nausea and vomiting. The headache may last for up to 24 hours. Serious reactions are rare but may include seizures, infection, and a blockage in the spinal canal.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results were not normal, it may mean you have one of the following conditions:\nHerniated disk\nSpinal stenosis\nTumor\nNerve injury\nBone spurs\nArachnoiditis (inflammation of the membrane surrounding the spinal cord)\nA normal result means your spinal canal and structures were normal in size, position, and shape. Your provider may want to do more tests to find out what is causing your symptoms.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about myelography?\nMRI (magnetic resonance imaging) has replaced the need for myelography in many cases. MRIs  use a magnetic field and radio waves to create images of organs and structures inside the body. But myelography can be useful in diagnosing certain spinal tumors and spinal disk problems. It\'s also used for people who are unable to have an MRI because they have metal or electronic devices in their bodies. These include a pacemaker, surgical screws, and cochlear implants.\n'),(167,'nasal swab','What is a nasal swab?\nA nasal swab, is a test that checks for viruses and bacteria that cause respiratory infections. There are many types of respiratory infections. A nasal swab test can help your provider diagnose the type of infection you have and which treatment would be best for you. The test may be done by taking a sample of cells from your nostrils or from the nasopharynx. The nasopharynx is the uppermost part of your nose and throat.Other names: anterior nares test, nasal mid-turbinate swab, NMT swab nasopharyngeal culture, nasopharyngeal swab \n','What is it used for?\nA nasal swab is used to diagnose certain infections of the respiratory system. These include:\nThe flu\nCOVID-19\nRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV). This is a common and usually mild respiratory infection. But it can be dangerous to young babies and older adults.\nWhooping cough, a bacterial infection that causes severe fits of coughing and trouble breathing\nMeningitis, a disease caused by inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord\nMRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), a serious type of bacterial infection that can be very difficult to treat\n','Why do I need a nasal swab?\nYou may need this test if you have symptoms of a respiratory infection. These include:\nCough\nFever\nStuffy or runny nose\nSore throat\nHeadache\nFatigue\nMuscle aches\n','What happens during a nasal swab?\nA nasal swab may taken from the:Front part of your nostrils (anterior nares)Back of your nostrils, in a procedure known as nasal mid-turbinate (NMT) swab. Nasopharynx (uppermost part of your nose and throat)In some cases, a health care provider will ask you to do an anterior nares test or an NMT swab yourself. During an anterior nares test, you will start by tilting your head back. Then you or the provider will:Gently insert a swab inside your nostril.Rotate the swab and leave it in place for 10-15 seconds.·Remove the swab and insert into your second nostril.Swab the second nostril using the same technique.Remove the swab.If you are doing the test yourself, the provider will let you know how to seal your sample.During an NMT swab, you will start by tilting your head back. Then you or your provider will:Gently insert a swab onto the bottom of the nostril, pushing it until you feel it stopping.Rotate the swab for 15 seconds.Remove the swab and insert into your second nostril.Swab the second nostril using the same technique.Remove the swab.If you are doing the test yourself, the provider will let you know how to seal your sample.During a nasopharyngeal swab: You will tip your head back.Your health care provider will insert a swab into your nostril until it reaches your nasopharynx (the upper part of your throat).Your provider will rotate the swab and remove it.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a nasal swab.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThe test may tickle your throat or cause you to cough. A nasopharyngeal swab may be uncomfortable and cause coughing or gagging. All these effects are temporary.\n','What do the results mean?\nDepending on your symptoms, you may have been tested for one or more types of infections.\nA negative result means no harmful viruses or bacteria were found in your sample.\nA positive result means a specific type of harmful virus or bacteria was found in your sample. It indicates you have a specific type of infection. If you are diagnosed with an infection, be sure to follow your provider\'s recommendations for treating your illness. This may include medicines and steps to prevent spreading the infection to others.If you are diagnosed with COVID-19, be sure to stay in touch with your provider to find out the best way to take care of yourself and protect others from infection. To learn more, check the websites of the CDC and your local health department.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n',NULL),(168,'natriuretic peptide tests (bnp, nt-probnp)','What are natriuretic peptide tests (BNP, NT-proBNP)?Natriuretic peptides are substances made by the heart. Two main types of these substances are brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Normally, only small levels of BNP and NT-proBNP are found in the bloodstream. High levels can mean your heart isn\'t pumping as much blood as your body needs. When this happens, it\'s known as heart failure, sometimes called congestive heart failure.Natriuretic peptide tests measure the levels of BNP or NT-proBNP in your blood. Your health care provider may order a BNP test or an NT-proBNP test, but not both. They are both useful in diagnosing heart failure, but rely on different types of measurements. The choice will depend on the equipment available in your provider\'s recommended laboratory.Other names: brain natriuretic peptide, NT-proB-type natriuretic peptide test, B-type natriuretic peptide\n','What are they used for?A BNP test or an NT-proBNP test is most often used to diagnose or rule out heart failure. If you\'ve already been diagnosed with heart failure, the test may be used to:Find out the severity of the conditionPlan treatmentFind out if treatment is workingThe test may also be used to find out whether or not your symptoms are due to heart failure.\n','Why do I need a natriuretic peptide test?You may need a BNP test or an NT-proBNP test if you have symptoms of heart failure. These include:Difficulty breathingCoughing or wheezingFatigueSwelling in abdomen, legs, and/or feetLoss of appetite or nauseaIf you are being treated for heart failure, your health care provider may order one of these tests to see how well your treatment is working.\n','What happens during a natriuretic peptide test?For a BNP test or an NT-proBNP test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a BNP test or an NT-proBNP test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your BNP or NT-proBNP levels were higher than normal, it probably means you have heart failure. Usually, the higher the level, the more serious your condition is.If your BNP or NT-proBNP results were normal, it probably means your symptoms are not being caused by heart failure. Your provider may order more tests to help make a diagnosis.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a natriuretic peptide test?\nYour health care provider may order one or more of the following tests in addition to or after you\'ve had a BNP or NT-proBNP test:\nElectrocardiogram, which looks at heart\'s electrical activity\nStress test, which shows how well your heart handles physical activity\nChest x-ray to see if your heart is larger than normal or if you have fluid in your lungs\nYou may also get one or more of the following blood tests:\nANP test. ANP stands for atrial natriuretic peptide. ANP is similar to BNP but it is made in a different part of the heart.\nMetabolic panel to check for kidney disease, which has similar symptoms to heart failure\nComplete blood count to check for anemia or other blood disorders\n'),(169,'neurological exam','What is a neurological exam?A neurological exam checks for disorders of the central nervous system. The central nervous system is made of your brain, spinal cord, and nerves from these areas. It controls and coordinates everything you do, including muscle movement, organ function, and even complex thinking and planning.There are more than 600 types of central nervous system disorders. The most common disorders include:Parkinson\'s diseaseMultiple sclerosisMeningitisEpilepsyStrokeMigraine headachesA neurological exam is made up of a series of tests. The tests examine your balance, muscle strength, and other functions of the central nervous system.Other names: neuro exam\n','What is it used for?A neurological exam is used to help find out if you have a disorder of the nervous system. Early diagnosis can help you get the right treatment and may decrease long-term complications.\n','Why do I need a neurological exam?You may need a neurological exam if you have symptoms of a nervous system disorder. Symptoms vary depending on the disorder, but common symptoms include:HeadacheProblems with balance and/or coordinationNumbness in the arms and/or legsBlurred visionChanges in hearing and/or your ability to smellChanges in behaviorSlurred speechConfusion or other changes in mental abilityWeaknessSeizuresFatigueFever\n','What happens during a neurological exam?\nA neurological exam is usually performed by a neurologist. A neurologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the brain and spinal cord. During the exam, your neurologist will test different functions of the nervous system. Most neurological exams include tests of the following:\nMental status. Your neurologist or other provider will ask you general questions, such as the date, place, and time. You may also be asked to perform tasks. These may include remembering a list of items, naming objects, and drawing specific shapes.\nCoordination and balance. Your neurologist may ask you to walk in a straight line, placing one foot directly in front of the other. Other tests may include closing your eyes and touching your nose with your index finger.\nReflexes. A reflex is an automatic response to stimulation. Reflexes are tested by tapping different areas of the body with a small rubber hammer. If reflexes are normal, your body will move a certain way when tapped with the hammer. During a neurological exam, the neurologist may tap several areas on your body, including below your kneecap and areas around your elbow and ankle.\nSensation. Your neurologist will touch your legs, arms, and/or other body parts with different instruments. These may include a tuning fork, dull needle, and/or alcohol swabs. You will be asked to identify sensations such as heat, cold, and pain.\nCranial nerves. These are the nerves that connect your brain with your eyes, ears, nose, face, tongue, neck, throat, upper shoulders, and some organs. You have 12 pairs of these nerves. Your neurologist will test specific nerves depending on your symptoms. Testing may include identifying certain smells, sticking out your tongue and trying to speak, and moving your head from side to side. You may also get hearing and vision tests.\nAutonomic nervous system. This is the system that controls basic functions such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature. To test this system, your neurologist or other provider may check your blood pressure, pulse, and heart rate while you are sitting, standing, and/or lying down. Other tests may include checking your pupils in response to light and a test of your ability to sweat normally.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for a neurological exam?You don\'t need any special preparations for a neurological exam.\n','Are there any risks to the exam?There is no risk to having a neurological exam.\n','What do the results mean?If results on any part of the exam were not normal, your neurologist will probably order more tests to help make a diagnosis. These tests may include one or more of the following:Blood and/or urine testsImaging tests such as an x-ray or MRIA cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) test. CSF is clear fluid that surrounds and cushions your brain and spinal cord. A CSF test takes a small sample of this fluid.Biopsy. This is a procedure that removes a small piece of tissue for further testing.Tests, such as electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG), which use small electric sensors to measure brain activity and nerve functionIf you have questions about your results, talk to your neurologist or other health care provider.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a neurological exam?Nervous system disorders and mental health problems can have similar or the same symptoms. That\'s because some behavioral symptoms can be signs of a nervous system disorder. If you had a mental health screening that was not normal, or if you notice changes in your behavior, your provider may recommend a neurological exam.\n'),(170,'nitrites in urine','How do you test for nitrites in urine?A urinalysis, also called a urine test, can detect the presence of nitrites in the urine. Normal urine contains chemicals called nitrates. If bacteria enter the urinary tract, nitrates can turn into different, similarly named chemicals called nitrites. Nitrites in urine may be a sign of a urinary tract infection (UTI).UTIs are one of the most common types of infections, especially in women. Fortunately, most UTIs are not serious and are usually treated with antibiotics. It\'s important to see your health care provider if you have symptoms of a UTI so you can start treatment right away.Other names: urine test, urine analysis, microscopic urine analysis, microscopic examination of urine, UA\n',NULL,'Why do I need a nitrites in urine test?Your health care provider may have ordered a urinalysis as part of a routine checkup or if you have symptoms of a UTI. Symptoms of a UTI may include:Frequent urge to urinate, but little urine comes outPainful urinationDark, cloudy, or reddish colored urineBad smelling urineWeakness and fatigue, particularly in older women and menFever\n','What happens during a nitrites in urine test?Your health care provider will need to collect a sample of your urine. During your office visit, you will receive a container to collect the urine and special instructions to make sure that the sample is sterile. These instructions are often called the \"clean catch method.\" The clean catch method includes the following steps:Wash your hands.Clean your genital area with a cleansing pad given to you by your provider. Men should wipe the tip of their penis. Women should open their labia and clean from front to back.Start to urinate into the toilet.Move the collection container under your urine stream.Collect at least an ounce or two of urine into the container, which should have markings to indicate the amounts.Finish urinating into the toilet.Return the sample container as instructed by your health care provider\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations to test for nitrites in urine. If your health care provider has ordered other urine or blood tests, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is no known risk to having a urinalysis or a nitrites in urine test.\n','What do the results mean?If there are nitrites in your urine, it may mean that you have a UTI. However, even if no nitrites are found, you still may have an infection, because bacteria don\'t always change nitrates into nitrites. If you have symptoms of a UTI, your health care provider will also look at other results of your urinalysis, especially the white blood cell count. A high white blood cell count in urine is another possible sign of an infection. To learn what your results mean, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a nitrites in urine test?If a urinalysis is part of your regular checkup, your urine will be tested for a variety of substances along with nitrites. These include red and white blood cells, proteins, acid and sugar levels, cell fragments, and crystals in your urine.\n'),(171,'obesity screening','What is obesity screening?Obesity is the condition of having too much body fat. It\'s not just a matter of appearance. Obesity can put you at risk for a variety of chronic and serious health problems. These include:Heart diseaseType 2 diabetesHigh blood pressureArthritisCertain types of cancerExperts say obesity is major problem in the U.S. Today more than 30 percent of U.S. adults and 20 percent of U.S. children have obesity. Children with obesity are at risk for many of the same health problems as adults with obesity.An obesity screening may use a measurement called a BMI (body mass index) and other tests to find out if you or your child is overweight or has obesity. Being overweight means you have excess body weight. While not as severe as obesity, it may also lead to serious health problems.\n','What is a BMI?A BMI (body mass index) is a calculation based on your weight and height. While it\'s hard to directly measure fat on the body, a BMI can provide a good estimate.To measure BMI, your health care provider may use an online tool or an equation that uses your weight and height information. You can measure your own BMI in much the same way by using an online BMI calculator.Your results will fall into one of these categories:Below 18.5: Underweight18.5-24.9: Healthy weight25 -29.9: Overweight30 and above: Obese40 or higher: Severely obese, also known as morbidly obeseBMI is also used to diagnose obesity in children, but it is figured out differently than in adults. Your child\'s health care provider will calculate BMI based on your child\'s age, sex, weight, and height. He or she will compare those numbers with the results of other children with similar characteristics.The results will be in the form of a percentile. A percentile is a type of comparison between an individual and a group. For example, if your child has a BMI in the 50th percentile, it means 50 percent of children of the same age and sex have a lower BMI. Your child\'s BMI will show one of the following results:Less than the 5th percentile: Underweight5th-84th percentile: Normal Weight85th-94th percentile: Overweight95th percentile and higher: Obese\n','What causes obesity?\nObesity happens when you take in more calories than your body needs over a long period of time. A variety of factors can lead to obesity. For many people, dieting and willpower alone are not enough to control weight. Obesity may be caused by one or more of the following:\nDiet. You are at a higher risk of obesity if your diet includes a lot of fast foods, packaged snacks, and sugary soft drinks.\nLack of exercise. If you don\'t get enough physical activity to burn off what you eat, you will likely gain weight.\nFamily history. You\'re more likely to become obese if close family members have obesity.\nAging. As you get older, your muscle tissue decreases and your metabolism slows down. This can lead to weight gain, and eventually obesity, even if you stayed at a healthy weight when you were younger.\nPregnancy. It\'s normal and healthy to gain weight during pregnancy. But if you don\'t lose the weight after pregnancy, it can cause long-term weight problems.\nMenopause. Many women gain weight after menopause. This may be caused by changes in hormone levels and/or reduction in daily activities.\nBiology. Our bodies have systems that help keep our weight at a healthy level. In some people, this system doesn\'t work right. This makes it especially hard to lose weight.\nHormonal disorders. Certain disorders cause your body to make too much or too little of important hormones. This may lead to weight gain, and sometimes obesity.\n','What is an obesity screening used for?An obesity screening is used to find out if you or your child is at an unhealthy weight. If the screening shows that you or your child is overweight or has obesity, your provider will check to see if there is medical issue causing the excess weight. Your provider will also teach you about what you can do to reduce your weight and improve your health.\n','Why do I need obesity screening?Most adults and children over the age of 6 should be screened at least once a year with a BMI. If your health care provider finds that you have a high or increasing BMI, he or she can recommend steps you can take to help prevent you from becoming overweight or obese.\n','What happens during an obesity screening?In addition to a BMI, an obesity screening may include:A physical examA measurement around your waist. Excess fat around the waist can put you at an even higher risk for obesity-related health problems, including heart disease and type 2 diabetes.Blood tests to check for diabetes and/or medical conditions that may be causing weight gain.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for an obesity screening?You may need to fast (not eat or drink) for certain types of blood tests. Your health care provider will let you know if you need to fast and if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the screening?There is no risk to having a BMI or a waist measurement. There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n'),(172,'obsessive compulsive disorder (ocd) test','What is an obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) test?\nObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a type of anxiety disorder. It causes repeated unwanted thoughts and fears (obsessions). To get rid of obsessions, people with OCD may perform certain actions over and over again (compulsions). Most people with OCD know that their compulsions don\'t make sense, but still can\'t stop doing them. Sometimes they feel these behaviors are the only way to prevent something bad from happening. Compulsions may temporarily relieve anxiety.\nOCD is different than regular habits and routines. It\'s not unusual to brush your teeth at the same time every morning or sit in the same chair for dinner every night. With OCD, compulsive behaviors can take up several hours a day. They can get in the way of normal daily life.\nOCD usually starts in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. Researchers don\'t know what causes OCD. But many believe genetics and/or a problem with chemicals in the brain may play a role. It often runs in families.\nAn OCD test can help diagnose the disorder so you can get treated. Treatment can reduce symptoms and improve quality of life.\nOther names: OCD screening\n','What is it used for?\nThis test is used to find out if certain symptoms are being caused by OCD.\n','Why do I need an OCD test?\nThis test may be done if you or your child is having obsessive thoughts and/or showing compulsive behaviors. \nCommon obsessions include:\nFear of dirt or germs\nFear that harm will come to yourself or your loved ones\nAn overwhelming need for neatness and order\nConstant worries that you\'ve left something undone, like left the stove on or door unlocked\nCommon compulsions include:\nRepeated hand washing. Some people with OCD wash their hands more than 100 times a day.\nChecking and rechecking that appliances and lights are turned off\nRepeating certain actions such as sitting down and getting up from a chair\nConstantly cleaning\nFrequently checking buttons and zippers on clothing\n','What happens during an OCD test?\nYour primary care provider may give you a physical exam and order blood tests to find out if your symptoms are being caused by certain medicines, another mental illness, or other physical disorders.\nDuring a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\nYou may be tested by a mental health provider in addition to or instead of your primary care provider. A mental health provider is a health care professional who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental health problems.\nIf you are being tested by a mental health provider, he or she may ask you detailed questions about your thoughts and behaviors.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for an OCD test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for an OCD test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is no risk to having a physical exam or an exam by a mental health provider.\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nYour provider may use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to help make a diagnosis. The DSM-5 (fifth edition of the DSM) is a book published by the American Psychiatric Association. It provides guidelines for diagnosing mental health conditions. The DSM-5 defines OCD as obsessions and/or compulsions that:\nTake up an hour a day or more\nInterfere with personal relationships, work, and other important parts of daily life\nThe guidelines also include the following symptoms and behaviors.\nSymptoms of obsession include:\nRepeated unwanted thoughts\nTrouble stopping those thoughts\nCompulsive behaviors include:\nRepetitive behaviors such as hand washing or counting\nBehaviors done to reduce anxiety and/or prevent something bad from happening\nTreatment for OCD usually includes one or both of the following:\nPsychological counseling\nAntidepressants\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an OCD test?\nIf you are diagnosed with OCD, your provider may refer you to a mental health provider for treatment. There are many types of providers who treat mental health disorders. Some specialize in OCD. The most common types of mental health providers include:\nPsychiatrist , a medical doctor who specializes in mental health. Psychiatrists diagnose and treat mental health disorders. They can also prescribe medicine.\nPsychologist , a professional trained in psychology. Psychologists generally have doctoral degrees. But they do not have medical degrees. Psychologists diagnose and treat mental health disorders. They offer one-on-one counseling and/or group therapy sessions. They can\'t prescribe medicine unless they have a special license. Some psychologists work with providers who are able to prescribe medicine.\nLicensed clinical social worker (L.C.S.W.) has a master\'s degree in social work with training in mental health. Some have additional degrees and training. L.C.S.W.s diagnose and provide counseling for a variety of mental health problems. They can\'t prescribe medicine but can work with providers who are able to.\nLicensed professional counselor. (L.P.C.). Most L.P.C.s have a master\'s degree. But training requirements vary by state. L.P.C.s diagnose and provide counseling for a variety of mental health problems. They can\'t prescribe medicine but can work with providers who are able to.\nL.C.S.W.s and L.P.C.s may be known by other names, including therapist, clinician, or counselor.\nTo find a mental health provider who can best treat your OCD, talk to your primary care provider.\n'),(173,'opioid testing','What is opioid testing?Opioid testing looks for the presence of opioids in urine, blood, or saliva. Opioids are powerful drugs that are used to relieve pain. They are often prescribed to help treat serious injuries or illnesses. In addition to reducing pain, opioids can also increase feelings of pleasure and well-being. Once an opioid dose wears off, it\'s natural to want those feelings to return. So even using opioids as prescribed by a doctor can lead to dependence and addiction.The terms \"opioids\" and \"opiates\" are often used in the same way. An opiate is a type of opioid that comes naturally from the opium poppy plant. Opiates include the medicines codeine and morphine, as well as the illegal drug heroin. Other opioids are synthetic (man-made) or part synthetic (part natural and part man-made). Both types are designed to produce effects similar to a naturally occurring opiate. These types of opioids include:Oxycodone (OxyContin®)Hydrocodone (Vicodin®)HydromorphoneOxymorphoneMethadoneFentanyl. Drug dealers sometimes add fentanyl to heroin. This combination of drugs is especially dangerous.Opioids are often misused, leading to overdoses and death. In the United States, tens of thousands of people die every year from opioid overdoses. Opioid testing can help prevent or treat addiction before it becomes dangerous.Other names: opioid screening, opiate screening, opiate testing\n','What is it used for?Opioid testing is often used to monitor people who are taking prescription opioids. The test helps ensure you are taking the right amount of medicine.Opioid testing may also be included as part of an overall drug screening. These screenings test for a variety of drugs, such as marijuana and cocaine, as well as opioids. Drug screenings may be used for:Employment. Employers may test you before and/or after hiring to check for on-the-job drug use.Legal or forensic purposes. Testing may be part of a criminal or motor vehicle accident investigation. Drug screening may also be ordered as part of a court case.\n','Why do I need opioid testing?You may need opioid testing if you are currently taking prescription opioids to treat chronic pain or another medical condition. The tests can tell if you are taking more medicine than you should, which can be a sign of addiction.You may also be asked to take a drug screening, which includes tests for opioids, as a condition of your employment or as part of a police investigation or court case.Your health care provider may also order opioid testing if you have symptoms of opioid abuse or overdose. Symptoms may start as lifestyle changes, such as:Lack of hygieneIsolation from family and friendsStealing from family, friends, or businessesFinancial difficultiesIf opioid abuse continues, physical symptoms may include:Slowed or slurred speechDifficulty breathingDilated or small pupilsDeliriumNausea and vomitingDrowsinessAgitationChanges in blood pressure or heart rhythm\n','What happens during an opioid test?Most opioid tests require that you give a urine sample. You will be given instructions to provide a \"clean catch\" sample. During a clean catch urine test, you will:Wash your handsClean your genital area with a cleansing pad given to you by your provider. Men should wipe the tip of their penis. Women should open their labia and clean from front to back.Start to urinate into the toilet.Move the collection container under your urine stream.Pass at least an ounce or two of urine into the container, which should have markings to indicate the amounts.Finish urinating into the toilet.Return the sample container to the lab technician or health care provider.In certain instances, a medical technician or other staff member may need to be present while you provide your sample.Other opioid tests require you to give samples of your blood or saliva.During a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.During a saliva test:A health care provider will use a swab or absorbent pad to collect saliva from the inside of your cheek.The swab or pad will stay in your cheek for a few minutes to allow saliva to build up.Some providers may ask you to spit into a tube, rather than swabbing inside your cheek.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?Be sure to tell the testing provider or your health care provider if you are taking any prescription or over-the-counter medicines. Some of these may cause positive results for opioids. Poppy seeds can also cause a positive opioid result. So you should avoid foods with poppy seeds for up to three days before your test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There are no known risks to having a urine or saliva test. There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.Although physical risks to testing are very small, a positive result on an opioid test may affect other aspects of your life, including your job or the outcome of a court case.\n','What do the results mean?If your results are negative, it means no opioids were found in your body, or that you are taking the right amount of opioids for your health condition. But if you have symptoms of opioid abuse, your provider will probably order more tests.If your results are positive, it may mean that there are opioids in your system. If high levels of opioids are found, it may mean you are taking too much of a prescribed medicine or otherwise abusing drugs. False positives are possible, so your health care provider may order more tests to confirm a positive result.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about opioid testing?If your results show unhealthy opioid levels, it\'s important to get treatment. Opioid addiction can be deadly.If you are being treated for chronic pain, work with your health care provider to find ways to manage pain that don\'t include opioids. Treatments for anyone who is abusing opioids may include:MedicinesRehabilitation programs on an inpatient or outpatient basisOngoing psychological counselingSupport groups\n'),(174,'osmolality tests','What are osmolality tests?\nOsmolality tests measure the amount of certain substances in blood, urine, or stool. These include glucose (sugar), urea (a waste product made in the liver), and several electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium, and chloride. Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals. They help control the amount of fluids in your body. The test can show whether you have an unhealthy balance of fluids in your body. An unhealthy fluid balance can be caused by many different conditions. These include excess salt intake, kidney disease, heart disease, and some types of poisoning.\nOther names: serum osmolality, plasma osmolality urine osmolality, stool osmolality, osmotic gap\n','What are they used for?\nOsmolality tests may be used for a variety of reasons. A blood osmolality test, also known as a serum osmolality test, is most often used to:\nCheck the balance between water and certain chemicals in the blood.\nFind out if you have swallowed a poison such as antifreeze or rubbing alcohol\nHelp diagnose dehydration, a condition in which your body loses too much fluid\nHelp diagnose overhydration, a condition in which your body retains too much fluid\nHelp diagnose diabetes insipidus, a condition that affects the kidneys and can lead to dehydration\nSometimes blood plasma is also tested for osmolality. Serum and plasma are both parts of the blood. Plasma contains substances including blood cells and certain proteins. Serum is a clear fluid that does not contain these substances.\nA urine osmolality test is often used along with a serum osmolality test to check the body\'s fluid balance. The urine test may also be used to find out the reason for increased or decreased urination.\nA stool osmolality test is most often used to find out the reason for chronic diarrhea that is not caused by a bacterial or parasitic infection.\n','Why do I need an osmolality test?\nYou may need a serum osmolality or urine osmolality test if you have symptoms of a fluid imbalance, diabetes insipidus, or certain types of poisoning.\nSymptoms of a fluid imbalance and diabetes insipidus are similar and may include:\nExcessive thirst (if dehydrated)\nNausea and vomiting\nHeadache\nConfusion\nFatigue\nSeizures\nSymptoms of poisoning will be different depending on the type of the substance that was swallowed, but may include:\nNausea and vomiting\nConvulsions, a condition that causes uncontrollable shaking of your muscles\nDifficulty breathing\nSlurred speech\nYou may also need a urine osmolality if you have trouble urinating or are urinating too much.\nYou may need a stool osmolality test if you have chronic diarrhea that can\'t be explained by a bacterial or parasitic infection or another cause such as intestinal damage.\n','What happens during an osmolality test?\nDuring a blood test (serum osmolality or plasma osmolality):\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\nDuring a urine osmolality test:\nYour health care provider will need to collect a sample of your urine. You will receive a container to collect the urine and special instructions to make sure that the sample is sterile. These instructions are often called the \"clean catch method.\" The clean catch method includes the following steps:\nWash your hands.\nClean your genital area with a cleansing pad given to you by your provider. Men should wipe the tip of their penis. Women should open their labia and clean from front to back.\nStart to urinate into the toilet.\nMove the collection container under your urine stream.\nCollect at least an ounce or two of urine into the container, which should have markings to indicate the amounts.\nFinish urinating into the toilet.\nReturn the sample container to your health care provider.\nDuring a stool osmolality test:\nYou will need to provide a stool sample. Your provider will give you specific instructions on how to collect and send in your sample. Your instructions may include the following:\nPut on a pair of rubber or latex gloves.\nCollect and store the stool in a special container given to you by your health care provider or a lab. You may get a device or applicator to help you collect the sample.\nMake sure no urine, toilet water, or toilet paper mixes in with the sample.\nSeal and label the container.\nRemove the gloves and wash your hands.\nReturn the container to your health care provider or the lab as soon as possible. If you think you may have trouble delivering your sample in time, talk to your health care provider.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou may need to fast (not eat or drink) for 6 hours before the test or limit fluids 12 to 14 hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to osmolality tests? \nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\nThere is no risk to having a urine or stool test.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your serum osmolality results were not normal, it may mean you have one of the following conditions:\nAntifreeze or other type of poisoning\nDehydration or overhydration\nToo much or too little salt in the blood\nDiabetes insipidus\nStroke\nIf your urine osmolality results were not normal, it may mean you have one of the following conditions:\nDehydration or overhydration\nHeart failure\nLiver disease\nKidney disease\nIf your stool osmolality results were not normal, it may mean you have one of the following conditions:\nFactitious diarrhea, a condition caused by overuse of laxatives\nMalabsorption, a condition that affects your ability to digest and take in nutrients from food\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider. \nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about osmolality tests?\nYour health care provider may order more tests along with or after your osmolality test. These may include:\nComplete blood count (CBC)\nBlood urea nitrogen (BUN) test\nBlood glucose test\nElectrolyte panel\nAlbumin blood test\nFecal occult blood test (FOBT)\n'),(175,'ova and parasite test','What is an ova and parasite test?An ova and parasite test looks for parasites and their eggs (ova) in a sample of your stool. A parasite is a tiny plant or animal that gets nutrients by living off another creature. Parasites can live in your digestive system and cause illness. These are known as intestinal parasites. Intestinal parasites affect tens of millions of people around the world. They are more common in countries where sanitation is poor, but millions of people in the United States get infected every year.The most common types of parasites in the U.S. include giardia and cryptosporidium, often referred to as crypto. These parasites are commonly found in:Rivers, lakes, and streams, even in those that appear cleanSwimming pools and hot tubsSurfaces such as bathroom handles and faucets, diaper changing tables, and toys. These surfaces may contain traces of stool from an infected person.FoodSoilMany people get infected with an intestinal parasite when they accidentally swallow contaminated water or take a drink from a lake or stream. Children at day care centers are also at higher risk for infection. Children may pick up the parasite by touching an infected surface and putting their fingers in their mouths.Fortunately, most parasite infections go away on their own or are easily treated. But a parasite infection can cause serious complications in people with weakened immune systems. Your immune system may be weakened by HIV/AIDS, cancer, or other disorders. Infants and older adults also have weaker immune systems.Other names: parasitic examination (stool), stool sample exam, stool O&P, fecal smear\n','What is it used for?An ova and parasite test is used to find out if parasites are infecting your digestive system. If you\'ve already been diagnosed with a parasite infection, the test may be used to see if your treatment is working.\n','Why do I need an ova and parasite test?Your health care provider may order tests if you or your child has symptoms of an intestinal parasite. These include:Diarrhea that lasts for more than a few daysAbdominal painBlood and/or mucus in the stoolNausea and vomitingGasFeverWeight lossSometimes these symptoms go away without treatment, and testing is not needed. But testing may be ordered if you or your child has symptoms of a parasite infection and are at higher risk for complications. Risk factors include:Age. Infants and older adults have weaker immune systems. This can make infections more dangerous.Illness. Certain illnesses such as HIV/AIDS and cancer can weaken the immune system.Certain medicines. Some medical conditions are treated with drugs that suppress the immune system. This can make a parasite infection more serious.Worsening symptoms. If your symptoms don\'t improve over time, you may need medicine or other treatment.\n','What happens during an ova and parasite test?You will need to provide a sample of your stool. Your provider or your child\'s provider will give you specific instructions on how to collect and send in your sample. Your instructions may include the following:Put on a pair of rubber or latex gloves.Collect and store the stool in a special container given to you by your health care provider or a lab.If you have diarrhea, you can tape a large plastic bag to the toilet seat. It may be easier to collect your stool this way. You will then put the bag into the container.Make sure no urine, toilet water, or toilet paper mixes in with the sample.Seal and label the container.Remove the gloves, and wash your hands.Return the container to your health care provider as soon as possible. Parasites may be harder to find when stool is not tested quickly enough. If you are unable to get to your provider right away, you should refrigerate your sample until you are ready deliver it.If you need to collect a sample from a baby, you will need to:Put on a pair of rubber or latex gloves.Line the baby\'s diaper with plastic wrapPosition the wrap to help prevent urine and stool from mixing together.Place the plastic wrapped sample in a special container given to you by your child\'s provider.Remove the gloves, and wash your hands.Return the container to the provider as soon as possible. If you are unable to get to your provider right away, you should refrigerate your sample until you are ready deliver it.You may need to collect several stool samples from yourself or your child over a period of a few days. This is because parasites may not be detected in every sample. Multiple samples increase the chance the parasites will be found.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for an ova and parasite test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is no known risk to having an ova and parasite test.\n','What do the results mean?A negative result means no parasites were found. This can mean you don\'t have a parasite infection or there were not enough parasites to be detected. Your health care provider may retest and/or order different tests to help make a diagnosis.A positive result means you\'ve been infected with a parasite. The results will also show the type and number of parasites you have.Treatment for an intestinal parasite infection almost always includes drinking plenty of fluids. This is because diarrhea and vomiting can cause dehydration (the loss of too much fluid from your body). Treatment may also include medicines that get rid of the parasites and/or relieve symptoms.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an ova and parasite test?There are steps you can take to help prevent a parasite infection. They include:Always wash your hands after going to the bathroom, changing a diaper, and before handling food.Don\'t drink water from lakes, streams, or rivers, unless you know for sure it has been treated.When camping or traveling to certain countries where the water supply may not be safe, avoid tap water, ice, and uncooked foods washed with tap water. Bottled water is safe.If you are unsure if water is safe, boil it before drinking. Boiling water for one to three minutes will kill the parasites. Wait until the water cools before drinking.\n'),(176,'panic disorder test','What is a panic disorder test?\nPanic disorder is a condition in which you have frequent panic attacks. A panic attack is a sudden episode of intense fear and anxiety. In addition to emotional distress, a panic attack can cause physical symptoms. These include chest pain, rapid heartbeat, and shortness of breath. During a panic attack, some people think they are having a heart attack. A panic attack can last anywhere from a few minutes to over an hour.\nSome panic attacks happen in response to a stressful or scary situation, such as a car accident. Other attacks happen without a clear reason. Panic attacks are common, affecting at least 11% of adults each year. Many people have one or two attacks in their lifetime and recover without treatment.\nBut if you have repeated, unexpected panic attacks and are in constant fear of getting a panic attack, you may have panic disorder. Panic disorder is rare. It only affects 2 to 3 percent of adults each year. It\'s twice as common in women than in men.\nWhile panic disorder is not life-threatening, it can be upsetting and affect your quality of life. If left untreated, it can lead to other serious problems, including depression and substance use. A panic disorder test can help diagnose the condition so you can get the right treatment. \nOther names: panic disorder screening\n','What is it used for?\nA panic disorder test is used to find out if certain symptoms are caused by panic disorder or a physical condition, such as a heart attack.\n','Why do I need a panic disorder test?\nYou may need a panic disorder test if you\'ve had two or more recent panic attacks for no clear reason and are afraid of having more panic attacks. Symptoms of a panic attack include:\nPounding heartbeat\nChest pain\nShortness of breath\nSweating\nDizziness\nTrembling\nChills\nNausea\nIntense fear or anxiety\nFear of losing control\nFear of dying\n','What happens during a panic disorder test?\nYour primary care provider may give you a physical exam and ask you about your feelings, mood, behavior patterns, and other symptoms. Your provider may also order blood tests and/or tests on your heart to rule out a heart attack or other physical conditions.\nDuring a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\nYou may be tested by a mental health provider in addition to or instead of your primary care provider. A mental health provider is a health care professional that specializes in diagnosing and treating mental health problems.\nIf you are being tested by a mental health provider, he or she may ask you more detailed questions about your feelings and behaviors. You may also be asked to fill out a questionnaire about these issues.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for a panic disorder test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a panic disorder test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is no risk to having a physical exam or filling out a questionnaire.\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nYour provider may use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to help make a diagnosis. The DSM-5 (fifth edition of the DSM) is a book published by the American Psychiatric Association that provides guidelines for diagnosing mental health conditions.\nDSM-5 guidelines for diagnosing panic disorder include:\nFrequent, unexpected panic attacks\nOngoing worry about having another panic attack\nFear of losing control\nNo other cause of a panic attack, such as drug use or a physical disorder\nTreatment for panic disorder usually includes one or both of the following:\nPsychological counseling\nAnti-anxiety or antidepressant medicines\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a panic disorder test?\nIf you are diagnosed with panic disorder, your provider may refer you to a mental health provider for treatment. There are many types of providers who treat mental disorders. The most common types of mental health providers include:\nPsychiatrist, a medical doctor who specializes in mental health. Psychiatrists diagnose and treat mental health disorders. They can also prescribe medicine.\nPsychologist, a professional trained in psychology. Psychologists generally have doctoral degrees. But they do not have medical degrees. Psychologists diagnose and treat mental health disorders. They offer one-on-one counseling and/or group therapy sessions. They can\'t prescribe medicine unless they have a special license. Some psychologists work with providers who are able to prescribe medicine.\nLicensed clinical social worker (L.C.S.W.) has a master\'s degree in social work with training in mental health. Some have additional degrees and training. L.C.S.W.s diagnose and provide counseling for a variety of mental health problems. They can\'t prescribe medicine but can work with providers who are able to.\nLicensed professional counselor. (L.P.C.). Most L.P.C.s have a master\'s degree. But training requirements vary by state. L.P.C.s diagnose and provide counseling for a variety of mental health problems. They can\'t prescribe medicine but can work with providers who are able to.\nC.S.W.s and L.P.C.s may be known by other names, including therapist, clinician, or counselor.\nIf you don\'t know which type of mental health provider you should see, talk to your primary care provider.\n'),(177,'pap smear','What is a Pap smear?A Pap smear is a test for women that can help find or prevent cervical cancer. During the procedure, cells are collected from the cervix, which is the lower, narrow end of the uterus that opens into the vagina. The cells are checked for cancer or for signs that they may become cancer. These are called precancerous cells. Finding and treating precancerous cells can help prevent cervical cancer. The Pap smear is a reliable way to find cancer early, when it\'s most treatable.Other names for a Pap smear: Pap test, cervical cytology, Papanicolaou test, Pap smear test, vaginal smear technique\n','What is it used for?A Pap smear is a way to detect abnormal cervical cells before they become cancer. Sometimes the cells collected from a Pap smear are also checked for HPV, a virus that can cause cell changes that may lead to cancer. Pap smears, along with HPV testing, are considered cervical cancer screening tests. Cervical cancer screening has been shown to greatly reduce the number of new cervical cancer cases and deaths from the disease.\n','Why do I need a Pap smear?Most women between the ages of 21 and 65 should have regular Pap smears.Women between the ages of 21 and 29 should be tested every three years.Women ages 30–65 can be tested every five years if the test is combined with an HPV test. If there is no HPV test, the Pap should be done every three years.Screening is not recommended for women or girls under the age of 21. In this age group, the risk of cervical cancer is very low. Also, any changes in cervical cells are likely to go away on their own.Screening may be recommended if you have certain risk factors. You may be at higher risk if you:Had an abnormal Pap smear in the pastHave HIVHave a weakened immune systemWere exposed to a drug called DES (Diethylstilbestrol) before birth. Between the years 1940–1971, DES was prescribed to pregnant women as a way to prevent miscarriages. It was later linked to an increased risk of certain cancers in the female children exposed to it during the pregnancy.Women older than 65 who have had normal Pap smears for several years or have had surgery to remove the uterus and cervix may not need to have Pap smears anymore. If you are unsure whether you need a Pap smear, talk to your health care provider.\n','What happens during a Pap smear?A Pap smear is often taken during a pelvic exam. During a pelvic exam, you will lie on an exam table while your health care provider examines your vulva, vagina, cervix, rectum, and pelvis to check for any abnormalities. For the Pap smear, your provider will use a plastic or metal instrument called a speculum to open the vagina, so the cervix can be seen. Your provider will then use a soft brush or plastic spatula to collect cells from the cervix.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You should not have a Pap smear while you are having your period. A good time to have the test is about five days after the last day of your period. Additional recommendations are to avoid certain activities a few days before your Pap smear. Two to three days before your test you shouldn\'t:Use tamponsUse birth control foams or other vaginal creamsDoucheHave sex\n','Are there any risks to the test?You may feel some mild discomfort during the procedure, but there are no known risks to a Pap smear.\n','What do the results mean?Your Pap smear results will show whether your cervical cells are normal or abnormal. You may also get a result that is unclear.Normal Pap smear. The cells in your cervix were normal. Your health care provider will recommend that you come back for another screening in three to five years depending on your age and medical history.Unclear or unsatisfactory results. There may not have been enough cells in your sample or there may have been some other problem that made it hard for the lab to get an accurate reading. Your health care provider may ask you to come in for another test.Abnormal Pap smear. Abnormal changes were found in your cervical cells. Most women who have abnormal results do not have cervical cancer. But, your health care provider may recommend follow-up testing to monitor your cells. Many cells will go back to normal on their own. Other cells may turn into cancer cells if not treated. Finding and treating these cells early can help prevent cancer from developing.Talk to your health care provider to learn what your Pap smear results mean.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a Pap smear?Thousands of women in the U.S. die from cervical cancer every year. A Pap smear, along with the HPV test, is one of the most effective ways to prevent cancer from developing.\n'),(178,'parathyroid hormone (pth) test','What is a parathyroid hormone (PTH) test?This test measures the level of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the blood. PTH, also known as parathormone, is made by your parathyroid glands. These are four pea-sized glands in your neck. PTH controls the level of calcium in the blood. Calcium is a mineral that keeps your bones and teeth healthy and strong. It\'s also essential for the proper functioning of your nerves, muscles, and heart.If calcium blood levels are too low, your parathyroid glands will release PTH into the blood. This causes calcium levels to rise. If calcium blood levels are too high, these glands will stop making PTH.PTH levels that are too high or too low can cause serious health problems.Other names: parathormone, intact PTH\n','What is it used for?A PTH test is most often used along with calcium testing to:Diagnose hyperparathyroidism, a condition in which your parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormoneDiagnose hypoparathyroidism, a condition in which your parathyroid glands produce too little parathyroid hormoneFind out whether abnormal calcium levels are being caused by a problem with your parathyroid glandsMonitor kidney disease\n','Why do I need a PTH test?You may need a PTH test if your results were not normal on a previous calcium test. You may also need this test if you have symptoms of having too much or too little calcium in your blood.Symptoms of too much calcium include:Bones that break easilyMore frequent urinationIncreased thirstNausea and vomitingFatigueKidney stonesSymptoms of too little calcium include:Tingling in your fingers and/or toesMuscle crampsIrregular heartbeat\n','What happens during a PTH test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You probably won\'t need any special preparations for a PTH test, but check with your health care provider. Some providers may ask you to fast (not eat or drink) before your test, or may want you to take the test at a certain time of day.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your test shows you have a higher than normal level of PTH, it may mean you have:HyperparathyroidismA benign (noncancerous) tumor of the parathyroid glandKidney diseaseA vitamin D deficiencyA disorder that makes you unable to absorb calcium from foodIf your test shows you have a lower than normal level of PTH, it may mean you have:HypoparathyroidismAn overdose of vitamin D or calciumIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a PTH test?PTH also plays an important role in controlling the levels of phosphorus and vitamin D in the blood. If your PTH test results were not normal, your provider may order phosphorus and/or vitamin D tests to help make a diagnosis.\n'),(179,'partial thromboplastin time (ptt) test','What is a PTT (partial thromboplastin time) test?A partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test measures the time it takes for a blood clot to form. Normally, when you get a cut or injury that causes bleeding, proteins in your blood called coagulation factors work together to form a blood clot. The clot stops you from losing too much blood.You have several coagulation factors in your blood. If any factors are missing or defective, it can take longer than normal for blood to clot. In some cases, this causes heavy, uncontrolled bleeding. A PTT test checks the function of specific coagulation factors. These include factors known as factor VIII, factor IX, factor X1, and factor XII.Other names: activated partial thromboplastin time, aPTT, intrinsic pathway coagulation factor profile\n','What is it used for?A PTT test is used to:Check the function of specific coagulation factors. If any of these factors are missing or defective, it can mean you have a bleeding disorder. Bleeding disorders are a group of rare conditions in which blood doesn\'t clot normally. The most well-known bleeding disorder is hemophilia.Find out if there is another reason for excessive bleeding or other clotting problems. These include certain autoimmune diseases that cause the immune system to attack coagulation factors.Monitor people taking heparin, a type of medicine that prevents clotting. In some bleeding disorders, the blood clots too much, rather than too little. This can cause heart attacks, strokes, and other life-threatening conditions. But taking too much heparin can cause excessive and dangerous bleeding.\n','Why do I need a PTT test?You may need a PTT test if you:Have unexplained heavy bleedingBruise easilyHave a blood clot in a vein or arteryHave liver disease, which can sometimes cause problems with blood clottingWill be getting surgery. Surgery can cause blood loss, so it\'s important to know if you have a clotting problem.Have had multiple miscarriagesAre taking heparin\n','What happens during a PTT test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a PTT test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?Your PTT test results will show how much time it took for your blood to clot. Results are usually given as a number of seconds. If your results show that your blood took a longer-than-normal time to clot, it may mean you have:A bleeding disorder, such as hemophilia or von Willebrand disease. Von Willebrand disease is the most common bleeding disorder, but it usually causes milder symptoms than other bleeding disorders.Liver diseaseAntiphospholipid antibody syndrome or lupus anticoagulant syndrome. These are autoimmune diseases that cause your immune system to attack your coagulation factors.Vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K plays an important role in forming coagulation factors.If you are taking heparin, your results can help show whether you are taking the right dose. You will probably be tested on a regular basis to make sure your dosage stays at the right level.If you are diagnosed with a bleeding disorder, talk to your health care provider. While there is no cure for most bleeding disorders, there are treatments available that can help manage your condition.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a PTT test?A PTT test is often ordered along with another blood test called prothrombin time. A prothrombin time test is another way to measure clotting ability.\n'),(180,'pdl1 (immunotherapy) tests','What is a PDL1 test?This test measures the amount of PDL1 on cancer cells. PDL1 is a protein that helps keep immune cells from attacking nonharmful cells in the body. Normally, the immune system fights foreign substances like viruses and bacteria, and not your own healthy cells. Some cancer cells have high amounts of PDL1. This allows the cancer cells to \"trick\" the immune system, and avoid being attacked as foreign, harmful substances.If your cancer cells have a high amount of PDL1, you may benefit from a treatment called immunotherapy. Immunotherapy is a therapy that boosts your immune system to help it recognize and fight cancer cells. Immunotherapy has been shown to be very effective in treating certain types of cancers. It also tends to have fewer side effects than other cancer therapies.Other names: programmed death-ligand 1, PD-LI, PDL-1 by immunohistochemistry (IHC)\n','What is it used for?PDL1 testing is used to find out if you have a cancer that may benefit from immunotherapy.\n','Why do I need a PDL1 test?You may need PDL1 testing if you\'ve been diagnosed with one of the following cancers:Non-small cell lung cancerMelanomaHodgkin lymphomaBladder cancerKidney cancerBreast cancerHigh levels of PDL1 are often found in these, as well as some other types of cancer. Cancers that have high levels of PDL1 can often be treated effectively with immunotherapy.\n','What happens during a PDL1 test?Most PDL1 tests are done in a procedure called a biopsy. There are three main types of biopsy procedures:Fine needle aspiration biopsy, which uses a very thin needle to remove a sample of cells or fluidCore needle biopsy, which uses a larger needle to remove a sampleSurgical biopsy, which removes a sample in a minor, outpatient procedureFine needle aspiration and core needle biopsies usually include the following steps:You will lay on your side or sit on an exam table.A health care provider will clean the biopsy site and inject it with an anesthetic so you won\'t feel any pain during the procedure.Once the area is numb, the provider will insert either a fine aspiration needle or core biopsy needle into the biopsy site and remove a sample of tissue or fluid.You may feel a little pressure when the sample is withdrawn.Pressure will be applied to the biopsy site until the bleeding stops.Your provider will apply a sterile bandage at the biopsy site.In a surgical biopsy, a surgeon will make a small cut in your skin to remove all or part of a breast lump. A surgical biopsy is sometimes done if the lump can\'t be reached with a needle biopsy. Surgical biopsies usually include the following steps.You will lie on an operating table. An IV (intravenous line) may be placed in your arm or hand.You may be given medicine, called a sedative, to help you relax.You will be given local or general anesthesia so you won\'t feel pain during the procedure.For local anesthesia, a health care provider will inject the biopsy site with medicine to numb the area.For general anesthesia, a specialist called an anesthesiologist will give you medicine so you will be unconscious during the procedure.Once the biopsy area is numb or you are unconscious, the surgeon will make a small cut into the breast and remove part or all of a lump. Some tissue around the lump may also be removed.The cut in your skin will be closed with stitches or adhesive strips.There are different types of biopsies. The type of biopsy you get will depend on the location and size of your tumor.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You won\'t need any special preparations if you are getting local anesthesia (numbing of the biopsy site). If you are getting general anesthesia, you will probably need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before surgery. Your surgeon will give you more specific instructions. Also, if you are getting a sedative or general anesthesia, be sure to arrange for someone to drive you home. You may be groggy and confused after you wake up from the procedure.\n','Are there any risks to the test?You may have a little bruising or bleeding at the biopsy site. Sometimes the site gets infected. If that happens, you will be treated with antibiotics. A surgical biopsy may cause some additional pain and discomfort. Your health care provider may recommend or prescribe medicine to help you feel better.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show your tumor cells have high levels of PDL1, you may be started on immunotherapy. If your results do not show high levels of PDL1, immunotherapy may not be effective for you. But you may benefit from another type of cancer treatment. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a PDL1 test?Immunotherapy does not work for everyone, even if you have tumors with high levels of PDL1. Cancer cells are complex and often unpredictable. Health care providers and researchers are still learning about immunotherapy and how to predict who will benefit the most from this treatment.\n'),(181,'pharmacogenetic tests','What is pharmacogenetic testing?\nPharmacogenetics, also called pharmacogenomics, is the study of how genes affect the body\'s response to certain medicines. Genes are parts of DNA passed down from your mother and father. They carry information that determines your unique traits, such as height and eye color. Your genes can also affect how safe and effective a particular drug could be for you.\nGenes can be the reason the same medicine at the same dose will affect people in very different ways. Genes may also be the reason some people have bad side effects to a medicine, while others have none.\nPharmacogenetic testing looks at specific genes to help figure out the types of medicines and dosages that may be right for you.\nOther names: pharmacogenomics, pharmacogenomic testing\n','What is it used for?\nPharmacogenetic testing may be used to:\nFind out whether a certain medicine could be effective for you\nFind out what the best dosage might be for you\nPredict whether you will have a serious side effect from a medicine\n','Why do I need pharmacogenetic testing?\nYour health care provider may order these tests before you start a certain medicine, or if you are taking a medicine that is not working and/or causing bad side effects.\nPharmacogenetic tests are only available for a limited number of medicines. Below are some of the medicines and genes that can be tested. (Gene names are usually given in letters and numbers.)\nMedicine\nGenes\nWarfarin: a blood thinner\nCYP2C9 and VKORC1\nPlavix, a blood thinner\nCYP2C19\nAntidepressants, epilepsy medicines\nCYP2D6, CYPD6 CYP2C9, CYP1A2, SLC6A4, HTR2A/C\nTamoxifen, a treatment for breast cancer\nCYPD6\nAntipsychotics\nDRD3, CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP1A2\nTreatments for attention deficit disorder\nD4D4\nCarbamazepine, a treatment for epilepsy\nHLA-B*1502\nAbacavir, a treatment for HIV\nHLA-B*5701\nOpioids\nOPRM1\nStatins, medicines that treat high cholesterol\nSLCO1B1\nTreatments for childhood leukemia and certain autoimmune disorders\nTMPT\n','What happens during a pharmacogenetic test?\nTesting is usually done on blood or saliva.\nFor a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\nFor a saliva test, ask your health care provider for instructions on how to provide your sample.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou usually don\'t need any special preparations for a blood test. If you are getting a saliva test, you should not eat, drink, or smoke for 30 minutes before the test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\nThere is no risk to having a saliva test.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf you were tested before starting a treatment, the test can show whether a medicine will likely be effective and/or if you are at risk for serious side effects. Some tests, such as the ones for certain drugs that treat epilepsy and HIV, can show whether you are at risk for life-threatening side effects. If so, your provider will try to find an alternate treatment.\nTests that happen before and while you\'re on treatment can help your health care provider figure out the right dose.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about pharmacogenetic testing?\nPharmacogenetic testing is only used to find out a person\'s response to a specific medicine. It is not the same thing as genetic testing. Most genetic tests are used to help diagnose diseases or potential risk of disease, identify a family relationship, or identify someone in a criminal investigation.\n'),(182,'phenylketonuria (pku) screening','What is a PKU screening test?A PKU screening test is a blood test given to newborns 24–72 hours after birth. PKU stands for phenylketonuria, a rare disorder that prevents the body from properly breaking down a substance called phenylalanine (Phe). Phe is part of proteins that are found in many foods and in an artificial sweetener called aspartame.If you have PKU and eat these foods, Phe will build up in the blood. High levels of Phe can permanently damage the nervous system and brain, causing a variety of health problems. These include seizures, psychiatric problems, and severe intellectual disability.PKU is caused by a genetic mutation, a change in the normal function of a gene. Genes are the basic units of heredity passed down from your mother and father. For a child to get the disorder, both the mother and father must pass down a mutated PKU gene.Although PKU is rare, all newborns in the United States are required to get a PKU test.The test is easy, with virtually no health risk. But it can save a baby from lifelong brain damage and/or other serious health problems.If PKU is found early, following a special, low-protein/low-Phe diet can prevent complications.There are specially-made formulas for infants with PKU.People with PKU need to stay on the protein/low-Phe diet for the rest of their lives.Other names: PKU newborn screening, PKU test\n','What is it used for?A PKU test is used to see if a newborn has high levels of Phe in the blood. This may mean the baby has PKU, and more tests will be ordered to confirm or rule out a diagnosis.\n',NULL,'What happens during a PKU screening test?A health care provider will clean your baby\'s heel with alcohol and poke the heel with a small needle. The provider will collect a few drops of blood and put a bandage on the site.The test should be done no sooner than 24 hours after birth, to ensure the baby has taken in some protein, either from breast milk or formula. This will help ensure the results are accurate. But the test should be done between 24–72 hours after birth to prevent possible PKU complications. If your baby wasn\'t born in the hospital or if you left the hospital early, be sure to talk to your child\'s health care provider to schedule a PKU test as soon as possible.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare my baby for the test?There are no special preparations needed for a PKU test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to your baby with a needle stick test. Your baby may feel a little pinch when the heel is poked, and a small bruise may form at the site. This should go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your baby\'s results were not normal, your health care provider will order more tests to confirm or rule out PKU. These tests may include more blood tests and/or urine tests. You and your baby may also get genetic tests, since PKU is an inherited condition.If the results were normal, but the test was done sooner than 24 hours after birth, your baby may need to be tested again at 1 to 2 weeks of age.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a PKU screening test?If your baby was diagnosed with PKU, he or she can drink formula that does not contain Phe. If you would like to breastfeed, talk your health care provider. Breast milk does contain Phe, but your baby may be able to have a limited amount, supplemented by the Phe-free formula. Regardless, your child will need to stay on a special low-protein diet for life. A PKU diet usually means avoiding high-protein foods such as meat, fish, eggs, dairy, nuts, and beans. Instead, the diet will probably include cereals, starches, fruits, a milk substitute, and other items with low or no Phe.Your child\'s health care provider may recommend one or more specialists and other resources to help you manage your baby\'s diet and keep your child healthy. There are also a variety of resources available to teens and adults with PKU. If you have PKU, talk to your health care provider about the best ways to take care of your dietary and health needs.\n'),(183,'phosphate in blood','What is a phosphate in blood test?A phosphate in blood test measures the amount of phosphate in your blood. Phosphate is an electrically charged particle that contains the mineral phosphorus. Phosphorus works together with the mineral calcium to build strong bones and teeth.Normally, the kidneys filter and remove excess phosphate from the blood. If phosphate levels in your blood are too high or too low, it can be a sign of kidney disease or other serious disorder.Other names: phosphorus test, P, PO4, phosphorus-serum\n','What is it used for?A phosphate in blood test may be used to:Diagnose and monitor kidney disease and bone disordersDiagnose parathyroid disorders. Parathyroid glands are small glands located in the neck. They make hormones that control the amount of calcium in the blood. If the gland makes too much or too little of these hormones, it can cause serious health problems.A phosphate in blood test is sometimes ordered along with tests of calcium and other minerals.\n','Why do I need a phosphate in blood test?You may need this test if you have symptoms of kidney disease or a parathyroid disorder. These include:FatigueMuscle crampsBone painBut many people with these disorders don\'t have symptoms. So your provider may order a phosphate test if he or she thinks you may have kidney disease based on your health history and the results of calcium tests. Calcium and phosphate work together, so problems with calcium levels can mean problems with phosphate levels as well. Calcium testing is often part of a routine checkup.\n','What happens during a phosphate in blood test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?Certain medicines and supplements can affect phosphate levels. Tell your health care provider about any prescription and over-the-counter medicines you are taking. Your provider will let you know if you need to stop taking them for a few days before your test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?The terms phosphate and phosphorus can mean the same thing in test results. So your results may show phosphorus levels rather than phosphate levels.If your test shows you have high phosphate/phosphorus levels, it may mean you have:Kidney diseaseHypoparathyroidism, a condition in which your parathyroid gland doesn\'t make enough parathyroid hormoneToo much vitamin D in your bodyToo much phosphate in your dietDiabetic ketoacidosis, a life-threatening complication of diabetesIf your test shows you have low phosphate/phosphorus levels, it may mean you have:Hyperparathyroidism, a condition in which your parathyroid gland produces too much parathyroid hormoneMalnutritionAlcoholismOsteomalacia, condition that causes bones to become soft and deformed. It\'s caused by a vitamin D deficiency. When this condition happens in children, it\'s known as rickets.If your phosphate/phosphorus levels are not normal, it doesn\'t necessarily mean you have a medical condition needing treatment. Other factors, such as your diet, can affect your results. Also, children often have higher phosphate levels because their bones are still growing. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a phosphate in blood test?Your provider may order a phosphate in urine test instead of, or in addition to, a phosphate in blood test.\n'),(184,'phosphate in urine','What is a phosphate in urine test?A phosphate in urine test measures the amount of phosphate in your urine. Phosphate is an electrically charged particle that contains the mineral phosphorus. Phosphorus works together with the mineral calcium to build strong bones and teeth. It also plays an essential role in nerve function and how the body uses energy.Your kidneys control the amount of phosphate in your body. If you have a problem with your kidneys, it can affect your phosphate levels. Phosphate levels that are too low or too high can be a sign of a serious health problem.Other names: phosphorus test, P, PO4\n','What is it used for?A phosphate in urine test may be used to:Help diagnose kidney problemsFind the cause of a kidney stone, a small, pebble-like substance that can form in the kidneysDiagnose disorders of the endocrine system. The endocrine system is a group of glands that release hormones into your body. Hormones are chemical substances that control many important functions, including growth, sleep, and how your body uses food for energy.\n','Why do I need a phosphate in urine test?Most people with high phosphate levels don\'t have any symptoms.You may need a phosphate in urine test if you have symptoms of a low phosphate level. These include:FatigueMuscle crampingLoss of appetiteJoint painYou may also need a phosphate in urine test if you\'ve had abnormal results on a calcium test. Calcium and phosphate work together, so problems with calcium levels can mean problems with phosphate levels as well. Calcium testing in blood and/or urine is often part of a routine checkup.\n','What happens during a phosphate in urine test?You\'ll need to collect all your urine during a 24-hour period. This is called a 24-hour urine sample test. Your health care provider or a laboratory professional will give you a container to collect your urine in and instructions on how to collect and store your samples. A 24-hour urine sample test generally includes the following steps:Empty your bladder in the morning and flush that urine down. Do not collect this urine. Record the time.For the next 24 hours, save all your urine in the container provided.Store your urine container in a refrigerator or a cooler with ice.Return the sample container to your health provider\'s office or the laboratory as instructed.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a phosphate in urine test. Be sure to carefully follow all the instructions for providing a 24-hour urine sample.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is no known risk to having a phosphate in urine test.\n','What do the results mean?The terms phosphate and phosphorus can mean the same thing in test results. So your results may show phosphorus levels rather than phosphate levels.If your test shows you have high phosphate/phosphorus levels, it may mean you have:Kidney diseaseToo much vitamin D in your bodyHyperparathyroidism, a condition in which your parathyroid gland produces too much parathyroid hormone. The parathyroid gland is a small gland in your neck that helps control the amount of calcium in your blood.If your test shows you have low phosphate/phosphorus levels, it may mean you have:Kidney diseaseLiver diseaseMalnutritionAlcoholismDiabetic ketoacidosisOsteomalacia (also known as rickets), a condition that causes bones to become soft and deformed. It\'s caused by a vitamin D deficiency.If your phosphate/phosphorus levels are not normal, it doesn\'t necessarily mean you have a medical condition needing treatment. Other factors, such as your diet, can affect your results. Also, children often have higher phosphate levels because their bones are still growing. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a phosphate in urine test?Phosphate is sometimes tested in the blood instead of urine.\n'),(185,'platelet tests','What are platelet tests?\nPlatelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small blood cells that are essential for blood clotting. Clotting is the process that helps you stop bleeding after an injury. There are two types of platelet tests: a platelet count test and platelet function tests.\nA platelet count test measures the number of platelets in your blood. A lower than normal platelet count is called thrombocytopenia. This condition can cause you to bleed too much after a cut or other injury that causes bleeding. A higher than normal platelet count is called thrombocytosis. This can make your blood clot more than you need it to. Blood clots can be dangerous because they can block blood flow.\nPlatelet function tests check your platelets\' ability to form clots. Platelet function tests include:\nClosure time. This test measures the time it takes for platelets in a blood sample to plug a small hole in a tiny tube. It helps screen for different platelet disorders.\nViscoelastometry. This test measures the strength of a blood clot as it forms. A blood clot has to be strong to stop bleeding.\nPlatelet aggregometry. This is a group of tests that are used to measure how well platelets clump together (aggregate).\nLumiaggregometry. This test measures the amount of light produced when certain substances are added to a blood sample. It can help show if there are defects in the platelets.\nFlow cytometry. This is a test that uses lasers to look for proteins on the surface of platelets. It can help diagnose inherited platelet disorders. This is a specialized test. It is only available at certain hospitals and laboratories.\nBleeding time. This test measures the amount of time for bleeding to stop after small cuts are made in the forearm. It was once commonly used to screen for a variety of platelet disorders. Now, other platelet function tests are used more often. The newer tests provide more reliable results.\nOther names: platelet count, thrombocyte count, platelet function tests, platelet function assay, platelet aggregation studies\n','What are they used for?\nA platelet count is most often used to monitor or diagnose conditions that cause too much bleeding or too much clotting. A platelet count may be included in a complete blood count, a test that is often done as part of a regular checkup.\nPlatelet function tests may be used to:\nHelp diagnose certain platelet diseases\nCheck platelet function during complex surgical procedures, such as cardiac bypass and trauma surgery. These types of procedures have an increased risk of bleeding.\nCheck patients before surgery, if they have a personal or family history of bleeding disorders\nMonitor people who are taking blood thinners. These medicines may be given to reduce clotting in people at risk for heart attack or stroke.\n','Why do I need a platelet test?\nYou may need platelet count and/or platelet function testing if you have symptoms of having too few or too many platelets.\nSymptoms of too few platelets include:\nProlonged bleeding after a minor cut or injury\nNosebleeds\nUnexplained bruising\nPinpoint sized red spots on the skin, known as petechiae\nPurplish spots on the skin, known as purpura. These may be caused by bleeding under the skin.\nHeavy and/or prolonged menstrual periods\nSymptoms of too many platelets include:\nNumbness of hands and feet\nHeadache\nDizziness\nWeakness\nYou may also need platelet function testing if you are:\nUndergoing a complex surgery\nTaking medicines to reduce clotting\n','What happens during a platelet test?\nMost platelet tests are done on a blood sample.\nDuring the test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a platelet count test\nIf you are getting a platelet function test, you may need to stop taking certain medicines, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, before your test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results show a lower than normal platelet count (thrombocytopenia), it may indicate:\nA cancer that affects the blood, such as leukemia or lymphoma\nA viral infection, such as mononucleosis, hepatitis, or measles\nAn autoimmune disease. This is a disorder that causes the body to attack its own healthy tissues, which can include platelets.\nInfection or damage to the bone marrow\nCirrhosis\nVitamin B12 deficiency\nGestational thrombocytopenia, a common, but mild, low-platelet condition affecting pregnant women. It is not known to cause any harm to a mother or her unborn baby. It usually gets better on its own during pregnancy or after birth.\nIf your results show a higher than normal platelet count (thrombocytosis), it may indicate:\nCertain types of cancer, such as lung cancer or breast cancer\nAnemia\nInflammatory bowel disease\nRheumatoid arthritis\nA viral or bacterial infection\nIf your platelet function test results were not normal, it may mean you have an inherited or acquired platelet disorder.  Inherited disorders are passed down from your family. The conditions are present at birth, but you may not have symptoms until you are older. Acquired disorders are not present at birth. They may be caused by other diseases, medicines, or exposure in the environment. Sometimes the cause is unknown.\nInherited platelet disorders include:\nVon Willebrand disease, a genetic disorder that reduces the production of platelets or causes the platelets to work less effectively. It can cause excess bleeding.\nGlanzmann\'s thrombasthenia, a disorder that affects platelets\' ability to clump together\nBernard-Soulier syndrome, another disorder that affects platelets\' ability to clump together\nStorage pool disease, a condition that affects platelets\' ability to release substances that help platelets clump together\nAcquired platelet disorders may be due to chronic diseases such as:\nKidney failure\nCertain types of leukemia\nMyelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), a disease of the bone marrow\n','Is there anything else I need to know about platelet function tests?\nPlatelet tests are sometimes done along with one or more of the following blood tests:\nMPV blood test, which measures the size of your platelets\nPartial thromboplastin time (PTT) test, which measures the time it takes for blood to clot\nProthrombin time and INR test, which checks the body\'s ability to form blood clots\n'),(186,'pleural fluid analysis','What is a pleural fluid analysis?Pleural fluid is a liquid that is located between the layers of the pleura. The pleura is a two-layer membrane that covers the lungs and lines the chest cavity. The area that contains pleural fluid is known as the pleural space. Normally, there is a small amount of pleural fluid in the pleural space. The fluid keeps the pleura moist and reduces friction between the membranes when you breathe.Sometimes too much fluid builds up in the pleural space. This is known as pleural effusion. Pleural effusion prevents the lungs from fully inflating, making it hard to breathe. A pleural fluid analysis is a group of tests that look for the cause of pleural effusion.Other names: pleural fluid aspiration\n','What is it used for?A pleural fluid analysis is used to find the cause of pleural effusion. There are two main types of pleural effusion:Transudate, which happens when there is an imbalance of pressure in certain blood vessels. This causes extra fluid to leak into the pleural space. Transudate pleural effusion is most often caused by heart failure or cirrhosis.Exudate, which happens when there is an injury or inflammation of the pleura. This can make excess fluid leak out of certain blood vessels. Exudate pleural effusion has many causes. These include infections such as pneumonia, cancer, kidney disease, and autoimmune diseases. It commonly affects only one side of the chest.To help figure out which type of pleural effusion you have, your health care provider may use a method known as Light\'s criteria. Light\'s criteria is a calculation that compares some of the findings of your pleural fluid analysis with the results of one or more protein blood tests.It\'s important to find out which type of pleural effusion you have, so you can get the right treatment.\n','Why do I need a pleural fluid analysis?You may need this test if you have symptoms of pleural effusion. These include:Chest painDry, nonproductive cough (a cough that doesn\'t bring up mucus)Trouble breathingFatigueSome people with pleural effusion don\'t have symptoms right away. But your provider may order this test if you\'ve had a chest x-ray for another reason, and it shows signs of pleural effusion.\n','What happens during a pleural fluid analysis?Your health care provider will need to remove some pleural fluid from your pleural space. This is done through a procedure called thoracentesis. The procedure may be done in a doctor\'s office or hospital. During the procedure:You will need to take off most of your clothes and then put on a paper or cloth gown to cover yourself.You will sit on a hospital bed or chair, with your arms resting on a padded table. This puts your body in the right position for the procedure.Your provider will clean an area on your back with an antiseptic solution.Your provider will inject a numbing medicine into your skin, so you won\'t feel any pain during the procedure.Once the area is completely numb, your provider will insert a needle in your back between the ribs. The needle will go into the pleural space. Your provider may use ultrasound imaging to help find the best spot to insert the needle.You may feel some pressure as the needle goes in.Your provider will withdraw fluid into the needle.You may be asked to hold your breath or breathe out deeply at certain times during the procedure.When enough fluid has been removed, the needle will be taken out and the procedure area will be bandaged.Blood tests for certain proteins are used to calculate Light\'s criteria. So you may also get a blood test.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a thoracentesis or a blood test. But your provider may order a chest x-ray before the procedure.\n','Are there any risks to the test?Thoracentesis is a generally safe procedure. Risks are usually minor and may include pain and bleeding at the procedure site.Serious complications are uncommon, and may include a collapsed lung or pulmonary edema, a condition in which too much pleural fluid is removed. Your provider may order a chest x-ray after the procedure to check for complications.\n','What do the results mean?Your results can show whether you have a transudate or exudate type of pleural effusion. Transudate pleural effusions are most often caused by heart failure or cirrhosis. Exudate effusions may be caused by a number of different diseases and conditions. Once the type of pleural effusion has been determined, your provider will likely order more tests to make a specific diagnosis.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a pleural fluid analysis?Your pleural fluid results may be compared with other tests, including tests for glucose and for albumin, a protein made by the liver. The comparisons may be used as part of Light\'s criteria to help figure out what kind of pleural effusion you have.\n'),(187,'porphyrin tests','What are porphyrin tests?\nPorphyrin tests measure the level of porphyrins in your blood, urine, or stool. Porphyrins are chemicals that help make hemoglobin, a type of protein in your red blood cells. Hemoglobin carries oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body.\nIt\'s normal to have a small amount of porphyrins in your blood and other body fluids. But too much porphyrin may mean you have a type of porphyria. Porphyria is a rare disorder that can cause serious health problems. Porphyria is usually divided into two categories:\nAcute porphyrias, which mainly affect the nervous system and causes abdominal symptoms\nCutaneous porphyrias, which cause skin symptoms when you are exposed to sunlight\nSome porphyrias affect both the nervous system and the skin.\nOther names: protoporphyrin; protoporphyrin, blood; protoporhyrin, stool; porphyrins, feces; uroporphyrin; porphyrins, urine; Mauzerall-Granick test; acid; ALA; porphobilinogen; PBG; free erythrocyte protoporphyrin; fractionated erythrocyte porphyrins; FEP\n','What are they used for?\nPorphyrin tests are used to diagnose or monitor porphyria.\n','Why do I need a porphyrin test?\nYou may need a porphyrin test if you have symptoms of porphyria. There are different symptoms for the different types of porphyria.\nSymptoms of acute porphyria include:\nAbdominal pain\nConstipation\nNausea and vomiting\nRed or brown urine\nTingling or pain in the hands and/or feet\nMuscle weakness\nConfusion\nHallucinations\nSymptoms of cutaneous porphyria include:\nOversensitivity to sunlight\nBlisters on skin exposed to sunlight\nRedness and swelling on exposed skin\nItching\nChanges in skin color\nYou may also need a porphyrin test if someone in your family has porphyria. Most types of porphyria are inherited, meaning the condition is passed from parent to child.\n','What happens during porphyrin testing?\nPorphyrins can be tested in blood, urine, or stool. The most common types of porphyrin tests are listed below.\nBlood Test\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n24-Hour Urine Sample\nYou will collect all your urine during a 24-hour period. For this test, your health care provider or laboratory will give you a container and specific instructions on how to collect your samples at home. Be sure to follow all instructions carefully. This 24-hour urine sample test is used because the amounts of substances in urine, including porphyrin, can vary throughout the day. So collecting several samples in a day may give a more accurate picture of your urine content.\nRandom Urine Test\nYou can provide your sample at any time of day, with no special preparations or handling needed. This test is often done in a health care provider\'s office or a lab.\nStool Test (also called protoporphyrin in stool)\nYou will collect a sample of your stool and place it in a special container. Your health care provider will give you instructions on how to prepare your sample and send it to a lab.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for blood or urine tests.\nFor a stool test, you may be instructed to not eat meat or take any aspirin-containing medicines for three days prior to your test.\n','Are there any risks to porphyrin tests?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\nThere are no known risks to urine or stool tests.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf high levels of porphyrin are found in your blood, urine, or stool, your health care provider will probably order more tests to confirm a diagnosis and to find out what kind of porphyria you have. While there is no cure for porphyria, the condition can be managed. Certain lifestyle changes and/or medicines can help prevent the symptoms and complications of the disease. Specific treatment depends on the type of porphyria you have. If you have questions about your results or about porphyria, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about porphyrin tests?\nWhile most types of porphyria are inherited, other types porphyria can also be acquired. Acquired porphyria can be caused by a variety of factors, including overexposure to lead, HIV, hepatitis C, excess iron intake, and/or heavy alcohol use.\n'),(188,'postpartum depression screening','What is a postpartum depression screening?It\'s normal to have mixed emotions after having a baby. Along with excitement and joy, many new mothers feel anxious, sad, irritable, and overwhelmed. This is known as the \"baby blues.\" It\'s a common condition, affecting up to 80 percent of new mothers. Symptoms of the baby blues usually get better within two weeks.Postpartum depression (depression after birth) is more serious and lasts longer than the baby blues. Women with postpartum depression may have intense feelings of sadness and anxiety. It can make it hard for a woman to care for herself or her baby. A postpartum depression screening can help find out if you have this condition.Postpartum depression is often caused by changing hormone levels. It may also be caused by other factors, such as lack of family or social support, being a teen mom, and/or having a baby with health problems. Most cases of this type of depression can be treated with medicine and/or talk therapy.Other names: postpartum depression assessment, EPDS test\n','What is it used for?The screening is used to find out if a new mother has postpartum depression. Your obstetrician/gynecologist, midwife, or primary care provider may give you a postpartum depression screening as part of a routine postpartum exam or if you are showing signs of severe depression two or more weeks after giving birth.If your screening shows you have postpartum depression, you many need treatment from a mental health provider. A mental health provider is a health care professional who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental health problems. If you were already seeing a mental health provider before giving birth, you may get a depression screening during pregnancy or after delivery.\n','Why do I need postpartum depression screening?You may need a postpartum depression screening if you have certain risk factors and/or are showing signs of the condition two or more weeks after giving birth.Risk factors for postpartum depression include:History of depressionLack of family supportA multiple birth (having twins, triplets, or more)Being a teen motherHaving a baby with health problemsSigns of postpartum depression include:Feeling sad most of the dayCrying a lotEating too much or too littleSleeping too much or too littleWithdrawing from family and friendsFeeling disconnected from your babyDifficulty completing everyday tasks, including caring for your babyFeelings of guiltFear of being a bad motherExcessive fear of hurting yourself or your babyOne of the most serious signs of postpartum depression is thinking about or attempting to hurt yourself or your baby. If you have these thoughts or fears, seek help right away. There are many ways to get help. You can:Call 911 or your local emergency roomCall your mental health provider or other health care providerReach out to a loved one or close friendCall a suicide hotline. In the United States, you can call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (1-800-273-8255)\n','What happens during a postpartum depression screening?Your provider may give you a questionnaire called the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). The EPDS includes 10 questions about your mood and feelings of anxiety. He or she may ask you other questions in addition to or instead of the EPDS. Your provider may also order a blood test to find out if a disorder, such as thyroid disease, may be causing your depression.During a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for a postpartum depression screening?You usually don\'t need any special preparations for a postpartum depression screening.\n','Are there any risks to screening?There is no risk to having a physical exam or taking a questionnaire.There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If you are diagnosed with postpartum depression, it\'s important to get treatment as soon as possible. In addition to medicine and talk therapy, self-care strategies may help you feel better. These include:Asking your partner or other loved one to help care for the babyTalking to other adultsTaking a little time for yourself every dayGetting regular exerciseGoing outside for fresh air when weather permits\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a postpartum depression screening?A rare but more serious form of postpartum depression is called postpartum psychosis. Women with postpartum psychosis have hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren\'t real). They may also have violent and/or suicidal thoughts. If you are diagnosed with postpartum psychosis, you may need to be hospitalized. Some facilities offer supervised units that allow mother and baby to stay together. Medicines, known as antipsychotics, may be part of the treatment.\n'),(189,'potassium blood test','What is a potassium blood test?A potassium blood test measures the amount of potassium in your blood. Potassium is a type of electrolyte. Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals in your body that help control muscle and nerve activity, maintain fluid levels, and perform other important functions. Your body needs potassium to help your heart and muscles work properly. Potassium levels that are too high or too low may indicate a medical problem.Other names: potassium serum, serum potassium, serum electrolytes, K\n','What is it used for?A potassium blood test is often included in a series of routine blood tests called an electrolyte panel. The test may also be used to monitor or diagnose conditions related to abnormal potassium levels. These conditions include kidney disease, high blood pressure, and heart disease.\n','Why do I need a potassium blood test?Your health care provider may order a potassium blood test as part of your regular checkup or to monitor an existing condition such as diabetes or kidney disease. You may also need this test if you have symptoms of having too much or too little potassium.If your potassium levels are too high, your symptoms may include:Irregular heart rhythmsFatigueWeaknessNauseaParalysis in the arms and legsIf your potassium levels are too low, your symptoms may include:Irregular heart rhythmsMuscle crampsTwitchesWeaknessFatigueNauseaConstipation\n','What happens during a potassium blood test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a potassium blood test or an electrolyte panel. If your health care provider has ordered more tests on your blood sample, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?Too much potassium in the blood, a condition known as hyperkalemia, may indicate:Kidney diseaseBurns or other traumatic injuriesAddison\'s disease, a hormonal disorder that can cause a variety of symptoms including weakness, dizziness, weight loss, and dehydrationType 1 diabetesThe effect of medicines, such as diuretics or antibioticsIn a rare instances, a diet too high in potassium. Potassium is found in many foods, such as bananas, apricots, and avocados, and is part of a healthy diet. But eating excessive amounts of potassium-rich foods can lead to health problems.Too little potassium in the blood, a condition known as hypokalemia, may indicate:A diet too low in potassiumAlcoholismLoss of bodily fluids from diarrhea, vomiting, or use of diureticsAldosteronism, a hormonal disorder that causes high blood pressureIf your results are not in the normal range, it doesn\'t necessarily mean that you have a medical condition requiring treatment. Certain prescription and over-the-counter medicines may raise your potassium levels, while eating a lot of licorice may lower your levels. To learn what your results mean, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a potassium blood test?Repeated clenching and relaxing of your fist just before or during your blood test may temporarily increase the potassium levels in your blood. This may lead to an incorrect result.\n'),(190,'prealbumin blood test','What is a prealbumin blood test?\nA prealbumin blood test measures prealbumin levels in your blood. Prealbumin is a protein made in your liver. Prealbumin helps carry thyroid hormones and vitamin A through your bloodstream. It also helps regulate how your body uses energy.\nIf your prealbumin levels are lower than normal, it may be a sign of malnutrition. Malnutrition is a condition where your body does not get the calories, vitamins, and/or minerals needed for good health.\nOther names: thyroxine binding prealbumin, PA, transthyretin test, transthyretin\n','What is it used for?\nA prealbumin test may be used to:\nFind out if you are getting enough nutrients, especially protein, in your diet\nCheck to see if you are getting enough nutrition if you are in the hospital. Nutrition plays an important role in recovery and healing.\nHelp diagnose certain infections and chronic diseases\n','Why do I need a prealbumin blood test?\nYour health care provider may order a prealbumin test to keep track of your nutrition if you are in the hospital. You may also need this test if you have symptoms of malnutrition. These include:\nWeight loss\nWeakness\nPale, dry skin\nBrittle hair\nBone and joint pain\nChildren with malnutrition may not grow and develop normally.\n','What happens during a prealbumin blood test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a prealbumin test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your prealbumin levels are lower than normal, it may mean you are not getting enough nutrition in your diet. Low prealbumin levels may also be a sign of:\nTrauma, such as a burn injury\nChronic illness\nLiver disease\nCertain infections\nInflammation\nHigh prealbumin levels may be a sign of Hodgkin disease, kidney problems, or other disorders, but this test is not used to diagnose or monitor conditions related to high prealbumin. Other types of lab tests will be used to diagnose these disorders.\nIf your prealbumin levels are not normal, it doesn\'t necessarily mean you have a condition needing treatment. Certain medicines and even pregnancy can affect your results. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a prealbumin blood test?\nSome health care providers don\'t think a prealbumin test is the best way to diagnose malnutrition, because low prealbumin levels can be a sign of other medical conditions. But many providers find the test useful for monitoring nutrition, especially in people who are seriously ill or are in the hospital.\n'),(191,'pregnancy test','What is a pregnancy test?A pregnancy test can tell whether you are pregnant by checking for a particular hormone in your urine or blood. The hormone is called human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). HCG is made in a woman\'s placenta after a fertilized egg implants in the uterus. It is normally made only during pregnancy.A urine pregnancy test can find the HCG hormone about a week after you\'ve missed a period. The test can be done in a health care provider\'s office or with a home test kit. These tests are basically the same, so many women choose to use a home pregnancy test before calling a provider. When used correctly, home pregnancy tests are 97–99 percent accurate.A pregnancy blood test is done in a health care provider\'s office. It can find smaller amounts of HCG, and can confirm or rule out a pregnancy earlier than a urine test. A blood test can detect pregnancy even before you\'ve missed a period. Pregnancy blood tests are about 99 percent accurate. A blood test is often used to confirm the results of a home pregnancy test.Other names: human chorionic gonadotropin test, HCG test\n','What is it used for?A pregnancy test is used to find out whether you are pregnant.\n','Why do I need a pregnancy test?You may need this test if you think you are pregnant. Symptoms of pregnancy vary from woman to woman, but the most common sign of early pregnancy is a missed period. Other common signs of pregnancy include:Swollen, tender breastsFatigueFrequent urinationNausea and vomiting (also called morning sickness)Bloated feeling in the abdomen\n','What happens during a pregnancy test?You can get a home pregnancy test kit at the drug store without a prescription. Most are inexpensive and easy to use.Many home pregnancy tests include a device called a dipstick. Some also include a collection cup. Your home test may include the following steps or similar steps:Do the test on your first urination of the morning. The test may be more accurate at this time, because morning urine usually has more HCG.Hold the dipstick in your urine stream for 5 to 10 seconds. For kits that include a collection cup, urinate into the cup, and insert the dipstick into the cup for 5 to 10 seconds.After a few minutes, the dipstick will show your results. The time to results and the way the results are shown will vary between test kit brands.Your dipstick may have a window or other area that shows a plus or minus sign, a single or double line, or the words \"pregnant\" or \"not pregnant.\" Your pregnancy test kit will include instructions on how to read your results.If the results show you are not pregnant, you may want to try again in a few days, as you may have done the test too early. HCG gradually increases during pregnancy.If your results show you are pregnant, you should make an appointment with your health care provider. Your provider may confirm your results with a physical exam and/or a blood test.During a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This process usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a pregnancy test in urine or blood.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is no known risk to having a urine test.There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results means?Your results will show whether you are pregnant. If you are pregnant, it\'s important to see your health care provider as soon as possible. You may be referred to or may already be receiving care from an obstetrician/gynecologist (OB/GYN) or a midwife. These are providers who specialize in women\'s health, prenatal care, and pregnancy. Regular health care visits during pregnancy can help ensure you and your baby stay healthy.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a pregnancy test?A urine pregnancy test shows whether HCG is present. HCG indicates pregnancy. A pregnancy blood test also shows the amount of HCG. If your blood tests show a very low amount of HCG, it could mean you have an ectopic pregnancy, a pregnancy that grows outside the uterus. A developing baby can\'t survive an ectopic pregnancy. Without treatment, the condition can be life-threatening for a woman.\n'),(192,'prenatal cell-free dna screening','What is a prenatal cell-free DNA (cfDNA) screening?\nPrenatal cell-free DNA (cfDNA) screening is a blood test for pregnant women. During pregnancy, some of an unborn baby\'s DNA circulates in the mother\'s bloodstream. A cfDNA screening checks this DNA to find out if the baby is more likely to have Down syndrome or another disorder caused by a trisomy.\nA trisomy is a disorder of the chromosomes. Chromosomes are the parts of your cells that contain your genes. Genes are parts of DNA passed down from your mother and father. They carry information that determines your unique traits, such as height and eye color.\nPeople normally have 46 chromosomes, divided into 23 pairs, in each cell.\nIf one of these pairs has an extra copy of a chromosome, it\'s called a trisomy. A trisomy causes changes in the way the body and brain develop.\nIn Down syndrome, there is an extra copy of chromosome 21. This is also known as trisomy 21. Down syndrome is the most common chromosome disorder in the United States.\nOther trisomy disorders include Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18), where there is an extra copy of chromosome 18, and Patau syndrome (trisomy 13), where there is an extra copy of chromosome 13. These disorders are rare but more serious than Down syndrome. Most babies with trisomy 18 or trisomy 13 die within the first year of life.\nA cfDNA screening has very little risk to you and your baby, but it can\'t tell you for sure whether your baby has a chromosome disorder. Your health care provider will need to order other tests to confirm or rule out a diagnosis.\nOther names: cell-free fetal DNA, cffDNA, non-invasive prenatal test, NIPT\n','What is used for?\nA cfDNA screening is most often used to show if your unborn baby has an increased risk for one of the following chromosome disorders:\nDown syndrome (trisomy 21)\nEdwards syndrome (trisomy 18)\nPatau syndrome (trisomy 13)\nThe screening may also be used to:\nDetermine a baby\'s gender (sex). This may be done if an ultrasound shows that a baby\'s genitals are not clearly male or female. This may be caused by a disorder of the sex chromosomes.\nCheck Rh blood type. Rh is a protein found on red blood cells. If you have the protein, you are considered Rh positive. If you don\'t, you are Rh negative. If you are Rh negative and your unborn baby is Rh positive, your body\'s immune system may attack your baby\'s blood cells. If you find out you are Rh negative early in pregnancy, you can take medicines to protect your baby from dangerous complications.\nA cfDNA screening can be done as early as the 10th week of pregnancy.\n','Why do I need a prenatal cfDNA screening?\nMany health care providers recommend this screening to pregnant women who are at higher\nrisk of having a baby with a chromosome disorder. You may be at higher risk if:\nYou are age 35 or older. A mother\'s age is the primary risk factor for having a baby with Down syndrome or other trisomy disorders. The risk increases as a woman gets older.\nYou\'ve had another baby with a chromosome disorder.\nYour fetal ultrasound didn\'t look normal.\nOther prenatal test results were not normal.\nSome health care providers recommend screening to all pregnant women. This is because the screening has almost no risk and has a high rate of accuracy compared with other prenatal screening tests.\nYou and your health care provider should discuss if a cfDNA screening is right for you.\n','What happens during a prenatal cfDNA screening?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for this test?\nYou may want to speak to a genetic counselor before you get tested. A genetic counselor is a specially trained professional in genetics and genetic testing.  He or she can explain the possible results and what they might mean to you and your baby.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is no risk to your unborn baby and very little risk to you. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results were negative, it\'s unlikely that your baby has Down syndrome or another trisomy disorder. If your results were positive, it means there is an increased risk that your baby has one of these disorders. But it can\'t tell you for sure if your baby is affected. For a more confirmed diagnosis you\'ll need other tests, such as amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS). These tests are usually very safe procedures, but they do have a slight risk of causing a miscarriage.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider and/or a genetic counselor.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a prenatal cfDNA screening?\ncfDNA screenings are not as accurate in women who are pregnant with more than one baby (twins, triplets, or more).\n'),(193,'procalcitonin test','What is a procalcitonin test?A procalcitonin test measures the level of procalcitonin in your blood. A high level could be a sign of a serious bacterial infection, such as sepsis. Sepsis is the body\'s severe response to infection. Sepsis happens when an infection in one area of your body, such as your skin or urinary tract, spreads into your bloodstream. This triggers an extreme immune reaction. It can cause a rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, decreased blood pressure, and other symptoms. Without quick treatment, sepsis can lead to organ failure or even death.A procalcitonin test can help your health care provider determine if you have sepsis or another serious bacterial infection in the early stages. This may help you get treated promptly and avoid life-threatening complications.Other names: PCT test\n','What is it used for?A procalcitonin test may be used to help:Diagnose sepsis and other bacterial infections, such as meningitisDiagnose kidney infections in children with urinary tract infectionsDetermine the severity of a sepsis infectionFind out whether an infection or illness is caused by bacteriaMonitor the effectiveness of Antibiotics therapy\n','Why do I need a procalcitonin test?You may need this test if you have symptoms of sepsis or another serious bacterial infection. These symptoms include:Fever and chillsSweatingConfusionExtreme painRapid heartbeatShortness of breathVery low blood pressureThis test is usually performed in the hospital. It is mostly used for people who come to the emergency room for treatment and for people who are already in the hospital.\n','What happens during a procalcitonin test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparation for a procalcitonin test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show a high procalcitonin level, it\'s likely you have a serious bacterial infection such as sepsis or meningitis. The higher the level, the more severe your infection may be. If you are being treated for an infection, decreasing or low procalcitonin levels can show that your treatment is working.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a procalcitonin test?Procalcitonin tests are not as precise as other laboratory tests for infections. So your health care provider will need to review and/or order other tests before making a diagnosis. But a procalcitonin test does offer important information that can help your provider start treatment sooner and may help you avoid serious illness.\n'),(194,'progesterone test','What is a progesterone test?\nA progesterone test measures the level of progesterone in the blood. Progesterone is a hormone made by a woman\'s ovaries. Progesterone plays an important role in pregnancy. It helps make your uterus ready to support a fertilized egg. Progesterone also helps prepare your breasts for making milk.\nProgesterone levels vary during a woman\'s menstrual cycle. The levels start out low, then increase after the ovaries release an egg. If you become pregnant, progesterone levels will continue to rise as your body gets ready to support a developing baby. If you do not become pregnant (your egg is not fertilized), your progesterone levels will go down and your period will begin.\nProgesterone levels in a pregnant woman are about 10 times higher than they are in a woman who is not pregnant. Men also make progesterone, but in much smaller amounts. In men, progesterone is made by the adrenal glands and testes.\nOther names: serum progesterone, progesterone blood test, PGSN\n','What is it used for?\nA progesterone test is used to:\nFind the cause of a woman\'s infertility (the inability to make a baby)\nFind out if and when you are ovulating\nFind out your risk of a miscarriage\nMonitor a high-risk pregnancy\nDiagnose an ectopic pregnancy, a pregnancy that grows in the wrong place (outside the uterus). A developing baby can\'t survive an ectopic pregnancy. This condition is dangerous, and sometimes life-threatening, for a woman.\n','Why do I need a progesterone test?\nYou may need this test if you are having trouble getting pregnant. A progesterone test can help your health care provider see if you are ovulating normally.\nIf you are pregnant, you may need this test to check the health of your pregnancy. Your provider may recommend a progesterone test if you are at risk for miscarriage or other pregnancy complications. Your pregnancy may be at risk if you have symptoms such as abdominal cramps or bleeding, and/or a previous history of miscarriage.\n','What happens during a progesterone test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a progesterone test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your progesterone levels are higher than normal, it may mean you:\nAre pregnant\nHave a cyst on your ovaries\nHave a molar pregnancy, a growth in the abdomen that causes symptoms of pregnancy\nHave a disorder of the adrenal glands\nHave ovarian cancer\nYour progesterone levels may be even higher if you are pregnant with two or more babies.\nIf your progesterone levels are lower than normal, it may mean you:\nHave an ectopic pregnancy\nHad a miscarriage\nAre not ovulating normally, which can cause fertility problems\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a progesterone test?\nBecause progesterone levels change throughout your pregnancy and menstrual cycle, you may need to be retested several times.\n'),(195,'prolactin levels','What is a prolactin levels test?A prolactin (PRL) test measures the level of prolactin in the blood. Prolactin is a hormone made by the pituitary gland, a small gland at the base of the brain. Prolactin causes the breasts to grow and make milk during pregnancy and after birth. Prolactin levels are normally high for pregnant women and new mothers. Levels are normally low for nonpregnant women and for men.If prolactin levels are higher than normal, it often means there is a type of tumor of the pituitary gland, known as a prolactinoma. This tumor makes the gland produce too much prolactin. Excess prolactin can cause the production of breast milk in men and in women who are not pregnant or breastfeeding. In women, too much prolactin can also cause menstrual problems and infertility (the inability to get pregnant). In men, it can lead to lower sex drive and erectile dysfunction (ED). Also known as impotence, ED is the inability to get or maintain an erection.Prolactinomas are usually benign (noncancerous). But left untreated, these tumors can damage surrounding tissues.Other names: PRL test, prolactin blood test\n','What is it used for?A prolactin levels test is most often used to:Diagnose a prolactinoma (a type of tumor of the pituitary gland)Help find the cause of a woman\'s menstrual irregularities and/or infertilityHelp find the cause of a man\'s low sex drive and/or erectile dysfunction\n','Why do I need a prolactin levels test?You may need this test if you have symptoms of a prolactinoma. Symptoms may include:Production of breast milk if you are not pregnant or breastfeedingNipple dischargeHeadachesChanges in visionOther symptoms are different depending on whether you are a man or woman. If you are a woman, symptoms also depend on whether you have gone through menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman\'s life when her menstrual periods have stopped and she can\'t become pregnant anymore. It usually starts when a woman is around 50 years old.Symptoms of excess prolactin in women who have not gone through menopause include:Irregular periodsPeriods that have stopped completely before the age of 40. This is known as premature menopause.InfertilityBreast tendernessWomen who have gone through menopause may not have symptoms until the condition worsens. Excess prolactin after menopause often causes hypothyroidism. In this condition, the body does not make enough thyroid hormone. Symptoms of hypothyroidism include:FatigueWeight gainMuscle painConstipationTrouble tolerating cold temperaturesSymptoms of excess prolactin in men include:Nipple dischargeBreast enlargementLow sex driveErectile dysfunctionDecrease in body hair\n','What happens during a prolactin levels test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You will need to take your test about three to four hours after waking up. Prolactin levels change throughout the day, but are usually the highest in early morning.Be sure to tell your health care provider about any medicines you are taking. Certain medicines can raise prolactin levels. These include birth control pills, high blood pressure medicine, and antidepressants.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show higher than normal prolactin levels, it may mean you have one of the following conditions:Prolactinoma (a type of tumor of the pituitary gland)HypothyroidismA disease of the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is an area of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and other body functions.Liver diseaseIf your results show high prolactin levels, your health care provider may order an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) test to get a closer look at your pituitary gland.High prolactin levels may be treated with medicine or surgery. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n',NULL),(196,'prostate-specific antigen (psa) test','What is a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test?\nA prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test measures the level of PSA in your blood. The prostate is a small gland that is part of a man\'s reproductive system. It is located below the bladder and makes a fluid that is part of semen. PSA is a substance made by the prostate. Men normally have low PSA levels in their blood. A high PSA level may be a sign of prostate cancer, the most common non-skin cancer affecting American men. But high PSA levels can also mean noncancerous prostate conditions, such as infection or benign prostatic hyperplasia, a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate.\nOther names: total PSA, free PSA\n','What is it used for?\nA PSA test is used to screen for prostate cancer. Screening is a test that looks for a disease, such as cancer, in its early stages, when it\'s most treatable. Leading health organizations, such as the American Cancer Society and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), disagree on recommendations for using the PSA test for cancer screening. Reasons for disagreement include:\nMost types of prostate cancer grow very slowly. It can take decades before any symptoms show up.\nTreatment of slow-growing prostate cancer is often unnecessary. Many men with the disease live long, healthy lives without ever knowing they had cancer.\nTreatment can cause major side effects, including erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence.\nFast-growing prostate cancer is less common, but more serious and often life-threatening. Age, family history, and other factors can put you at higher risk. But the PSA test alone can\'t tell the difference between slow- and fast-growing prostate cancer.\nTo find out if PSA testing is right for you, talk to your health care provider.\n','Why do I need a PSA test?\nYou may get a PSA test if you have certain risk factors for prostate cancer. These include:\nA father or brother with prostate cancer\nBeing African-American. Prostate cancer is more common in African American men. The reason for this is unknown.\nYour age. Prostate cancer is more common in men over the age of 50.\nYou may also get a PSA test if:\nYou have symptoms such as painful or frequent urination, and pelvic and/or back pain.\nYou\'ve already been diagnosed with prostate cancer. The PSA test can help monitor the effects of your treatment.\n','What happens during a PSA test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou will need to avoid having sex or masturbating for 24 hours before your PSA test, as releasing semen can raise your PSA levels.\n','Are there any risks to the test? \nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nHigh PSA levels can mean cancer or a noncancerous condition such as a prostate infection, which can be treated with antibiotics. If your PSA levels are higher than normal, your health care provider will probably order more tests, including:\nA rectal exam. For this test, your health care provider will insert a gloved finger into your rectum to feel your prostate.\nA biopsy. This is a minor surgical procedure, where a provider will take a small sample of prostate cells for testing.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a PSA test?\nResearchers are looking into ways to improve the PSA test. The goal is to have a test that does a better job of telling the difference between non-serious, slow-growing prostate cancers and cancers that are fast growing and potentially life-threatening.\n'),(197,'protein c and protein s tests','What are protein C and protein S tests?\nThese tests measure the levels of protein C and protein S in your blood. Protein C and protein S tests are two separate tests that are often done at the same time.\nProtein C and protein S work together to prevent your blood from clotting too much. Normally, your body makes blood clots to stop bleeding after a cut or other injury. If you don\'t have enough protein C (protein C deficiency) or enough protein S (protein S deficiency), your blood can clot more than you need it to. If this happens, you may get a clot that partly or completely blocks blood flow in a vein or artery. These clots can form in the arms and legs and travel to your lungs. When a blood clot forms in the lungs it\'s called a pulmonary embolism. This condition is life-threatening.\nProtein C and protein S deficiencies can be mild or severe. Some people with mild deficiencies never have a dangerous blood clot. But certain factors can increase the risk. These include surgery, pregnancy, certain infections, and extended periods of inactivity, such as being on a long airline flight.\nProtein C and protein S deficiencies are sometimes inherited (passed down from your parents), or can be acquired later in life. Testing may help find ways to prevent the formation of clots, regardless of how you got the deficiency.\nOther names:  protein C antigen, protein S antigen\n','What are they used for?\nProtein C and protein S tests are used to diagnose clotting disorders. If tests show you have a protein C or a protein S deficiency, there are medicines and lifestyle changes you can make to reduce your risk of clots.\n','Why do I need protein C and protein S tests?\nYou may need these tests if you have certain risk factors. You may be at higher risk of a protein C or a protein S deficiency if you:\nHave a family member who has been diagnosed with a clotting disorder. Protein C and protein S deficiencies can be inherited.\nHad a blood clot that can\'t be explained\nHad a blood clot in an unusual location such as the arms or the blood vessels of the brain\nHad a blood clot and are under the age of 50\nHad repeated miscarriages. Protein C and protein S deficiencies sometimes cause clotting problems that affect pregnancies.\n','What happens during protein C and protein S testing?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYour health care provider may tell you to avoid certain medicines for several days or longer before your test. Blood thinners, medicines that prevent clots, can affect your results.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results show low levels of protein C or protein S, you may be at risk of a dangerous clot. While there is no cure for protein C and protein S deficiencies, there are ways to reduce your risk of clots.\nYour health care provider will make a treatment plan based on your results and health history. Your treatment may include medicines that make it harder for the blood to clot. These include blood thinning drugs called warfarin and heparin. Your provider may also recommend lifestyle changes, such as not smoking and not using birth control pills.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about protein C and protein S tests?\nIf you have a family history or previous history of clotting, and are pregnant, be sure to tell your health care provider. Protein C and protein S deficiencies can cause dangerous clots during pregnancy. Your provider can recommend steps to ensure you and your baby stay healthy. These may include medicines, and/or frequent tests to monitor your condition.\n'),(198,'protein in urine','What is a protein in urine test?A protein in urine test measures how much protein is in your urine. Proteins are substances that are essential for your body to function properly. Protein is normally found in the blood. If there is a problem with your kidneys, protein can leak into your urine. While a small amount is normal, a large amount of protein in urine may indicate kidney disease.Other names: urine protein, 24-hour urine protein; urine total protein; ratio; reagent strip urinalysis\n','What is it used for?A protein in urine test is often part of a urinalysis, a test that measures different cells, chemicals, and substances in your urine. Urinalysis is often included as part of a routine exam. This test may also be used to look for or to monitor kidney disease.\n','Why do I need a protein in urine test?Your health care provider may have ordered a protein test as part of your regular checkup, or if you have symptoms of kidney disease. These symptoms include:Difficulty urinatingFrequent urination, especially at nightNausea and vomitingLoss of appetiteSwelling in the hands and feetFatigueItching\n','What happens during a protein in urine test?A protein in urine test can be done in the home as well as in a lab. If in a lab, you will receive instructions to provide a \"clean catch\" sample. The clean catch method includes the following steps:Wash your hands.Clean your genital area with a cleansing pad given to you by your provider. Men should wipe the tip of their penis. Women should open their labia and clean from front to back.Start to urinate into the toilet.Move the collection container under your urine stream.Collect at least an ounce or two of urine into the container, which should have markings to indicate the amounts.Finish urinating into the toilet.Return the sample container as instructed by your health care provider.If at home, you will use a test kit. The kit will include a package of strips for testing and instructions on how to provide a clean catch sample. Talk to your health care provider if you have any questions.Your health care provider may also request you collect all your urine during a 24-hour period. This \"24-hour urine sample test\" is used because the amounts of substances in urine, including protein, can vary throughout the day. Collecting several samples in a day may provide a more accurate picture of your urine content.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations to test for protein in urine. If your health care provider has ordered a 24-hour urine sample, you will get specific instructions on how to provide and store your samples.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is no known risk to having a urinalysis or a urine in protein test.\n','What do the results mean?If a large amount of protein is found in your urine sample, it doesn\'t necessarily mean that you have a medical problem needing treatment. Strenuous exercise, diet, stress, pregnancy, and other factors can cause a temporary rise in urine protein levels. Your health care provider may recommend additional urinalysis tests if a high level of protein is found This testing may include a 24-hour urine sample test.If your urine protein levels are consistently high, it may indicate kidney damage or other medical condition. These include:Urinary tract infectionLupusHigh blood pressurePreeclampsia, a serious complication of pregnancy, marked by high blood pressure. If it is not treated, preeclampsia can be life-threatening to the mother and baby.DiabetesCertain types of cancerTo learn what your results mean, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a protein in urine test?If you will be doing your urine test at home, ask your health care provider for recommendations on which test kit would be best for you. At-home urine tests are easy to do and provide accurate results as long as you carefully follow all instructions.\n'),(199,'prothrombin time test and inr (pt/inr)','What is a prothrombin time test with an INR (PT/INR)?\nA prothrombin time (PT) test measures how long it takes for a clot to form in a blood sample. An INR (international normalized ratio) is a type of calculation based on PT test results.\nProthrombin is a protein made by the liver. It is one of several substances known as clotting (coagulation) factors. When you get a cut or other injury that causes bleeding, your clotting factors work together to form a blood clot. Clotting factor levels that are too low can cause you to bleed too much after an injury. Levels that are too high can cause dangerous clots to form in your arteries or veins.\nA PT/INR test helps find out if your blood is clotting normally. It also checks to see if a medicine that prevents blood clots is working the way it should.\nOther names: prothrombin time/international normalized ratio, PT protime\n','What is it used for?\nA PT/INR test is most often used to:\nSee how well warfarin is working. Warfarin is a blood-thinning medicine that\'s used to treat and prevent dangerous blood clots. (Coumadin is a common brand name for warfarin.)\nFind out the reason for abnormal blood clots\nFind out the reason for unusual bleeding\nCheck clotting function before surgery\nCheck for liver problems\nA PT/INR test is often done along with a partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test. A PTT test also checks for clotting problems.\n','Why do I need a PT/INR test?\nYou may need this test if you are taking warfarin on a regular basis. The test helps make sure you are taking the right dose.\nIf you are not taking warfarin, you may need this test if you have symptoms of a bleeding or clotting disorder.\nSymptoms of a bleeding disorder include:\nUnexplained heavy bleeding\nBruising easily\nUnusually heavy nose bleeds\nUnusually heavy menstrual periods in women\nSymptoms of a clotting disorder include:\nLeg pain or tenderness\nLeg swelling\nRedness or red streaks on the legs\nTrouble breathing\nCough\nChest pain\nRapid heartbeat\nIn addition, you may need a PT/INR test if you are scheduled for surgery. It helps make sure your blood is clotting normally, so you won\'t lose too much blood during the procedure.\n','What happens during a PT/INR test?\nThe test may be done on a blood sample from a vein or a fingertip.\nFor a blood sample from a vein:\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\nFor a blood sample from a fingertip:\nA fingertip test may be done in a provider\'s office or in your home. If you are taking warfarin, your provider may recommend you test your blood regularly using an at-home PT/INR test kit. During this test, you or your provider will:\nUse a small needle to puncture your fingertip\nCollect a drop of blood and place it onto a test strip or other special instrument\nPlace the instrument or test strip into a device that calculates the results. At-home devices are small and lightweight.\nIf you are using an at-home test kit, you will need to review your results with your provider. Your provider will let you know how he or she would like to receive the results.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nIf you are taking warfarin, you may need to delay your daily dose until after testing. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any other special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf you were tested because you are taking warfarin, your results will probably be in the form of INR levels. INR levels are often used because they make it easier to compare results from different labs and different test methods. If you are not taking warfarin, your results may be in the form of INR levels or the number of seconds it takes for your blood sample to clot (prothrombin time).\nIf you are taking warfarin:\nINR levels that are too low may mean you are at risk for dangerous blood clots.\nINR levels that are too high may mean you are at risk for dangerous bleeding.\nYour health care provider will probably change your dose of warfarin to reduce these risks.\nIf you are not taking warfarin and your INR or prothrombin time results were not normal, it may mean one of the following conditions:\nA bleeding disorder, a condition in which the body can\'t clot blood properly, causing excessive bleeding\nA clotting disorder, a condition in which the body forms excessive clots in arteries or veins\nLiver disease\nVitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K plays an important role in blood clotting.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a PT/INR test?\nSometimes certain liver tests are ordered along with a PT/INR test. These include:\nAspartate Aminotransferase (AST)\nAlanine Aminotransferase (ALT)\n'),(200,'pten genetic test','What is a PTEN genetic test?A PTEN genetic test looks for a change, known as a mutation, in a gene called PTEN. Genes are the basic units of heredity passed down from your mother and father.The PTEN gene helps stop the growth of tumors. It\'s known as a tumor suppressor. A tumor suppressor gene is like the brakes on a car. It puts the \"brakes\" on cells, so they don\'t divide too quickly. If you have a PTEN genetic mutation, it can cause the growth of noncancerous tumors called hamartomas. Hamartomas can show up throughout the body. The mutation can also lead to the development of cancerous tumors.A PTEN genetic mutation can be inherited from your parents, or acquired later in life from the environment or from a mistake that happens in your body during cell division.An inherited PTEN mutation can cause a variety of health disorders. Some of these can start at infancy or early childhood. Others show up in adulthood. These disorders are often grouped together and called PTEN hamartoma syndrome (PTHS) and include:Cowden syndrome, a disorder that causes the growth of many hamartomas and increases the risk of several types of cancer, including cancers of the breast, uterus, thyroid, and colon. People with Cowden syndrome often have a larger than normal sized head (macrocephaly), developmental delays, and/or autism.Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome also causes hamartomas and macrocephaly. In addition, people with this syndrome may have learning disabilities and/or autism. Males with the disorder often have dark freckles on the penis.Proteus or Proteus-like syndrome can cause an overgrowth of bones, skin, and other tissues, as well as hamartomas and macrocephaly.Acquired (also known as somatic) PTEN genetic mutations are one of the commonly found mutations in human cancer. These mutations have been found in many different types of cancer, including prostate cancer, uterine cancer, and some types of brain tumors.Other names: PTEN gene, full gene analysis; PTEN sequencing and deletion/duplication\n','What is it used for?The test is used to look for a PTEN genetic mutation. It is not a routine test. It is usually given to people based on family history, symptoms, or previous diagnosis of cancer, especially cancer of the breast, thyroid, or uterus.\n','Why do I need a PTEN genetic test?You or your child may need a PTEN genetic test if you have a family history of a PTEN genetic mutation and/or one or more of the following conditions or symptoms:Multiple hamartomas, especially in the gastrointestinal areaMacrocephaly (larger than normal sized head)Developmental delaysAutismDark freckling of the penis in malesBreast cancerThyroid cancerUterine cancer in femalesIf you\'ve been diagnosed with cancer and don\'t have a family history of the disease, your health care provider may order this test to see if PTEN genetic mutation may be causing your cancer. Knowing whether you have the mutation can help your provider predict how your disease will develop and guide your treatment.\n','What happens during a PTEN genetic test?A PTEN test is usually a blood test. During a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You usually don\'t need any special preparations for a PTEN test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show you have a PTEN genetic mutation, it does not mean you have cancer, but your risk is higher than most people. But more frequent cancer screenings can reduce your risk. Cancer is more treatable when found in the early stages. If you have the mutation, your health care provider may recommend one or more of the following screening tests:Colonoscopy, starting at age 35–40Mammogram, starting at age 30 for womenMonthly breast self-exams for womenYearly uterine screening for womenYearly thyroid screeningYearly check of skin for growthsYearly kidney screeningYearly thyroid and skin screenings are also recommended for children with a PTEN genetic mutation.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a PTEN genetic test?If you\'ve been diagnosed with a PTEN genetic mutation or are thinking about getting tested, it may help to speak to a genetic counselor. A genetic counselor is a specially trained professional in genetics and genetic testing. If you haven\'t yet been tested, the counselor can help you understand the risks and benefits of testing. If you have been tested, the counselor can help you understand the results and direct you to support services and other resources.\n'),(201,'rash evaluation','What is a rash evaluation?\nA rash evaluation is a test to find out what is causing a rash. A rash, also known as dermatitis, is an area of skin that is red, irritated, and usually itchy. A skin rash may also be dry, scaly, and/or painful. Most rashes happen when your skin touches a substance that irritates it. This is known as contact dermatitis. There are two main types of contact dermatitis: allergic contact dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis.\nAllergic contact dermatitis happens when your body\'s immune system treats a normally harmless substance as if it were a threat. When exposed to the substance, the immune system sends out chemicals in response. These chemicals affect your skin, causing you to develop a rash. Common causes of allergic contact dermatitis include:\nPoison ivy and related plants, like poison sumac and poison oak. A poison ivy rash is one of the most common types of contact dermatitis.\nCosmetics\nFragrances\nJewelry metals, such as nickel.\nAllergic contact dermatitis usually causes itching that can be severe.\nIrritant contact dermatitis happens when a chemical substance damages an area of skin. This causes a skin rash to form. Common causes of irritant contact dermatitis include:\nHousehold products such as detergents and drain cleaners\nStrong soaps\nPesticides\nNail polish remover\nBody fluids, such as urine and saliva. These rashes, which include diaper rash, most commonly affect babies.\nIrritant contact dermatitis is usually more painful than itchy.\nIn addition to contact dermatitis, a rash may be caused by:\nSkin disorders, such as eczema and psoriasis\nInfections such as chicken pox, shingles, and measles\nInsect bites\nHeat. If you get overheated, your sweat glands can get blocked. This can cause a heat rash. Heat rashes often happen in hot, humid weather. While it can affect people of any age, heat rashes are most common in babies and young children.\nOther names: patch test, skin biopsy\n','What is it used for?\nA rash evaluation is used to diagnose the cause of a rash. Most rashes can be treated at home with over-the-counter anti-itch creams or antihistamines. But sometimes a rash is a sign of a more serious condition and should be checked by a health care provider.\n','Why do I need a rash evaluation?\nYou may need a rash evaluation if you have rash symptoms that aren\'t responding to at-home treatment. Symptoms of a contact dermatitis rash include:\nRedness\nItching\nPain (more common with an irritant rash)\nDry, cracked skin\nOther types of rashes may have similar symptoms. Additional symptoms vary depending on the cause of the rash.\nWhile most rashes are not serious, in some cases a rash can be a sign of a serious health condition. Call your health care provider if you or your child has a skin rash with any of the following symptoms:\nSevere pain\nBlisters, especially if they affect the skin around the eyes, mouth, or genitals\nYellow or green fluid, warmth, and/or red streaks in the rash area. These are signs of infection.\nFever. This could be a sign of a viral or bacterial infection. These include scarlet fever, shingles, and measles.\nSometimes a rash can be the first sign of a severe and dangerous allergic reaction called anaphylaxis. Call 911 or seek immediate medical attention if:\nThe rash is sudden and spreads quickly\nYou have trouble breathing\nYour face is swollen\n','What happens during a rash evaluation?\nThere are different ways to do a rash evaluation. The type of test you get will depend on your symptoms and medical history.\nTo test for allergic contact dermatitis, your health care provider may give you a patch test:\nDuring a patch test:\nA provider will place small patches on your skin. The patches look like adhesive bandages. They contain small amounts of specific allergens (substances that cause an allergic reaction).\nYou\'ll wear the patches for 48 to 96 hours and then return to your provider\'s office.\nYour provider will remove the patches and check for rashes or other reactions.\nThere is no test for irritant contact dermatitis. But your provider may make a diagnosis based on a physical exam, your symptoms, and information you provide about your exposure to certain substances.\nA rash evaluation may also include a blood test and/or a skin biopsy.\nDuring a blood test:\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out.\nDuring a biopsy:\nA provider will use a special tool or a blade to remove a small piece of skin for testing.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou may need to stop taking certain medicines before the test. These include antihistamines and antidepressants. Your health care provider will let you know which medicines to avoid and how long you need to avoid them before your test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a patch test. If you feel intense itching or pain under the patches once you are home, remove the patches and call your health care provider.\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\nAfter a biopsy, you may have a little bruising, bleeding, or soreness at the biopsy site. If these symptoms last longer than a few days or they get worse, talk to your provider.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf you had a patch test and have itchy, red bumps or swelling at any of the testing sites, it means you are probably allergic to the substance tested.\nIf you had a blood test, abnormal results may mean you:\nAre allergic to a certain substance\nHave a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection\nIf you had a skin biopsy, abnormal results may mean you:\nHave a skin disorder such as psoriasis or eczema\nHave a bacterial or fungal infection\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a rash evaluation?\nTo relieve symptoms of a skin rash, your provider may suggest over-the-counter medicines and/or at-home treatments, such as cool compresses and cool baths. Other treatments will depend on your specific diagnosis.\n'),(202,'rdw (red cell distribution width)','What is a red cell distribution width test?A red cell distribution width (RDW) test is a measurement of the range in the volume and size of your red blood cells (erythrocytes). Red blood cells move oxygen from your lungs to every cell in your body. Your cells need oxygen to grow, reproduce, and stay healthy. If your red blood cells are larger than normal, it could indicate a medical problem.Other names: RDW-SD (standard deviation) test, Erythrocyte Distribution Width\n','What is it used for?The RDW blood test is often part of a complete blood count (CBC), a test that measures many different components of your blood, including red cells. The RDW test is commonly used to diagnose anemia, a condition in which your red blood cells can\'t carry enough oxygen to the rest of your body. The RDW test may also be used to diagnose:Other blood disorders such as thalassemia, an inherited disease that can cause severe anemiaMedical conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, liver disease, and cancer, especially colorectal cancer.\n','Why do I need an RDW test?Your health care provider may have ordered a complete blood count, which includes an RDW test, as part of a routine exam, or if you have:Symptoms of anemia, including weakness, dizziness, pale skin, and cold hands and feetA family history of thalassemia, sickle cell anemia or other inherited blood disorderA chronic illness such as Crohn\'s disease, diabetes or HIV/AIDSA diet low in iron and mineralsA long-term infectionExcessive blood loss from an injury or surgical procedure\n','What happens during an RDW test?A health care professional will take a sample of your blood by using a small needle to draw blood from a vein in your arm. The needle is attached to a test tube, which will store your sample. When the tube is full, the needle will be removed from your arm. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.After the needle is removed, you\'ll be given a bandage or a piece of gauze to press over the site for a minute or two to help stop the bleeding. You may want to keep the bandage on for a couple of hours.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a RDW test. If your health care provider has also ordered other blood tests, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?RDW results help your health care provider understand how much your red blood cells vary in size and volume. Even if your RDW results are normal, you may still have a medical condition needing treatment. That\'s why RDW results are usually combined with other blood measurements. This combination of results can provide a more complete picture of the health of your red blood cells and can help diagnose a variety of conditions, including:Iron deficiencyDifferent types of anemiaThalassemiaSickle cell anemiaChronic liver diseaseKidney diseaseColorectal CancerMost likely your doctor will need further tests to confirm a diagnosis.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a red cell distribution width test?If your test results indicate you have a chronic blood disorder, such as anemia, you may be put on a treatment plan to increase the amount of oxygen that your red blood cells can carry. Depending on your specific condition, your doctor may recommend iron supplements, medications, and/or changes in your diet.Be sure to talk to your doctor before taking any supplements or making any changes in your eating plan.\n'),(203,'red blood cell antibody screen','What is an RBC antibody screen?An RBC (red blood cell) antibody screen is a blood test that looks for antibodies that target red blood cells. Red blood cell antibodies may cause harm to you after a transfusion or, if you are pregnant, to your baby. An RBC antibody screen can find these antibodies before they cause health problems.Antibodies are proteins made by your body to attack foreign substances such as viruses and bacteria. Red blood cell antibodies may show up in your blood if you are exposed to red blood cells other than your own. This usually happens after a blood transfusion or during pregnancy, if a mother\'s blood comes in contact with her unborn baby\'s blood. Sometimes the immune system acts like these red blood cells are \"foreign\" and will attack them.Other names: antibody screen, indirect antiglobulin test, indirect anti-human globulin test, IAT, indirect coombs test, erythrocyte Ab\n','What is it used for?RBC screen is used to:Check your blood before a blood transfusion. The test can show whether your blood is compatible with the donor\'s blood. If your blood is not compatible, your immune system will attack the transfused blood as if it is a foreign substance. This will be harmful to your health.Check your blood during pregnancy. The test can show whether a mother\'s blood is compatible with the blood of her unborn baby. A mother and her baby may have different types of antigens on their red blood cells. Antigens are substances that produce an immune response. Red blood cell antigens include the Kell antigen and the Rh antigen.If you have the Rh antigen, you are considered Rh positive. If you don\'t have the Rh antigen, you are considered Rh negative.If you are Rh negative and your unborn baby is Rh positive, your body may begin to make antibodies against your baby\'s blood. This condition is called Rh incompatibility.Both Kell antigens and Rh incompatibility may cause a mother to make antibodies against her baby\'s blood. The antibodies can destroy the baby\'s red blood cells, causing a severe form of anemia. But you can get a treatment that will prevent you from making antibodies that could harm your baby.Check the blood of your unborn baby\'s father.If you are Rh negative, your baby\'s father may be tested to find out his Rh type. If he is Rh positive, your baby will be at risk for Rh incompatibility. Your health care provider will probably perform more tests to find out whether or not there is incompatibility.\n','Why do I need an RBC antibody screen?Your health care provider may order an RBC screen if you are scheduled to get a blood transfusion, or if you are pregnant. An RBC screen is usually done in early pregnancy, as part of routine prenatal testing.\n','What happens during an RBC antibody screen?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for an RBC screen.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If you are getting a blood transfusion: The RBC screen will show whether your blood is compatible with the donor\'s blood. If it is not compatible, another donor will need to be found.If you are pregnant: The RBC screen will show whether your blood has any antigens that could harm your baby, including whether or not you have Rh incompatibility.If you have Rh incompatibility, your body may begin to make antibodies against your baby\'s blood.These antibodies are not a risk in your first pregnancy, because the baby is usually born before any antibodies are made. But these antibodies could harm your unborn baby in future pregnancies.Rh incompatibility can be treated with an injection that prevents your body from making antibodies against your baby\'s red blood cells.If you are Rh positive, there is no risk of Rh incompatibility.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an RBC antibody screen?Rh incompatibility is not common. Most people are Rh positive, which does not cause blood incompatibility and poses no health risks.\n'),(204,'respiratory pathogens panel','What is a respiratory pathogens (RP) panel?\nA respiratory pathogens (RP) panel checks for pathogens in the respiratory tract. A pathogen is a virus, bacteria, or other organism that causes an illness. Your respiratory tract is made up of parts of the body involved in breathing. This includes your lungs, nose, and throat.\nThere are many types of viruses and bacteria that can infect the respiratory tract. Symptoms are often similar, but treatment can be very different. So it\'s important to make the right diagnosis. Other viral and bacterial tests for respiratory infections are often limited to testing for one specific pathogen. Several samples may be needed. The process can be difficult and time consuming.\nAn RP panel only needs a single sample to run tests for a wide variety of viruses and bacteria. Results usually come in a few hours. Results from other types of respiratory tests can take a few days. Faster results may allow you to get started earlier on the right treatment.\nOther names: RP panel, respiratory virus profile, syndromic multiplex panel\n','What is it used for?\nA respiratory pathogens panel is used to help diagnose:\nViral infections, such as:\nFlu\nCommon cold\nRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV). This is a common and usually mild respiratory infection. But it can be dangerous to babies and the elderly.\nAdenovirus infection. Adenoviruses cause many different types of infections. These include pneumonia and croup, an infection that causes hoarse, barking coughs.\nBacterial infections, such as:\nWhooping cough\nBacterial pneumonia\n','Why do I need a respiratory pathogens panel?\nYou may need this test if you have symptoms of a respiratory infection and are at risk for complications. Most respiratory infections cause mild to moderate symptoms. But the infections can be serious or even life threatening to young children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems.\nSymptoms of a respiratory infection include:\nCoughing\nTrouble breathing\nSore throat\nStuffy or runny nose\nFatigue\nLoss of appetite\nFever\n','What happens during a respiratory pathogens panel?\nThere are two ways a provider may take a sample for testing:\nNasopharyngeal swab:\nYou will tip your head back.\nYour health care provider will insert a swab into your nostril until it reaches the upper part of your throat.\nYour provider will rotate the swab and remove it.\nNasal aspirate:\nYour provider will inject a saline solution into your nose, then remove the sample with gentle suction.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a respiratory pathogens panel.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThe swab test may tickle your throat or cause you to cough. The nasal aspirate may be uncomfortable. These effects are temporary.\n','What do the results mean?\nA negative result may mean your symptoms were caused by a pathogen not included in the panel of tests. It may also mean you have a condition not caused by a virus or bacteria.\nA positive result means a specific pathogen was found. It tells you which type of infection you have. If more than one part of the panel was positive, it means you may be infected with more than one pathogen. This is known as a co-infection.\nBased on your results, your provider will recommend treatment and/or order more tests. These may include a bacteria culture, viral blood tests, and a Gram stain. The tests may help confirm your diagnosis and guide treatment.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n',NULL),(205,'respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) tests','What is an RSV test?\nRSV, which stands for respiratory syncytial virus, is an infection that affects the respiratory tract. Your respiratory tract includes your lungs, nose, and throat. RSV is very contagious, which means it spreads easily from person to person. It\'s also very common. Most children get RSV by the age of 2. RSV usually causes mild, cold-like symptoms. But the virus may lead to serious breathing problems, especially in young babies, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems. RSV testing checks for the virus that causes an RSV infection.\nOther names: respiratory syncytial antibody test, RSV rapid detection\n','What is it used for?\nAn RSV test is most often used to check for infections in infants, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems. The test is usually done during the \"RSV season,\" the time of year when RSV outbreaks are more common. In the United States, RSV season usually starts in mid-fall and ends in early spring.\n','Why do I need an RSV test?\nAdults and older children usually don\'t need RSV testing. Most RSV infections only cause mild symptoms such as a runny nose, sneezing, and headaches. But an infant, younger child, or an elderly adult may need an RSV test if he or she has serious symptoms of infection. These include:\nFever\nWheezing\nSevere coughing\nBreathing faster than normal, especially in infants\nTrouble breathing\nSkin that turns blue\n','What happens during an RSV test?\nThere are a few different types of RSV testing:\nNasal aspirate. A health care provider will inject a saline solution into the nose, then remove the sample with gentle suction.\nSwab test. A health care provider will use a special swab to take a sample from the nose or throat.\nA blood test. During a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in the arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for an RSV test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to RSV testing.\nThe nasal aspirate may feel uncomfortable. These effects are temporary.\nFor a swab test, there may be a little gagging or discomfort when the throat or nose is swabbed.\nFor a blood test, there may be slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nA negative result means there is no RSV infection and the symptoms are likely caused by another type of virus. A positive result means there is an RSV infection. Infants, young children, and elderly adults with serious RSV symptoms may have to be treated in the hospital. Treatment may include oxygen and intravenous fluids (fluids delivered directly to the veins). In rare cases, a breathing machine called a ventilator may be needed.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an RSV test?\nIf you have RSV symptoms, but are otherwise in good health, your health care provider probably won\'t order RSV testing. Most healthy adults and children with RSV will get better in 1-2 weeks. Your provider may recommend over-the-counter medicines to relieve your symptoms.\n'),(206,'reticulocyte count','What is a reticulocyte count?\nReticulocytes are red blood cells that are still developing. They are also known as immature red blood cells. Reticulocytes are made in the bone marrow and sent into the bloodstream. About two days after they form, they develop into mature red blood cells. These red blood cells move oxygen from your lungs to every cell in your body.\nA reticulocyte count (retic count) measures the number of reticulocytes in the blood. If the count is too high or too low, it can mean a serious health problem, including anemia and disorders of the bone marrow, liver, and kidneys.\nOther names: retic count, reticulocyte percent, reticulocyte index, reticulocyte production index, RPI\n','What is it used for?\nA reticulocyte count is most often used to:\nDiagnose specific types of anemia. Anemia is a condition in which your blood has a lower than normal amount of red blood cells. There are several different forms and causes of anemia.\nSee if treatment for anemia is working\nSee if bone marrow is producing the right amount of blood cells\nCheck bone marrow function after chemotherapy or a bone marrow transplant\n','Why do I need a reticulocyte count?\nYou may need this test if:\nOther blood tests show your red blood cell levels are not normal. These tests may include a complete blood count, hemoglobin test, and/or hematocrit test.\nYou are being treated with radiation or chemotherapy\nYou recently received a bone marrow transplant\nYou may also need this test if you have symptoms of anemia. These include:\nFatigue\nWeakness\nShortness of breath\nPale skin\nCold hands and/or feet\nSometimes new babies are tested for a condition called hemolytic disease of the newborn. This condition happens when a mother\'s blood is not compatible with her unborn baby. This is known as Rh incompatibility. It causes the mother\'s immune system to attack the baby\'s red blood cells. Most pregnant women are tested for Rh incompatibility as part of routine prenatal screening.\n','What happens during a reticulocyte count?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out.  This usually takes less than five minutes.\nTo test a newborn, a health care provider will clean your baby\'s heel with alcohol and poke the heel with a small needle. The provider will collect a few drops of blood and put a bandage on the site.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a reticulocyte count test.\n','Are there any risks to the test? \nAfter a blood test, you may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\nThere is very little risk to your baby with a needle stick test. Your baby may feel a little pinch when the heel is poked, and a small bruise may form at the site. This should go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results show a higher than normal amount of reticulocytes (reticulocytosis), it may mean:\nYou have hemolytic anemia, a type of anemia in which red blood cells are destroyed faster than the bone marrow can replace them.\nYour baby has hemolytic disease of the newborn, a condition that limits the ability of a baby\'s blood to carry oxygen to organs and tissues.\nIf your results show a lower than normal amount of reticulocytes, it may mean you have:\nIron deficiency anemia, a type of anemia that happens when you don\'t have enough iron in your body.\nPernicious anemia, a type of anemia caused by not getting enough of certain B vitamins (B12 and folate) in your diet, or when your body can\'t absorb enough B vitamins.\nAplastic anemia, a type of anemia that happens when the bone marrow isn\'t able to make enough blood cells.\nBone marrow failure, which may be caused by an infection or cancer.\nKidney disease\nCirrhosis, scarring of the liver\nThese test results are often compared with results of other blood tests. If you have questions about your results or your child\'s results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a reticulocyte count?\nIf your test results were not normal, it doesn\'t always mean you have anemia or other health problems. Reticulocyte counts are often higher during pregnancy. Also you may have a temporary increase in your count if you move to a location with a high altitude. The count should return to normal once your body adjusts to the lower oxygen levels that happen in higher altitude environments.\n'),(207,'rheumatoid factor (rf) test','What is a rheumatoid factor (RF) test?\nA rheumatoid factor (RF) test measures the amount of rheumatoid factor (RF) in your blood. Rheumatoid factors are proteins produced by the immune system. Normally, the immune system attacks disease-causing substances like viruses and bacteria. Rheumatoid factors attack healthy joints, glands, or other normal cells by mistake.\nAn RF test is most often used to help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is a type of autoimmune disorder that causes pain, swelling, and stiffness of the joints. Rheumatoid factors may also be a sign of other autoimmune disorders, such as juvenile arthritis, certain infections, and some types of cancer.\nOther names: RF Blood Test\n','What is it used for?\nAn RF test is used to help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis or other autoimmune disorders.\n','Why do I need an RF test?\nYou may need an RF test if you have symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. These include:\nJoint pain\nJoint stiffness, especially in the morning\nJoint swelling\nFatigue\nLow-grade fever\n','What happens during an RF test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for an RF test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf rheumatoid factor is found in your blood, it may indicate:\nRheumatoid arthritis\nAnother autoimmune disease, such lupus, Sjogren\'s syndrome, juvenile arthritis, or scleroderma\nAn infection, such as mononucleosis or tuberculosis\nCertain cancers, such as leukemia or multiple myeloma\nAbout 20 percent of people with rheumatoid arthritis have little or no rheumatoid factor in their blood. So even if your results were normal, your health care provider may order more tests to confirm or rule out a diagnosis.\nIf your results were not normal, it doesn\'t necessarily mean you have a medical condition needing treatment. Some healthy people have rheumatoid factor in their blood, but it\'s not clear why.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an RF test?\nAn RF test is not used to diagnose osteoarthritis. Although rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis both affect the joints, they are very different diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that affects people at any age, but usually occurs between the ages of 40 and 60. It affects more women than men. Symptoms may come and go and vary in severity. Osteoarthritis is not an autoimmune disease. It is caused by the wear and tear of joints over time and usually affects adults over the age of 65.\n'),(208,'salicylates level','What is a salicylates level test?\nThis test measures the amount of salicylates in the blood. Salicylates are a type of drug found in many over-the-counter and prescription medicines. Aspirin is the most common type of salicylate. Popular brand name aspirins include Bayer and Ecotrin.\nAspirin and other salicylates are most often used to reduce pain, fever, and inflammation. They also are effective in preventing excessive blood clotting, which can cause a heart attack or stroke. People at risk for these disorders may be advised to take baby aspirin or other low-dose aspirin daily to help prevent dangerous blood clots.\nEven though it\'s called baby aspirin, it\'s not recommended for babies, older children, or teens. For these age groups, aspirin can cause a life-threatening disorder called Reye syndrome. But aspirin and other salicylates are usually safe and effective for adults when taken at the proper dose. However, if you take too much, it can cause a serious and sometimes fatal condition called salicylate or aspirin poisoning.\nOther names: acetylsalicylic acid level test, salicylate serum test, aspirin level test\n','What is it used for?\nA salicylates level test is most often used to:\nHelp diagnose acute or gradual aspirin poisoning. Acute aspirin poisoning happens when you take much aspirin at once. Gradual poisoning happens when you take lower doses over a certain period of time.\nMonitor people taking prescription-strength aspirin for arthritis or other inflammatory conditions. The test can show whether you are taking enough to treat your disorder or are taking a harmful amount.\n','Why do I need a salicylates level test?\nYou may need this test if you have symptoms of acute or gradual aspirin poisoning.\nSymptoms of acute aspirin poisoning usually happen three to eight hours after an overdose and may include:\nNausea and vomiting\nRapid breathing (hyperventilation)\nRinging in the ears (tinnitus)\nSweating\nSymptoms of gradual aspirin poisoning may take days or weeks to show up and may include\nRapid heartbeat\nFatigue\nHeadache\nConfusion\nHallucinations\n','What happens during a salicylates level test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nIf you regularly take aspirin or other salicylate, you may need to stop taking it for at least four hours before your test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any other special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to a salicylates level test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results show a high level of salicylates, you may need immediate treatment. If levels get too high, it can be fatal. The treatment will depend on the amount of overdose.\nIf you\'re taking salicylates on a regular basis for medical reasons, your results may also show whether you are taking the right amount to treat your condition. It can also show if you are taking too much.\nIf you\'re taking salicylates on a regular basis for medical reasons, your results may also show whether you are taking the right amount to treat your condition. It can also show if you are taking too much.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a salicylates level test?\nA daily dose of low-dose or baby aspirin used to be recommended as a way to reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke for many older adults. But daily aspirin use may cause bleeding in the stomach or brain. That is why it is no longer recommended for adults without heart disease risk factors.\nBecause heart disease is usually more dangerous than the complications from bleeding, it may still be recommended for those at high risk. Risk factors for heart disease include family history and  previous heart attack or stroke.\nBefore you stop or start taking aspirin, be sure to talk with your health care provider.\n'),(209,'semen analysis','What is a semen analysis?\nA semen analysis, also called a sperm count, measures the quantity and quality of a man\'s semen and sperm. Semen is the thick, white fluid released from the penis during a man\'s sexual climax (orgasm). This release is called ejaculation. Semen contains sperm, the cells in a man that carry genetic material. When a sperm cell unites with an egg from a woman, it forms an embryo (the first stage of an unborn baby\'s development).\nA low sperm count or abnormal sperm shape or movement can make it difficult for a man to make a woman pregnant. The inability to conceive a baby is called infertility. Infertility can affect men and women. For about one-third of couples unable to have children, male infertility is the reason. A semen analysis can help figure out the cause of male infertility.\nOther names: sperm count, sperm analysis, semen testing, male fertility test\n','What is it used for?\nA semen analysis is used to find out if a problem with semen or sperm may be causing a man\'s infertility.  The test may also be used to see if a vasectomy has been successful. A vasectomy is a surgical procedure that is used to prevent pregnancy by blocking the release of sperm during sex.\n','Why do I need a semen analysis?\nYou may need a semen analysis if you and your partner have been trying to have a baby for at least 12 months without success.\nIf you\'ve recently had a vasectomy, you may need this test to make sure the procedure has worked.\n','What happens during a semen analysis?\nYou will need to provide a semen sample. The most common way to provide your sample is to go to a private area in your health care provider\'s office and masturbate into a sterile container. You should not use any lubricants. If masturbation is against your religious or other beliefs, you may be able to collect your sample during intercourse using a special type of condom. Talk to your health care provider if you have questions or concerns about providing your sample.\nYou will need to provide two or more additional samples within a week or two. That\'s because sperm count and semen quality can vary from day to day.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou will need to avoid sexual activity, including masturbation, for 2–5 days before the sample is collected. This will help make sure your sperm count is at its highest level.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is no known risk to a semen analysis.\n','What do the results mean?\nThe results of a semen analysis include measurements of quantity and quality of semen and sperm. These include:\nVolume: the amount of semen\nSperm count: the number of sperm per milliliter\nSperm movement, also known as motility\nSperm shape, also known as morphology\nWhite blood cells, which may be a sign of an infection\nIf any of these results are not normal, it may mean there is problem with your fertility. But other factors, including the use of alcohol, tobacco, and some herbal medicines, can affect your results. If you have questions about your results or other concerns about your fertility, talk to your health care provider.\nIf your semen analysis was done to check the success of your vasectomy, your provider will look for the presence of any sperm. If no sperm is found, you and your partner should be able to stop using other forms of birth control. If sperm is found, you may need repeat testing until your sample is clear of sperm. In the meantime, you and your partner will have to take precautions in order to prevent pregnancy.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a semen analysis?\nMany male fertility problems can be treated. If your semen analysis results were not normal, your health care provider may order more tests to help figure out the best approach to treatment.\n'),(210,'shbg blood test','What is an SHBG blood test?This test measures the levels of SHBG in your blood. SHBG stands for sex hormone binding globulin. It\'s a protein made by the liver and attaches itself to sex hormones found in both men and women. These hormones are:Testosterone, the main sex hormone in menDihydrotestosterone (DHT), another male sex hormoneEstradiol, a form of estrogen, the main sex hormone in womenSHBG controls how much of these hormones are delivered to the body\'s tissues. Although SHBG attaches to all three of these hormones, an SHBG test is mostly used to look at testosterone. SHBG levels can show if there is too much or too little testosterone being used by the body.Other names: testosterone-estrogen binding globulin, TeBG\n','What is it used for?An SHBG test is most often used to find out how much testosterone is going to the body\'s tissues. Testosterone levels can be measured in a separate test called total testosterone. This test shows how much testosterone is in the body, but not how much is being used by the body.Sometimes a total testosterone test is enough to make a diagnosis. But some people have symptoms of too much or too little of the hormone that the total testosterone test results can\'t explain. In these cases, an SHBG test may be ordered to provide more information about how much testosterone is available to the body.\n','Why do I need an SHBG blood test?You may need this test if you have symptoms of abnormal testosterone levels, especially if a total testosterone test can\'t explain your symptoms. For men, it\'s mostly ordered if there are symptoms of low testosterone levels. For women, it\'s mostly ordered if there are symptoms of high testosterone levels.Symptoms of low testosterone levels in men include:Low sex driveDifficulty getting an erectionFertility problemsSymptoms of high testosterone levels in women include:Excess body and facial hair growthDeepening of voiceMenstrual irregularitiesAcneWeight gainFertility problems\n','What happens during an SHBG blood test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for an SHBG test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show your SHBG levels are too low, it may mean the protein is not attaching itself to enough testosterone. This allows more unattached testosterone to be available in your system. It may cause too much testosterone to go to your body\'s tissues.If your SHBG levels are too high, it may mean the protein is attaching itself to too much testosterone. So less of the hormone is available, and your tissues may be not be getting enough testosterone.If your SHBG levels are too low, it can be a sign of:Hypothyroidism, a condition in which your body doesn\'t make enough thyroid hormonesType 2 diabetesOveruse of steroid medicationsCushing\'s syndrome, a condition in which your body makes too much of a hormone called cortisolFor men, it can mean cancer of the testicles or adrenal glands. Adrenal glands are located above the kidneys and help control heart rate, blood pressure, and other bodily functions.For women, it can mean polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is a common hormone disorder affecting childbearing women. It is one of the leading causes of female infertility.If your SHBG levels are too high, it can be a sign of:Liver diseaseHyperthyroidism, a condition in which your body makes too much thyroid hormoneEating disordersFor men, it can mean a problem with the testicles or pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is located beneath the brain and controls many body functions.For women, it can mean problem with the pituitary gland, or Addison disease. Addison disease is a disorder in which the adrenal glands are not able to make enough of certain hormones.Your health care provider may order additional tests such as total testosterone or estrogen tests to help make a diagnosis. If you have questions about your results, talk to your provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an SHBG blood test?SHBG levels are normally high in children of both sexes, so the test is almost always used for adults.\n'),(211,'skin biopsy','What is a skin biopsy?\nA skin biopsy is a procedure that removes a small sample of skin for testing. The skin sample is looked at under a microscope to check for skin cancer, skin infections, or skin disorders such as psoriasis.\nThere are three main ways to do a skin biopsy:\nA punch biopsy, which uses a special circular tool to remove the sample.\nA shave biopsy, which removes the sample with a razor blade\nAn excisional biopsy, which removes the sample with small knife called a scalpel.\nThe type of biopsy you get depends on the location and size of the abnormal area of skin, known as a skin lesion. Most skin biopsies can be done in a health care provider\'s office or other outpatient facility.\nOther names: punch biopsy, shave biopsy, excisional biopsy, skin cancer biopsy, basal cell biopsy, squamous cell biopsy, melanoma biopsy\n','What is it used for?\nA skin biopsy is used to help diagnose a variety of skin conditions including:\nSkin disorders such as psoriasis and eczema\nBacterial or fungal infections of the skin\nSkin cancer. A biopsy can confirm or rule out whether a suspicious mole or other growth is cancerous.\nSkin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the United States. The most common types of skin cancer are basal cell and squamous cell cancers. These cancers rarely spread to other parts of the body and are usually curable with treatment. A third type of skin cancer is called melanoma. Melanoma is less common than the other two, but more dangerous because it\'s more likely to spread. Most skin cancer deaths are caused by melanoma.\nA skin biopsy can help diagnose skin cancer in the early stages, when it\'s easier to treat.\n','Why do I need a skin biopsy?\nYou may need a skin biopsy if you have certain skin symptoms such as:\nA persistent rash\nScaly or rough skin\nOpen sores\nA mole or other growth that is irregular in shape, color, and/or size\n','What happens during a skin biopsy?\nA health care provider will clean the site and inject an anesthetic so you won\'t feel any pain during the procedure. The rest of the procedure steps depend on which type of skin biopsy you are getting. There are three main types:\nPunch biopsy\nA health care provider will place a special circular tool over the abnormal skin area (lesion) and rotate it to remove a small piece of skin (about the size of a pencil eraser).\nThe sample will be lifted out with a special tool\nIf a larger skin sample was taken, you may need one or two stitches to cover the biopsy site.\nPressure will be applied to the site until the bleeding stops.\nThe site will be covered with a bandage or sterile dressing.\nA punch biopsy is often used to diagnose rashes.\nShave biopsy\nA health care provider will use a razor or a scalpel to remove a sample from the top layer of your skin.\nPressure will be applied to the biopsy site to stop the bleeding. You may also get a medicine that goes on top of the skin (also called a topical medicine) to help stop the bleeding.\nA shave biopsy is often used if your provider thinks you may have skin cancer, or if you have a rash that\'s limited to the top layer of your skin.\nExcisional biopsy\nA surgeon will use a scalpel to remove the entire skin lesion (the abnormal area of skin).\nThe surgeon will close the biopsy site with stitches.\nPressure will be applied to the site until the bleeding stops.\nThe site will be covered with a bandage or sterile dressing.\nAn excisional biopsy is often used if your provider thinks you may have melanoma, the most serious type of skin cancer.\nAfter the biopsy, keep the area covered with a bandage until you\'ve healed, or until your stitches come out. If you had stitches, they will be taken out 3–14 days after your procedure.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a skin biopsy.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nYou may have a little bruising, bleeding, or soreness at the biopsy site. If these symptoms last longer than a few days or they get worse, talk to your health care provider.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results were normal, it means no cancer or skin disease was found. If your results were not normal, you may be diagnosed with one of the following conditions:\nA bacterial or fungal infection\nA skin disorder such as psoriasis\nSkin cancer. Your results may indicate one of three types of skin cancers: basal cell, squamous cell, or melanoma.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a skin biopsy?\nIf you are diagnosed with basal cell or squamous cell cancer, the entire cancerous lesion may be removed at the time of the skin biopsy or soon after. Often, no other treatment is needed. If you are diagnosed with melanoma, you will need more tests to see if the cancer has spread. Then you and your health care provider can develop a treatment plan that\'s right for you.\n'),(212,'skin cancer screening','What is a skin cancer screening?A skin cancer screening is a visual exam of the skin that can be done by yourself or a health care provider. The screening checks the skin for moles, birthmarks, or other marks that are unusual in color, size, shape, or texture. Certain unusual marks may be signs of skin cancer.Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the United States. The most common types of skin cancer are basal cell and squamous cell cancers. These cancers rarely spread to other parts of the body and are usually curable with treatment. A third type of skin cancer is called melanoma. Melanoma is less common than the other two, but more dangerous because it\'s more likely to spread. Most skin cancer deaths are caused by melanoma.A skin cancer screening can help find cancer in its earlier stages when it\'s easier to treat.Other names: skin exam\n','What is it used for?A skin cancer screening is used to look for signs of skin cancer. It is not used to diagnose cancer. If skin cancer is suspected after a screening, a test called a biopsy will be needed to find out whether you have cancer.\n','Why do I need a skin cancer screening?You may need a skin cancer screening if you have certain risk factors. Risk factors for skin cancer include having:Light skin toneBlond or red hairLight colored eyes (blue or green)Skin that burns and/or freckles easilyHistory of sunburnsFamily and/or personal history of skin cancerFrequent exposure to the sun through work or leisure activitiesLarge number of molesTalk to your health provider about whether you should regularly screen yourself, get screened at a provider\'s office, or do both.If you are screening yourself, you may need to get screened by a health care provider if you find signs of skin cancer during a self-exam. Signs vary depending on the type of skin cancer, but they may include a:Change in an existing mole or spotMole or other skin mark that oozes, bleeds, or becomes crustyMole that is painful to the touchSore that doesn\'t heal within two weeksShiny pink, red, pearly white, or translucent bumpMole or sore with irregular borders, that may bleed easilyIf you are screening yourself, be sure to check for signs of melanoma, the most serious type of skin cancer. An easy way to remember the signs of melanoma is to think of \"ABCDE,\" which stands for:Asymmetry: The mole has an odd shape, with half of it not matching the other half.Border: The border of the mole is ragged or irregular.Color: The color of the mole is uneven.Diameter: The mole is bigger than the size of a pea or a pencil eraser.Evolving: The mole has changed in size, shape, or color.If you find signs of melanoma, talk to your health care provider as soon as possible.\n','What happens during a skin cancer screening?Skin cancer screenings may be done by yourself, your primary care provider, or a dermatologist. A dermatologist is a doctor who specializes in disorders of the skin.If you are screening yourself, you will need to do a head-to-toe exam of your skin. The exam should be done in a well-lit room in front of a full-length mirror. You\'ll also need a hand mirror to check areas that are hard to see. The exam should include the following steps:Stand in front of the mirror and look at your face, neck, and stomach.Women should look under their breasts.Raise your arms and look at your left and right sides.Look at the front and back of your forearms.Look at your hands, including between your fingers and under your fingernails.Look at the front, back, and sides of your legs.Sit down and examine your feet, checking the soles and the spaces between the toes. Also check the nail beds of each toe.Check your back, buttocks, and genitals with the hand mirror.Part your hair and examine your scalp. Use a comb or a hair dryer along with a hand mirror to help you see better.If you are getting screened by a dermatologist or other health care provider, it may include the follow steps:You will remove all your clothing. But you can wear a gown. If you are uncomfortable being undressed in front of your provider, you can ask to have a nurse in the room with you during the exam.Your provider will give you a head-to-toe exam, including your scalp, behind your ears, fingers, toes, buttocks, and genitals. The exam may be embarrassing, but it\'s important to get checked, as skin cancer can occur anywhere on your skin.Your provider may use a special magnifying glass with a light to look at certain marks.The exam should take 10-15 minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You should not wear makeup or nail polish. Be sure to wear your hair loose, so your provider can examine your scalp. There are no other special preparations needed.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There are no risks to having a skin cancer screening.\n','What do the results mean?If a mole or other mark on your skin looks like it might be a sign of cancer, your provider will probably order another test, called a skin biopsy, to make a diagnosis. A skin biopsy is a procedure that removes a small sample of skin for testing. The skin sample is looked at under a microscope to check for cancer cells. If you are diagnosed with skin cancer, you can begin treatment. Finding and treating cancer early may help prevent the disease from spreading.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a skin cancer screening?Exposure to the ultraviolet (UV) rays that come from the sun plays a major role in causing skin cancer. You are exposed to these rays anytime you are out in the sun, not just when you are at the beach or pool. But you can limit your sun exposure and help reduce your risk of skin cancer if you take a few simple precautions when out in the sun. These include:Using a sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30Seeking shade when possibleWearing a hat and sunglassesSunbathing also increases your risk of skin cancer. You should avoid outdoor sunbathing and never use an indoor tanning salon. There is no safe amount of exposure to artificial tanning beds, sunlamps, or other artificial tanning devices.If you have questions about reducing your risk of skin cancer, talk to your health care provider.\n'),(213,'smooth muscle antibody (sma) test','What is a smooth muscle antibody (SMA) test?This test looks for smooth muscle antibodies (SMAs) in the blood. A smooth muscle antibody (SMA) is a type of antibody known as an autoantibody. Normally, your immune system makes antibodies to attack foreign substances like viruses and bacteria. An autoantibody attacks the body\'s own cells and tissues by mistake. SMAs attack smooth muscle tissues in the liver and other parts of the body.If SMAs are found in your blood, it is likely you have autoimmune hepatitis. Autoimmune hepatitis is a disease in which the immune system attacks liver tissues. There are two types of autoimmune hepatitis:Type 1, the most common form of the disease. Type 1 affects more women than men. It is also more common in people who also have another autoimmune disorder.Type 2, a less common form of the disease. Type 2 mostly affects girls between the ages of 2 and 14.Autoimmune hepatitis can be managed with medicines that suppress the immune system. Treatment is more effective when the disorder is found early. Without treatment, autoimmune hepatitis can cause serious health problems, including cirrhosis and liver failure.Other names: anti-smooth muscle antibody, ASMA, actin antibody, ACTA\n','What is it used for?\nAn SMA test is primarily used to diagnose autoimmune hepatitis. It is also used to find out if the disorder is type 1 or type 2.\nSMA tests are also often used along with other tests to help confirm or rule out a diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. These other tests include:\nA test for F-actin antibodies. F-actin is a protein found in smooth muscle tissues of the liver and other parts of the body. F-actin antibodies attack these healthy tissues.\nANA (antinuclear antibody) test. ANAs are antibodies that attack the nucleus (center) of certain healthy cells.\nALT (alanine transaminase) and AST (aspartate aminotransferase) tests. ALT and AST are two enzymes made by the liver.\n','Why do I need an SMA test?You may need this test if you or your child has symptoms of autoimmune hepatitis. These include:FatigueJaundice (a condition that causes your skin and eyes to turn yellow)Abdominal painJoint painNauseaSkin rashesLoss of appetiteDark-colored urine\n','What happens during an SMA test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for an SMA test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show a high amount of SMA antibodies, it probably means you have the type 1 form of autoimmune hepatitis. A lower amount may mean you have the type 2 form of the disease.If no SMAs were found, it means your liver symptoms are being caused by something different than autoimmune hepatitis. Your health care provider will need to order more tests to make a diagnosis.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an SMA test?If your results showed that you or your child has SMA antibodies, your provider may order a liver biopsy to confirm a diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. A biopsy is a procedure that removes a small sample of tissue for testing.\n'),(214,'sodium blood test','What is a sodium blood test?A sodium blood test measures the amount of sodium in your blood. Sodium is a type of electrolyte. Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals that help maintain fluid levels and the balance of chemicals in your body called acids and bases. Sodium also helps your nerves and muscles work properly.You get most of the sodium you need in your diet. Once your body takes in enough sodium, the kidneys get rid of the rest in your urine. If your sodium blood levels are too high or too low, it may mean that you have a problem with your kidneys, dehydration, or another medical condition.Other names: Na test\n','What is it used for?A sodium blood test may be part of a test called an electrolyte panel. An electrolyte panel is a blood test that measures sodium, along with other electrolytes, including potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate.\n','Why do I need a sodium blood test?Your health care provider may have ordered a sodium blood test as part of your regular checkup or if you have symptoms of too much sodium (hypernatremia) or too little sodium (hyponatremia) in your blood.Symptoms of high sodium levels (hypernatremia) include:Excess thirstInfrequent urinationVomitingDiarrheaSymptoms of low sodium levels (hyponatremia) include:WeaknessFatigueConfusionMuscle twitching\n','What happens during a sodium blood test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a sodium blood test or an electrolyte panel. If your health care provider has ordered more tests on your blood sample, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show higher than normal sodium levels, it may indicate:DiarrheaA disorder of the adrenal glandsA kidney disorderDiabetes insipidus, a rare form of diabetes that happens when the kidneys pass an unusually high volume of urine.If your results show lower than normal sodium levels, it may indicate:DiarrheaVomitingKidney diseaseAddison disease, a condition in which your body\'s adrenal glands don\'t produce enough of certain types of hormonesCirrhosis, a condition that causes scarring of the liver and can damage liver functionMalnutritionHeart failureIf your results are not in the normal range, it doesn\'t necessarily mean that you have a medical condition needing treatment. Certain medicines can increase or decrease your sodium levels. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I should know about a sodium blood test?Sodium levels are often measured with other electrolytes in another test called the anion gap. An anion gap test looks at the difference between negatively charged and positively charged electrolytes. The test checks for acid imbalances and other conditions.\n'),(215,'ultrasound','What is an ultrasound?An ultrasound is an imaging test that uses sound waves to create a picture (also known as a sonogram) of organs, tissues, and other structures inside the body. Unlike x-rays, ultrasounds don’t use any radiation. An ultrasound can also show parts of the body in motion, such as a heart beating or blood flowing through blood vessels.There are two main categories of ultrasounds: pregnancy ultrasound and diagnostic ultrasound.Pregnancy ultrasound is used to look at an unborn baby. The test can provide information about a baby’s growth, development, and overall health.Diagnostic ultrasound is used to view and provide information about other internal parts of the body. These include the heart, blood vessels, liver, bladder, kidneys, and female reproductive organs.Other names: sonogram, ultrasonography, pregnancy sonography, fetal ultrasound, obstetric ultrasound, diagnostic medical sonography, diagnostic medical ultrasound\n','What is it used for?An ultrasound can be used in different ways, depending on the type of ultrasound and which part of the body is being checked.A pregnancy ultrasound is done to get information about the health of an unborn baby. It may be used to:Confirm that you are pregnant.Check the size and position of the unborn baby.Check to see you are pregnant with more than one baby.Estimate how long you have been pregnant. This is known as gestational age.Check for signs of Down syndrome, which include thickening in the back of the baby\'s neck.Check for birth defects in the brain, spinal cord, heart, or other parts of the body.Check the amount of amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid is a clear liquid that surrounds an unborn baby during pregnancy. It protects the baby from outside injury and cold. It also helps promote lung development and bone growth.Diagnostic ultrasound may be used to:Find out if blood is flowing at a normal rate and level.See if there is a problem with the structure of your heart.Look for blockages in the gallbladder.Check the thyroid gland for cancer or non-cancerous growths.Check for abnormalities in the abdomen and kidneys.Help guide a biopsy procedure. A biopsy is a procedure that removes a small sample of tissue for testing.In women, diagnostic ultrasound may be used to:Look at a breast lump to see if it might be cancer. (The test may also be used to check for breast cancer in men, though this type of cancer is far more common in women.)Help find the cause of pelvic pain.Help find the cause of abnormal menstrual bleeding.Help diagnose infertility or monitor infertility treatments.In men, diagnostic ultrasound may be used to help diagnose disorders of the prostate gland.\n','Why do I need an ultrasound?You may need a ultrasound if you are pregnant. There is no radiation used in the test. It offers a safe way of checking the health of your unborn baby.You may need diagnostic ultrasound if you have symptoms in certain organs or tissues. These include the heart, kidneys, thyroid, gallbladder, and female reproductive system. You may also need ultrasound if you are getting a biopsy. The ultrasound helps your health care provider get a clear image of the area that is being tested.\n','What happens during an ultrasound?A ultrasound usually includes the following steps:You will lie on a table, exposing the area that’s being viewed.A health care provider will spread a special gel on the skin over that area.The provider will move a wand-like device, called a transducer, over the area.The device sends sound waves into your body. The waves are so high pitched that you can’t hear them.The waves are recorded and turned into images on a monitor.You may be able to view the images as they are being made. This often happens during a pregnancy ultrasound, allowing you to look at your unborn baby.After the test is over, the provider will wipe the gel off your body.The test takes about 30 to 60 minutes to complete.In some cases, a pregnancy ultrasound may be done by inserting the transducer into the vagina. This is most often done early in pregnancy.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?The preparations will depend on which type of ultrasound you are having. For ultrasounds of the abdominal area, including pregnancy ultrasounds and ultrasounds of the female reproductive system, you may need to fill up your bladder before the test. This involves drinking two to three glasses of water about an hour before the test, and not going to the bathroom. For other ultrasounds, you may need to adjust your diet or to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before your test. Some types of ultrasounds require no preparation at all.Your health care provider will let you know if you need to do anything to prepare for your ultrasound.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There are no known risks to having an ultrasound. It is considered safe during pregnancy.\n','What do the results mean?If your pregnancy ultrasound results were normal, it doesn’t guarantee you’ll have a healthy baby. No test can do that. But normal results may mean:Your baby is growing at a normal rate.You have the right amount of amniotic fluid.No birth defects were found, though not all birth defects will show up on an ultrasound.If your pregnancy ultrasound results were not normal, it may mean:The baby is not growing at a normal rate.You have too much or too little amniotic fluid.The baby is growing outside the uterus. This is called an ectopic pregnancy. A baby can’t survive an ectopic pregnancy, and the condition can be life threatening for the mother.There is a problem with the baby’s position in the uterus. This could make delivery more difficult.Your baby has a birth defect.If your pregnancy ultrasound results were not normal, it doesn’t always mean your baby has a serious health problem. Your provider may suggest more tests to help confirm a diagnosis.If you had diagnostic ultrasound, the meaning of your results will depend on which part of the body was being looked at.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\n',NULL),(216,'sputum culture','What is a sputum culture?\nA sputum culture is a test that checks for bacteria or another type of organism that may be causing an infection in your lungs or the airways leading to the lungs. Sputum, also known as phlegm, is a thick type of mucus made in your lungs. If you have an infection or chronic illness affecting the lungs or airways, it can make you cough up sputum.\nSputum is not the same as spit or saliva. Sputum contains cells from the immune system that help fight the bacteria, fungi, or other foreign substances in your lungs or airways. The thickness of sputum helps trap the foreign material. This allows cilia (tiny hairs) in the airways to push it through the mouth and be coughed out.\nSputum can be one of several different colors. The colors can help identify the type of infection you may have or if a chronic illness has become worse:\nClear. This usually means no disease is present, but large amounts of clear sputum may be a sign of lung disease.\nWhite or gray. This may also be normal, but increased amounts may mean lung disease.\nDark yellow or green. This often means a bacterial infection, such as pneumonia. Yellowish-green sputum is also common in people with cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease that causes mucus to build up in the lungs and other organs.\nBrown. This often shows up in people who smoke. It is also a common sign of black lung disease. Black lung disease is a serious condition that can happen if you have long-term exposure to coal dust.\nPink. This may be a sign of pulmonary edema, a condition in which excess fluid builds up in the lungs. Pulmonary edema is common in people with congestive heart failure.\nRed. This may be an early sign of lung cancer. It may also be a sign of a pulmonary embolism, a life-threatening condition in which a blood clot from a leg or other part of the body breaks loose and travels to the lungs. If you are coughing up red or bloody sputum, call 911 or seek immediate medical attention.\nOther names: respiratory culture, bacterial sputum culture, routine sputum culture\n','What is it used for?\nA sputum culture is most often used to:\nFind and diagnose bacteria or fungi that may be causing an infection in the lungs or airways.\nSee if a chronic illness of the lungs has worsened.\nSee if treatment for an infection is working.\nA sputum culture is often done with another test called a Gram stain. A Gram stain is a test that checks for bacteria at the site of a suspected infection or in body fluids such as blood or urine. It can help identify the specific type of infection you may have.\n','Why do I need a sputum culture?\nYou may need this test if you have symptoms of pneumonia or another serious infection of the lungs or airways. These include:\nCough which produces a lot of sputum\nFever\nChills\nShortness of breath\nChest pain that gets worse when you breathe deeply or cough\nFatigue\nConfusion, especially in older people\n','What happens during a sputum culture?\nYour health care provider will need to get a sample of your sputum. During the test:\nA health care provider will ask you to breathe deeply and then cough deeply into a special cup.\nYour provider may tap you on the chest to help loosen sputum from your lungs.\nIf you have trouble coughing up enough sputum, your provider may ask you to breathe in a salty mist that can help you cough more deeply.\nIf you still can\'t cough up enough sputum, your provider may perform a procedure called a bronchoscopy. In this procedure, you\'ll first get a medicine to help you relax, and then a numbing medicine so you won\'t feel any pain.\nThen a thin, lighted tube will be put through your mouth or nose and into the airways.\nYour provider will collect a sample from your airway using a small brush or suction.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou may need to rinse your mouth out with water before the sample is taken. If you will be getting a bronchoscopy, you may be asked to fast (not eat or drink) for one to two hours before the test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is no risk to providing a sputum sample into a container. If you had a bronchoscopy, your throat may feel sore after the procedure.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results were normal, it means no harmful bacteria or fungi were found. If your results were not normal, it may mean you have some kind of bacterial or fungal infection. Your provider may need to do more tests to find the specific type of infection you have. The most common types of harmful bacteria found in a sputum culture include those that cause:\nPneumonia\nBronchitis\nTuberculosis\nAn abnormal sputum culture result may also mean a flare-up of a chronic condition, such as cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is a lung disease that makes it hard to breathe.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a sputum culture?\nSputum may be referred to as phlegm or mucus. All terms are correct, but sputum and phlegm only refer to the mucus made in the respiratory system (lungs and airways). Sputum (phlegm) is a type of mucus. Mucus can also be made elsewhere in the body, such as the urinary or genital tract.\n'),(217,'stool elastase','What is a stool elastase test?\nThis test measures the amount of elastase in your stool. Elastase is an enzyme made by special tissue in the pancreas, an organ in your upper abdomen. Elastase helps break down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates after you eat. It\'s a key part of your digestive process.\nIn a healthy pancreas, elastase will be passed in the stool. If little or no elastase is found in your stool, it can mean this enzyme isn\'t working as it should. This is called pancreatic insufficiency. Pancreatic insufficiency can cause a number of health problems, including malabsorption and malnutrition, disorders that affect your ability to digest and take in nutrients from food.\nIn adults, pancreatic insufficiency is often a sign of chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas. Chronic pancreatitis is a long-lasting condition that tends to get worse over time. It can lead to permanent damage of the pancreas. Acute pancreatitis, another form of the disease, is a short-term condition. It is usually diagnosed with blood and/or imaging tests, rather than a stool elastase test.\nIn children, pancreatic insufficiency can be a sign of:\nCystic fibrosis, an inherited disease that causes mucus to build up in the lungs, pancreas, and other organs\nShwachman-Diamond syndrome, a rare, inherited disease that causes problems with the skeletal system, bone marrow, and pancreas\nOther names: pancreatic elastase, fecal pancreatic elastase, fecal elastase, FE-1\n','What is it used for?A stool elastase test is used to find out if there is pancreatic insufficiency. This test is better at finding severe pancreatic insufficiency, rather than mild or moderate cases.Pancreatic insufficiency can sometimes be a sign of pancreatic cancer, but this test is not used to screen for or diagnose cancer.\n','Why do I need a stool elastase test?You may need a stool elastase test if you or your child has symptoms of pancreatic insufficiency. These include:Abdominal painSmelly, greasy stoolsMalabsorption, a disorder that affects your ability to digest and absorb nutrients from food. It can cause malnutrition, a condition in which your body does not get the calories, vitamins, and/or minerals needed for good health.Losing weight without trying. In children, this can delay growth and development.\n','What happens during a stool elastase test?You will need to provide a stool sample. Your provider or your child\'s provider will give you specific instructions on how to collect and send in your sample. Your instructions may include the following:Put on a pair of rubber or latex gloves.Collect and store the stool in a special container given to you by your health care provider or a lab. You may get a device or applicator to help you collect the sample.Make sure no urine, toilet water, or toilet paper mixes in with the sample.Seal and label the container.Remove the gloves, and wash your hands.Return the container to your health care provider or the lab by mail or in person.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?If you are taking pancreatic enzyme supplements, you may need to stop taking them for five days before the test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is no known risk to having a stool elastase test.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show a low amount of elastase, it probably means you have pancreatic insufficiency. Your provider will probably order more tests to diagnose the cause of the insufficiency. These tests may include:Blood tests to measure levels of pancreatic enzymesImaging tests to look at the pancreas and surrounding organsYour child\'s health care provider may order different types of tests to help diagnose cystic fibrosis or Shwachman-Diamond syndrome.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a stool elastase test?If you are diagnosed with chronic pancreatitis, there are treatments that can help manage your condition. Treatment usually includes dietary changes, medicines to manage pain, and/or pancreatic enzyme supplements you can take with each meal. Your provider may also recommend that you give up drinking alcohol and smoking.If your child was diagnosed with cystic fibrosis or Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, talk to your child\'s provider about treatment options.\n'),(218,'strep a test','What is a strep A test?\nStrep A, also known as group A strep, is a type of bacteria that causes strep throat and other infections. Strep throat is an infection that affects the throat and tonsils. The infection is spread from person to person through coughing or sneezing. While you can get strep throat at any age, it\'s most common in children 5 to 15 years old.\nStrep throat can be easily treated with antibiotics. But left untreated, strep throat can lead to serious complications. These include rheumatic fever, a disease that can damage the heart and joints, and glomerulonephritis, a type of kidney disease.\nStrep A tests check for strep A infections. There are two types of strep A tests:\nRapid strep test. This test looks for antigens to strep A. Antigens are substances that cause an immune response. A rapid strep test can provide results in 10–20 minutes. If a rapid test is negative, but your provider thinks you or your child has strep throat, he or she may order a throat culture.\nThroat culture. This test looks for strep A bacteria. It provides a more accurate diagnosis than a rapid test, but it can take 24–48 hours to get results.\nOther names: strep throat test, throat culture, group A streptococcus (GAS) throat culture, rapid strep test, streptococcus pyogenes\n','What is it used for?\nA strep A test is most often used to find out if a sore throat and other symptoms are being caused by strep throat or by a viral infection. Strep throat needs to be treated with antibiotics to prevent complications. Most sore throats are caused by viruses. Antibiotics don\'t work on viral infections. Viral sore throats usually go away on their own.\n','Why do I need a strep A test?\nYour health care provider may order a strep A test if you or your child has symptoms of strep throat. These include:\nA sudden and severe sore throat\nPain or difficulty swallowing\nFever of 101° or more\nSwollen lymph nodes\nYour provider may also order a strep A test if you or your child has a rough, red rash that starts on the face and spreads to another part of the body. This type of rash is a sign of scarlet fever, an illness that can happen a few days after you\'ve been infected with strep A. Like strep throat, scarlet fever is easily treated with antibiotics.\nIf you have symptoms such as a cough or runny nose along with your sore throat, it\'s more likely that you have a viral infection rather than strep throat.\n','What happens during a strep A test?\nA rapid test and a throat culture are done in the same way. During the procedure:\nYou will be asked to tilt your head back and open your mouth as wide as possible.\nYour health care provider will use a tongue depressor to hold down your tongue.\nHe or she will use a special swab to take a sample from the back of your throat and tonsils.\nThe sample may be used to do a rapid strep test in the provider\'s office. Sometimes the sample is sent to a lab.\nYour provider may take a second sample and send it to a lab for a throat culture if necessary.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t any special preparations for a rapid strep test or a throat culture.\n','Are there any risks to the test? \nThere is no risk to having swab tests, but they may cause slight discomfort and/or gagging.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf you or your child has a positive result on a rapid strep test, it means you have strep throat or another strep A infection. No further testing will be needed.\nIf the rapid test was negative, but the provider thinks you or your child might have strep throat, he or she may order a throat culture. If you or your child has not already provided a sample, you will get another swab test.\nIf the throat culture was positive, it means you or your child has strep throat or other strep infection.\nIf the throat culture was negative, it means your symptoms are not being caused by strep A bacteria. Your provider will probably order more tests to help make a diagnosis.\nIf you or your child was diagnosed with strep throat, you will need to take antibiotics for 10 to 14 days. After a day or two of taking the medicine, you or your child should start to feel better. Most people are no longer contagious after taking antibiotics for 24 hours. But it\'s important to take all the medicine as prescribed. Stopping early can lead to rheumatic fever or other serious complications.\nIf you have questions about your results or your child\'s results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a strep A test?\nStrep A can cause other infections besides strep throat. These infections are less common than strep throat but are often more serious. They include toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis, also known as flesh-eating bacteria.\nThere are also other kinds of strep bacteria. These include strep B, which can cause a dangerous infection in newborns, and streptococcus pneumoniae, which causes the most common type of pneumonia. Streptococcus pneumonia bacteria can also cause infections of the ear, sinuses, and bloodstream.\n'),(219,'strep b test','What is a group B strep test?\nStrep B, also known as group B strep (GBS), is a type of bacteria commonly found in the digestive tract, urinary tract, and genital area. It rarely causes symptoms or problems in adults but can be deadly to newborns.\nIn women, GBS is mostly found in the vagina and rectum. So a pregnant woman who is infected can pass the bacteria to her baby during labor and delivery. GBS can cause pneumonia, meningitis, and other serious illnesses in a baby. GBS infections are the leading cause of death and disability in newborns.\nA group B strep test checks for GBS bacteria. If the test shows that a pregnant woman has GBS, she can take antibiotics during labor to protect her baby from infection.\nOther names: group B streptococcus, group B beta-hemolytic streptococcus, streptococcus agalactiae, beta-hemolytic strep culture\n','What is it used for?\nA group B strep test is most often used to look for GBS bacteria in pregnant women. Most pregnant women are tested as part of routine prenatal screening. It may also be used to test infants who show signs of infection.\n','Why do I need a group B strep test?\nYou may need a strep B test if you are pregnant. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends GBS testing for all pregnant women. Testing is usually done in the 36th or 37th week of pregnancy. If you go into labor earlier than 36 weeks, you may be tested at that time.\nA baby may need a group B strep test if he or she has symptoms of infection. These include:\nHigh fever\nTrouble with feeding\nTrouble breathing\nLack of energy (hard to wake up)\n','What happens during a group B strep test?\nIf you are pregnant, your health care provider may order a swab test or a urine test.\nFor a swab test, you will lie on your back on an exam table. Your health care provider will use a\nsmall cotton swab to take a sample of cells and fluids from your vagina and rectum.\nFor a urine test, you will most likely be told to use the \"clean catch method\" to ensure your sample is sterile. It includes the following steps.\nWash your hands.\nClean your genital area with a cleansing pad given to you by your provider. To clean, open your labia and wipe from front to back.\nStart to urinate into the toilet.\nMove the collection container under your urine stream.\nCollect at least an ounce or two of urine into the container, which should have markings to indicate the amounts.\nFinish urinating into the toilet.\nReturn the sample container as instructed by your health care provider.\nIf your baby needs testing, a provider may do a blood test or a spinal tap.\nFor a blood test, a health care professional will use a small needle to take a blood sample from your baby\'s heel. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. Your baby may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out.\nA spinal tap, also known as a lumbar puncture, is a test that collects and looks at spinal fluid, the clear liquid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. During the procedure:\nA nurse or other health care provider will hold your baby in a curled-up position.\nA health care provider will clean your baby\'s back and inject an anesthetic into the skin, so your baby won\'t feel pain during the procedure. The provider may put a numbing cream on your baby\'s back before this injection.\nThe provider may also give your baby a sedative and/or pain reliever to help him or her better tolerate the procedure.\nOnce the area on the back is completely numb, your provider will insert a thin, hollow needle between two vertebrae in the lower spine. Vertebrae are the small backbones that make up the spine.\nThe provider will withdraw a small amount of cerebrospinal fluid for testing. This will take about five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t any special preparations for group B strep tests.\n','Are there any risks to the test? \nThere is no risk to you from a swab or urine test. Your baby may have slight pain or bruising after a blood test, but that should go away quickly. Your baby will likely feel some pain after a spinal tap, but that shouldn\'t last too long. There is also a small risk of infection or bleeding after a spinal tap.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf you are pregnant and results show you have GBS bacteria, you will be given antibiotics intravenously (by IV) during labor, at least four hours before delivery. This will prevent you from passing the bacteria to your baby. Taking antibiotics earlier in your pregnancy is not effective, because the bacteria can grow back very quickly. It\'s also more effective to take antibiotics through your vein, rather than by mouth.\nYou may not need antibiotics if you are having a planned delivery by Cesarean section (C-section). During a C-section, a baby is delivered through the mother\'s abdomen rather than vaginally. But you still should be tested during pregnancy because you may go into labor before your scheduled C-section.\nIf your baby\'s results show a GBS infection, he or she will be treated with antibiotics. If your provider suspects a GBS infection, he or she may treat your baby before test results are available. This is because GBS can cause serious illness or death.\nIf you have questions about your results or your baby\'s results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a group B strep test?\nStrep B is one type of strep bacteria. Other forms of strep cause different types of infections. These include strep A, which causes strep throat, and streptococcus pneumoniae, which causes the most common type of pneumonia. Streptococcus pneumonia bacteria can also cause infections of the ear, sinuses, and bloodstream.\n'),(220,'stress tests','What are stress tests?Stress tests show how well your heart handles physical activity. Your heart pumps harder and faster when you exercise. Some heart disorders are easier to find when your heart is hard at work. During a stress test, your heart will be checked while you exercise on a treadmill or stationary bicycle. If you\'re not healthy enough to exercise, you\'ll be given a medicine that makes your heart beat faster and harder, as if you were actually exercising.If you have trouble completing the stress test in a specified period of time, it may mean there is reduced blood flow to your heart. Reduced blood flow can be caused by several different heart conditions, some of which are very serious.Other names: exercise stress test, treadmill test, stress EKG, stress ECG, nuclear stress test, stress echocardiogram\n','What are they used for?Stress tests are most often used to:Diagnose coronary artery disease, a condition that causes a waxy substance called plaque to build up in the arteries. It can cause dangerous blockages in blood flow to the heart.Diagnose arrhythmia, a condition that causes an irregular heartbeatFind out what level of exercise is safe for youFind out how well your treatment is working if you\'ve already been diagnosed with heart diseaseShow if you are at risk for a heart attack or other serious heart condition\n','Why do I need a stress test?You may need a stress test if you have symptoms of limited blood flow to your heart. These include:Angina, a type of chest pain or discomfort caused by poor blood flow to the heartShortness of breathRapid heartbeatIrregular heartbeat (arrhythmia). This may feel like a fluttering in your chest.You may also need a stress test to check your heart health if you:Are planning to start an exercise programHave had recent heart surgeryAre being treated for heart disease. The test can show how well your treatment is working.Have had a heart attack in the pastAre at a higher risk for heart disease due to health problems such as diabetes, family history of heart disease, and/or previous heart problems\n','What happens during a stress test?There are three main types of stress tests: exercise stress tests, nuclear stress tests, and stress echocardiograms. All types of stress tests may be done in a health care provider\'s office, outpatient clinic, or hospital.During an exercise stress test:A health care provider will place several electrodes (small sensors that stick to the skin) on your arms, legs, and chest. The provider may need to shave excess hair before placing the electrodes.The electrodes are attached by wires to an electrocardiogram (EKG) machine, which records your heart\'s electrical activity.You will then walk on a treadmill or ride a stationary bicycle, starting slowly.Then, you\'ll walk or pedal faster, with the incline and resistance increasing as you go.You\'ll continue walking or riding until you reach a target heart rate set by your provider. You may need to stop sooner if you develop symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, or fatigue. The test may also be stopped if the EKG shows a problem with your heart.After the test, you\'ll be monitored for 10–15 minutes or until your heart rate returns to normal.Both nuclear stress tests and stress echocardiograms are imaging tests. That means that pictures will be taken of your heart during testing.During a nuclear stress test:You will lie down on an exam table.A health care provider will insert an intravenous (IV) line into your arm. The IV contains a radioactive dye. The dye makes it possible for the health care provider to view images of your heart. It takes between 15–40 minutes for the heart to absorb the dye.A special camera will scan your heart to create the images, which show your heart at rest.The rest of the test is just like an exercise stress test. You\'ll be hooked up to an EKG machine, then walk on a treadmill or ride a stationary bicycle.If you are not healthy enough to exercise, you\'ll get a medicine that makes your heart beat faster and harder.When your heart is working at its hardest, you\'ll get another injection of the radioactive dye.You\'ll wait for about 15-40 minutes for your heart to absorb the dye.You\'ll resume exercising and the special camera will take more pictures of your heart.Your provider will compare the two sets of images: one of your heart at rest; the other while hard at work.After the test, you\'ll be monitored for 10-15 minutes or until your heart rate returns to normal.The radioactive dye will naturally leave your body through your urine. Drinking lots of water will help remove it faster.During a stress echocardiogram:You will lie on an exam table.The provider will rub a special gel on a wand-like device called a transducer. He or she will hold the transducer against your chest.This device makes sound waves, which create moving pictures of your heart.After these images are taken, you will exercise on treadmill or bicycle, as in the other types of stress tests.If you are not healthy enough to exercise, you\'ll get a medicine that makes your heart beat faster and harder.More images will be taken when your heart rate is increasing or when it\'s working at its hardest.Your provider will compare the two sets of images; one of your heart at rest; the other while hard at work.After the test, you\'ll be monitored for 10–15 minutes or until your heart rate returns to normal.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You should wear comfortable shoes and loose clothing to make it easier to exercise. Your provider may ask you to not eat or drink for several hours before the test. If you have questions about how to prepare, talk to your health care provider.\n','Are there any risks to the test?Stress tests are usually safe. Sometimes exercise or the medicine that increases your heart rate can cause symptoms such as chest pain, dizziness, or nausea. You will be monitored closely throughout the test to reduce your risk of complications or to quickly treat any health problems. The radioactive dye used in a nuclear stress test is safe for most people. In rare cases, it may cause an allergic reaction. Also, a nuclear stress test is not recommended for pregnant women, as the dye might be harmful to an unborn baby.\n','What do the results mean?A normal test result means no blood flow problems were found. If your test result was not normal, it can mean there is reduced blood flow to your heart. Reasons for reduced blood flow include:Coronary artery diseaseScarring from a previous heart attackYour current heart treatment is not working wellPoor physical fitnessIf your exercise stress test results were not normal, your health care provider may order a nuclear stress test or a stress echocardiogram. These tests are more accurate than exercise stress tests, but also more expensive. If these imaging tests show a problem with your heart, your provider may recommend more tests and/or treatment.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n',NULL),(221,'suicide risk screening','What is a suicide risk screening?\nEvery year nearly 800,000 people around the world take their own lives. Many more attempt suicide. In the United States, it\'s the 10th leading cause of death overall, and the second leading cause of death in people aged 10-34. Suicide has a lasting impact on those left behind and on the community at large.\nAlthough suicide is a major health problem, it can often be prevented. A suicide risk screening can help find out how likely it is that someone will try to take their own life. During most screenings, a provider will ask some questions about behavior and feelings. There are specific questions and guidelines that providers can use. These are known as suicide risk assessment tools. If you or a loved one is found to be at risk for suicide, you can get medical, psychological, and emotional support that may help avoid a tragic outcome.\nOther names: suicide risk assessment\n','What is it used for?\nA suicide risk screening is used to find out if someone is at risk for trying to take their own life.\n','Why do I need a suicide risk screening?\nYou or a loved one may need a suicide risk screening if you notice any of the following warning signs:\nFeeling hopeless and/or trapped\nTalking about being a burden to others\nIncreased use of alcohol or drugs\nHaving extreme mood swings\nWithdrawing from social situations or wanting to be alone\nA change in eating and/or sleeping habits\nYou may also need a screening if you have certain risk factors. You may be more likely to try to harm yourself if you have:\nTried to kill yourself before\nDepression or other mood disorder\nA history of suicide in your family\nA history of trauma or abuse\nA chronic illness and/or chronic pain\nA suicide risk screening can be very helpful for people with these warning signs and risk factors. Other warning signs may need to be addressed immediately. These include:\nTalking about suicide or wanting to die\nSearching online for ways to kill yourself, getting a gun, or stockpiling medicines such as sleeping pills or pain medicines\nTalking about having no reason to live\nIf you or a loved one has any of these warning signs, seek help right away. Call 911 or\nthe National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (8255).\n','What happens during a suicide risk screening?\nA screening may be done by your primary care provider or a mental health provider. A mental health provider is a health care professional who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental health problems.\nYour primary care provider may give you a physical exam and ask you about your use of drugs and alcohol, changes in eating and sleeping habits, and mood swings. These could have many different causes. He or she may ask you about any prescription drugs you are taking. In some cases, antidepressants can increase suicidal thoughts, especially in children, teenagers, and young adults (under the age of 25). You may also get a blood test or other tests to see if a physical disorder is causing your suicidal symptoms.\nDuring a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\nYour primary care provider or a mental health provider may also use one or more suicide risk assessment tools. A suicide risk assessment tool is type of questionnaire or guideline for providers. These tools help providers evaluate your behavior, feelings, and suicidal thoughts. The most commonly used assessment tools include:\nPatient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ9). This tool is made up of nine questions about suicidal thoughts and behaviors.\nAsk Suicide-Screening Questions. This includes four questions and is geared toward people aged 10-24.\nSAFE-T. This is a test that focuses on five areas of suicide risk, as well as suggested treatment options.\nThe Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS). This is a suicide risk assessment scale that measures four different areas of suicide risk.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for a suicide risk screening?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for this screening.\n','Are there any risks to screening?\nThere is no risk to having a physical exam or a questionnaire. There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf the results of your physical exam or blood test show a physical disorder or a problem with a medicine, your provider may provide treatment and change or adjust your medicines as necessary.\nThe results of a suicide risk assessment tool or suicide risk assessment scale can show how likely it is you will attempt suicide. Your treatment will depend on your risk level. If you are at very high risk, you may be admitted to a hospital. If your risk is more moderate, your provider may recommend one or more of the following:\nPsychological counseling from a mental health professional\nMedicines, such as antidepressants. But younger people on antidepressants should be closely monitored. The medicines sometimes increase suicide risk in children and young adults.\nTreatment for addiction to alcohol or drugs\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a suicide risk screening?\nIf you feel you are at risk for taking your own life seek help right away. There are many ways to get help. You can:\nCall 911 or go to your local emergency room\nCall the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (1-800-273-8255). Veterans can call and then press 1 to reach the Veterans Crisis Line.\nText the Crisis Text Line (text HOME to 741741).\nText the Veterans Crisis Line at 838255.\nCall your health care or mental health provider\nReach out to a loved one or close friend\nIf you are worried that a loved one is at risk for suicide, don\'t leave them alone. You should also:\nEncourage them to seek help. Assist them in finding help if needed.\nLet them know you care. Listen without judgement, and provide encouragement and support.\nRestrict access to weapons, pills, and other items that could cause harm.\nYou may also want to call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (8255) for advice and support.\n'),(222,'sweat test for cystic fibrosis','What is a sweat test?\nA sweat test measures the amount of chloride, a part of salt, in Sweat. It is used to diagnose cystic fibrosis (CF). People with CF have a high level of chloride in their sweat.\nCF is a disease that causes mucus build-up in the lungs and other organs. It damages the lungs and makes it hard to breathe. It can also lead to frequent infections and malnutrition. CF is an inherited disease, which means it is passed down from your parents, through genes.\nGenes are parts of DNA that carry information that determine your unique traits, such as height and eye color. Genes are also responsible for certain health problems. To have cystic fibrosis, you must have a CF gene from both your mother and your father. If only one parent has the gene, you will not get the disease.\nOther names: sweat chloride test, cystic fibrosis sweat test, sweat electrolytes\n','What is it used for?\nA sweat test is used to diagnose cystic fibrosis.\n','Why do I need a sweat test?\nA sweat test can diagnose cystic fibrosis (CF) in people of all ages, but it\'s usually done on babies. Your baby may need a sweat test if he or she tested positive for CF on a routine newborn blood test. In the United States, new babies are usually tested for a variety of conditions including CF. Most sweat tests are done when babies are 2 to 4 weeks old.\nAn older child or adult who has never been tested for CF may need a cystic fibrosis sweat test if someone in the family has the disease and/or has symptoms of CF. These include:\nSalty-tasting skin\nFrequent coughing\nFrequent lung infections, such as pneumonia and bronchitis\nTrouble breathing\nFailure to gain weight, even with a good appetite\nGreasy, bulky stools\nIn newborns, no stools made right after birth\n','What happens during a sweat test?\nYour health care provider will need to collect a sample of sweat for testing. The entire procedure will take about an hour and will probably include the following steps:\nA health care provider will put pilocarpine, a medicine that causes sweating, on a small area of the forearm.\nYour provider will place an electrode on this area.\nA weak current will be sent through the electrode. This current makes the medicine seep into the skin. This may cause a little tingling or warmth.\nAfter removing the electrode, your provider will tape a piece of filter paper or gauze on the forearm to collect the sweat.\nSweat will be collected for 30 minutes.\nThe collected sweat will be sent to a lab for testing.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a sweat test, but you should avoid applying any creams or lotions to the  skin for 24 hours before the procedure.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is no known risk to a sweat test. Your child may have a tingling or tickling sensation from the electric current, but should not feel any pain.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf the results show a high level of chloride, there is a good chance your child has cystic fibrosis. Your health care provider will probably order another sweat test and/or other tests to confirm or rule out a diagnosis. If you have questions about your child\'s results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a sweat test?\nWhile there is no cure for cystic fibrosis (CF), there are treatments available that help reduce symptoms and improve quality of life. If your child was diagnosed with CF, talk with your health care provider about strategies and treatments to help manage the disease.\n');
