-- Table structure for table `labs`
--

CREATE TABLE `labs` (
  `index` bigint NOT NULL,
  `Lab_test` varchar(500) DEFAULT NULL,
  `What_is_it_used_for` text,
  `What_is_the_test` text,
  `Why_do_I_need_the_test` text,
  `What_happens_during_the_test` text,
  `Will_I_need_to_do_anything_to_prepare_for_the_test` text,
  `Are_there_any_risks_to_the_test` text,
  `What_do_the_results_mean` text,
  `Is_there_anything_else_I_need_to_know_about_the_test` text,
  PRIMARY KEY (`index`),
  KEY `ix_labs_index` (`index`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `labs`
--

INSERT INTO `labs` VALUES (0,'17-hydroxyprogesterone','What is a 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) test?\nThis test measures the amount of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) in the blood. 17-OHP is a hormone made by the adrenal glands, two glands located on top of the kidneys. The adrenal glands make several hormones, including cortisol. Cortisol is important for maintaining blood pressure, blood sugar, and some functions of the immune system. 17-OHP is made as part of the process of producing cortisol.\nA 17-OHP test helps diagnose a rare genetic disorder called congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). In CAH, a genetic change, known as a mutation, prevents the adrenal gland from making enough cortisol. As the adrenal glands work harder to make more cortisol, they produce extra 17-OHP, along with certain male sex hormones.\nCAH can cause abnormal development of sex organs and sexual characteristics. Symptoms of the disorder range from mild to severe. If not treated, the more severe forms of CAH can cause serious complications, including dehydration, low blood pressure, and abnormal heartbeat (arrhythmia).\nOther names: 17-OH progesterone, 17-OHP\n','What is it used for?A 17-OHP test is most often used to diagnose CAH in newborns. It may also be used to:Diagnose CAH in older children and adults who may have a milder form of the disorder. In milder CAH, symptoms may show up later in life, or sometimes not at all.Monitor treatment for CAH\n','Why do I need a 17-OHP test?Your baby will need a 17-OHP test, usually within 1–2 days after birth. 17-OHP testing for CAH is now required by law as part of newborn screening. A newborn screening is a simple blood test that checks for a variety of serious diseases.Older children and adults may also need testing if they have symptoms of CAH. Symptoms will be different depending on how severe the disorder is, the age when symptoms appear, and whether you are male or female.Symptoms of the most severe form of the disorder usually show up within 2–3 weeks after birth.If your baby was born outside the United States and did not get a newborn screening, they may need testing if they have one or more of the following symptoms:Genitals that are not clearly male or female (ambiguous genitalia)DehydrationVomiting and other feeding problemsAbnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia)Older children may not have symptoms until puberty. In girls, symptoms of CAH include:Irregular menstrual periods, or no periods at allEarly appearance of pubic and/or arm hairExcessive hair on face and bodyDeep voiceEnlarged clitorisIn boys, symptoms include:Enlarged penisEarly puberty (precocious puberty)In adult men and women, symptoms may include:Infertility (the inability to get pregnant or get a partner pregnant)Severe acne\n','What happens during a 17-OHP test?For a newborn screening, a health care professional will clean your baby\'s heel with alcohol and poke the heel with a small needle. The provider will collect a few drops of blood and put a bandage on the site.During a blood test for older children and adults, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?There are no special preparations needed for a 17-OHP test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to you or your baby with a 17-OHP test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly. Your baby may feel a little pinch when the heel is poked, and a small bruise may form at the site. This should go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If results show high levels of 17-OHP, it\'s likely you or your child has CAH. Usually, very high levels means a more severe form of the condition, while moderately high levels usually means a milder form.If you or your child is being treated for CAH, lower levels of 17-OHP may mean the treatment is working. Treatment may include medicines to replace missing cortisol. Sometimes surgery is done to change the appearance and function of the genitals.If you have questions about your results or your child\'s results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a 17-OHP test?If you or your child has been diagnosed with CAH, you may want to consult with a genetic counselor, a specially trained professional in genetics. CAH is genetic disorder in which both parents must have the genetic mutation that causes CAH. A parent may be a carrier of the gene, which means they have the gene but usually don\'t have symptoms of disease. If both parents are carriers, each child has a 25% chance of having the condition.\n'),(1,'acetaminophen level','What is an acetaminophen level test?\nThis test measures the amount of acetaminophen in the blood. Acetaminophen is one of the most common medicines used in over-the-counter pain relievers and fever reducers. It is found in more than 200 brand name medicines. These include Tylenol, Excedrin, Nyquil, and Paracetamol, which is commonly found outside the U. S. Acetaminophen is safe and effective when taken at the proper dose. But an overdose can cause serious and sometimes deadly liver damage.\nUnfortunately, dosing mistakes are common. Reasons for this include:\nTaking more than one medicine that contains acetaminophen. Many cold, flu, and allergy medicines contain acetaminophen. If you take more than one medicine with acetaminophen, you may end up taking an unsafe dose without realizing it\nNot following dose recommendations. The adult maximum dose is generally 4000 mgs in 24 hours. But that may be too much for some people. So it may be safer to limit your dose to 3000 mgs per day. Children\'s dosing recommendations depend on their weight and age.\nGiving a child an adult version of the medicine, rather than a version designed for children\nIf you think you or your child has taken too much acetaminophen, call your health care provider right away. You may need to be tested and treated in the emergency room.\nOther names: acetaminophen drug test, acetaminophen blood test, Paracetamol test, Tylenol drug test\n','What is it used for?\nThe test is used to find out if you or your child has taken too much acetaminophen.\n','Why do I need an acetaminophen level test?\nYour provider may order a test if you or your child has symptoms of an overdose. Symptoms may happen as soon as two to three hours after taking the medicine but can take as long as 12 hours to appear.\nSymptoms in adults and children are similar and may include:\nNausea and vomiting\nDiarrhea\nAbdominal pain\nLoss of appetite\nFatigue\nIrritability\nSweating\nJaundice, a condition that causes your skin and eyes to turn yellow\n','What happens during an acetaminophen level test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for an acetaminophen level test.\n','Are there any risks to an acetaminophen level test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf results show a high level of acetaminophen, you or your child may be at risk for liver damage and may need immediate treatment. The type of treatment will depend on how much excess acetaminophen is in your system. After you get your results, your provider may repeat this test every four to six hours to make sure you are out of danger.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an acetaminophen level test?\nBefore you or your child take any medicine, read the label carefully. Make sure that you only use the recommended dose. Check the ingredient list to see whether the medicines contain acetaminophen, so that you don\'t take too much. Common medicines that contain acetaminophen include:\nNyquil\nDayquil\nDristan\nContact\nTheraflu\nActifed\nMucinex\nSudafed\nAlso, if you drink three or more alcoholic beverages a day, ask your health care provider if it is safe to take acetaminophen. Drinking alcohol while taking acetaminophen can increase your risk of liver damage.\n'),(2,'acid-fast bacillus (afb) tests','What are acid-fast bacillus (AFB) tests?\nAcid-fast bacillus (AFB) is a type of bacteria that causes tuberculosis and certain other infections. Tuberculosis, commonly known as TB, is a serious bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs. It can also affect other parts of the body, including the brain, spine, and kidneys. TB is spread from person to person through coughing or sneezing.\nTB can be latent or active. If you have latent TB, you\'ll have TB bacteria in your body but won\'t feel sick and can\'t spread the disease to others. If you have active TB, you\'ll have symptoms of the disease and could spread the infection to others.\nAFB tests are usually ordered for people with symptoms of active TB. The tests look for the presence of AFB bacteria in your sputum. Sputum is a thick mucus that is coughed up from the lungs. It is different from spit or saliva.\nThere are two main types of AFB tests:\nAFB smear. In this test, your sample is \"smeared\" on a glass slide and looked at under a microscope. It can provide results in 1–2 days. These results can show a possible or likely infection, but can\'t provide a definite diagnosis.\nAFB culture. In this test, your sample is taken to a lab and put in a special environment to encourage the growth of bacteria. An AFB culture can positively confirm a diagnosis of TB or other infection. But it takes 6–8 weeks to grow enough bacteria to detect an infection.\nOther names: AFB smear and culture, TB culture and sensitivity, mycobacteria smear and culture\n','What are they used for?\nAFB tests are most often used to diagnose an active tuberculosis (TB) infection. They may also be used to help diagnose other types of AFB infections. These include:\nLeprosy, a once feared, but rare and easily treatable disease that affects the nerves, eyes, and skin. Skin often becomes red and flaky, with loss of feeling.\nAn infection similar to TB that mostly affects people with HIV/AIDS and others with weakened immune systems.\nAFB tests may also be used for people who have already been diagnosed with TB. The tests can show if the treatment is working, and whether the infection can still be spread to others.\n','Why do I need an AFB test? \nYou may need an AFB test if you have symptoms of active TB. These include:\nCough that lasts for three weeks or more\nCoughing up blood and/or sputum\nChest pain\nFever\nFatigue\nNight sweats\nUnexplained weight loss \nActive TB can cause symptoms in other parts of the body besides the lungs. Symptoms vary depending on which part of the body is affected. So you may need testing if you have:\nBack pain\nBlood in your urine\nHeadache\nJoint pain\nWeakness\nYou may also need testing if you have certain risk factors. You may be at higher risk of getting TB if you:\nHave been in close contact with someone who has been diagnosed with TB\nHave HIV or another disease that weakens your immune system\nLive or work in a place with a high rate of TB infection. These include homeless shelters, nursing homes, and prisons.\n','What happens during AFB testing?\nYour health care provider will need a sample of your sputum for both an AFB smear and an AFB culture. The two tests are usually done at the same time. To get sputum samples:\nYou will be asked to cough deeply and spit into a sterile container. You will need to do this for two or three days in a row. This helps make sure your sample has enough bacteria for testing.\nIf you have trouble coughing up enough sputum, your provider may ask you to breathe in a sterile saline (salt) mist that can help you cough more deeply.\nIf you still can\'t cough up enough sputum, your provider may perform a procedure called a bronchoscopy. In this procedure, you will first get medicine so you won\'t feel any pain. Then, a thin, lighted tube will be put through your mouth or nose and into your airways. The sample may be collected by suction or with a small brush.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t any special preparations for an AFB smear or culture.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is no risk to providing a sputum sample by coughing into a container. If you have a bronchoscopy, your throat may feel sore after the procedure. There is also a small risk of infection and bleeding at the site where the sample is taken.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results on an AFB smear or culture were negative, you probably don\'t have active TB. But it could also mean there weren\'t enough bacteria in the sample for your health care provider to make a diagnosis.\nIf your AFB smear was positive, it means you probably have TB or other infection, but an AFB culture is needed confirm the diagnosis. Culture results can take several weeks, so your provider may decide to treat your infection in the meantime.\nIf your AFB culture was positive, it means you have active TB or another type of AFB infection. The culture can identify which type of infection you have. Once you have been diagnosed, your provider may order a \"susceptibility test\" on your sample. A susceptibility test is used to help determine which antibiotic will provide the most effective treatment.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about AFB testing?\nIf not treated, TB can be deadly. But most cases of TB can be cured if you take antibiotics as directed by your health care provider. Treating TB takes much longer than treating other types of bacterial infections. After a few weeks on antibiotics, you will no longer be contagious, but you will still have TB. To cure TB, you need to take antibiotics for six to nine months. The length of time depends on your overall health, age, and other factors. It\'s important to take the antibiotics for as long as your provider tells you, even if you feel better. Stopping early can cause the infection to come back.\n'),(3,'adhd screening','What is ADHD screening?ADHD screening, also called an ADHD test, helps find out if you or your child has ADHD. ADHD stands for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. It used to be called ADD (attention-deficit disorder).ADHD is a behavioral disorder that makes it hard for someone to sit still, pay attention, and focus on tasks. People with ADHD may also be easily distracted and/or act without thinking.ADHD affects millions of children and often lasts into adulthood. Until their own children are diagnosed, many adults don\'t realize symptoms they\'ve had since childhood may be related to ADHD.There are three main types of ADHD:Mostly Impulsive-Hyperactive. People with this type of ADHD usually have symptoms of both impulsivity and hyperactivity. Impulsivity means acting without thinking about the consequences. It also means a desire for immediate rewards. Hyperactivity means difficulty sitting still. A hyperactive person fidgets and moves about constantly. It can also mean the person talks nonstop.Mostly Inattentive. People with this type of ADHD have trouble paying attention and are easily distracted.Combined. This is the most common type of ADHD. Symptoms include a combination of impulsivity, hyperactivity, and inattentiveness.ADHD is more common in boys than girls. Boys with ADHD are also more likely to have impulsive-hyperactive or the combined type of ADHD, rather than inattentive ADHD.While there is no cure for ADHD, treatments can help reduce symptoms and improve daily functioning. ADHD treatment often includes medicine, lifestyle changes, and/or behavioral therapy.Other names: ADHD test\n','What is it used for?ADHD screening is used to diagnose ADHD. Early diagnosis and treatment can help reduce symptoms and improve quality of life.\n','Why do I need ADHD screening?Your health care provider may order an ADHD test if you or your child has symptoms of the disorder. ADHD symptoms can be mild, moderate, or severe, and can vary depending on the type of ADHD disorder.Symptoms of impulsivity include:Nonstop talkingHaving trouble waiting for a turn in games or activitiesInterrupting others in conversations or gamesTaking unnecessary risksSymptoms of hyperactivity include:Frequent fidgeting with handsSquirming when seatedTrouble staying seated for long periods of timeAn urge to keep in constant motionDifficulty doing quiet activitiesTrouble completing tasksForgetfulnessSymptoms of inattention include:Short attention spanTrouble listening to othersBeing easily distractedTrouble staying focused on tasksPoor organizational skillsTrouble attending to detailsForgetfulnessAvoidance of tasks that require a lot of mental effort, such as schoolwork, or for adults, working on complicated reports and forms.Adults with ADHD may have additional symptoms, including mood swings and difficulty maintaining relationships.Having one or more of these symptoms doesn\'t necessarily mean you or your child has ADHD. Everybody gets restless and distracted at times. Most children are naturally full of energy and often have trouble sitting still. This is not the same as ADHD.ADHD is a long-lasting condition that can affect many aspects of your life. Symptoms may cause problems in school or work, home life, and relationships. In children, ADHD can delay normal development.\n','What happens during an ADHD screening?There is no specific ADHD test. Screening usually involves several steps, including:A physical exam to find out if a different type of disorder is causing symptoms.An interview. You or your child will be asked about behavior and activity level.The following tests are designed specifically for children:Interviews or questionnaires with people who interact regularly with your child. These may include family members, teachers, coaches, and babysitters.Behavioral tests. These are written tests designed to measure a child\'s behavior compared with the behavior of other children the same age.Psychological tests. These tests measure thinking and intelligence.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for ADHD screening?You usually don\'t need any special preparations for ADHD screening.\n','Are there any risks to screening?There is no risk to a physical exam, written test, or questionnaire.\n','What do the results mean?If results show ADHD, it\'s important to get treatment as soon as possible. Treatment usually includes a combination of medicine, behavioral therapy, and lifestyle changes. It can take time to determine the right dose of ADHD medicine, especially in children. If you have questions about the results and/or treatment, talk to your health care provider.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about ADHD screening?You or your child may get an ADHD test if you have a family history of the disorder, along with symptoms. ADHD tends to run in families. Many parents of children with ADHD had symptoms of the disorder when they were younger. Also, ADHD is often found in siblings of the same family.\n'),(4,'adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth)','What is an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) test?This test measures the level of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the blood. ACTH is a hormone made by the pituitary gland, a small gland at the base of the brain. ACTH controls the production of another hormone called cortisol. Cortisol is made by the adrenal glands, two small glands located above the kidneys. Cortisol plays an important role in helping you to:Respond to stressFight infectionRegulate blood sugarMaintain blood pressureRegulate metabolism, the process of how your body uses food and energyToo much or too little cortisol can cause serious health problems.Other names: Adrenocorticotropic hormone blood test, corticotropin\n','What is it used for?\nAn ACTH test is often done along with a cortisol test to diagnose disorders of the pituitary or adrenal glands. These include:\nCushing\'s syndrome, a disorder in which the adrenal gland makes too much cortisol. It may be caused by a tumor in the pituitary gland or the use of steroid medicines. Steroids are used to treat inflammation, but can have side effects that effect cortisol levels.\nCushing\'s disease, a form of Cushing\'s syndrome. In this disorder, the pituitary gland makes too much ACTH. It is usually caused by a noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland.\nAddison disease, a condition in which the adrenal gland doesn\'t make enough cortisol.\nHypopituitarism, a disorder in which the pituitary gland does not make enough of some or all of its hormones.\n','Why do I need an ACTH test?You may need this test if you have symptoms of too much or too little cortisol.Symptoms of too much cortisol include:Weight gainBuildup of fat in the shouldersPink or purple stretch marks (lines) on the abdomen, thighs, and/or breastsSkin that bruises easilyIncreased body hairMuscle weaknessFatigueAcneSymptoms of too little cortisol include:Weight lossNausea and vomitingDiarrheaAbdominal painDizzinessDarkening of the skinSalt cravingFatigueYou may also need this test if you have symptoms of hypopituitarism. Symptoms will vary depending on the severity of the disease, but may include the following:Loss of appetiteIrregular menstrual periods and infertility in womenLoss of body and facial hair in menLower sex drive in men and womenSensitivity to coldUrinating more often than usualFatigue\n','What happens during an ACTH test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You may need to fast (not eat or drink) overnight before testing. Tests are usually done early in the morning because cortisol levels change throughout the day.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?Results of an ACTH test are often compared with the results of cortisol tests and may show one of the following:High ACTH and high cortisol levels: This may mean Cushing\'s disease.Low ACTH and high cortisol levels: This may mean Cushing\'s syndrome or a tumor of the adrenal gland.High ACTH and low cortisol levels: This may mean Addison disease.Low ACTH and low cortisol levels. This may mean hypopituitarism.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an ACTH test?A test called an ACTH stimulation test is sometimes done instead of an ACTH test to diagnose Addison disease and hypopituitarism. An ACTH stimulation test is a blood test that measures cortisol levels before and after you\'ve received an injection of ACTH.\n'),(5,'albumin blood test','What is an albumin blood test?An albumin blood test measures the amount of albumin in your blood. Albumin is a protein made by your liver. Albumin helps keep fluid in your bloodstream so it doesn\'t leak into other tissues. It is also carries various substances throughout your body, including hormones, vitamins, and enzymes. Low albumin levels can indicate a problem with your liver or kidneys.Other names: ALB\n','What is it used for?An albumin blood test is a type of liver function test. Liver function tests are blood tests that measure different enzymes and proteins in the liver, including albumin. An albumin test may also be part of a comprehensive metabolic panel, a test that measures several substances in your blood. These substances include electrolytes, glucose, and proteins such as albumin.\n','Why do I need an albumin blood test?Your health care provider may have ordered liver function tests or a comprehensive metabolic panel, which include tests for albumin, as part your regular checkup. You may also need this test if you have symptoms of liver or kidney disease.Symptoms of liver disease include:Jaundice, a condition that causes your skin and eyes to turn yellowFatigueWeight lossLoss of appetiteDark-colored urinePale-colored stoolSymptoms of kidney disease include:Swelling around the abdomen, thighs, or faceMore frequent urination, especially at nightFoamy, bloody, or coffee-colored urineNauseaItchy skin\n','What happens during an albumin blood test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations to test for albumin in blood. If your health care provider has ordered other blood tests, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your albumin levels are lower than normal, it may indicate one of the following conditions:Liver disease, including cirrhosisKidney diseaseMalnutritionInfectionInflammatory bowel diseaseThyroid diseaseHigher than normal levels of albumin may indicate dehydration or severe diarrhea.If your albumin levels are not in the normal range, it doesn\'t necessarily mean you have a medical condition needing treatment. Certain drugs, including steroids, insulin, and hormones, can raise albumin levels. Other drugs, including birth control pills, can lower your albumin levels.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n',NULL),(6,'aldosterone test','What is an aldosterone (ALD) test?This test measures the amount of aldosterone (ALD) in your blood or urine. ALD is a hormone made by your adrenal glands, two small glands located above the kidneys. ALD helps control blood pressure and maintain healthy levels of sodium and potassium. Sodium and potassium are electrolytes. Electrolytes are minerals that help balance the amount of fluids in your body and keep nerves and muscles working properly. If ALD levels are too high or too low, it can be a sign of a serious health problem.ALD tests are often combined with tests for renin, a hormone made by the kidneys. Renin signals the adrenal glands to make ALD. The combined tests are sometimes called an aldosterone-renin ratio test or aldosterone-plasma renin activity.Other names: aldosterone, serum; aldosterone urine\n','What is it used for?An aldosterone (ALD) test is most often used to:Help diagnose primary or secondary aldosteronism, disorders that cause the adrenal glands to make too much ALDHelp diagnose adrenal insufficiency, a disorder that causes the adrenal glands to not make enough ALDCheck for a tumor in the adrenal glandsFind the cause of high blood pressure\n','Why do I need an aldosterone test?You may need this test if you have symptoms of too much or too little aldosterone (ALD).Symptoms of too much ALD include:WeaknessTinglingIncreased thirstFrequent urinationTemporary paralysisMuscle cramps or spasmsSymptoms of too little ALD include:Weight lossFatigueMuscle weaknessAbdominal painDark patches of skinLow blood pressureNausea and vomitingDiarrheaDecreased body hair\n','What happens during an aldosterone test?Aldosterone (ALD) may be measured in blood or urine.During a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.The amount of ALD in your blood can change depending on whether you are standing up or lying down. So you may get tested while you are in each of these positions.For an ALD urine test, your health care provider may ask you to collect all urine during a 24-hour period. Your health care provider or a laboratory professional will give you a container to collect your urine and instructions on how to collect and store your samples. A 24-hour urine sample test generally includes the following steps:Empty your bladder in the morning and flush that urine away. Record the time.For the next 24 hours, save all your urine passed in the container provided.Store your urine container in the refrigerator or a cooler with ice.Return the sample container to your health provider\'s office or the laboratory as instructed.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You may be asked to stop taking certain medicines for at least two weeks before you get tested.These include:High blood pressure medicinesHeart medicinesHormones, such as estrogen or progesteroneDiuretics (water pills)Antacid and ulcer medicinesYou may also be asked to avoid very salty foods for about two weeks before your test. These include chips, pretzels, canned soup, soy sauce, and bacon. Be sure to ask your health care provider if you need to make any changes to your medications and/or diet.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may experience slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.There are no known risks to having a urine test.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show you have higher than normal amounts of aldosterone (ALD), it may mean you have:Primary aldosteronism (also known as Conn syndrome). This disorder is caused by a tumor or other problem in the adrenal glands that causes the glands to make too much ALD.Secondary aldosteronism. This happens when a medical condition in another part of the body causes the adrenal glands to make too much ALD. These conditions include high blood pressure and diseases of the heart, liver, and kidneys.Preeclampsia, a type of high blood pressure that affects pregnant womenBarter syndrome, a rare birth defect that affects the kidneys\' ability to absorb sodiumIf your results show you have lower than normal amounts of ALD, it may mean you have:Addison disease, a type of adrenal insufficiency caused by damage or other problem with the adrenal glands. This causes too little ALD to be made.Secondary adrenal insufficiency, a disorder caused by a problem with the pituitary gland, a small gland at the base of the brain. This gland makes hormones that help the adrenal glands work properly. If there are not enough of these pituitary hormones, the adrenal glands won\'t make enough ALD.If you are diagnosed with one of these disorders, there are treatments available. Depending on the disorder, your treatment may include medicines, dietary changes, and/or surgery. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an aldosterone test?Licorice can affect your test results, so you should not eat licorice for at least two weeks before your test. But only real licorice, which comes from licorice plants, has this effect. Most licorice products sold in the United States don\'t contain any real licorice. Check the package ingredient label to be sure.\n'),(7,'alkaline phosphatase','What is an alkaline phosphatase test?An alkaline phosphatase (ALP) test measures the amount of ALP in your blood. ALP is an enzyme found throughout the body, but it is mostly found in the liver, bones, kidneys, and digestive system. When the liver is damaged, ALP may leak into the bloodstream. High levels of ALP can indicate liver disease or bone disorders.Other names: ALP, ALK, PHOS, Alkp, ALK PHOS\n','What is it used for?An alkaline phosphatase test is used to detect diseases of the liver or bones.\n','Why do I need an alkaline phosphatase test?Your health care provider may have ordered an alkaline phosphatase test as part of a routine checkup or if you have symptoms of liver damage or a bone disorder. Symptoms of liver disease include:Nausea and vomitingWeight lossTirednessWeaknessJaundice, a condition that causes your skin and eyes to turn yellowSwelling and/or pain in your abdomenDark-colored urine and/or light-colored stoolFrequent ItchingSymptoms of bone disorders include:Pain in the bones and/or jointsEnlarged and/or abnormally shaped bonesIncreased frequency of bone fractures\n','What happens during an alkaline phosphatase test?An alkaline phosphatase test is a type of blood test. During the test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for an alkaline phosphatase test. If your health care provider has ordered other blood tests, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?High alkaline phosphatase levels may mean there is damage to your liver or that you have a type of bone disorder. Liver damage creates a different type of ALP than bone disorders do. If the test results show high alkaline phosphatase levels, your health care provider may order additional tests to find out where the extra ALP is coming from. High alkaline phosphatase levels in the liver can indicate:CirrhosisHepatitisA blockage in the bile ductMononucleosis, which can sometimes cause swelling in the liverThere are several other types of blood tests that check your liver function. These include bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) tests. If these results are normal and your alkaline phosphatase levels are high, it may mean the problem is not in your liver. Instead, it can indicate a bone disorder, such as Paget\'s Disease of Bone, a condition that causes your bones to become abnormally large, weak, and prone to fractures.Moderately high levels of alkaline phosphatase may indicate conditions such as Hodgkin lymphoma, heart failure, or a bacterial infection.Low levels of alkaline phosphatase may indicate hypophosphatasia, a rare genetic disease that affects bones and teeth. Low levels may also be due to a deficiency of zinc or malnutrition. To learn what your results mean, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about alkaline phosphatase test?ALP levels can vary for different groups. Pregnancy can cause higher than normal ALP levels. Children and teens may have high levels of ALP because their bones are growing. Certain drugs, such as birth control pills, may lower ALP levels, while other medicines can cause the levels to increase.\n'),(8,'allergy blood test','What is an allergy blood test?Allergies are a common and chronic condition that involves the body\'s immune system. Normally, your immune system works to fight off viruses, bacteria, and other infectious agents. When you have an allergy, your immune system treats a harmless substance, like dust or pollen, as a threat. To fight this perceived threat, your immune system makes antibodies called immunoglobulin E (IgE).Substances that cause an allergic reaction are called allergens. Besides dust and pollen, other common allergens include animal dander, foods, including nuts and shellfish, and certain medicines, such as penicillin. Allergy symptoms can range from sneezing and a stuffy nose to a life-threatening complication called anaphylactic shock. Allergy blood tests measure the amount of IgE antibodies in the blood. A small amount of IgE antibodies is normal. A larger amount of IgE may mean you have an allergy.Other names: IgE allergy test, Quantitative IgE, Immunoglobulin E, Total IgE, Specific IgE\n','What is it used for?Allergy blood tests are used to find out if you have an allergy. One type of test called a total IgE test measures the overall number of IgE antibodies in your blood. Another type of allergy blood test called a specific IgE test measures the level of IgE antibodies in response to individual allergens.\n','Why do I need an allergy blood test?Your health care provider may order allergy testing if you have symptoms of an allergy. These include:Stuffy or runny noseSneezingItchy, watery eyesHives (a rash with raised red patches)DiarrheaVomitingShortness of breathCoughingWheezing\n','What happens during an allergy blood test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for an allergy blood test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having an allergy blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your total IgE levels are higher than normal, it likely means you have some kind of allergy. But it does not reveal what you are allergic to. A specific IgE test will help identify your particular allergy. If your results indicate an allergy, your health care provider may refer you to an allergy specialist or recommend a treatment plan.Your treatment plan will depend on the type and severity of your allergy. People at risk for anaphylactic shock, a severe allergic reaction that can cause death, need to take extra care to avoid the allergy-causing substance. They may need to carry an emergency epinephrine treatment with them at all times.Be sure to talk to your health care provider if you have questions about your test results and/or your allergy treatment plan.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an allergy blood test?An IgE skin test is another way to detect allergies, by measuring IgE levels and looking for a reaction directly on the skin. Your health care provider may order an IgE skin test instead of, or in addition to, an IgE allergy blood test.\n'),(9,'allergy skin test','What is an allergy skin test?\nAn allergy is an overreaction, also known as a hypersensitivity, of the body\'s immune system. Normally, your immune system works to fight off foreign substances like viruses and bacteria. When you have an allergy, your immune system treats a harmless substance, like dust or pollen, as a threat. To fight this perceived threat, your immune system reacts and causes an allergic reaction. Symptoms of an allergic reaction can range from sneezing and a stuffy nose to a life-threatening condition known as anaphylactic shock.\nThere are four main types of overreactions, known as Type 1 through Type IV hypersensitivities. Type 1 hypersensitivity causes some of the most common allergies. These include dust mites, pollens, foods, and animal dander. Other types of hypersensitivities cause different immune system overreactions. These range from mild skin rashes to serious autoimmune disorders.\nAn allergy skin test usually checks for allergies caused by Type 1 hypersensitivity. The test looks for reactions to specific allergens that are placed on the skin.\nOther names: type 1 hypersensitivity skin test, hypersensitivity test allergy scratch test, allergy patch test, intradermal test\n','What is it used for?\nAn allergy skin test is used to diagnose certain allergies. The test can show which substances (allergens) are causing your allergic reaction. These substances may include pollen, dust, molds, and medicines such as penicillin. The tests are not usually used to diagnose food allergies. This is because food allergies are more likely to cause anaphylactic shock.\n','Why do I need an allergy skin test?\nYour health care provider may order allergy testing if you have symptoms of an allergy. These include:\nStuffy or runny nose\nSneezing\nItchy, watery eyes\nHives, a rash with raised red patches\nDiarrhea\nVomiting\nShortness of breath\nCoughing\nWheezing\n','What happens during an allergy skin test?\nYou will most likely get tested by an allergist or a dermatologist. You may get one or more of the following allergy skin tests:\nAn allergy scratch test, also known as a skin prick test. During the test:\nYour provider will place small drops of specific allergens at different spots on your skin.\nYour provider will then lightly scratch or prick your skin through each drop.\nIf you are allergic to any allergens, you will develop a small red bump at the site or sites within about 15 to 20 minutes.\nAn intradermal test. During the test:\nYour provider will use a tiny, thin needle to inject a small amount of allergen just below the skin surface.\nYour provider will watch the site for a reaction.\nThis test is sometimes used if your allergy scratch test was negative, but your provider still thinks you have an allergy.\nAn allergy patch test. During the test:\nA provider will place small patches on your skin. The patches look like adhesive bandages. They contain small amounts of specific allergens.\nYou\'ll wear the patches for 48 to 96 hours and then return to your provider\'s office.\nYour provider will remove the patches and check for rashes or other reactions.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou may need to stop taking certain medicines before the test. These include antihistamines and antidepressants. Your health care provider will let you know which medicines to avoid before your test and how long to avoid them.\nIf your child is being tested, the provider may apply a numbing cream to his or her skin before the test. \n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having allergy skin tests. The test itself is not painful. The most common side effect is red, itchy skin at the test sites. In very rare cases, an allergy skin test may cause anaphylactic shock. This is why skin tests need to be done in a provider\'s office where emergency equipment is available. If you\'ve had a patch test and feel intense itching or pain under the patches once you are home, remove the patches and call your provider.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf you have red bumps or swelling at any of the testing sites, it probably means you are allergic to those substances. Usually the larger the reaction, the more likely you are to be allergic.\nIf you are diagnosed with an allergy, your provider will recommend a treatment plan. The plan may include:\nAvoiding the allergen when possible\nMedicines\nLifestyle changes such as reducing dust in your home\nIf you are at risk for anaphylactic shock, you may need to carry an emergency epinephrine treatment with you at all times. Epinephrine is a drug used to treat severe allergies. It comes in a device that contains a premeasured amount of epinephrine. If you experience symptoms of anaphylactic shock, you should inject the device into your skin, and call 911.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an allergy skin test?\nIf you have a skin condition or other disorder that prevents you from getting an allergy skin test, your provider may recommend an allergy blood test instead.\n'),(10,'alpha-1 antitrypsin test','What is an alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) test?\nThis test measures the amount of alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) in the blood. AAT is a protein that is made in the liver. It helps protect your lungs from damage and diseases, such as emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).\nAAT is made by certain genes in your body. Genes are the basic units of heredity passed down from your parents. They carry information that determines your unique traits, such as height and eye color. Everyone inherits two copies of the gene that makes AAT, one from their father and one from their mother. If there is a mutation (change) in one or both copies of this gene, your body will make less AAT or AAT that doesn\'t work as well as it should.\nIf you have two mutated copies of the gene, it means you have a condition called AAT deficiency. People with this disorder have a higher risk of getting lung disease or liver damage before the age of 45.\nIf you have one mutated AAT gene, you may have lower than normal amounts of AAT, but mild or no symptoms of disease. People with one mutated gene are carriers of AAT deficiency. This means you don\'t have the condition, but you could pass the mutated gene on to your children.\nAn AAT test can help show if you have the genetic mutation that puts you at risk for disease.\nOther names: A1AT, AAT, alpha-1-antiprotease deficiency, α1-antitrypsin\n','What is it used for?\nAn AAT test is most often used to help diagnose AAT deficiency in people who develop lung disease at an early age (45 years or younger) and do not have other risk factors such as smoking.\nThe test may also be used to diagnose a rare form of liver disease in infants.\n','Why do I need an AAT test?\nYou may need an AAT test if you are under the age of 45, are not a smoker, and have symptoms of lung disease, including:\nWheezing\nShortness of breath\nChronic cough\nFaster than normal heartbeat when you stand up\nVision problems\nAsthma that doesn\'t respond well to treatment\nYou may also get this test if you have a family history of AAT deficiency.\nAAT deficiency in babies often affects the liver. So your baby may need an AAT test if his or her health care provider finds signs of liver disease. These include:\nJaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes that lasts for more than a week or two\nAn enlarged spleen\nFrequent itching\n','What happens during an AAT test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for an AAT test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little physical risk to a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results show a lower than normal amount of AAT, it probably means you have one or two mutated AAT genes. The lower the level, the more likely it is you have two mutated genes and AAT deficiency.\nIf you are diagnosed with AAT deficiency, you can take steps to reduce your risk of disease. These include:\nNot smoking. If you are a smoker, quit smoking. If you don\'t smoke, don\'t start. Smoking is the leading risk factor for life-threatening lung disease in people with AAT deficiency.\nFollowing a healthy diet\nGetting regular exercise\nSeeing your health care provider regularly\nTaking medicines as prescribed by your provider\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an AAT test?\nBefore agreeing to be tested, it may help to speak with a genetic counselor. A genetic counselor is a specially trained professional in genetics and genetic testing. A counselor can help you understand the risks and benefits of testing. If you are tested, a counselor can help you understand the results and provide information on the condition, including your risk of passing the disease on to your children.\n'),(11,'alpha-fetoprotein (afp) test','What is an alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) test?Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a protein produced in the liver of a developing fetus. During a baby\'s development, some AFP passes through the placenta and into the mother\'s blood. An AFP test measures the level of AFP in pregnant women during the second trimester of pregnancy. Too much or too little AFP in a mother\'s blood may be sign of a birth defect or other condition. These include:A neural tube defect, a serious condition that causes abnormal development of a developing baby\'s brain and/or spineDown syndrome, a genetic disorder that causes intellectual disabilities and developmental delaysTwins or multiple births, because more than one baby is producing AFPMiscalculation of due date, because AFP levels change during pregnancyOther names: AFP Maternal; Maternal Serum AFP; msAFP screen\n','What is it used for?An AFP blood test is used to check a developing fetus for risk of birth defects and genetic disorders, such as neural tube defects or Down syndrome.\n','Why do I need an AFP test?The American Pregnancy Association says that all pregnant women should be offered an AFP test sometime between the 15th and 20th week of pregnancy. The test may be especially recommended if you:Have a family history of birth defectsAre 35 years or olderHave diabetes\n','What happens during an AFP test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparation for an AFP test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to you or your baby with an AFP blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly. Another test called amniocentesis provides a more accurate diagnosis of Down syndrome and other birth defects, but the test has a small risk of causing a miscarriage.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show higher than normal AFP levels, it may mean your baby has a neural tube defect such as spina bifida, a condition in which the bones of the spine don\'t close around the spinal cord, or anencephaly, a condition in which the brain does not develop properly.If your results show lower than normal AFP levels, it may mean your baby has a genetic disorder such as Down syndrome, a condition that causes intellectual and developmental problems.If your AFP levels are not normal, it doesn\'t necessarily mean there is a problem with your baby. It may mean you are having more than one baby or that your due date is wrong. You may also get a false-positive result. That means your results show a problem, but your baby is healthy. If your results show a higher or lower than normal level of AFP, you will likely get more tests to help make a diagnosis.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an AFP test?AFP tests are often part of a series of prenatal tests called multiple marker or triple screen tests. In addition to AFP, a triple screen test includes tests for hCG, a hormone produced by the placenta, and estriol, a form of estrogen made by the fetus. These tests can help diagnose Down syndrome and other genetic disorders.If you are at higher risk for having a baby with certain birth defects, your provider may also recommend a newer test called cell-free DNA (cfDNA).  This is a blood test that can be given as early as the 10th week of pregnancy. It can show can show if your baby has a higher chance of having Down syndrome or certain other genetic disorders.\n'),(12,'alpha fetoprotein (afp) tumor marker test','What is an AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) tumor marker test?AFP stands for alpha-fetoprotein. It is a protein made in the liver of a developing baby. AFP levels are usually high when a baby is born, but fall to very low levels by the age of 1. Healthy adults should have very low levels of AFP.An AFP tumor marker test is a blood test that measures the levels of AFP in adults. Tumor markers are substances made by cancer cells or by normal cells in response to cancer in the body. High levels of AFP can be a sign of liver cancer or cancer of the ovaries or testicles, as well as noncancerous liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatitis.High AFP levels don\'t always mean cancer, and normal levels don\'t always rule out cancer. So an AFP tumor marker test is not usually used by itself to screen for or diagnose cancer. But it can help diagnose cancer when used with other tests. The test may also be used to help monitor the effectiveness of cancer treatment and to see if cancer has returned after you\'ve finished treatment.Other names: total AFP, alpha-fetoprotein-L3 Percent\n','What is it used for?An AFP tumor marker test may be used to:Help confirm or rule out a diagnosis of liver cancer or cancer of the ovaries or testicles.Monitor cancer treatment. AFP levels often go up if cancer is spreading and go down when treatment is working.See if cancer has returned after treatment.Monitor the health of people with cirrhosis or hepatitis.\n','Why do I need an AFP tumor marker test?You may need an AFP tumor marker test if a physical exam and/or other tests show there is a chance you have liver cancer or cancer of the ovaries or testicles. Your provider may order an AFP test to help confirm or rule out the results of other tests.You may also need this test if you are currently being treated for one of these cancers, or recently completed treatment. The test can help your provider see if your treatment is working or if your cancer has come back after treatment.In addition, you may need this test if you have a noncancerous liver disease. Certain liver diseases can put you at a higher risk of getting liver cancer.\n','What happens during an AFP tumor marker test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for an AFP tumor marker test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show high levels of AFP, it may confirm a diagnosis of liver cancer, or cancer of the ovaries or testicles. Sometimes, high levels of AFP can be a sign of other cancers, including Hodgkin disease and lymphoma, or noncancerous liver disorders.If you are being treated for cancer, you may be tested several times throughout your treatment. After repeated tests, your results may show:Your AFP levels are increasing. This may mean your cancer is spreading, and/or your treatment is not working.Your AFP levels are decreasing. This may mean your treatment is working.Your AFP levels have not increased or decreased. This may mean your disease is stable.Your AFP levels decreased, but then later increased. This may mean your cancer has come back after you\'ve been treated.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an AFP tumor marker test?You may have heard of another type of AFP test that is given to some pregnant women. Although it also measures AFP levels in the blood, this test is not used in the same way as an AFP tumor marker test. It is used to check for the risk of certain birth defects and has nothing to do with cancer or liver disease.\n'),(13,'alt blood test','What is an ALT blood test?ALT, which stands for alanine transaminase, is an enzyme found mostly in the liver. When liver cells are damaged, they release ALT into the bloodstream. An ALT test measures the amount of ALT in the blood. High levels of ALT in the blood can indicate a liver problem, even before you have signs of liver disease, such as jaundice, a condition that causes your skin and eyes to turn yellow. An ALT blood test may be helpful in early detection of liver disease.Other names: Alanine Transaminase (ALT), SGPT, Serum Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase, GPT\n','What is it used for?An ALT blood test is a type of liver function test. Liver function tests may be part of a regular checkup. The test can also help diagnose liver problems.\n','Why do I need an ALT blood test?Your health care provider may have ordered liver function tests, including an ALT blood test, as part of a routine exam or if you have symptoms of liver damage. These may include:Nausea and vomitingJaundiceAbdominal painLoss of appetiteUnusual itchingTirednessBecause ALT in the bloodstream can indicate liver damage before symptoms appear, your health care provider may order an ALT blood test if you are at a higher risk for liver damage. Risk factors for liver disease include:Family history of liver diseaseHeavy drinkingExposure or possible exposure to hepatitis virusObesityDiabetesTaking certain medicines that can cause liver damage\n','What happens during an ALT blood test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for an ALT blood test. If your health care provider has ordered more tests on your blood sample, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?An ALT blood test is often part of liver function testing. Liver function tests measure several different proteins, substances, and enzymes and can determine how well your liver is working. Your health care provider may compare your ALT results with the results of other liver tests to help learn more about your liver function. High levels of ALT may indicate liver damage from hepatitis, infection, cirrhosis, liver cancer, or other liver diseases.Other factors, including medicines, can affect your results. Be sure to tell your health care provider about all the prescription and over-the counter medicines you are taking.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an ALT blood test?ALT used to be called SGPT, which stands for serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase. The ALT blood test was formerly known as the SGPT test.\n'),(14,'ammonia levels','What is an ammonia levels test?This test measures the level of ammonia in your blood. Ammonia, also known as NH3, is a waste product made by your body during the digestion of protein. Normally, ammonia is processed in the liver, where it is changed into another waste product called urea. Urea is passed through the body in urine.If your body can\'t process or eliminate ammonia, it builds up in the bloodstream. High ammonia levels in the blood can lead to serious health problems, including brain damage, coma, and even death.High ammonia levels in the blood are most often caused by liver disease. Other causes include kidney failure and genetic disorders.Other names: NH3 test, blood ammonia test, serum ammonia, ammonia; plasma\n','What is it used for?\nAn ammonia levels test may be used to diagnose and/or monitor conditions that cause high ammonia levels. These include:\nHepatic encephalopathy, a condition that happens when the liver is too diseased or damaged to properly process ammonia. In this disorder, ammonia builds up in the blood and travels to the brain. It can cause confusion, disorientation, coma, and even death.\nReye syndrome, a serious and sometimes fatal condition that causes damage to the liver and brain. It mostly affects children and teenagers who are recovering from viral infections such as chicken pox or the flu and have taken aspirin to treat their illnesses. The cause of Reye syndrome is unknown. But because of the risk, children and teens should not take aspirin unless specifically recommended by your health care provider.\nUrea cycle disorders, rare genetic defects that affect the body\'s ability to change ammonia into urea.\nThe test may also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment for liver disease or kidney failure.\n','Why do I need an ammonia levels test?You may need this test if you have liver disease and are showing symptoms of a brain disorder. Symptoms include:ConfusionExcessive sleepinessDisorientation, the condition of being confused about time, place, and/or your surroundingsMood swingsHand tremorsYour child may need this test if he or she has symptoms of Reye syndrome. These include:VomitingSleepinessIrritabilitySeizuresYour newborn baby may need this test if he or she has any of the above symptoms. The same symptoms may be a sign of a urea cycle disorder.\n','What happens during an ammonia levels test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.To test a newborn, a health care provider will clean your baby\'s heel with alcohol and poke the heel with a small needle. The provider will collect a few drops of blood and put a bandage on the site.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You should not exercise or smoke cigarettes for about eight hours before an ammonia test.Babies do not need any special preparations before the test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You or your child may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show high ammonia levels in the blood, it may be a sign of one of the following conditions:Liver diseases, such as cirrhosis or hepatitisHepatic encephalopathyKidney disease or kidney failureIn children and teens, it may be a sign of Reye syndrome.In infants, high ammonia levels may be a sign of a genetic disease of the urea cycle or a condition called hemolytic disease of the newborn. This disorder happens when a mother develops antibodies to her baby\'s blood cells.If your results were not normal, your health care provider will need to order more tests to find out the reason for your high ammonia levels. Your treatment plan will depend on your specific diagnosis.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an ammonia levels test?Some health care providers think blood from an artery may provide more useful information about ammonia than blood from a vein. To get a sample of arterial blood, a provider will insert a syringe into the artery in your wrist, elbow crease, or groin area. This method of testing is not used very often.\n'),(15,'amniocentesis (amniotic fluid test)','What is amniocentesis?\nAmniocentesis is a test for pregnant women that looks at a sample of amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid is a pale, yellow liquid that surrounds and protects an unborn baby throughout pregnancy. The fluid contains cells that provide important information about your unborn baby\'s health. The information may include whether your baby has a certain birth defect or genetic disorder.\nAmniocentesis is a diagnostic test. That means it will tell you whether your baby has a specific health problem. The results are almost always correct. It\'s different from a screening test. Prenatal screenings tests pose no risk to you or your baby, but they don\'t provide a definite diagnosis. They can only show if your baby might have a health problem. If your screening tests were not normal, your provider may recommend an amniocentesis or other diagnostic test.\nOther names: amniotic fluid analysis\n','What is it used for?\nAmniocentesis is used to diagnose certain health problems in an unborn baby. These include:\nGenetic disorders, which are often caused by changes (mutations) in certain genes. These include cystic fibrosis and Tay-Sachs disease.\nChromosome disorders, a type of genetic disorder caused by extra, missing, or abnormal chromosomes. The most common chromosome disorder in the United States is Down syndrome. This disorder causes intellectual disabilities and various health problems.\nA neural tube defect, a condition that causes abnormal development of a baby\'s brain and/or spine\nThe test may also be used to check your baby\'s lung development. Checking lung development is important if you are at risk for giving birth early (premature delivery).\n','Why do I need amniocentesis?\nYou may want this test if you are at higher risk for having a baby with a health problem. Risk factors include:\nYour age. Women who are age 35 or older are at higher risk of having a baby with a genetic disorder.\nFamily history of a genetic disorder or birth defect\nPartner who is a carrier of a genetic disorder\nHaving had a baby with a genetic disorder in a previous pregnancy\nRh incompatibility. This condition causes a mother\'s immune system to attack her baby\'s red blood cells.\nYour provider may also recommend this test if any of your prenatal screening tests were not normal.\n','What happens during amniocentesis?\nThe test is usually done between the 15th and 20th week of pregnancy. It is sometimes done later in pregnancy to check the baby\'s lung development or diagnose certain infections.\nDuring the procedure:\nYou\'ll lie on your back on an exam table.\nYour provider may apply a numbing medicine to your abdomen.\nYour provider will move an ultrasound device over your abdomen. Ultrasound uses sound waves to check the position of your uterus, placenta, and baby.\nUsing the ultrasound images as a guide, your provider will insert a thin needle into your abdomen and withdraw a small amount of amniotic fluid.\nOnce the sample is removed, your provider will use the ultrasound to check your baby\'s heartbeat.\nThe procedure usually takes about 15 minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nDepending on the stage of your pregnancy, you may be asked to keep a full bladder or to empty your bladder right before the procedure. In early pregnancy, a full bladder helps move the uterus into a better position for the test. In later pregnancy, an empty bladder helps make sure the uterus is well positioned for testing.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nYou may have some mild discomfort and/or cramping during and/or after the procedure, but serious complications are rare. The procedure does have a slight risk (less than 1 percent) of causing a miscarriage. \n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results were not normal, it may mean your baby has one of the following conditions:\nA genetic disorder\nA neural tube birth defect\nRh incompatibility\nInfection\nImmature lung development\nIt may help to speak to a genetic counselor before testing and/or after you get your results. A genetic counselor is a specially trained professional in genetics and genetic testing. He or she can help you understand what your results mean.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about amniocentesis?\nAmniocentesis isn\'t for everyone. Before you decide to get tested, think about how you\'d feel and what you might do after learning the results. You should discuss your questions and concerns with your partner and your health care provider.\n'),(16,'amylase test','What is an amylase test?An amylase test measures the amount of amylase in your blood or urine. Amylase is an enzyme, or special protein, that helps you digest food. Most of your amylase is made in the pancreas and salivary glands. A small amount of amylase in your blood and urine is normal. A larger or smaller amount may mean that you have a disorder of the pancreas, an infection, alcoholism, or another medical condition.Other names: Amy test, serum amylase, urine amylase\n','What is it used for?An amylase blood test is used to diagnose or monitor a problem with your pancreas, including pancreatitis, an inflammation of the pancreas. An amylase urine test may be ordered along with or after an amylase blood test. Urine amylase results can help diagnose pancreatic and salivary gland disorders. One or both types of tests may be used to help monitor amylase levels in people who are being treated for pancreatic or other disorders.\n','Why do I need an amylase test?Your health care provider may order an amylase blood and/or urine test if you have symptoms of a pancreatic disorder. These symptoms include:Nausea and vomitingSevere abdominal painLoss of appetiteFeverYour provider may also order an amylase test to monitor an existing condition, such as:PancreatitisPregnancyEating disorder\n','What happens during an amylase test?For an amylase blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.For an amylase urine test, you will be given instructions to provide a \"clean catch\" sample. The clean catch method includes the following steps:Wash your handsClean your genital area with a cleansing pad given to you by your provider. Men should wipe the tip of their penis. Women should open their labia and clean from front to back.Start to urinate into the toilet.Move the collection container under your urine stream.Collect at least an ounce or two of urine into the container, which should have markings to indicate the amounts.Finish urinating into the toilet.Return the sample container as instructed by your health care provider.Your health care provider may request that you collect all your urine during a 24-hour period. For this test, your health care provider or laboratory will give you a container and specific instructions on how to collect your samples at home. Be sure to follow all instructions carefully. This 24-hour urine sample test is used because the amounts of substances in urine, including amylase, can vary throughout the day. So collecting several samples in a day may give a more accurate picture of your urine content.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for an amylase blood or urine test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. During a blood test, you may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.There is no known risk to having a urine test.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show an abnormal level of amylase in your blood or urine, it may mean you have a disorder of the pancreas or other medical condition.High levels of amylase may indicate:Acute pancreatitis, a sudden and severe inflammation of the pancreas. When treated promptly, it usually gets better within a few days.A blockage in the pancreasPancreatic cancerLow levels of amylase can indicate:Chronic pancreatitis, an inflammation of the pancreas that gets worse over time and can lead to permanent damage. Chronic pancreatitis is most often caused by heavy alcohol use.Liver diseaseCystic fibrosisBe sure to tell your health care provider about any prescription or over-the-counter medicines you are taking, as they can affect your results. To learn more about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an amylase test?If your health care provider suspects you have pancreatitis, he or she may order a lipase blood test, along with an amylase blood test. Lipase is another enzyme produced by the pancreas. Lipase tests are considered to be more accurate for detecting pancreatitis, especially in pancreatitis related to alcohol abuse.\n'),(17,'ana (antinuclear antibody) test','What is an ANA (antinuclear antibody) test?An ANA test looks for antinuclear antibodies in your blood. If the test finds antinuclear antibodies in your blood, it may mean you have an autoimmune disorder. An autoimmune disorder causes your immune system to attack your own cells, tissues, and/or organs by mistake. These disorders can cause serious health problems.Antibodies are proteins that your immune system makes to fight foreign substances like viruses and bacteria. But an antinuclear antibody attacks your own healthy cells instead. It\'s called \"antinuclear\" because it targets the nucleus (center) of the cells.Other names: antinuclear antibody panel, fluorescent antinuclear antibody, FANA, ANA\n','What is it used for?An ANA test is used to help diagnose autoimmune disorders, including:Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This is the most common type of lupus, a chronic disease affecting multiple parts of the body, including the joints, blood vessels, kidneys, and brain.Rheumatoid arthritis, a condition that causes pain and swelling of the joints, mostly in the hands and feetScleroderma, a rare disease affecting the skin, joints, and blood vesselsSjogren\'s syndrome, a rare disease affecting the body\'s moisture-making glands\n','Why do I need an ANA test?Your health care provider may order an ANA test if you have symptoms of lupus or another autoimmune disorder. These symptoms include:FeverRed, butterfly-shaped rash (a symptom of lupus)FatigueJoint pain and swellingMuscle pain\n','What happens during an ANA test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for an ANA test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?A positive result on an ANA test means that antinuclear antibodies were found in your blood. You may get a positive result if:You have SLE (lupus).You have a different type of autoimmune disease.You have a viral infection.A positive result doesn\'t necessarily mean you have a disease. Some healthy people have antinuclear antibodies in their blood. In addition, certain medicines can affect your results.If your ANA test results are positive, your health care provider will likely order more tests, especially if you have symptoms of disease. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an ANA test?Antinuclear antibody levels tend to increase with age. As many as one-third of healthy adults over the age of 65 may have a positive ANA test result.\n'),(18,'anion gap blood test','What is an anion gap blood test?An anion gap blood test is a way to check the levels of acid in your blood. The test is based on the results of another blood test called an electrolyte panel. Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals that help control the balance of chemicals in your body called acids and bases. Some of these minerals have a positive electric charge. Others have a negative electric charge. The anion gap is a measurement of the difference-or gap-between the negatively charged and positively charged electrolytes. If the anion gap is either too high or too low, it may be a sign of a disorder in your lungs, kidneys, or other organ systems.Other names: Serum anion gap\n','What is it used for?The anion gap blood test is used to show whether your blood has an imbalance of electrolytes or too much or not enough acid. Too much acid in the blood is called acidosis. If your blood does not have enough acid, you may have a condition called alkalosis.\n','Why do I need an anion gap blood test?Your health care provider may have ordered an anion gap blood test if you have signs of an imbalance in your blood acid levels. These signs may include:Shortness of breathVomitingAbnormal heartbeatConfusion\n','What happens during an anion gap blood test?The anion gap test is taken from the results of an electrolyte panel, which is a blood test. During a blood test, a health care professional uses a small needle to take a blood sample from a vein in your arm. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for an anion gap blood test. If your health care provider has also ordered other blood tests, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having this test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show a high anion gap, you may have acidosis, which means higher than normal levels of acid in the blood. Acidosis may be a sign of dehydration, diarrhea, or too much exercise. It may also indicate a more serious condition such as kidney disease or diabetes.If your results show a low anion gap, it may mean you have a low level of albumin, a protein in the blood. Low albumin may indicate kidney problems, heart disease, or some types of cancer. Since low anion gap results are uncommon, retesting is often done to ensure the results are accurate. Talk to your health care provider to learn what your results mean.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an anion gap blood test?The anion gap blood test can provide important information about the acid and base balance in your blood. But there are a wide range of normal results, so your health care provider may recommend additional testing to make a diagnosis.\n'),(19,'anoscopy','What is an anoscopy?\nAn anoscopy is a procedure that uses a small tube called an anoscope to view the lining of your anus and rectum. A related procedure called high resolution anoscopy uses a special magnifying device called a colposcope along with an anoscope to view these areas.\nThe anus is the opening of the digestive tract where the stool leaves the body. The rectum is a section of the digestive tract located above the anus. It\'s where stool is held before it exits the body through the anus. An anoscopy can help a health care provider find problems in the anus and rectum, including hemorrhoids, fissures (tears), and abnormal growths.\n','What is it used for?\nAn anoscopy is most often used to diagnose:\nHemorrhoids, a condition that causes swollen, irritated veins around the anus and lower rectum. They can be inside the anus or on the skin around the anus. Hemorrhoids are usually not serious, but they can cause bleeding and discomfort.\nAnal fissures, small tears in the lining of the anus\nAnal polyps, abnormal growths on the lining of the anus\nInflammation. The test can help find the cause of unusual redness, swelling, and/or irritation around the anus.\nCancer. High resolution anoscopy is often used to look for cancer of the anus or rectum. The procedure can make it easier for your health care provider to find abnormal cells.\n','Why do I need an anoscopy?\nYou may need this test if you have symptoms of a problem in your anus or rectum. These include:\nBlood in your stool or on toilet paper after a bowel movement\nItching around the anus\nSwelling or hard lumps around the anus\nPainful bowel movements\n','What happens during an anoscopy?\nAn anoscopy may be done in a provider\'s office or outpatient clinic.\nDuring an anoscopy:\nYou will put on a gown and remove your underwear.\nYou will lie on an exam table. You will either lie on your side or kneel on the table with your rear end raised in the air.\nYour provider will gently insert a gloved, lubricated finger into your anus to check  for hemorrhoids, fissures, or other problems. This is known as digital rectal exam.\nYour provider will then insert a lubricated tube called an anoscope about two inches into your anus.\nSome anoscopes have a light on the end to give your provider a better view of the anus and lower rectum area.\nIf your provider finds cells that don\'t look normal, he or she may use a swab or other tool to collect a sample of tissue for testing (biopsy). High resolution anoscopy may be better than regular anoscopy at finding abnormal cells.\nDuring a high resolution anoscopy:\nYour provider will insert a swab coated with a liquid called acetic acid through the anoscope and into the anus.\nThe anoscope will be removed, but the swab will remain.\nThe acetic acid on the swab will cause abnormal cells to turn white.\nAfter a few minutes, your provider will remove the swab and reinsert the anoscope, along with a magnifying instrument called a colposcope.\nUsing the colposcope, your provider will look for any cells that have turned white.\nIf abnormal cells are found, your provider will take a biopsy.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou may want to empty your bladder and/or have a bowel movement before the test. This may make the procedure more comfortable. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test? \nThere is very little risk to having an anoscopy or a high resolution anoscopy. You may have some discomfort during the procedure. You may also feel a little pinch if your provider took a biopsy.\nIn addition, you may have a little bleeding when the anoscope is pulled out, especially if you have hemorrhoids.\n','What do the results mean?\nYour results may show a problem with your anus or rectum. These may include:\nHemorrhoids\nAnal fissure\nAnal polyp\nInfection\nCancer. The biopsy results can confirm or rule out cancer.\nDepending on the results, your provider may recommend more tests and/or treatment options.\n',NULL),(20,'antibiotic sensitivity test','What is an antibiotic sensitivity test?\nAntibiotics are medicines used to fight bacterial infections. There are different types of antibiotics. Each type is only effective against certain bacteria. An antibiotic sensitivity test can help find out which antibiotic will be most effective in treating your infection.\nThe test can also be helpful in finding a treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections. Antibiotic resistance happens when standard antibiotics become less effective or ineffective against certain bacteria. Antibiotic resistance can turn once easily treatable diseases into serious, even life-threatening illnesses. \nOther names: antibiotic susceptibility test, sensitivity testing, antimicrobial susceptibility test\n','What is it used for?\nAn antibiotic sensitivity test is used to help find the best treatment for a bacterial infection. It may also be used to find out which treatment will work best on certain fungal infections.\n','Why do I need an antibiotic sensitivity test?\nYou may need this test if you have an infection that has been shown to have antibiotic resistance or is otherwise hard to treat. These include tuberculosis, MRSA, and C. diff. You may also need this test if you have a bacterial or fungal infection that is not responding to standard treatments.\n','What happens during an antibiotic sensitivity test?\nThe test is done by taking a sample from the infected site. The most common types of tests are listed below.\nBlood culture\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial.\nUrine culture\nYou will provide a sterile sample of urine in a cup, as instructed by your health care provider.\nWound culture\nYour health care provider will use a special swab to collect a sample from the site of your wound.\nSputum culture\nYou may be asked to cough up sputum into a special cup, or a special swab may be used to take a sample from your nose.\nThroat culture\nYour health care provider will insert a special swab into your mouth to take a sample from the back of the throat and tonsils.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nThere are no special preparations needed for an antibiotic sensitivity test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood culture test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\nThere is no risk to having a throat culture, but it may cause slight discomfort or gagging.\nThere is no risk to having a urine, sputum, or wound culture.\n','What do the results mean?\nResults are usually described in one of the following ways:\nSusceptible. The tested medicine stopped the growth or killed the bacteria or fungus causing your infection. The medicine may be a good choice for treatment.\nIntermediate. The medicine may work at a higher dose.\nResistant. The medicine did not stop the growth or kill the bacteria or fungus causing the infection. It would not be a good choice for treatment.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an antibiotic sensitivity test?\nIncorrect use of antibiotics has played a big role in the rise in antibiotic resistance. Make sure you use antibiotics the right way by:\nTaking all doses as prescribed by your provider\nOnly taking antibiotics for bacterial infections. They don\'t work on viruses, like colds and flu.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n'),(21,'anti-müllerian hormone test','What is an anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) test?This test measures the level of anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) in the blood. AMH is made in the reproductive tissues of both males and females. The role of AMH and whether levels are normal depend on your age and gender.AMH plays an important role in the development of sex organs in an unborn baby. During the first weeks of pregnancy, a baby will start developing reproductive organs. The baby will already have the genes to become either a male (XY genes) or a female (XX genes).If the baby has male (XY) genes, high levels of AMH are made, along with other male hormones. This prevents the development of female organs and promotes the formation of male organs. If there is not enough AMH to stop the development of female organs, organs of both sexes may form. When this happens, a baby\'s genitals may not be clearly identified as male or female. This is known as ambiguous genitalia. Another name for this condition is intersex.If the unborn baby has female (XX) genes small amounts of AMH are made. This allows for the development of female reproductive organs. AMH has a different role for females after puberty. At that time, the ovaries (glands that make egg cells) begin making AMH. The more egg cells there are, the higher the level of AMH.In women, AMH levels can provide information about fertility, the ability to get pregnant. The test may also be used to help diagnose menstrual disorders or to monitor the health of women with certain types of ovarian cancer.Other names: AMH hormone test, müllerian-inhibiting hormone, MIH, müllerian inhibiting factor, MIF, müllerian-inhibiting substance, MIS\n','What is it used for?An AMH test is often used to check a woman\'s ability to produce eggs that can be fertilized for pregnancy. A woman\'s ovaries can make thousands of eggs during her childbearing years. The number declines as a woman gets older. AMH levels help show how many potential egg cells a woman has left. This is known as the ovarian reserve.If a woman\'s ovarian reserve is high, she may have a better chance of getting pregnant. She may also be able to wait months or years before trying to get pregnant. If the ovarian reserve is low, it may mean a woman will have trouble getting pregnant, and should not delay very long before trying to have a baby.AMH tests may also be used to:Predict the start of menopause, a time in a woman\'s life when her menstrual periods have stopped and she can\'t become pregnant anymore. It usually starts when a woman is around 50 years old.Find out the reason for early menopauseHelp find out the reason for amenorrhea, the lack of menstruation. It is most often diagnosed in girls who haven\'t started menstruating by the age of 15 and in women who have missed several periods.Help diagnose polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a hormonal disorder that is a common cause of female infertility, the inability to get pregnantCheck infants with genitals that are not clearly identified as male or femaleMonitor women who have certain types of ovarian cancer\n','Why do I need an AMH test?You may need an AMH test if you are a woman who is having difficulty getting pregnant. The test can help show what your chances are of conceiving a baby. If you are already seeing a fertility specialist, your doctor may use the test to predict whether you will respond well to treatment, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF).High levels may mean you may have more eggs available and will respond better to treatment. Low levels of AMH mean you may have fewer eggs available and may not respond well to treatment.You may also need an AMH test if you are a woman with symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). These include:Menstrual disorders, including early menopause or amenorrheaAcneExcess body and facial hair growthDecreased breast sizeWeight gainIn addition, you may need an AMH test if you are being treated for ovarian cancer. The test can help show if your treatment is working.\n','What happens during an AMH test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for an AMH test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If you are a woman trying to get pregnant, your results can help show what your chances are for conceiving. It can also help you decide when to try to get pregnant. A high level of AMH can mean your chances are better and you may have more time before trying to get pregnant.A high level of AMH may also mean you have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). There is no cure for PCOS, but symptoms can be managed with medications and/or lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy diet and waxing or shaving to remove excess body hair.A low level can mean you may have trouble getting pregnant. It can also mean that you are starting menopause. A low level of AMH is normal in young girls and in women after menopause.If you are being treated for ovarian cancer, your test can show whether your treatment is working.In a male infant, a low level of AMH may mean a genetic and/or hormonal problem causing genitals that are not clearly male or female. If AMH levels are normal, it may mean the baby has working testicles, but they are not in the right location. This condition can be treated with surgery and/or hormone therapy.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an AMH test?If you are a woman being treated for fertility problems, you will probably get other tests, along with AMH. These include tests for estradiol and FSH, two hormones involved in reproduction.\n'),(22,'antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (anca) test','What is an antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) test?This test looks for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in your blood. Antibodies are proteins that your immune system makes to fight foreign substances like viruses and bacteria. But ANCAs attack healthy cells known as neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) by mistake. This can lead to a disorder known as autoimmune vasculitis. Autoimmune vasculitis causes inflammation and swelling of the blood vessels.Blood vessels carry blood from your heart to your organs, tissues, and other systems, and then back again. Types of blood vessels include arteries, veins, and capillaries. Inflammation in the blood vessels can cause serious health problems. Problems vary depending on which blood vessels and body systems are affected.There are two main kinds of ANCA. Each targets a specific protein inside white blood cells:pANCA, which targets a protein called MPO (myeloperoxidase)cANCA, which targets a protein called PR3 (proteinase 3)The test can show whether you have one or both types of antibodies. This can help your health care provider diagnose and treat your disorder.Other names: ANCA antibodies, cANCA pANCA, cytoplasmic neutrophil antibodies, serum, anticytoplasmic autoantibodies\n','What is it used for?\nAn ANCA test is most often used to find out if you have a type of autoimmune vasculitis. There are different types of this disorder. They all cause inflammation and swelling of blood vessels, but each type affects different blood vessels and parts of the body. Types of autoimmune vasculitis include:\nGranulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), previously called Wegener\'s disease. It most often affects the lungs, kidneys, and sinuses.\nMicroscopic polyangiitis (MPA). This disorder can affect several organs in the body, including the lungs, kidneys, nervous system, and skin.\nEosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), previously called Churg-Strauss syndrome. This disorder usually affects the skin and lungs. It often causes asthma.\nPolyarteritis nodosa (PAN). This disorder most often affects the heart, kidneys, skin, and central nervous system.\nAn ANCA test may also be used to monitor treatment of these disorders.\n','Why do I need an ANCA test?Your health care provider may order an ANCA test if you have symptoms of autoimmune vasculitis. Symptoms include:FeverFatigueWeight lossMuscle and/or joint achesYour symptoms may also affect one or more specific organs in your body. Commonly affected organs and the symptoms they cause include:EyesRednessBlurred visionLoss of visionEarsRinging in the ears (tinnitus)Hearing lossSinusesSinus painRunny noseNose bleedsSkinRashesSores or ulcers, a type of deep sore that\'s slow to heal and/or keeps coming backLungsCoughTrouble breathingChest painKidneysBlood in the urineFoamy urine, which is caused by protein in the urineNervous systemNumbness and tingling in different parts of the body\n','What happens during an ANCA test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for an ANCA test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your results were negative, it means your symptoms are probably not due to autoimmune vasculitis.If your results were positive, it may mean you have autoimmune vasculitis. It can also show if cANCAs or pANCAs were found. This can help determine which type of vasculitis you have.No matter which type of antibodies were found, you may need an additional test, known as biopsy, to confirm the diagnosis. A biopsy is a procedure that removes a small sample of tissue or cells for testing. Your health care provider may also order more tests to measure the amount of ANCA in your blood.If you are currently being treated for autoimmune vasculitis, your results may show whether your treatment is working.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an ANCA test?If your ANCA results show you have autoimmune vasculitis, there are ways to treat and manage the condition. Treatments may include medicine, therapies that temporarily remove ANCAs from your blood, and/or surgery.\n'),(23,'appendicitis tests','What are appendicitis tests?Appendicitis is an inflammation or infection of the appendix. The appendix is a small pouch attached to the large intestine. It\'s located in the lower right side of your abdomen. The appendix has no known function, but appendicitis can cause serious health problems if not treated.Appendicitis happens when there is some kind of blockage in the appendix. A blockage can be caused by stool, a parasite, or other foreign substance. When the appendix is blocked, bacteria build up inside it, leading to pain, swelling, and infection. If not treated promptly, the appendix can burst, spreading infection throughout your body. A burst appendix is a serious, sometimes life-threatening condition.Appendicitis is very common, mostly affecting teens and adults in their early twenties, but it can happen at any age. Appendicitis tests help diagnose the condition, so it can be treated before the appendix bursts. The main treatment for appendicitis is surgical removal of the appendix.\n','What are they used for?The tests are used for people with appendicitis symptoms. They can help diagnose appendicitis before it causes serious complications.\n','Why do I need appendicitis testing?You may need testing if you have symptoms of appendicitis. The most common symptom is pain in the abdomen. The pain often starts by your belly button and shifts to your lower right abdomen. Other appendicitis symptoms include:Abdominal pain that gets worse when you cough or sneezeAbdominal pain that gets worse after a few hoursNausea and vomitingDiarrhea or constipationFeverLoss of appetiteAbdominal bloating\n','What happens during appendicitis testing?\nAppendicitis tests usually include a physical exam of your abdomen and one or more of the following:\nBlood test to check for signs of infection. A high white blood cell count is a sign of an infection, including, but not limited to, appendicitis.\nUrine test to rule out a urinary tract infection.\nImaging tests, such as an abdominal ultrasound or CT scan, to view the inside of your abdomen. Imaging tests are often used to help confirm a diagnosis, if a physical exam and/or blood test show possible appendicitis.\nDuring a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\nFor a urine test,  you will need to provide a sample of your urine. The test may include the following steps:\nWash your hands.\nClean your genital area with a cleansing pad given to you by your provider. Men should wipe the tip of their penis. Women should open their labia and clean from front to back.\nStart to urinate into the toilet.\nMove the collection container under your urine stream.\nCollect at least an ounce or two of urine into the container, which should have markings to indicate the amounts.\nFinish urinating into the toilet.\nReturn the sample container as instructed by your health care provider.\nAn abdominal ultrasound uses sound waves to view the inside of your abdomen. During the procedure:\nYou will lie on an exam table.\nA special gel will be placed on your skin over the abdomen.\nA handheld probe called a transducer will be moved over the abdomen.\nA CT scan uses a computer that\'s linked to an x-ray machine to create a series of pictures of the inside of your body. Before the scan, you may need to take in a substance called contrast dye. Contrast dye helps the images show up better in the x-ray. You may get contrast dye through an intravenous line or by drinking it.\nDuring the scan:\nYou will lie on a table that slides into the CT scanner.\nThe scanner\'s beam will rotate around you as it takes pictures.\nThe scanner will take pictures at different angles to create three-dimensional images of your appendix.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the tests?You don\'t need any special preparations for a blood or urine test.For an abdominal ultrasound or CT scan, you may be asked to not eat or drink for several hours before the procedure. If you have questions about how to prepare for your test, talk to your health care provider.\n','Are there any risks to the tests?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.There is no risk to having a urine test.An ultrasound may feel a bit uncomfortable, but there is no risk.If you\'ve taken contrast dye for a CT scan, it may taste chalky or metallic. If you got it through an IV, you may feel a slight burning sensation. The dye is safe in most cases, but some people may have an allergic reaction to it.\n','What do the results mean?If your urine test is positive, it may mean you have a urinary tract infection instead of appendicitis.If you have appendicitis symptoms and your blood test shows a high white cell count, your provider may order an abdominal ultrasound and/or a CT scan to help confirm a diagnosis.If appendicitis is confirmed, you will have surgery to remove the appendix. You may get this surgery, called an appendectomy, as soon as you are diagnosed.Most people recover very quickly if the appendix is removed before it bursts. If surgery is done after the appendix bursts, recovery may take longer and you may have to spend more time in the hospital. After surgery, you will take antibiotics to help prevent infection. You may need to take the antibiotics for a longer time if your appendix burst before surgery.You can live a completely normal life without an appendix.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about appendicitis testing?Sometimes the tests misdiagnose appendicitis. During surgery, the surgeon may find that your appendix is normal. He or she may remove it anyway to prevent appendicitis in the future. Your surgeon may continue to look in the abdomen to find the cause of your symptoms. He or she may even be able to treat the problem at the same time. But you may need more tests and procedures before a diagnosis can be made.\n'),(24,'ast test','What is an AST test?AST (aspartate aminotransferase) is an enzyme that is found mostly in the liver, but also in muscles. When your liver is damaged, it releases AST into your bloodstream. An AST blood test measures the amount of AST in your blood. The test can help your health care provider diagnose liver damage or disease.Other names: SGOT test, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase test; aspartate transaminase test\n','What is it used for?An AST blood test is often included in a routine blood screening. The test may also be used to help diagnose or monitor liver problems.\n','Why do I need an AST blood test?You may get an AST blood test as part of your routine checkup or if you have symptoms of liver damage. These may include:Nausea and vomitingWeight lossTirednessWeaknessJaundice, a condition that causes your skin and eyes to turn yellowSwelling and/or pain in your abdomenSwelling in your ankles and legsDark-colored urine and/or light-colored stoolFrequent itchingEven if you don\'t have symptoms, your health care provider may order an AST blood test if you are at a higher risk of liver disease. Risk factors for liver disease include:A family history of liver diseaseHeavy drinkingObesityDiabetesTaking certain medicines that can cause liver damage\n','What happens during an AST blood test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for an AST blood test. If your health care provider has ordered other blood tests, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?High levels of AST in the blood may indicate hepatitis, cirrhosis, mononucleosis, or other liver diseases. High AST levels can also indicate heart problems or pancreatitis. If your results are not in the normal range, it doesn\'t necessarily mean that you have a medical condition needing treatment. A variety of factors that can affect your results. These include your age, gender, diet, and types of medicines you take. To learn what your results mean, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an AST blood test?Your health care provider may order an ALT blood test along with your AST blood test. ALT stands for alanine aminotransferase, which is another type of liver enzyme. If you have high levels of AST and/or ALT, it may mean that you have some type of liver damage. You may also have an AST test part of a series of liver function tests. In addition to AST and ALT, liver function tests measure other enzymes, proteins, and substances in the liver.\n'),(25,'autism spectrum disorder (asd) screening','What is autism spectrum disorder screening?\nAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a disorder of the brain that affects a person\'s behavior, communication, and social skills. The disorder usually shows up in the first two years of life. ASD is called a \"spectrum\" disorder because there is a wide range of symptoms. Autism symptoms can range from mild to severe. Some children with ASD may never be able to function without support from parents and caregivers. Others need less support and may eventually live independently.\nASD screening is the first step in diagnosing the disorder. While there is no cure for ASD, early treatment can help reduce autism symptoms and improve quality of life.\nOther names: ASD screening\n','What is it used for?\nAutism spectrum disorder screening is most often used to check for signs of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children aged 2 and under.\n',NULL,'What happens during an autism spectrum disorder screening?\nThere is no special test for ASD. Screening usually includes:\nA questionnaire for parents that asks for information about their child\'s development and behavior.\nObservation. Your child\'s provider will look at how your child plays and interacts with others.\nTests that ask your child to perform tasks that check their thinking skills and ability to make decisions.\nSometimes a physical problem can cause autism-like symptoms. So screening may also include:\nBlood tests to check for lead poisoning and other disorders\nHearing tests. A hearing problem can cause problems in language skills and social interaction.\nGenetic tests. These tests look for inherited disorders such as Fragile X syndrome. Fragile X causes intellectual disabilities and symptoms similar to ASD. It most often affects boys.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare my child for autism spectrum disorder screening?\nThere are no special preparations needed for this screening.\n','Are there any risks to screening?\nThere is no risk to having autism spectrum disorder screening.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf results show signs of ASD, your provider may refer you to specialists for more testing and/or treatment. These specialists may include a:\nDevelopmental pediatrician. A doctor who specializes in treating children with special needs.\nNeuropsychologist. A doctor who specializes in understanding the relationship between the brain and behavior.\nChild psychologist. A health care provider who specializes in treating mental health and behavioral, social, and development issues in children.\nIf your child is diagnosed with ASD, it\'s important to get treatment as soon as possible. Early treatment can help make the most of your child\'s strengths and abilities. Treatment has been shown to improve behavior, communication, and social skills.\nASD treatment involves services and support from a variety of providers and resources. If your child is diagnosed with ASD, talk to his or her provider about making a treatment strategy.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about autism spectrum disorder screening?\nThere is no one single cause of autism spectrum disorder. Research suggests that it is caused by a combination of factors. These may include genetic disorders, infections, or medicines taken during pregnancy, and an older age of one or both parents (35 or older for women, 40 or over for men).\nResearch also clearly shows that there is no link between childhood vaccines and autism spectrum disorder.\nIf you have questions about ASD risk factors and causes, talk to your child\'s health care provider.\n'),(26,'bacteria culture test','What is a bacteria culture test?Bacteria are a large group of one-celled organisms. They can live on different places in the body. Some types of bacteria are harmless or even beneficial. Others can cause infections and disease. A bacteria culture test can help find harmful bacteria in your body. During a bacteria culture test, a sample will be taken from your blood, urine, skin, or other part of your body. The type of sample depends on the location of the suspected infection. The cells in your sample will be taken to a lab and put in a special environment in a lab to encourage cell growth. Results are often available within a few days. But some types of bacteria grow slowly, and it may take several days or longer.\n','What is it used for?Bacteria culture tests are used to help diagnose certain types of infections. The most common types of bacteria tests and their uses are listed below.Throat CultureUsed to diagnose or rule out strep throatTest procedure:Your health care provider will insert a special swab into your mouth to take a sample from the back of the throat and tonsils.Urine CultureUsed to diagnose a urinary tract infection and identify the bacteria causing the infectionTest procedure:You will provide a sterile sample of urine in a cup, as instructed by your health care provider.Sputum CultureSputum is a thick mucus that is coughed up from the lungs. It is different from spit or saliva.Used to help diagnose bacterial infections in the respiratory tract. These include bacterial pneumonia and bronchitis.Test procedure:You may be asked to cough up sputum into a special cup as instructed by your provider; or a special swab may be used to take a sample from your nose.Blood CultureUsed to detect the presence of bacteria or fungi in the bloodTest procedure:A health care professional will need a blood sample. The sample is most often taken from a vein in your arm.Stool CultureAnother name for stool is feces.Used to detect infections caused by bacteria or parasites in the digestive system. These include food poisoning and other digestive illnesses.Test procedure:You will provide a sample of your feces in a clean container as instructed by your health care provider.Wound CultureUsed to detect infections on open wounds or on burn injuriesTest procedure:Your health care provider will use a special swab to collect a sample from the site of your wound.\n','Why do I need a bacteria culture test?Your health care provider may order a bacteria culture test if you have symptoms of a bacterial infection. The symptoms vary depending on the type of infection.\n',NULL,'Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?There are many different types of bacteria culture tests. Ask your health care provider if you need to do anything to prepare for your test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There are no known risks to having a swab or blood test or to providing a urine or stool sample.\n','What do the results mean?If enough bacteria is found in your sample, it likely means you have a bacterial infection. Your health care provider may order additional tests to confirm a diagnosis or determine the severity of the infection. Your provider may also order a \"susceptibility test\" on your sample. A susceptibility test is used to help determine which antibiotic will be most effective in treating your infection. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I should know about a bacteria culture?\nIf your results show you don’t have a bacterial infection, you should not take antibiotics. Antibiotics only treat bacterial infections. Taking antibiotics when you don’t need them won’t help you feel better and may lead a serious problem known as antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance allows harmful bacteria to change in a way makes antibiotics less effective or not effective at all. This can be dangerous to you and to the community at large, as this bacteria can be spread to others.\n'),(27,'bacterial vaginosis test','What is a bacterial vaginosis (BV) test?Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an infection of the vagina. A healthy vagina contains a balance of both \"good\" (healthy) and \"bad\" (unhealthy) bacteria. Normally, the good type of bacteria keeps the bad type under control. A BV infection happens when the normal balance is upset and more bad bacteria grow than good bacteria.Most BV infections are mild and sometimes go away on their own. Some women get BV and recover without even knowing they were infected. But BV infections can be more serious and may not clear up without treatment. Untreated BV may increase your risk of getting a sexually transmitted disease (STD), such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, or HIV.If you are pregnant and have a BV infection, it can increase your risk of having a premature (early) delivery or having a baby with a lower than normal birth weight (less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces at birth). Low birth weight can cause serious health problems in a baby, including infections, breathing difficulties, and troubles with feeding and gaining weight.A BV test can help you get diagnosed and treated so you can avoid these serious health problems.Other names: vaginal pH test, KOH test, wet mount test\n','What is it used for?This test is used to diagnose BV infections.\n','Why do I need a BV test?You may need testing if you have symptoms of BV. These include:A gray or white vaginal dischargeA strong, fish-like odor, which may be worse after sexPain and/or itching in the vaginaBurning sensation when urinating\n','What happens during a BV test?A BV test is done in a similar way as a pelvic exam or Pap smear. During the test,You will take off your clothes below your waist. You will get a gown or sheet as a cover.You will lie on your back on an exam table, with your feet in stirrups.Your health care provider will insert a special tool called a speculum into your vagina. The speculum gently spreads apart the sides of your vagina.Your provider will use a cotton swab or wooden stick to collect a sample of your vaginal discharge.The discharge will be looked at under a microscope to check for signs of infection.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You should not use tampons, douche, or have sex for at least 24 hours before your test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?You may feel some mild discomfort when the speculum is put in your vagina.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show you have a BV infection, your health care provider will probably prescribe antibiotic pills and/or antibiotic creams or gels that you can put directly into your vagina.Sometimes a BV infection will come back after successful treatment. If this happens, your provider may prescribe different medicine or a different dose of the medicine you took before.If you are diagnosed with BV and are pregnant, it\'s important to treat the infection, because it can cause health problems for your unborn baby. Your health care provider will prescribe an antibiotic treatment that will be safe to take during pregnancy.If your results show no BV bacteria, your health care provider may do more tests to find out the cause of your symptoms.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a BV test?BV is not spread through female-to-male sexual contact. So if you are diagnosed with BV and have a male sexual partner, he will not need to be tested. But the infection can be spread between female sexual partners. If you have an infection and your partner is female, she should get a BV test.Researchers aren\'t sure what causes BV, but there are steps you can take that may lower your risk of infection. These include:Don\'t use douchesLimit your number of sex partnersPractice safe sex\n'),(28,'balance tests','What are balance tests?Balance tests are a group of tests that check for balance disorders. A balance disorder is a condition that makes you feel unsteady on your feet and dizzy. Dizziness is a general term for different symptoms of imbalance. Dizziness can include vertigo, a feeling that you or your surroundings are spinning, and lightheadedness, a feeling like you are going to faint. Balance disorders can be mild, or so severe that you may have trouble walking, climbing stairs, or doing other normal activities.Different systems in your body need to work together for you to have good balance. The most important system is called the vestibular system. This system is located in your inner ear and includes special nerves and structures that help you keep your balance. Your vision and sense of touch are also essential for good balance. Problems with any of these systems can lead to a balance disorder.Balance disorders can happen at any age, but are more common in older people. It\'s one of the main reasons that older adults tend to fall more often than younger people.Other names: vestibular balance testing, vestibular testing\n','What are they used for?\nBalance tests are used to find out if you have a problem with your balance, and if so, what is causing it. There are many causes of balance disorders. They include:\nBenign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Your inner ear contains calcium crystals, which help control balance. BPPV happens when these crystals get shifted out of position. It can make you feel like the room is spinning or your surroundings are moving. BPPV is the most common cause of vertigo in adults.\nMeniere\'s disease. This disorder causes dizziness, bouts of hearing loss, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears).\nVestibular neuritis. This refers to an inflammation inside the inner ear. It is usually caused by a virus. Symptoms include nausea and vertigo.\nMigraines. A migraine is a type of throbbing, severe headache. It is different than other types of headaches. It can cause nausea and dizziness.\nHead injury. You may get vertigo or other balance symptoms after a head injury.\nMedicine side effect. Dizziness can be a side effect of certain medicines.\nOnce you learn the cause of your balance disorder, you can take steps to help manage or treat your condition.\n','Why do I need a balance test?You may need a balance test if you have symptoms of a balance disorder. Symptoms include:DizzinessFeeling like you are in motion or spinning, even when standing still (vertigo)Loss of balance while walkingStaggering while walkingRinging in the ears (tinnitus)Feeling like you are going to faint (lightheadedness) and/or a floating sensationBlurred vision or double visionConfusion\n','What happens during a balance test?Balance testing may be done by a primary health care provider or a specialist in disorders of the ear. These include:An audiologist, a health care provider who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and managing hearing loss.An otolaryngologist (ENT), a doctor specializing in treating diseases and conditions of the ears, nose, and throat.Diagnosing balance disorders usually requires several tests. You may get one or more of the following tests:Electronystagmography (ENG) and videonystagmography (VNG) tests. These tests record and measure your eye movements. Your vision system needs to work right for you to have good balance. During the test:You will sit in an exam chair in a dark room.You will be asked to look at and follow patterns of light on a screen.You will be asked to move into different positions as you watch this light pattern.Then warm and cool water or air will be put in each ear. This should cause the eyes to move in specific ways. If the eyes don\'t respond in these ways, it may mean there is damage to the nerves of the inner ear.Rotary test, also known as a rotary chair test. This test also measures your eye movements. During this test:You will sit in a computer-controlled, motorized chair.You will put on special goggles that will record your eye movements as the chair slowly moves back and forth and in a circle.Posturography, also known as computerized dynamic posturography (CDP). This test measures your ability to maintain balance while standing. During this test:You will stand barefoot on a platform, wearing a safety harness.There will be a landscape screen around you.The platform will move around to test your ability to remain standing on a moving surface.Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP) test. This test measures how certain muscles respond in reaction to sound. It can show if there is a problem in your inner ear. During this test:You will recline in a chair.You will put on earphones.Sensor pads will be attached to your neck, forehead, and under your eyes. These pads will record your muscle movements.Clicks and/or bursts of tones will be sent to your earphones.While the sound is playing, you\'ll be asked to lift your head or eyes for short periods of time.Dix hallpike maneuver. This test measures how your eye reacts to abrupt movements. During this test:Your provider will move you quickly from sitting to lying down position and/or move your head in different positions.Your provider will check your eye movements to see if you have a false sense of motion or spinning.A newer version of this test is called a video head impulse test (vHIT). During a vHIT test, you\'ll wear goggles that record your eye movements while a provider gently turns your head in different positions.You may also get one or more hearing tests, since many balance disorders are related to hearing problems.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for a balance test?You should wear loose, comfortable clothes. Depending on the test, you may need to make changes in your diet or avoid certain medicines for a day or two before your test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to balance tests?Certain tests may make you feel dizzy or nauseous. But these feelings usually go away within a few minutes. You may want to make arrangements for someone to drive you home, in case the dizziness lasts for a longer period of time.\n','What do the results mean?If your results were not normal, your provider may order more tests and/or put you on a treatment plan. Depending on the cause of your balance disorder, your treatment may include:Medicine to treat an infection.Medicine to help control dizziness and nausea.Positioning procedure. If you were diagnosed with BPPV, your provider may perform a series of specialized movements of your head and chest. This can help reposition particles in your inner ear that have gotten out of place. The procedure is also known as the Epley maneuver, or canalith repositioning.Balance retraining therapy, also known as vestibular rehabilitation. A provider specializing in balance rehabilitation may design a program of exercises and other steps to improve your balance and prevent falls. This may include learning to use a cane or a walker.Diet and lifestyle changes. If you were diagnosed with Meniere\'s disease or migraine headaches, certain lifestyle changes may ease your symptoms. These can include increasing physical activity, avoiding certain foods, and quitting smoking. Ask your health care provider about which changes may be best for you.Surgery. If medicines or other treatments are not working, you may need surgery to correct a problem in your inner ear. The type of surgery will depend on the specific cause of your balance disorder.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\n',NULL),(29,'barium swallow','What is a barium swallow?\nA barium swallow, also called an esophagogram, is an imaging test that checks for problems in your upper GI tract. Your upper GI tract includes your mouth, back of the throat, esophagus, stomach, and first part of your small intestine. The test uses a special type of x-ray called fluoroscopy. Fluoroscopy shows internal organs moving in real time. The test also involves drinking a chalky-tasting liquid that contains barium. Barium is a substance that makes parts of your body show up more clearly on an x-ray.\nOther names: esophagogram, esophagram, upper GI series, swallowing study\n','What is it used for?\nA barium swallow is used to help diagnose conditions that affect the throat, esophagus, stomach, and first part the small intestine. These include:\nUlcers\nHiatal hernia, a condition in which part of your stomach pushes into the diaphragm. The diaphragm is the muscle between your stomach and chest.\nGERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), a condition in which contents of the stomach leak backward into the esophagus\nStructural problems in the GI tract, such as polyps (abnormal growths) and diverticula (pouches in the intestinal wall)\nTumors\n','Why do I need a barium swallow?\nYou may need this test if you have symptoms of an upper GI disorder. These include:\nTrouble swallowing\nAbdominal pain\nVomiting\nBloating\n','What happens during a barium swallow?\nA barium swallow is most often done by a radiologist or radiology technician. A radiologist is a doctor who specializes in using imaging tests to diagnose and treat diseases and injuries.\nA barium swallow usually includes the following steps:\nYou may need to remove your clothing. If so, you will be given a hospital gown.\nYou will be given a lead shield or apron to wear over your pelvic area. This protects the area from unnecessary radiation.\nYou will stand, sit, or lie down on an x-ray table. You may be asked to change positions during the test.\nYou will swallow a drink that contains barium. The drink is thick and chalky. It\'s usually flavored with chocolate or strawberry to make it easier to swallow.\nWhile you swallow, the radiologist will watch images of the barium traveling down your throat to your upper GI tract.\nYou may be asked to hold your breath at certain times.\nThe images will be recorded so they can be reviewed at a later time.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou will probably be asked to fast (not eat or drink) after midnight on the night before the test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nYou should not have this test if you are pregnant or think you may be pregnant. Radiation can be harmful to an unborn baby.\nFor others, there is little risk to having this test. The dose of radiation is very low and not considered harmful for most people. But talk to your provider about all the x-rays you\'ve had in the past. The risks from radiation exposure may be linked to the number of x-ray treatments you\'ve had over time.\n','What do the results mean?\nA normal result means that no abnormalities in size, shape, and movement were found in your throat, esophagus, stomach, or first part of the small intestine.\nIf your results were not normal, it may mean you have one of the following conditions:\nHiatal hernia\nUlcers\nTumors\nPolyps\nDiverticula, a condition in which small sacs form in the inner wall of the intestine\nEsophageal stricture, a narrowing of the esophagus that can make it hard to swallow\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a barium swallow?\nYour results may also show signs of esophageal cancer. If your provider thinks you may have this type of cancer, he or she may do a procedure called an esophagoscopy. During an esophagoscopy, a thin, flexible tube is inserted through the mouth or nose and down into the esophagus. The tube has a video camera so a provider can view the area. The tube may also have a tool attached that can be used to remove tissue samples for testing (biopsy).\n'),(30,'basic metabolic panel (bmp)','What is a basic metabolic panel (BMP)?\nA basic metabolic panel (BMP) is a test that measures eight different substances in your blood. It provides important information about your body\'s chemical balance and metabolism. Metabolism is the process of how the body uses food and energy. A BMP includes tests for the following:\nGlucose, a type of sugar and your body\'s main source of energy.\nCalcium, one of the body\'s most important minerals. Calcium is essential for proper functioning of your nerves, muscles, and heart.\nSodium, potassium, carbon dioxide, and chloride. These are electrolytes, electrically charged minerals that help control the amount of fluids and the balance of acids and bases in your body.\nBUN (blood urea nitrogen) and creatinine, waste products removed from your blood by your kidneys.\nAbnormal levels of any of these substances or combination of them can be a sign of a serious health problem.\nOther names: chemistry panel, chemistry screen, chem 7, electrolyte panel\n','What is it used for?\nA BMP is used to check different body functions and processes, including:\nKidney function\nFluid and electrolyte balance\nBlood sugar levels\nAcid and base balance\nMetabolism\n','Why do I need a BMP?\nA BMP is often done as part of a regular checkup. You may also need this test if you:\nAre being treated in the emergency room\nAre being monitored for certain chronic conditions, such as high blood pressure or kidney disease\n','What happens during a BMP?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou may need to fast (not eat or drink) for eight hours before the test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf any one result or combination of BMP results were not normal, it can indicate a number of different conditions. These include kidney disease, breathing problems, and complications related to diabetes. You will likely need more tests to confirm or rule out a specific diagnosis.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a BMP?\nThere is a similar test to a BMP called a comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP). A CMP includes the same eight tests as a BMP, plus six more tests, which measure certain proteins and liver enzymes. The additional tests are:\nAlbumin, a protein made in the liver\nTotal protein, which measures the total amount of protein in the blood\nALP (alkaline phosphatase), ALT (alanine transaminase), and AST (aspartate aminotransferase). These are different enzymes made by the liver.\nBilirubin, a waste product made by the liver\nYour provider may order a CMP instead of a BMP to get a more complete picture of the health of your organs or to check for liver disease or other specific conditions.\n'),(31,'bcr abl genetic test','What is a BCR-ABL genetic test?A BCR-ABL genetic test looks for a genetic mutation (change) on a specific chromosome.Chromosomes are the parts of your cells that contain your genes. Genes are parts of DNA passed down from your mother and father. They carry information that determines your unique traits, such as height and eye color.People normally have 46 chromosomes, divided into 23 pairs, in each cell. One of each pair of chromosomes comes from your mother, and the other pair comes from your father.BCR-ABL is a mutation that is formed by the combination of two genes, known as BCR and ABL. It\'s sometimes called a fusion gene.The BCR gene is normally on chromosome number 22.The ABL gene is normally on chromosome number 9.The BCR-ABL mutation happens when pieces of BCR and ABL genes break off and switch places.The mutation shows up on chromosome 22, where the piece of chromosome 9 has attached itself.The mutated chromosome 22 is called the Philadelphia chromosome because that\'s the city where researchers first discovered it.The BCR-ABL gene is not the type of mutation that is inherited from your parents. It is a type of somatic mutation, which means you are not born with it. You get it later in life.The BCR-ABL gene shows up in patients with certain types of leukemia, a cancer of the bone marrow and white blood cells. BCR-ABL is found in almost all patients with a type of leukemia called chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Another name for CML is chronic myelogenous leukemia. Both names refer to the same disease.The BCR-ABL gene is also found in some patients with a form of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and rarely in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML).Certain cancer medicines are especially effective in treating leukemia patients with the BCR-ABL gene mutation. These medicines also have fewer side effects than other cancer treatments. The same medicines are not effective in treating different types of leukemia or other cancers.Other names: BCR-ABL1, BCR-ABL1 fusion, Philadelphia chromosome\n','What is it used for?A BCR-ABL test is most often used to diagnose or rule out chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or a specific form of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) called Ph-positive ALL. Ph-positive means a Philadelphia chromosome was found. The test is not used to diagnose other types of leukemia.The test may also be used to:See if cancer treatment is effective.See if a patient has developed a resistance to certain treatment. That means a treatment that used to be effective is no longer working.\n','Why do I need a BCR-ABL genetic test?You may need a BCR-ABL test if you have symptoms of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). These include:FatigueFeverWeight lossNight sweats (excessive sweating while sleeping)Joint or bone painSome people with CML or Ph-positive ALL have no symptoms, or very mild symptoms, especially in the early stages of the disease. So your health care provider may order this test if a complete blood count or other blood test showed results that were not normal. You should also let your provider know if you have any symptoms that concern you. CML and Ph-positive ALL are easier to treat when found early.You may also need this test if you are currently being treated for CML or Ph-positive ALL. The test can help your provider see if your treatment is working.\n','What happens during a BCR-ABL genetic test?A BCR-ABL test is usually a blood test or a procedure called a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy.If you are getting a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.If you are getting a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, your procedure may include the following steps:You\'ll lie down on your side or your stomach, depending on which bone will be used for testing. Most bone marrow tests are taken from the hip bone.Your body will be covered with cloth, so that only the area around the testing site is showing.The site will be cleaned with an antiseptic.You will get an injection of a numbing solution. It may sting.Once the area is numb, the health care provider will take the sample. You will need to lie very still during the tests.For a bone marrow aspiration, which is usually performed first, the health care provider will insert a needle through the bone and pull out bone marrow fluid and cells. You may feel a sharp but brief pain when the needle is inserted.For a bone marrow biopsy, the health care provider will use a special tool that twists into the bone to take out a sample of bone marrow tissue. You may feel some pressure on the site while the sample is being taken.It takes about 10 minutes to perform both tests.After the test, the health care provider will cover the site with a bandage.Plan to have someone drive you home, since you may be given a sedative before the tests, which may make you drowsy.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You usually don\'t need any special preparations for a blood or bone marrow test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.After a bone marrow test, you may feel stiff or sore at the injection site. This usually goes away in a few days. Your health care provider may recommend or prescribe a pain reliever to help.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show you have the BCR-ABL gene, as well as an abnormal amount of white blood cells, you will probably be diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or Ph-positive, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).If you are currently being treated for CML or Ph-positive ALL, your results may show:The amount of BCR-ABL in your blood or bone marrow is increasing. This may mean your treatment is not working and/or you\'ve become resistant to a certain treatment.The amount of BCR-ABL in your blood or bone marrow is decreasing. This may mean your treatment is working.The amount of BCR-ABL in your blood or bone marrow has not increased or decreased. This may mean your disease is stable.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a BCR-ABL genetic test?Treatments for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Ph-positive, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have been successful in patients with these forms of leukemia. It\'s important to see your health care provider regularly to make sure your treatments continue to work. If you become resistant to treatment, your provider may recommend other types of cancer therapy.\n'),(32,'beta 2 microglobulin (b2m) tumor marker test','What is a beta-2 microglobulin tumor marker test?This test measures the amount of a protein called beta-2 microglobulin (B2M) in the blood, urine, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). B2M is a type of tumor marker. Tumor markers are substances made by cancer cells or by normal cells in response to cancer in the body.B2M is found on the surface of many cells and is released into the body. Healthy people have small amounts of B2M in their blood and urine.People with cancers of the bone marrow and blood often have high levels of B2M in their blood or urine. These cancers include multiple myeloma, lymphoma, and leukemia.High levels of B2M in cerebrospinal fluid can mean that cancer has spread to the brain and/or spinal cord.A B2M tumor marker test is not used to diagnose cancer. But it can provide important information about your cancer, including how serious it is and how it may develop in the future.Other names: total beta-2 microglobulin, β2-microglobulin, B2M\n','What is it used for?A beta-2 microglobulin tumor marker test is most often given to people who have been diagnosed with certain cancers of the bone marrow or blood. The test may be used to:Figure out the severity of cancer and whether it has spread. This process is known as cancer staging. The higher the stage, the more advanced the cancer is.Predict disease development and guide treatment.See if cancer treatment is effective.See if cancer has spread to the brain and spinal cord.\n','Why do I need a beta-2 microglobulin tumor marker test?You may need this test if you have been diagnosed with multiple myeloma, lymphoma, or leukemia. The test can show the stage of your cancer and whether your cancer treatment is working.\n','What happens during a beta-2 microglobulin tumor marker test?A beta-2 microglobulin test is usually a blood test, but may also be given as a 24-hour urine test, or as a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis.For a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.For a 24-hour urine sample, your health care provider or a laboratory professional will give you a container to collect your urine and instructions on how to collect and store your samples. A 24-hour urine sample test usually includes the following steps:Empty your bladder in the morning and flush that urine away. Record the time.For the next 24 hours, save all your urine in the container provided.Store your urine container in the refrigerator or a cooler with ice.Return the sample container to your health provider\'s office or the laboratory as instructed.For a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, a sample of spinal fluid will be collected in a procedure called a spinal tap (also known as a lumbar puncture). A spinal tap is usually done in a hospital. During the procedure:You will lie on your side or sit on an exam table.A health care provider will clean your back and inject an anesthetic into your skin, so you won\'t feel pain during the procedure. Your provider may put a numbing cream on your back before this injection.Once the area on your back is completely numb, your provider will insert a thin, hollow needle between two vertebrae in your lower spine. Vertebrae are the small backbones that make up your spine.Your provider will withdraw a small amount of cerebrospinal fluid for testing. This will take about five minutes.You\'ll need to stay very still while the fluid is being withdrawn.Your provider may ask you to lie on your back for an hour or two after the procedure. This may prevent you from getting a headache afterward.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a blood or urine test.You don\'t need any special preparations for a CSF analysis, but you may be asked to empty your bladder and bowels before the test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood or urine test. After a blood test, you may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.There is very little risk to having a spinal tap. You may feel a little pinch or pressure when the needle is inserted. After the test, you may get a headache, called a post-lumbar headache. About one in ten people will get a post-lumbar headache. This can last for several hours or up to a week or more. If you have a headache that lasts longer than several hours, talk to your health care provider. He or she may be able to provide treatment to relieve the pain. You may feel some pain or tenderness in your back at the site where the needle was inserted. You may also have some bleeding at the site.\n','What do the results mean?If the test was used to find out how advanced your cancer is (cancer stage), the results may show how much cancer is in your body and whether it is likely to spread.If the B2M test was used to check how well your treatment is working, your results may show:Your B2M levels are increasing. This may mean your cancer is spreading, and/or your treatment is not working.Your B2M levels are decreasing. This may mean your treatment is working.Your B2M levels have not increased or decreased. This may mean your disease is stable.Your B2M levels decreased, but then later increased. This may mean your cancer has come back after you\'ve been treated.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a beta-2 microglobulin tumor marker test?Beta-2 microglobulin tests are not always used as tumor marker tests for cancer patients. B2M levels are sometimes measured to:Check for kidney damage in people with kidney disease.Find out if a viral infection, such as HIV/AIDS, has affected the brain and/or spinal cord.Check to see if disease has advanced in people with multiple sclerosis, a chronic disease affecting the brain and spinal cord.\n'),(33,'bilirubin blood test','What is a bilirubin blood test?A bilirubin blood test measures the levels of bilirubin in your blood. Bilirubin is a yellowish substance made during the body\'s normal process of breaking down red blood cells. Bilirubin is found in bile, a fluid in your liver that helps you digest food. If your liver is healthy, it will remove most of the bilirubin from your body. If your liver is damaged, bilirubin can leak out of your liver and into your blood. When too much bilirubin gets into the bloodstream, it can cause jaundice, a condition that causes your skin and eyes to turn yellow. Signs of jaundice, along with a bilirubin blood test, can help your health care provider find out if you have liver disease.Other names: Total serum bilirubin, TSB\n','What is it used for?A bilirubin blood test is used to check the health of your liver. The test is also commonly used to help diagnose newborn jaundice. Many healthy babies get jaundice because their livers aren\'t mature enough to get rid of enough bilirubin. Newborn jaundice is usually harmless and clears up within a few weeks. But in some cases, high bilirubin levels can lead to brain damage, so infants are often tested as a precaution.\n','Why do I need a bilirubin blood test?Your health care provider may order a bilirubin blood test:If you have symptoms such as jaundice, dark urine, or stomach pain. These could indicate hepatitis, cirrhosis, or other liver diseasesTo find out if there is a blockage in the structures that carry bile from your liverTo monitor an existing liver disease or disorderTo diagnose disorders related to problems with red blood cell production. High bilirubin levels in the bloodstream may be a sign of gallbladder disease and a condition called hemolytic anemia\n','What happens during a bilirubin blood test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a bilirubin blood test. If your health care provider has also ordered other blood tests, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?Normal results can vary, but high bilirubin levels can mean your liver isn\'t working right. However, abnormal results don\'t always indicate a medical condition needing treatment. Higher than normal bilirubin levels can also be caused by medications, certain foods, or strenuous exercise. To learn what your results mean, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a bilirubin blood test?A bilirubin blood test is only one measure of your liver health. If your health care provider thinks you might have a liver disease or a red blood cell disorder, other tests may be recommended. These include liver function tests, a group of tests that measure different substances in your blood, and tests for certain proteins made in the liver. In addition, your health care provider may recommend urine tests, an ultrasound, or a biopsy to get a sample of tissue from your liver to examine\n'),(34,'bilirubin in urine','What is a bilirubin in urine test?A bilirubin in urine test measures the levels of bilirubin in your urine. Bilirubin is a yellowish substance made during the body\'s normal process of breaking down red blood cells. Bilirubin is found in bile, a fluid in your liver that helps you digest food. If your liver is healthy, it will remove most of the bilirubin from your body. If your liver is damaged, bilirubin can leak into the blood and urine. Bilirubin in urine may be a sign of liver disease.Other names: urine test, urine analysis, UA, chemical urinalysis, direct bilirubin\n','What is it used for?A bilirubin in urine test is often part of a urinalysis, a test that measures different cells, chemicals, and other substances in your urine. Urinalysis is often included as part of a routine exam. This test may also be used to check for liver problems.\n','Why do I need a bilirubin in urine test?Your health care provider may have ordered a bilirubin in urine test as part of your regular checkup, or if you have symptoms of liver disease. These symptoms include:Jaundice, a condition that causes your skin and eyes to turn yellowDark-colored urineAbdominal painNausea and vomitingFatigueBecause bilirubin in urine can indicate liver damage before other symptoms appear, your health care provider may order a bilirubin in urine test if you are at a higher risk for liver damage. Risk factors for liver disease include:Family history of liver diseaseHeavy drinkingExposure or possible exposure to hepatitis virusObesityDiabetesTaking certain medicines that can cause liver damage\n','What happens during a bilirubin in urine test?Your health care provider will need to collect a sample of your urine. During your office visit, you will receive a container to collect the urine and special instructions to make sure that the sample is sterile. These instructions are often called the \"clean catch method.\" The clean catch method includes the following steps:Wash your hands.Clean your genital area with a cleansing pad given to you by your provider. Men should wipe the tip of their penis. Women should open their labia and clean from front to back.Start to urinate into the toilet.Move the collection container under your urine stream.Collect at least an ounce or two of urine into the container, which should have markings to indicate the amounts.Finish urinating into the toilet.Return the sample container to your health care provider.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations to test for bilirubin in urine. If your health care provider has ordered other urine or blood tests, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is no known risk to having a urinalysis or a bilirubin in urine test.\n','What do the results mean?If bilirubin is found in your urine, it may indicate:A liver disease such as hepatitisA blockage in the structures that carry bile from your liverA problem with liver functionA bilirubin in urine test is only one measure of liver function. If your results are abnormal, your health care provider may order additional blood and urine tests, including a liver panel. A liver panel is a series of blood tests that measure various enzymes, proteins, and substances in the liver. It is often used to detect liver disease.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n',NULL),(35,'blood alcohol level','What is a blood alcohol test?\nA blood alcohol test measures the level of Alcohol in your blood. Most people are more familiar with the breathalyzer, a test often used by police officers on people suspected of drunk driving.  While a breathalyzer gives fast results, it is not as accurate as measuring alcohol in the blood.\nAlcohol, also known as ethanol, is the main ingredient of alcoholic drinks such as beer, wine, and liquor. When you have an alcoholic drink, it is absorbed into your bloodstream and processed by the liver. Your liver can process about one drink an hour. One drink is usually defined as 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1.5 ounces of whiskey.\nIf you are drinking faster than your liver can process the alcohol, you may feel the effects of drunkenness, also called intoxication. These include behavioral changes and impaired judgment. The effects of alcohol can vary from person to person, depending on a variety of factors such as age, weight, gender, and how much food you ate before drinking.\nOther names: blood alcohol level test, ethanol test, ethyl alcohol, blood alcohol content\n','What is it used for?\nA blood alcohol test may be used to find out if you:\nHave been drinking and driving. In the United States, .08 percent blood alcohol level is the legal alcohol limit for drivers who are aged 21 and over. Drivers younger than 21 are not allowed to have any alcohol in their system when driving.\nAre legally drunk. The legal alcohol limit for drinking in public varies from state to state.\nHave been drinking while in a treatment program that prohibits drinking.\nHave alcohol poisoning, a life-threatening condition that happens when your blood alcohol level gets very high. Alcohol poisoning can seriously affect basic body functions, including breathing, heart rate, and temperature.\nTeens and young adults are at higher risk for binge drinking, which can cause alcohol poisoning. Binge drinking is a pattern of drinking that raises the blood alcohol level within a short period of time. Though it varies from person to person, binge drinking is usually defined as four drinks for women and five drinks for men in a two-hour period.\nYoung children may get alcohol poisoning from drinking household products that contain alcohol, such as mouthwash, hand sanitizer, and certain cold medicines.\n','Why do I need a blood alcohol test?\nYou may need a blood alcohol test if you are suspected of drunk driving and/or have symptoms of intoxication. These include:\nDifficulty with balance and coordination\nSlurred speech\nSlowed reflexes\nNausea and vomiting\nMood changes\nPoor judgment\nYou or your child may also need this test if there are symptoms of alcohol poisoning. In addition to the above symptoms, alcohol poisoning can cause:\nConfusion\nIrregular breathing\nSeizures\nLow body temperature\n','What happens during a blood alcohol test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This process usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a blood alcohol test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nBlood alcohol level results may be given in different ways, including percentage of blood alcohol content (BAC). Typical results are below.\nSober: 0.0 percent BAC\nLegally intoxicated: .08 percent BAC\nVery impaired: .08–0.40 percent BAC. At this blood alcohol level, you may have difficulty walking and speaking. Other symptoms may include confusion, nausea, and drowsiness.\nAt risk for serious complications: Above .40 percent BAC. At this blood alcohol level, you may be at risk for coma or death.\nThe timing of this test can affect the accuracy of the results. A blood alcohol test is only accurate within 6–12 hours after your last drink. If you have questions or concerns about your results, you may want to talk to a health care provider and/or a lawyer.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a blood alcohol test?\nA police officer may ask you to take a breathalyzer test if you are suspected of drunk driving. If you refuse to take a breathalyzer, or think the test wasn\'t accurate, you may ask for or be asked to take a blood alcohol test.\n'),(36,'blood differential','What is a blood differential test?A blood differential test measures the amount of each type of white blood cell (WBC) that you have in your body. White blood cells (leukocytes) are part of your immune system, a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect you from infection. There are five different types of white blood cells:Neutrophils are the most common type of white blood cell. These cells travel to the site of an infection and release substances called enzymes to fight off invading viruses or bacteria.Lymphocytes. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells. B cells fight off invading viruses, bacteria, or toxins. T cells target and destroy the body\'s own cells that have been infected by viruses or cancer cells.Monocytes remove foreign material, remove dead cells, and boost the body\'s immune response.Eosinophils fight infection, inflammation, and allergic reactions. They also defend the body against parasites and bacteria.Basophils release enzymes to help control allergic reactions and asthma attacks.However, your test results may have more than five numbers. For example, the lab may list the results as counts as well as percentages.Other names for a blood differential test: Complete blood count (CBC) with differential, Differential, White blood cell differential count, Leukocyte differential count\n','What is it used for?The blood differential test is used to diagnose a variety of medical conditions. These may include infections, autoimmune diseases, anemia, inflammatory diseases, and leukemia and other types of cancer. It is a common test that is frequently used as part of a general physical exam.\n','Why do I need a blood differential test?A blood differential test is used for many reasons. Your doctor may have ordered the test to:Monitor your overall health or as part of a routine checkupDiagnose a medical condition. If you are feeling unusually tired or weak, or have unexplained bruising or other symptoms, this test may help uncover the cause.Keep track of an existing blood disorder or related condition\n','What happens during a blood differential test?A health care professional will take a sample of your blood by using a small needle to draw blood from a vein in your arm. The needle is attached to a test tube, which will store your sample. When the tube is full, the needle will be removed from your arm. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a blood differential test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms usually go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?There are many reasons your blood differential test results may be outside the normal range. A high white blood cell count may indicate an infection, immune disorder, or allergic reaction. A low count may be caused by bone marrow problems, medication reactions, or cancer. But abnormal results don\'t always indicate a condition needing medical treatment. Factors such as exercise, diet, alcohol level, medicines, and even a woman\'s menstrual cycle can affect the results. If the results seem abnormal, more specific tests may be ordered to help figure out the cause. To learn what your results mean, talk to your healthcare provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a blood differential test?Use of certain steroids may increase your white blood cell count, which can lead to an abnormal result in your blood differential test.\n'),(37,'blood glucose test','What is a blood glucose test?A blood glucose test measures the glucose levels in your blood. Glucose is a type of sugar. It is your body\'s main source of energy. A hormone called insulin helps move glucose from your bloodstream into your cells. Too much or too little glucose in the blood can be a sign of a serious medical condition. High blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) may be a sign of diabetes, a disorder that can cause heart disease, blindness, kidney failure and other complications. Low blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia) can also lead to major health problems, including brain damage, if not treated.Other names: blood sugar, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting blood sugar (FBS), fasting blood glucose (FBG), glucose challenge test, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)\n','What is it used for?A blood glucose test is used to find out if your blood sugar levels are in the healthy range. It is often used to help diagnose and monitor diabetes.\n','Why do I need a blood glucose test?Your health care provider may order a blood glucose test if you have symptoms of high glucose levels (hyperglycemia) or low glucose levels (hypoglycemia).Symptoms of high blood glucose levels include:Increased thirstMore frequent urinationBlurred visionFatigueWounds that are slow to healSymptoms of low blood glucose levels include:AnxietySweatingTremblingHungerConfusionYou may also need a blood glucose test if you have certain risk factors for diabetes. These include:Being overweightLack of exerciseFamily member with diabetesHigh blood pressureHeart diseaseIf you are pregnant, you will likely get a blood glucose test between the 24th and 28th week of your pregnancy to check for gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that happens only during pregnancy.\n','What happens during a blood glucose test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. For some types of glucose blood tests, you will need to drink a sugary drink before your blood is drawn.If you have diabetes, your health care provider may recommend a kit to monitor your blood sugar at home. Most kits include a device to prick your finger (lancet). You will use this to collect a drop of blood for testing. There are some newer kits available that don’t require pricking your finger. For more information on at-home test kits, talk to your health care provider.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You will probably need to fast (not eat or drink) for eight hours before the test. If you are pregnant and are being checked for gestational diabetes:You will drink a sugary liquid one hour before your blood is drawn.You won\'t need to fast for this test.If your results show higher than normal blood glucose levels, you may need another test, which requires fasting.Talk to your health provider about specific preparations needed for your glucose test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show higher than normal glucose levels, it may mean you have or are at risk for getting diabetes. High glucose levels may also be a sign of:Kidney diseaseHyperthyroidismPancreatitisPancreatic cancerIf your results show lower than normal glucose levels, it may be a sign of:HypothyroidismToo much insulin or other diabetes medicineLiver diseaseIf your glucose results are not normal, it doesn\'t necessarily mean you have a medical condition needing treatment. High stress and certain medicines can affect glucose levels. To learn what your results mean, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I should know about a blood glucose test?Many people with diabetes need to check blood glucose levels every day. If you have diabetes, be sure to talk to your health care provider about the best ways to manage your disease.\n'),(38,'blood in urine','How do you test for blood in urine?A test called a urinalysis can detect whether there is blood in your urine. A urinalysis checks a sample of your urine for different cells, chemicals, and other substances, including blood. Most causes of blood in your urine are not serious, But sometimes red or white blood cells in your urine can mean that you have a medical condition that needs treatment, such as a kidney disease, urinary tract infection, or liver disease.Other names: microscopic urine analysis, microscopic examination of urine, urine test, urine analysis, UA\n',NULL,'Why do I need a blood in urine test?Your health care provider may have ordered a urinalysis as part of a routine exam. You may also need this test if you have seen blood in your urine or have other symptoms of a urinary disorder. These symptoms include:Painful urinationFrequent urinationBack painAbdominal pain\n','What happens during a blood in urine test?Your health care provider will need to collect a sample of your urine. During your office visit, you will receive a container to collect the urine and special instructions to make sure that the sample is sterile. These instructions are often called the \"clean catch method.\" It includes the following steps:Wash your hands.Clean your genital area with a cleansing pad given to you by your provider. Men should wipe the tip of their penis. Women should open their labia and clean from front to back.Start to urinate into the toilet.Move the collection container under your urine stream.Collect at least an ounce or two of urine into the container, which should have markings to indicate the needed amounts.Finish urinating into the toilet.Return the sample container as instructed by your health care provider.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations before getting a test for blood in your urine. If your health care provider has ordered other urine or blood tests, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is no known risk to having a urinalysis or a blood in urine test.\n','What do the results mean?There are a variety of factors that can cause red or white blood cells to be present in the urine. Many are not cause for concern. Small amounts of blood in the urine may be due to certain medicines, intense exercise, sexual activity, or menstruation. If larger amounts of blood are found, your health care provider may request further testing.Increased red blood cells in urine may indicate:A viral infectionInflammation of the kidney or bladderA blood disorderBladder or kidney cancerIncreased white blood cells in urine may indicate:A bacterial urinary tract infection. This is the most common cause of a high white blood cell count in urine.Inflammation of the urinary tract or kidneysTo learn what your results mean, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a blood in urine test?A blood in urine test is usually part of a typical urinalysis. In addition to checking for blood, a urinalysis measures other substances in the urine, including proteins, acid and sugar levels, cell fragments, and crystals.\n'),(39,'blood oxygen level','What is a blood oxygen level test?\nA blood oxygen level test, also known as a blood gas analysis, measures the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. When you breathe, your lungs take in (inhale) oxygen and breathe out (exhale) carbon dioxide. If there is an imbalance in the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in your blood, it can mean your lungs aren\'t working well.\nA blood oxygen level test also checks the balance of acids and bases, known as pH balance, in the blood. Too much or too little acid in the blood can mean there is a problem with your lungs or kidneys.\nOther names: blood gas test, arterial blood gases, ABG, blood gas analysis, oxygen saturation test\n','What is it used for?\nA blood oxygen level test is used to check how well your lungs are working and measure the acid-base balance in your blood. The test usually includes the following measurements:\nOxygen content (O2CT). This measures the amount of oxygen in the blood.\nOxygen saturation (O2Sat). This measures the amount of hemoglobin in your blood. Hemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body.\nPartial pressure of oxygen (PaO2). This measures the pressure of oxygen dissolved in the blood. It helps show how well oxygen moves  from your lungs to your bloodstream.\nPartial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2). This measures the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.\npH. This measures the balance of acids and bases in the blood.\n','Why do I need a blood oxygen level test?\nThere are many reasons this test is ordered. You may need a blood oxygen level test if you:\nHave trouble breathing\nHave frequent periods of nausea and/or vomiting\nAre being treated for a lung disease, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or cystic fibrosis. The test can help to see if treatment is working.\nRecently injured your head or neck, which can affect your breathing\nHad a drug overdose\nAre receiving oxygen therapy while in the hospital. The test can help make sure you are getting the right amount of oxygen.\nHave carbon monoxide poisoning\nHave a smoke inhalation injury\nA newborn baby may also need this test if he or she is having trouble breathing.\n','What happens during a blood oxygen level test?\nMost blood tests take a sample from a vein. For this test, a health care provider will take a sample of blood from an artery. That\'s because blood from an artery has higher oxygen levels than blood from a vein. The sample is usually taken from an artery inside the wrist. This is called the radial artery. Sometimes the sample is taken from an artery in the elbow or the groin. If a newborn is being tested, the sample may be taken from the baby\'s heel or umbilical cord.\nDuring the procedure, your provider will insert a needle with a syringe into the artery. You may feel a sharp pain as the needle goes into the artery. Getting a blood sample from an artery is usually more painful than getting blood from a vein, a more common type of blood test procedure.\nOnce the syringe is filled with blood, your provider will put a bandage over the puncture site.  After the procedure, you or a provider will need to apply firm pressure to the site for 5–10 minutes, or even longer if you are taking a blood-thinning medicine.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nIf your blood sample is taken from your wrist, your health care provider may perform a circulation test called an Allen test before taking the sample. In an Allen test, your provider will apply pressure to the arteries in your wrist for several seconds.\nIf you are on oxygen therapy, your oxygen may be turned off for about 20 minutes before the test. This is called a room air test. This won\'t be done if you are unable breathe without the oxygen.\n','Are there any risks to the test? \nThere is very little risk to having a blood oxygen level test. You may have some bleeding, bruising, or soreness at the spot where the needle was put in. Though problems are rare, you should avoid lifting heavy objects for 24 hours after the test.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your blood oxygen level results are not normal, it may mean you:\nAre not taking in enough oxygen\nAre not getting rid of enough carbon dioxide\nHave an imbalance in your acid-base levels\nThese conditions can be signs of a lung or kidney disease. The test can\'t diagnose specific diseases, but if your results are not normal, your health care provider will order more tests to confirm or rule out a diagnosis. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about blood oxygen level tests?\nAnother type of test, called pulse oximetry, also checks blood oxygen levels. This test doesn\'t use a needle or require a blood sample. In pulse oximetry, a small clip-like device with a special sensor is attached to your fingertip, toe, or earlobe. Since the device measures oxygen \"peripherally\"(in an outer area), the results are given as peripheral oxygen saturation, also known as SpO2.\n'),(40,'blood smear','What is a blood smear?\nA blood smear is a sample of blood that\'s tested on a specially treated slide. For a blood smear test, a laboratory professional examines the slide under a microscope and looks at the size, shape, and number of different types of blood cells. These include:\nRed blood cells, which carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body\nWhite blood cells, which fight infection\nPlatelets, which help your blood to clot\nMany blood tests use computers to analyze results. For a blood smear, the lab professional looks for blood cell problems that may not be seen on a computer analysis.\nOther names: peripheral smear, peripheral blood film, smear, blood film, manual differential, differential slide, blood cell morphology, blood smear analysis\n','What is it used for?A blood smear test is used to help diagnose blood disorders.\n','Why do I need a blood smear?You may need a blood smear if you have abnormal results on a complete blood count (CBC). A CBC is a routine test that measures many different parts of your blood. Your health care provider may also order a blood smear if you have symptoms of a blood disorder. These symptoms include:FatigueJaundice, a condition that causes your skin and eyes to turn yellowPale skinUnusual bleeding, including nose bleedsFeverBone painIn addition, you may need a blood smear if you have been exposed to ticks or have traveled to a developing country, or if your health care provider thinks you have a disease caused by a parasite, such as malaria. Parasites may be seen when a blood smear is looked at under a microscope.\n','What happens during a blood smear?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparation for a blood smear. If your health care provider has ordered other blood tests, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?Your results will show if your blood cells look normal or not normal. You\'ll have separate results for red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.If your red blood cell results are not normal, it may indicate:AnemiaSickle cell anemiaHemolytic anemia, a type of anemia in which red blood cells are destroyed before they can be replaced, leaving the body without enough healthy red blood cellsThalassemiaBone marrow disordersIf your white blood cell results are not normal, it may indicate:InfectionAllergiesLeukemiaIf your platelet results are not normal, it may indicate thrombocytopenia, a condition in which your blood has a lower than normal number of platelets.Talk to your health care provider to learn more about your results.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a blood smear?A blood smear may not provide enough information for your health care provider to make a diagnosis. If any of your blood smear results are not normal, your provider will likely order more tests.\n'),(41,'bone density scan','What is a bone density scan?\nA bone density scan, also known as a DEXA scan, is a type of low-dose x-ray test that measures calcium and other minerals in your bones. The measurement helps show the strength and thickness (known as bone density or mass) of your bones.\nMost people\'s bones become thinner as they get older. When bones become thinner than normal, it\'s known as osteopenia. Osteopenia puts you at risk for a more serious condition called osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a progressive disease that causes bones to become very thin and brittle. Osteoporosis usually affects older people and is most common in women over the age of 65. People with osteoporosis are at higher risk for fractures (broken bones), especially in their hips, spine, and wrists.\nOther names: bone mineral density test, BMD test, DEXA scan, DXA; Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry\n','What is it used for?\nA bone density scan is used to:\nDiagnose osteopenia (low bone mass)\nDiagnose osteoporosis\nPredict risk of future fractures\nSee if treatment for osteoporosis is working\n','Why do I need a bone density scan?\nMost women age 65 or older should have a bone density scan. Women in this age group are at high risk for losing bone density, which can lead to fractures. You may also be at risk for low bone density if you:\nHave a very low body weight\nHave had one or more fractures after the age of 50\nHave lost a half inch or more in height within one year\nAre a man over the age of 70\nHave a family history of osteoporosis\nOther risk factors include:\nLack of physical activity\nSmoking cigarettes\nHeavy drinking\nNot getting enough calcium and vitamin D in your diet\n','What happens during a bone density scan?\nThere are different ways to measure bone density. The most common and accurate way uses a procedure called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, also known as a DEXA scan. The scan is usually done in a radiologist\'s office.\nDuring a DEXA scan:\nYou will lie on your back on a padded table. You will probably be able to leave your clothes on.\nYou may need to lie with your legs straight, or you may be asked to rest your legs on a padded platform.\nA scanning machine will pass over your lower spine and hip. At the same time, another scanning machine called a photon generator will pass beneath you. The images from the two machines will be combined and sent to a computer. A health care provider will view the images on the computer screen.\nWhile the machines are scanning, you will need to stay very still. You may be asked to hold your breath.\nTo measure bone density in the forearm, finger, hand, or foot, a provider may use a portable scanner known as a peripheral DEXA (p-DEXA) scan.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou may be told to stop taking calcium supplements 24 to 48 hours before your test. Also, you should avoid wearing metal jewelry or clothes with metal parts, such as buttons or buckles.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nA bone density scan uses very low doses of radiation. It is safe for most people. But it is not recommended for pregnant woman. Even low doses of radiation could harm an unborn baby. Be sure to tell your provider if you are pregnant or think you may be pregnant.\n','What do the results mean?\nBone density results are often given in the form of a T score. A T score is a measurement that compares your bone density measurement with the bone density of a healthy 30-year-old. A low T score means you probably have some bone loss.\nYour results may show one of the following:\nA T score of -1.0 or higher. This is considered normal bone density.\nA T score between -1.0 and -2.5. This means you have low bone density (osteopenia) and may be at risk for developing osteoporosis.\nA T score of -2.5 or less. This means you probably have osteoporosis.\nIf your results show you have low bone density, your health care provider will recommend steps to prevent further bone loss. These may include:\nGetting more exercise, with activities such walking, dancing, and using weight machines.\nAdding calcium and vitamin D to your diet\nTaking prescription medicines to increase bone density\nIf you have questions about your results and/or treatments for bone loss, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a bone density scan?\nA DEXA scan is the most common way to measure bone density. But your health care provider may order more tests to confirm a diagnosis or to find out if bone loss treatment is working. These include a calcium blood test, a vitamin D test, and/or tests for certain hormones.\n'),(42,'bone marrow tests','What are bone marrow tests?Bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue found in the center of most bones. Bone marrow makes different types of blood cells. These include:Red blood cells (also called erythrocytes), which carry oxygen from your lungs to every cell in your bodyWhite blood cells (also called leukocytes), which help you fight infectionsPlatelets, which help with blood clotting.Bone marrow tests check to see if your bone marrow is working correctly and making normal amounts of blood cells. The tests can help diagnose and monitor various bone marrow disorders, blood disorders, and certain types of cancer. There are two types of bone marrow tests:Bone marrow aspiration, which removes a small amount of bone marrow fluidBone marrow biopsy, which removes a small amount of bone marrow tissueBone marrow aspiration and bone marrow biopsy tests are usually performed at the same time.Other names: bone marrow examination\n','What are they used for?Bone marrow tests are used to:Find out the cause of problems with red blood cells, white bloods, or plateletsDiagnose and monitor blood disorders, such as anemia, polycythemia vera, and thrombocytopeniaDiagnose bone marrow disordersDiagnose and monitor certain types of cancers, including leukemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphomaDiagnose infections that may have started or spread to the bone marrow\n','Why do I need a bone marrow test?Your health care provider may order a bone marrow aspiration and a bone marrow biopsy if other blood tests show your levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets are not normal. Too many or too few of these cells may mean you have a medical disorder, such as cancer that starts in your blood or bone marrow. If you are being treated for another type of cancer, these tests can find out if the cancer has spread to your bone marrow.\n','What happens during a bone marrow test?Bone marrow aspiration and bone marrow biopsy tests are usually given at the same time. A doctor or other health care provider will perform the tests. Before the tests, the provider may ask you to put on a hospital gown. The provider will check your blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature. You may be given a mild sedative, a medicine that will help you relax. During the test:You\'ll lie down on your side or your stomach, depending on which bone will be used for testing. Most bone marrow tests are taken from the hip bone.Your body will be covered with cloth, so that only the area around the testing site is showing.The site will be cleaned with an antiseptic.You will get an injection of a numbing solution. It may sting.Once the area is numb, the health care provider will take the sample. You will need to lie very still during the tests.For a bone marrow aspiration, which is usually performed first, the health care provider will insert a needle through the bone and pull out bone marrow fluid and cells. You may feel a sharp but brief pain when the needle is inserted.For a bone marrow biopsy, the health care provider will use a special tool that twists into the bone to take out a sample of bone marrow tissue. You may feel some pressure on the site while the sample is being taken.It takes about 10 minutes to perform both tests.After the test, the health care provider will cover the site with a bandage.Plan to have someone drive you home, since you may be given a sedative before the tests, which may make you drowsy.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You will be asked to sign a form that gives permission to perform bone marrow tests. Be sure to ask your provider any questions you have about the procedure.\n','Are there any risks to the test?Many people feel a little uncomfortable after bone marrow aspiration and bone marrow biopsy testing. After the test, you may feel stiff or sore at the injection site. This usually goes away in a few days. Your health care provider may recommend or prescribe a pain reliever to help. Serious symptoms are very rare, but may include:Long-lasting pain or discomfort around the injection siteRedness, swelling, or excessive bleeding at the siteFeverIf you have any of these symptoms, call your health care provider.\n','What do the results mean?It may take several days or even several weeks to get your bone marrow test results. The results may show whether you have a bone marrow disease, a blood disorder, or cancer. If you are being treated for cancer, the results may show:Whether your treatment is workingHow advanced your disease isIf your results are not normal, your health care provider will likely order more tests or discuss treatment options. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n',NULL),(43,'braf genetic test','What is a BRAF genetic test?A BRAF genetic test looks for a change, known as a mutation, in a gene called BRAF. Genes are the basic units of heredity passed down from your mother and father.The BRAF gene makes a protein that helps control cell growth. It\'s known as an oncogene. An oncogene works like a gas pedal on a car. Normally, an oncogene turns on cell growth as needed. But if you have a BRAF mutation, it\'s like the gas pedal is stuck down, and the gene can\'t stop cells from growing. Uncontrolled cell growth can lead to cancer.A BRAF mutation can be inherited from your parents or acquired later in life. Mutations that happen later in life are usually caused by the environment or from a mistake that happens in your body during cell division. Inherited BRAF mutations are very rare, but they can cause serious health problems.Acquired (also known as somatic) BRAF mutations are much more common. These mutations have been found in about half of all cases of melanoma, the most serious form of skin cancer. BRAF mutations are also often found in other disorders and different types of cancer, including cancers of the colon, thyroid, and ovaries. Cancers with a BRAF mutation tend to be more serious than those without the mutation.Other names: BRAF gene mutation analysis, Melanoma, BRAF V600 mutation, cobas\n','What is it used for?The test is most often used to look for a BRAF mutation in patients with melanoma or other BRAF-related cancers. Certain cancer medicines are especially effective in people who have a BRAF mutation. The same medicines are not as effective and sometimes dangerous to people who don\'t have the mutation.BRAF testing may also be used to see if you are at risk for cancer based on family history and/or your own health history.\n','Why do I need a BRAF genetic test?You may need BRAF testing if you\'ve been diagnosed with melanoma or another type of cancer. Knowing whether you have the mutation can help your provider prescribe the right treatment.You may also need this test to see if you are at higher risk for getting cancer. Risk factors include a family history of cancer and/or having cancer at an early age. The specific age depends on the type of cancer.\n','What happens during a BRAF genetic test?Most BRAF tests are done in a procedure called a tumor biopsy. During a biopsy, a health care provider will take out a small piece of tissue by cutting or scraping the surface of a tumor. If your provider needs to test tumor tissue from inside your body, he or she may use a special needle to withdraw the sample.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You usually don\'t need any special preparations for a BRAF test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?You may have a little bruising or bleeding at the biopsy site. You may also have a little discomfort at the site for a day or two.\n','What do the results mean?If you have melanoma or other type of cancer, and the results show you have a BRAF mutation, your provider can prescribe medicines that are designed to target the mutation. These medicines can be more effective than other treatments.If you have melanoma or other type of cancer, and the results show you don\'t have a mutation, your provider will prescribe different types of medicines to treat your cancer.If you have not been diagnosed with cancer and your results show you have a BRAF genetic mutation, it does not mean you have cancer, but you have a higher risk of cancer. But more frequent cancer screenings, such as a skin exam, can reduce your risk. During a skin exam, a health care provider will carefully look over the skin on your whole body to check for moles and other suspicious growths.Talk to your provider about other steps you can take to reduce your risk.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a BRAF test?You may hear your provider talk about a V600E mutation. There are different types of BRAF mutations. V600E is the most common type of BRAF mutation.\n'),(44,'brca genetic test','What is a BRCA genetic test?\nA BRCA genetic test looks for changes, known as mutations, in genes called BRCA1 and BRCA2. Genes are parts of DNA passed down from your mother and father. They carry information that determine your unique traits, such as height and eye color. Genes are also responsible for certain health conditions. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes that protect cells by making proteins that help prevent tumors from forming.\nA mutation in a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene can cause cell damage that may lead to cancer.  Women with a mutated BRCA gene have a higher risk of getting breast or ovarian cancer. Men with a mutated BRCA gene are at a higher risk for getting breast or prostate cancer. Not everyone who inherits a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation will get cancer. Other factors, including your lifestyle and environment, can affect your cancer risk.\nIf you find out you have a BRCA mutation, you may be able to take steps to protect your health.\nOther names: BRCA gene test, BRCA gene 1, BRCA gene 2, breast cancer susceptibility gene1, breast cancer susceptibility gene 2\n','What is it used for?\nThis test is used to find out if you have BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation. A BRCA gene mutation can increase your risk of getting cancer.\n','Why do I need a BRCA genetic test?\nBRCA testing is not recommended for most people. BRCA gene mutations are rare, affecting only about 0.2 percent of the U.S. population. But you may want this test if you think you are at a higher risk of having the mutation. You are more likely to have a BRCA mutation if you:\nHave or had breast cancer that was diagnosed before age 50\nHave or had breast cancer in both breasts\nHave or had both breast and ovarian cancer\nHave one or more family members with breast cancer\nHave a male relative with breast cancer\nHave a relative already diagnosed with a BRCA mutation\nAre of Ashkenazi (Eastern European) Jewish ancestry. BRCA mutations are much more common in this group compared to the general population. BRCA mutations are also more common in people from other parts of Europe, including, Iceland, Norway, and Denmark.\n','What happens during a BRCA genetic test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for BRCA testing. But you may want to meet with a genetic counselor first to see if the test is right for you. Your counselor may talk with you about the risks and benefits of genetic testing and what different results can mean.\nYou should also think about getting genetic counseling after your test. Your counselor can discuss how your results may impact you and your family, both medically and emotionally.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nMost results are described as negative, uncertain, or positive, and typically mean the following:\nA negative result means no BRCA gene mutation was found, but it doesn\'t mean you won\'t ever get cancer.\nAn uncertain result means some kind of BRCA gene mutation was found, but it may or may not be linked with an increased cancer risk. You may need more tests and/or monitoring if your results were uncertain.\nA positive result means a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 was found. These mutations put you at a higher risk of getting cancer. But not everyone with the mutation gets cancer.\nIt may take several weeks to get your results. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider and/or your genetic counselor.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a BRCA genetic test?\nIf your results show you have a BRCA gene mutation, you can take steps that may lower your risk of breast cancer. These include:\nMore frequent cancer screening tests, such as mammograms and ultrasounds. Cancer is easier to treat when it\'s found in the early stages.\nTaking birth control pills for a limited time. Taking birth control pills for a maximum of five years has been shown to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer in some women with  BRCA gene mutations. Taking the pills for more than five years to reduce cancer is not recommended. If you were taking birth control pills before you took the BRCA test, tell your health care provider how old you were when you started taking the pills and for how long. He or she will then recommend whether or not you should continue taking them.\nTaking cancer-fighting medicines. Certain drugs, such as one called tamoxifen, have been shown to reduce the risk in women with a higher risk of breast cancer.\nHaving surgery, known as a preventive mastectomy, to remove healthy breast tissue. Preventive mastectomy has been shown to reduce breast cancer risk by as much as 90 percent in women with a BRCA gene mutation. But this is a major operation, only recommended for women at very high risk for getting cancer.\nYou should talk with your health care provider to see what steps are best for you.\n'),(45,'breast biopsy','What is a breast biopsy?\nA breast biopsy is a procedure that removes a small sample of breast tissue for testing. The tissue is looked at under a microscope to check for breast cancer. There are different ways to do a breast biopsy procedure. One method uses a special needle to remove tissue. Another method removes tissue in a minor, outpatient surgery.\nA breast biopsy can determine whether you have breast cancer. But most women who have a breast biopsy do not have cancer.\nOther names: core needle biopsy; core biopsy, breast; fine-needle aspiration; open surgery biopsy\n','What is it used for?\nA breast biopsy is used to confirm or rule out breast cancer. It is done after other breast tests, such as a mammogram, or a physical breast exam, show there might be a chance of breast cancer.\n','Why do I need a breast biopsy?\nYou may need a breast biopsy if:\nYou or your health care provider felt a lump in your breast\nYour mammogram, MRI, or ultrasound tests show a lump, shadow, or other area of concern\nYou have changes in your nipple, such as bloody discharge\nIf your health care provider has ordered a breast biopsy, it does not necessarily mean you have breast cancer. The majority of breast lumps that are tested are benign, which means noncancerous.\n','What happens during a breast biopsy?\nThere are three main types of breast biopsy procedures:\nFine needle aspiration biopsy, which uses a very thin needle to remove a sample of breast cells or fluid\nCore needle biopsy, which uses a larger needle to remove a sample\nSurgical biopsy, which removes a sample in a minor, outpatient procedure\nFine needle aspiration  and core needle biopsies usually include the following steps.\nYou will lay on your side or sit on an exam table.\nA health care provider will clean the biopsy site and inject it with an anesthetic, so you won\'t feel any pain during the procedure.\nOnce the area is numb, the provider will insert either a fine aspiration needle or core biopsy needle into the biopsy site and remove a sample of tissue or fluid.\nYou may feel a little pressure when the sample is withdrawn.\nPressure will be applied to the biopsy site until the bleeding stops.\nYour provider will apply a sterile bandage at the biopsy site.\nIn a surgical biopsy, a surgeon will make a small cut in your skin to remove all or part of a breast lump. A surgical biopsy is sometimes done if the lump can\'t be reached with a needle biopsy. Surgical biopsies usually include the following steps.\nYou will lie on an operating table. An IV (intravenous line) may be placed in your arm or hand.\nYou may be given medicine, called a sedative, to help you relax.\nYou will be given local or general anesthesia, so you won\'t feel pain during the procedure.\n		\nFor local anesthesia, a health care provider will inject the biopsy site with medicine to numb the area.\nFor general anesthesia, a specialist called an anesthesiologist will give you medicine, so you will be unconscious during the procedure.\nthe biopsy area is numb or you are unconscious, the surgeon will make a small cut into the breast and remove part or all of a lump. Some tissue around the lump may also be removed.\nThe cut in your skin will be closed with stitches or adhesive strips.\nThe type of biopsy you have will depend on different factors, including the size of the lump and what the lump or area of concern looks like on a breast test.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou won\'t need any special preparations if you are getting local anesthesia (numbing of the biopsy site). If you are getting general anesthesia, you will probably need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before surgery. Your surgeon will give you more specific instructions. Also, if you are getting a sedative or general anesthesia, be sure to arrange for someone to drive you home. You may be groggy and confused after you wake up from the procedure.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nYou may have a little bruising or bleeding at the biopsy site. Sometimes the site gets infected. If that happens, you will be treated with antibiotics. A surgical biopsy may cause some additional pain and discomfort. Your health care provider may recommend or prescribe medicine to help you feel better.\n','What do the results mean?\nIt may take several days to a week to get your results. Typical results may show:\nNormal.  No cancer or abnormal cells were found.\nAbnormal, but benign. These show breast changes that are not cancer. These include calcium deposits and cysts. Sometimes more testing and/or follow-up treatment may be needed.\nCancer cells found. Your results will include information about the cancer to help you and your health care provider develop a treatment plan that best meets your needs. You will probably be referred to a provider who specializes in breast cancer treatment.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a breast biopsy?\nIn the United States, tens of thousands of women and hundreds of men die of breast cancer every year. A breast biopsy, when appropriate, can help find breast cancer at an early stage, when it\'s most treatable. If breast cancer is found early, when it is confined to the breast only, the five-year survival rate is 99 percent. This means, on average, that 99 out of 100 people with breast cancer that was detected early are still alive 5 years after being diagnosed. If you have questions about breast cancer screening, such as mammograms or a breast biopsy, talk to your health care provider.\n'),(46,'bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (bal)','What are bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)?\nBronchoscopy is a procedure that allows a health care provider to look at your lungs. It uses a thin, lighted tube called a bronchoscope. The tube is put through the mouth or nose and moved down the throat and into the airways. It helps diagnose and treat certain lung diseases.\nBronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a procedure that is sometimes done during a bronchoscopy. It is also called bronchoalveolar washing. BAL is used to collect a sample from the lungs for testing. During the procedure, a saline solution is put through the bronchoscope to wash the airways and capture a fluid sample.\nOther names: flexible bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar washing\n','What are they used for?\nBronchoscopy may be used to:\nFind and treat growths or other blockages in the airways\nRemove lung tumors\nControl bleeding in the airway\nHelp find the cause of persistent cough\nIf you\'ve already been diagnosed with lung cancer, the test can help show how severe it is.\nBronchoscopy with BAL is used to collect tissue for testing. These tests help diagnose different disorders of the lungs including:\nBacterial infections such as tuberculosis and bacterial pneumonia\nFungal infections\nLung cancer\nOne or both tests may be used if an imaging test showed a potential problem with the lungs.\n','Why do I need bronchoscopy and BAL?\nYou may need one or both tests if you have symptoms of a lung disease, such as:\nPersistent cough\nTrouble breathing\nCoughing up blood\nYou may also need a BAL if you have an immune system disorder. Some immune system disorders, such as HIV/AIDS, can put you at higher risk for certain lung infections.\n','What happens during bronchoscopy and BAL?\nBronchoscopy and BAL are often done by a pulmonologist. A pulmonologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating lung diseases.\nA bronchoscopy usually includes the following steps:\nYou may need to remove some or all of your clothing. If so, you will be given a hospital gown.\nYou will recline in a chair that is like a dentist\'s chair or sit on a procedure table with your head raised.\nYou may get medicine (sedative) to help you relax. The medicine will be injected into a vein or given through an IV (intravenous) line that will be placed in your arm or hand.\nYour provider will spray a numbing medicine in your mouth and throat, so you won\'t feel any pain during the procedure.\nYour provider will insert the bronchoscope down your throat and into your airways.\nAs the bronchoscope is moved down, your provider will examine your lungs.\nYour provider may perform other treatments at this time, such as removing a tumor or clearing a blockage.\nAt this point, you may also get a BAL.\nDuring a BAL:\nYour provider will put a small amount of saline through the bronchoscope.\nAfter washing the airways, the saline is sucked up into the bronchoscope.\nThe saline solution will contain cells and other substances, such as bacteria, which will be taken to a lab for testing.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before your procedure. Your provider will let you know how long you need to avoid food and drink.\nYou should also arrange to have someone drive you home. If you\'ve been given a sedative, you may be drowsy for a few hours after your procedure.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a bronchoscopy or a BAL. The procedures may give you a sore throat for a few days. Serious complications are rare, but they may include bleeding in the airways, infection, or a collapsed part of a lung.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your bronchoscopy results were not normal, it may mean you have a lung disorder such as:\nA blockage, growth, or tumor in the airways\nNarrowing of part of the airways\nLung damage due to an immune disorder such as rheumatoid arthritis\nIf you had BAL and your lung sample results were not normal, it may mean you have lung cancer or a type of infection such as:\nTuberculosis\nBacterial pneumonia\nFungal infection\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about bronchoscopy and BAL?\nIn addition to BAL, there are other procedures that can be done during a bronchoscopy. These include:\nSputum culture. Sputum is a thick type of mucus made in your lungs. It is different than spit or saliva. A sputum culture checks for certain types of infections.\nLaser therapy or radiation to treat tumors or cancer\nTreatment to control bleeding in the lungs\n'),(47,'bun (blood urea nitrogen)','What is a BUN (blood urea nitrogen) test?A BUN, or blood urea nitrogen test, can provide important information about your kidney function. The main job of your kidneys is to remove waste and extra fluid from your body. If you have kidney disease, this waste material can build up in your blood and may lead to serious health problems, including high blood pressure, anemia, and heart disease.The test measures the amount of urea nitrogen in your blood. Urea nitrogen is one of the waste products removed from your blood by your kidneys. Higher than normal BUN levels may be a sign that your kidneys aren\'t working efficiently.People with early kidney disease may not have any symptoms. A BUN test can help uncover kidney problems at an early stage when treatment can be more effective.Other names for a BUN test: Urea nitrogen test, serum BUN\n','What is it used for?A BUN test is often part of a series of tests called a comprehensive metabolic panel, and can be used to help diagnose or monitor a kidney disease or disorder.\n','Why do I need a BUN test?Your health care provider may order a BUN test as part of a routine check-up or if you have or are at risk for a kidney problem. Although early kidney disease usually does not have any signs or symptoms, certain factors can put you at a higher risk. These include:Family history of kidney problemsDiabetesHigh blood pressureHeart diseaseIn addition, your BUN levels may be checked if you are experiencing symptoms of later stage kidney disease, such as:Needing to go the bathroom (urinate) frequently or infrequentlyItchingRecurring fatigueSwelling in your arms, legs, or feetMuscle crampsTrouble sleeping\n','What happens during a BUN test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a BUN test. If your health care provider has also ordered other blood tests, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?Normal BUN levels can vary, but generally a high level of blood urea nitrogen is a sign that your kidneys are not working correctly. However, abnormal results don\'t always indicate that you have a medical condition needing treatment. Higher than normal BUN levels can also be caused by dehydration, burns, certain medicines, a high protein diet, or other factors, including your age. BUN levels normally increase as you get older. To learn what your results mean, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a BUN test?A BUN test is only one type of measurement of kidney function. If your health care provider suspects you have kidney disease, additional tests may be recommended. These may include a measurement of creatinine, which is another waste product filtered by your kidneys, and a test called a GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate), which estimates how well your kidneys are filtering blood.\n'),(48,'ca-125 blood test (ovarian cancer)','What is a CA-125 blood test?\nThis test measures the amount of a protein called CA-125 (cancer antigen 125) in the blood. CA-125 levels are high in many women with ovarian cancer. The ovaries are a pair of female reproductive glands that store ova (eggs) and make female hormones. Ovarian cancer happens when there is uncontrolled cell growth in a woman\'s ovary. Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer death in women in the U.S.\nBecause high CA-125 levels can be a sign of other conditions besides ovarian cancer, this test is not used to screen women at low risk for the disease. A CA-125 blood test is most often done on women already diagnosed with ovarian cancer. It can help find out if cancer treatment is working, or if your cancer has come back after you have finished treatment.\nOther names: cancer antigen 125, glycoprotein antigen, ovarian cancer antigen, CA-125 tumor marker\n','What is it used for?\nA CA-125 blood test may be used to:\nMonitor treatment for ovarian cancer. If CA-125 levels go down, it usually means the treatment is working.\nCheck to see if cancer has come back after successful treatment. \nScreen women who are at high risk for ovarian cancer.\n','Why do I need a CA-125 blood test?\nYou may need a CA-125 blood test if you are currently being treated for ovarian cancer. Your health care provider may test you at regular intervals to see if your treatment is working, and after your treatment is finished.\nYou may also need this test if you have certain risk factors for ovarian cancer. You may be at a higher risk if you:\nHave inherited a gene that puts you at higher risk of ovarian cancer. These genes are known as BRCA 1 and BRCA 2.\nHave a family member with ovarian cancer.\nPreviously had cancer in the uterus, breast, or colon.\n','What happens during a CA-125 blood test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a CA-125 blood test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf you are being treated for ovarian cancer, you may be tested several times throughout your treatment. If testing shows your CA-125 levels have gone down, it usually means the cancer is responding to treatment. If your levels go up or stay the same, it may mean the cancer is not responding to treatment.\nIf you have finished your treatment for ovarian cancer, high CA-125 levels may mean your cancer has come back.\nIf you are not being treated for ovarian cancer and your results show high CA-125 levels, it can be a sign of cancer. But it may also be a sign of a noncancerous condition, such as:\nEndometriosis, a condition in which tissue that normally grows inside the uterus also grows outside the uterus. It can be very painful. It may also make it harder to get pregnant.\nPelvic inflammatory disease (PID), an infection of a woman\'s reproductive organs. It\'s usually caused by a sexually transmitted disease, such as gonorrhea or chlamydia.\nUterine fibroids, noncancerous growths in the uterus\nLiver disease\nPregnancy\nMenstruation, at certain times during your cycle\nIf you are not being treated for ovarian cancer, and your results show high CA-125 levels, your health care provider will probably order more tests to help make a diagnosis. Talk to your health care provider if you have questions about your results.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a CA-125 blood test?\nIf your health care provider thinks you may have ovarian cancer, he or she may refer you to a gynecologic oncologist, a doctor who specializes in treating cancers of the female reproductive system.\n'),(49,'ca 19-9 blood test (pancreatic cancer)','What is a CA 19-9 blood test?This test measures the amount of a protein called CA 19-9 (cancer antigen 19-9) in the blood. CA 19-9 is a type of tumor marker. Tumor markers are substances made by cancer cells or by normal cells in response to cancer in the body.Healthy people can have small amounts of CA 19-9 in their blood. High levels of CA 19-9 are often a sign of pancreatic cancer. But sometimes, high levels can indicate other types of cancer or certain noncancerous disorders, including cirrhosis and gallstones.Because high levels of CA 19-9 can mean different things, the test is not used by itself to screen for or diagnose cancer. It can help monitor the progress of your cancer and the effectiveness of cancer treatment.Other names: cancer antigen 19-9, carbohydrate antigen 19-9\n','What is it used for?A CA 19-9 blood test may be used to:Monitor pancreatic cancer and cancer treatment. CA 19-9 levels often go up as cancer spreads, and go down as tumors shrink.See if cancer has returned after treatment.The test is sometimes used with other tests to help confirm or rule out cancer.\n','Why do I need a CA 19-9 test?You may need a CA 19-9 blood test if you\'ve been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer or other type of cancer related to high levels of CA 19-9. These cancers include bile duct cancer, colon cancer, and stomach cancer.Your health care provider may test you on a regular basis to see if your cancer treatment is working. You may also be tested after your treatment is complete to see if the cancer has come back.\n','What happens during a CA 19-9 blood test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a CA 19-9 blood test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If you are being treated for pancreatic cancer or other type of cancer, you may be tested several times throughout your treatment. After repeated tests, your results may show:Your levels of CA 19-9 are increasing. This may mean your tumor is growing, and/or your treatment is not working.Your levels of CA 19-9 are decreasing. This may mean your tumor is shrinking and your treatment is working.Your levels of CA 19-9 have not increased or decreased. This may mean your disease is stable.Your CA 19-9 levels decreased, but then later increased. This may mean your cancer has come back after you\'ve been treated.If you do not have cancer and your results show a higher than normal level of CA 19-9, it may be a sign of one of the following noncancerous disorders:Pancreatitis, a noncancerous swelling of the pancreasGallstonesBile duct blockageLiver diseaseCystic fibrosisIf your health care provider suspects you have one of these disorders, he or she will probably order more tests to confirm or rule out a diagnosis.Talk to your health care provider if you have questions about your results.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a CA 19-9 test?\nCA 19-9 testing methods and results can vary from lab to lab. If you are getting tested regularly to monitor treatment for cancer, you may want to talk to your health care provider about using the same lab for all your tests, so your results will be consistent.\n'),(50,'calcitonin test','What is a calcitonin test?\nThis test measures the level of calcitonin in your blood. Calcitonin is a hormone made by your thyroid, a small, butterfly-shaped gland located near the throat. Calcitonin helps control how the body uses calcium. Calcitonin is a type of tumor marker. Tumor markers are substances made by cancer cells or by normal cells in response to cancer in the body.\nIf too much calcitonin is found in the blood, it may be a sign of a type of thyroid cancer called medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). High levels may also be a sign of other thyroid diseases that can put you at a higher risk for getting MTC. These include:\nC-cell hyperplasia, a condition that causes abnormal growth of cells in the thyroid\nMultiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2), a rare, inherited disease that causes the growth of tumors in the thyroid and other glands in the endocrine system. The endocrine system is a group of glands that control a variety of important functions, including how your body uses and burns energy (metabolism).\nOther names: thyrocalcitonin, CT, human calcitonin, hCT\n','What is it used for?A calcitonin test is most often used to:Help diagnose C-cell hyperplasia and medullary thyroid cancerFind out if treatment for medullary thyroid cancer is workingFind out if medullary thyroid cancer has returned after treatmentScreen people with a family history of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2). A family history of this disease can put you at a higher risk for developing medullary thyroid cancer.\n','Why do I need a calcitonin test?You may need this test if you:Are being treated for medullary thyroid cancer. The test can show whether the treatment is working.Have completed treatment to see whether the cancer has come back.Have a family history of MEN 2.You may also need this test if you have not been diagnosed with cancer, but have symptoms of thyroid disease. These include:A lump in the front of your neckSwollen lymph nodes in your neckPain in your throat and/or neckTrouble swallowingChange to your voice, such as hoarseness\n','What happens during a calcitonin test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if you need to fast and if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your calcitonin levels were high, it may mean you have C-cell hyperplasia or medullary thyroid cancer. If you are already being treated for this thyroid cancer, high levels may mean the treatment is not working or that cancer has returned after treatment. Other types of cancer, including cancers of the breast, lung, and pancreas, can also cause high levels of calcitonin.If your levels were high, you will probably need more tests before your health care provider can make a diagnosis. These tests may include a thyroid scan and/or a biopsy. A thyroid scan is an imaging test that uses sound waves to look at the thyroid gland. A biopsy is a procedure where a health care provider removes a small piece of tissue or cells for testing.If your calcitonin levels were low, it may mean your cancer treatment is working, or you are cancer free after treatment.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a calcitonin test?If you are or have been treated for medullary thyroid cancer, you will probably be tested regularly to see if treatment was successful.You may also get regular calcitonin tests if you have a family history of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. Testing can help find C-cell hyperplasia or medullary thyroid cancer as early as possible. When cancer is found early, it\'s easier to treat.\n'),(51,'calcium blood test','What is a calcium blood test?A calcium blood test measures the amount of calcium in your blood. Calcium is one of the most important minerals in your body. You need calcium for healthy bones and teeth. Calcium is also essential for proper functioning of your nerves, muscles, and heart. About 99% of your body\'s calcium is stored in your bones. The remaining 1% circulates in the blood. If there is too much or too little calcium in the blood, it may be a sign of bone disease, thyroid disease, kidney disease, or other medical conditions.Other names: total calcium, ionized calcium\n','What is it used for?There are two types of calcium blood tests:Total calcium, which measures the calcium attached to specific proteins in your blood.Ionized calcium, which measures the calcium that is unattached or \"free\" from these proteins.Total calcium is often part of a routine screening test called a basic metabolic panel. A basic metabolic panel is a test that measures different minerals and other substances in the blood, including calcium.\n','Why do I need a calcium blood test?Your health care provider may have ordered a basic metabolic panel, which includes a calcium blood test, as part of your regular checkup, or if you have symptoms of abnormal calcium levels.Symptoms of high calcium levels include:Nausea and vomitingMore frequent urinationIncreased thirstConstipationAbdominal painLoss of appetiteSymptoms of low calcium levels include:Tingling in the lips, tongue, fingers, and feetMuscle crampsMuscle spasmsIrregular heartbeatMany people with high or low calcium levels do not have any symptoms. Your health care provider may order a calcium test if you have a pre-existing condition that may affect your calcium levels. These include:Kidney diseaseThyroid diseaseMalnutritionCertain types of cancer\n','What happens during a calcium blood test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a calcium blood test or a basic metabolic panel. If your health care provider has ordered more tests on your blood sample, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show higher than normal calcium levels, it may indicate:Hyperparathyroidism, a condition in which your parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormonePaget\'s disease of the bone, a condition that causes your bones to become too big, weak, and prone to fracturesOveruse of antacids that contain calciumExcessive intake of calcium from vitamin D supplements or milkCertain types of cancerIf your results show lower than normal calcium levels, it may indicate:Hypoparathyroidism, a condition in which your parathyroid glands produce too little parathyroid hormoneVitamin D deficiencyMagnesium deficiencyInflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis)Kidney diseaseIf your calcium test results are not in the normal range, it doesn\'t necessarily mean that you have a medical condition needing treatment. Other factors, such as diet and certain medicines, can affect your calcium levels. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a calcium blood test?A calcium blood test does not tell you how much calcium is in your bones. Bone health can be measured with a type of x-ray called a bone density scan, or dexa scan. A dexa scan measures the mineral content, including calcium, and other aspects of your bones.\n'),(52,'calcium in urine test','What is a calcium in urine test?A calcium in urine test measures the amount of calcium in your urine. Calcium is one of the most important minerals in your body. You need calcium for healthy bones and teeth. Calcium is also essential for proper functioning of your nerves, muscles, and heart. Almost all of your body\'s calcium is stored in your bones. A small amount circulates in the blood, and the remainder is filtered by the kidneys and passed into your urine. If urine calcium levels are too high or too low, it may mean you have a medical condition, such as kidney disease or kidney stones. Kidney stones are hard, pebble-like substances that can form in one or both kidneys when calcium or other minerals build up in the urine. Most kidney stones are formed from calcium.Too much or too little calcium in the blood can also indicate a kidney disorder, as well as certain bone diseases, and other medical problems. So if you have symptoms of one of these disorders, your health care provider may order a calcium blood test, along with a calcium in urine test. In addition, a calcium blood test is often included as part of a regular check-up.Other names: urinalysis (calcium)\n','What is it used for?A calcium in urine test may be used to diagnose or monitor kidney function or kidney stones. It may also be used to diagnose disorders of the parathyroid, a gland near the thyroid that helps regulate the amount of calcium in your body.\n','Why do I need a calcium in urine test?You may need a calcium in urine test if you have symptoms of a kidney stone. These symptoms include:Severe back painAbdominal painNausea and vomitingBlood in the urineFrequent urinationYou may also need a calcium in urine test if you have symptoms of a parathyroid disorder.Symptoms of too much parathyroid hormone include:Nausea and vomitingLoss of appetiteAbdominal painFatigueFrequent urinationBone and joint painSymptoms of too little parathyroid hormone include:Abdominal painMuscle crampsTingling fingersDry skinBrittle nails\n','What happens during a calcium in urine test?You\'ll need to collect all your urine during a 24-hour period. This is called a 24-hour urine sample test. Your health care provider or a laboratory professional will give you a container to collect your urine in and instructions on how to collect and store your samples. A 24-hour urine sample test generally includes the following steps:Empty your bladder in the morning and flush that urine down. Do not collect this urine. Record the time.For the next 24 hours, save all your urine in the container provided.Store your urine container in a refrigerator or a cooler with ice.Return the sample container to your health provider\'s office or the laboratory as instructed.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You may be asked to avoid certain foods and medicines for several days before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is no known risk to having a calcium in urine test.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show higher than normal calcium levels in your urine, it may indicate:Risk for or the presence of a kidney stoneHyperparathyroidism, a condition in which your parathyroid gland produces too much parathyroid hormoneSarcoidosis, a disease that causes inflammation in the lungs, lymph nodes, or other organsToo much calcium in your diet from vitamin D supplements or milkIf your results show lower than normal calcium levels in your urine, it may indicate:Hypoparathyroidism, a condition in which your parathyroid gland produces too little parathyroid hormoneVitamin D deficiencyA kidney disorderIf your calcium levels are not normal, it doesn\'t necessarily mean you have a medical condition needing treatment. Other factors, such as diet, supplements, and certain medicines, including antacids, can affect your urine calcium levels. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a calcium in urine test?A calcium in urine test does not tell you how much calcium is in your bones. Bone health can be measured with a type of x-ray called a bone density scan, or dexa scan. A dexa scan measures the mineral content, including calcium, and other aspects of your bones.\n'),(53,'carbon dioxide (co2) in blood','What is a carbon dioxide (CO2) blood test?Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas. It is a waste product made by your body. Your blood carries carbon dioxide to your lungs. You breathe out carbon dioxide and breathe in oxygen all day, every day, without thinking about it. A CO2 blood test measures the amount of carbon dioxide in your blood. Too much or too little carbon dioxide in the blood can indicate a health problem.Other names: carbon dioxide content, CO2 content, carbon dioxide blood test, bicarbonate blood test, bicarbonate test, total CO2; TCO2; carbon dioxide content; CO2 content; bicarb; HCO3\n','What is it used for?A CO2 blood test is often part of a series of tests called an electrolyte panel. Electrolytes help balance the levels of acids and bases in your body. Most of the carbon dioxide in your body is in the form of bicarbonate, which is a type of electrolyte. An electrolyte panel may part of a regular exam. The test may also help monitor or diagnose conditions related to an electrolyte imbalance. These include kidney diseases, lung diseases, and high blood pressure.\n','Why do I need a CO2 in blood test?Your health care provider may have ordered a CO2 blood test as part of your regular checkup or if you have symptoms of an electrolyte imbalance. These include:Difficulty breathingWeaknessFatigueProlonged vomiting and/or diarrhea\n','What happens during a CO2 blood test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a CO2 blood test or an electrolyte panel. If your health care provider has ordered more tests on your blood sample, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nAbnormal results may indicate that your body has an electrolyte imbalance, or that there is a problem removing carbon dioxide through your lungs. Too much CO2 in the blood can indicate a variety of conditions including:\nLung diseases\nCushing’s syndrome, a disorder of the adrenal glands. Your adrenal glands are located above your kidneys. They help control heart rate, blood pressure, and other body functions. In Cushing’s syndrome, these glands make too much of a hormone called cortisol. It causes a variety of symptoms, including muscle weakness, vision problems, and high blood pressure.\nHormonal disorders\nKidney disorders\nAlkalosis, a condition in which you have too much base in your blood\nToo little CO2 in the blood may indicate:\nAddison\'s disease, another disorder of the adrenal glands. In Addison\'s disease, the glands don\'t produce enough of certain types of hormones, including cortisol. The condition can cause a variety of symptoms, including weakness, dizziness, weight loss, and dehydration.\nAcidosis, a condition in which you have too much acid in your blood\nKetoacidosis, a complication of type 1 and type 2 diabetes\nShock\nKidney disorders\nIf your test results are not in the normal range, it doesn\'t necessarily mean you have a medical condition requiring treatment. Other factors, including certain medicines, can affect the level of CO2 in your blood. To learn what your results mean, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a CO2 blood test?Some prescription and over-the-counter medicines can increase or decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in your blood. Be sure to tell your health care provider about any medicines you are taking.\n'),(54,'catecholamine tests','What are catecholamine tests?\nCatecholamines are hormones made by your adrenal glands, two small glands located above your kidneys. These hormones are released into the body in response to physical or emotional stress. The main types of catecholamines are dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Epinephrine is also known as adrenaline. Catecholamine tests measure the amount of these hormones in your urine or blood. Higher than normal levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and/or epinephrine can be a sign of a serious health condition.\nOther names: dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine tests, free catecholamines\n','What are they used for?\nCatecholamine tests are most often used to diagnose or rule out certain types of rare tumors, including:\nPheochromocytoma, a tumor of the adrenal glands. This type of tumor is usually benign (not cancerous). But it can be fatal if left untreated.\nNeuroblastoma, a cancerous tumor that develops from nerve tissue. It mostly affects infants and children.\nParaganglioma, a type of tumor that forms near the adrenal glands. This type of tumor is sometimes cancerous, but usually grows very slowly.\nThe tests may also be used to see if treatments for these tumors are working.\n','Why do I need a catecholamine test?\nYou or your child may need this test if you have symptoms of a tumor that affect catecholamine levels. Symptoms in adults include:\nHigh blood pressure, especially if it is not responding to treatment\nSevere headaches\nSweating\nRapid heartbeat\nSymptoms in children include:\nBone pain or tenderness\nAn abnormal lump in the abdomen\nWeight loss\nUncontrolled eye movements\n','What happens during a catecholamine test?\nA catecholamine test may be done in urine or blood. Urine testing is done more often because catecholamine blood levels can change quickly and may also be affected by the stress of testing.\nBut blood testing can be useful in helping to diagnose a pheochromocytoma tumor. If you have this tumor, certain substances will be released into the bloodstream.\nFor a catecholamine urine test, your health care provider will ask you to collect all urine during a 24-hour period. This is called a 24-hour urine sample test. For 24-hour urine sample test, your health care provider or a laboratory professional will give you a container to collect your urine and instructions on how to collect and store your samples. Test instructions usually include the following steps:\nEmpty your bladder in the morning and flush that urine away. Record the time.\nFor the next 24 hours, save all your urine passed in the container provided.\nStore your urine container in the refrigerator or a cooler with ice.\nReturn the sample container to your health provider\'s office or the laboratory as instructed.\nDuring a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou may be asked to avoid certain foods for two to three days before the test. These include:\nCaffeinated foods and drinks, such as coffee, tea, and chocolate\nBananas\nCitrus fruits\nFoods that contain vanilla\nYou may also be asked to avoid stress and vigorous exercise before your test, as these can affect cathecholamine levels. Certain medicines may also affect levels. Be sure to tell your provider about all the medicines you are taking.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is no risk to having a urine test.\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results show high levels of catecholamines in your urine or blood, it may mean you have a pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, or paraganglioma tumor. If you are being treated for one of these tumors, high levels may mean your treatment is not working.\nHigh levels of these hormones does not always mean you have a tumor. Your levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and/or epinephrine can be affected by stress, vigorous exercise, caffeine, smoking, and alcohol.\nIf you have questions about your results or your child\'s results, talk to your health care provider.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about catecholamine tests?\nThese tests can help diagnose certain tumors, but they can\'t tell whether the tumor is cancerous. Most tumors are not. If your results showed high levels of these hormones, your provider will probably order more tests. These include imaging tests such as a CT scan or an MRI, which can help your provider get more information about a suspected tumor.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n'),(55,'ccp antibody test','What is a CCP antibody test?\nThis test looks for CCP (cyclic citrullinated peptide) antibodies in the blood. CCP antibodies, also called anti-CCP antibodies, are a type of antibody called autoantibodies. Antibodies and autoantibodies are proteins made by the immune system. Antibodies protect you from disease by fighting foreign substances like viruses and bacteria. Autoantibodies can cause disease by attacking the body\'s healthy cells by mistake.\nCCP antibodies target healthy tissues in the joints. If CCP antibodies are found in your blood, it can be a sign of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is a progressive, autoimmune disease that causes pain, swelling, and stiffness in the joints. CCP antibodies are found in more than 75 percent of people who have rheumatoid arthritis. They are almost never found in people who don\'t have the disease.\nOther names:  Cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, anticitrullinated peptide antibody, citrulline antibody, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide, anti-CCP antibody, ACPA\n','What is it used for?\nA CCP antibody test is used to help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis. It\'s often done along with or after a rheumatoid factor (RF) test. Rheumatoid factors are another type of autoantibody. RF tests used to be the main test to help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis. But RF factors can be found in people with other autoimmune diseases and even in some healthy people. Many studies have shown that CCP antibodies provide a more accurate diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis compared with RF testing.\n','Why do I need a CCP antibody test?\nYou may need this test if you have symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. These include:\nJoint pain\nJoint stiffness, especially in the morning\nJoint swelling\nFatigue\nLow-grade fever\nYou may also need this test if other tests couldn\'t confirm or rule out a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.\n','What happens during a CCP antibody test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nBe sure to tell your health care provider about all medicines, vitamins, and dietary supplements you are taking. You may need to stop taking certain substances for 8 hours before your test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your CCP antibody results were positive, it means these antibodies were found in your blood. A negative result means no CCP antibodies were found. The meaning of these results may depend on the results of a rheumatoid factor (RF) test as well as a physical exam.\nIf you have symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, and your results show:\nPositive CCP antibodies and positive RF, it likely means that you have rheumatoid arthritis.\nPositive CCP antibodies and negative RF, it may mean you are in the early stages of rheumatoid arthritis or will develop it in the future.\nNegative CCP antibodies and negative RF, it means you are less likely to have rheumatoid arthritis. Your provider may need to do more tests to help find out what is causing your symptoms.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a CCP antibody test?\nRheumatoid arthritis can be difficult to diagnose, especially in its early stages. Your provider may order one or more tests in addition to CCP antibody and RF tests. These include x-rays of your joints and the following blood tests:\nErythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)\nSynovial fluid analysis\nC-reactive protein\nAntinuclear antibody\nThese blood tests can show signs of inflammation. Inflammation is a type of immune system response. It can be a symptom of rheumatoid arthritis.\n'),(56,'cd4 lymphocyte count','What is a CD4 count?\nA CD4 count is a test that measures the number of CD4 cells in your blood. CD4 cells, also known as T cells, are white blood cells that fight infection and play an important role in your immune system. A CD4 count is used to check the health of the immune system in people infected with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus).\nHIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells. If too many CD4 cells are lost, your immune system will have trouble fighting off infections. A CD4 count can help your health care provider find out if you are at risk for serious complications from HIV. The test can also check to see how well HIV medicines are working.\nOther names: CD4 lymphocyte count, CD4+ count, T4 count, T-helper cell count, CD4 percent\n','What is it used for?\nA CD4 count may be used to:\nSee how HIV is affecting your immune system. This can help your health care provider find out if you are at higher risk for complications from the disease.\nDecide whether to start or change your HIV medicine\nDiagnose AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)\n	\nThe names HIV and AIDS are both used to describe the same disease. But most people with HIV don\'t have AIDS. AIDS is diagnosed when your CD4 count is extremely low.\nAIDS is the most severe form of HIV infection. It badly damages the immune system and can lead to opportunistic infections. These are serious, often life-threatening, conditions that take advantage of very weak immune systems.\nYou may also need a CD4 count if you\'ve had an organ transplant. Organ transplant patients take special medicines to make sure the immune system won\'t attack the new organ. For these patients, a low CD4 count is good, and means the medicine is working.\n','Why do I need a CD4 count?\nYour health care provider may order a CD4 count when you are first diagnosed with HIV. You will probably be tested again every few months to see if your counts have changed since your first test. If you are being treated for HIV, your health care provider may order regular CD4 counts to see how well your medicines are working.\nYour provider may include other tests with your CD4 count, including:\nA CD4-CD8 ratio. CD8 cells are another type of white blood cell in the immune system. CD8 cells kill cancer cells and other invaders. This test compares the numbers of the two cells to get a better idea of immune system function.\nHIV viral load, a test that measures the amount of HIV in your blood.\n','What happens during a CD4 count?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a CD4 count.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nCD4 results are given as a number of cells per cubic millimeter of blood. Below is a list of typical results. Your results may vary depending on your health and even the lab used for testing. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nNormal: 500–1,200 cells per cubic millimeter\nAbnormal: 250–500 cells per cubic millimeter. It means you have a weakened immune system and may be infected with HIV.\nAbnormal: 200 or fewer cells per cubic millimeter. It indicates AIDS and a high risk of life-threatening opportunistic infections.\nWhile there is no cure for HIV, there are different medicines you can take to protect your immune system and can prevent you from getting AIDS. Today, people with HIV are living longer, with a better quality of life than ever before. If you are living with HIV, it\'s important to see your health care provider regularly.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n',NULL),(57,'c. diff testing','What is C. diff testing?C. diff testing checks for signs of a C. diff infection, a serious, sometimes life-threatening disease of the digestive tract. C. diff, also known as C. difficile, stands for Clostridium difficile. It is a type of bacteria found in your digestive tract.There are many types of bacteria that live in your digestive system. Most are \"healthy\" or \"good\" bacteria, but some are harmful or \"bad.\" The good bacteria help with digestion and control the growth of bad bacteria. Sometimes, the balance of good and bad bacteria gets upset. This is most often caused by some types of antibiotics, which can kill both good and bad bacteria.C. diff is not normally harmful. But when the bacteria in the digestive system get out of balance, C. diff bacteria can grow out of control. When C. diff gets overgrown, it makes toxins that are released into the digestive tract. This condition is known a C. diff infection. A C. diff infection causes symptoms that range from mild diarrhea to life-threatening inflammation of the large intestine. It is especially dangerous to people with weakened immune systems.C. diff infections are most often caused by the use of certain antibiotics. But C. diff can also be contagious. C. diff bacteria are passed into stool. The bacteria can spread from person to person when a someone with an infection doesn\'t thoroughly wash their hands after a bowel movement. They may then spread the bacteria to food and other surfaces they touch. If you come in contact with a contaminated surface and then touch your mouth, you may get the infection.Other names: C. difficile, Clostridium difficile, Glutamate dehydrogenase test GDH Clostridioides difficile, C. difficile toxin test\n','What is it used for?C. diff testing is most often used to find out if diarrhea is being caused by C. diff bacteria.\n','Why do I need C. diff testing?You may need C. diff testing if you have any of the following symptoms, especially if you\'ve recently taken antibiotics.Watery diarrhea three or more times a day, lasting for more than four daysAbdominal painNausea and vomitingLoss of appetiteBlood or mucus in the stoolWeight lossYou are more likely to need C. diff testing if you have these symptoms, along with certain risk factors. You are at higher risk for getting a C. diff infection if you:Are aged 65 or olderLive in a nursing home or health care facilityAre a patient in a hospitalHave inflammatory bowel disease or other disorder of the digestive systemRecently had gastrointestinal surgeryAre getting chemotherapy for cancerHave a weakened immune systemHad a previous C. diff infection\n','What happens during C. diff testing?You will need to provide a sample of your stool. Testing may include tests for the C. diff toxins, bacteria, and/or genes that make the toxins. But all tests can be performed on the same sample. Your provider will give you specific instructions on how to collect and send in your sample. Your instructions may include the following:Put on a pair of rubber or latex gloves.Collect and store the stool in a special container given to you by your health care provider or a lab.If you have diarrhea, you can tape a large plastic bag to the toilet seat. It may be easier to collect your stool this way. You will then put the bag into the container.Make sure no urine, toilet water, or toilet paper mixes in with the sample.Seal and label the container.Remove the gloves, and wash your hands.Return the container to your health care provider as soon as possible. C. diff toxins may be harder to find when stool is not tested quickly enough. If you are unable to get to your provider right away, you should refrigerate your sample until you are ready deliver it.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for C. diff testing.\n','Are there any risks to testing?There is no known risk to having C. diff testing.\n','What do the results mean?If your results were negative, it probably means your symptoms are not being caused by C. diff bacteria, or that there was a problem with testing your sample. Your health care provider may retest you for C. diff and/or order more tests to help make a diagnosis.If your results were positive, it means your symptoms are likely being caused by C. diff bacteria. If you are diagnosed with a C. diff infection and are currently taking antibiotics, you will probably need to stop taking them. Other treatments for a C. diff infection may include:Taking a different type of antibiotics. Your provider may prescribe antibiotics that target C. diff bacteria.Taking probiotics, a type of supplement. Probiotics are considered \"good bacteria.\" They are helpful to your digestive system.If you have questions about your results and/or treatment, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about C .diff testing?Clostridium difficile has been renamed Clostridioides Clostridioides difficile. But the older name is still frequently used. The change does not affect the commonly used abbreviations, C. diff and C. difficile.\n'),(58,'cea test','What is a CEA test?CEA stands for carcinoembryonic antigen. It is a protein found in the tissues of a developing baby. CEA levels normally become very low or disappear after birth. Healthy adults should have very little or no CEA in their body.This test measures the amount of CEA in the blood, and sometimes in other body fluids. CEA is a type of tumor marker. Tumor markers are substances made by cancer cells or by normal cells in response to cancer in the body.A high level of CEA can be a sign of certain types of cancers. These include cancers of the colon and rectum, prostate, ovary, lung, thyroid, or liver. High CEA levels may also be a sign of some noncancerous conditions, such as cirrhosis, noncancerous breast disease, and emphysema.A CEA test can\'t tell you what kind of cancer you have, or even whether you have cancer. So the test is not used for cancer screening or diagnosis. But if you\'ve already been diagnosed with cancer, a CEA test can help monitor the effectiveness of your treatment and/or help find out if the disease has spread to other parts of your body.Other names: CEA assay, CEA blood test, carcinoembryonic antigen test\n','What is it used for?A CEA test may be used to:Monitor treatment of people with certain types of cancers. These include colon cancer and cancers of the rectum, prostate, ovary, lung, thyroid, and liver.Figure out the stage of your cancer. This means checking the size of the tumor and how far the cancer has spread.See if cancer has returned after treatment.\n','Why do I need a CEA test?You may need this test if you\'ve been diagnosed with cancer. Your health care provider may test you before you start treatment, and then regularly throughout the course of your therapy. This can help your provider see how well your treatment is working. You may also get a CEA test after you\'ve completed treatment. The test can help show whether the cancer has come back.\n','What happens during a CEA test?\nCEA is usually measured in the blood. During a CEA blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\nSometimes, CEA is tested in the spinal fluid or from fluid in the abdominal wall. For these tests, your provider will remove a small sample of fluid using a thin needle and/or syringe. The following fluids may be tested:\nCerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a clear, colorless liquid found in the spinal cord\nPeritoneal fluid, a fluid that lines your abdominal wall\nPleural fluid, a liquid inside your chest cavity that covers the outside of each lung\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a CEA blood test or a pleural fluid test.You may be asked to empty your bladder and bowels before a CSF or peritoneal fluid test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a CEA blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.CEA tests of body fluids are usually very safe. Serious problems are rare. But you may experience one or more of the following side effects:If you had a CSF test, you may feel some pain or tenderness in your back at the site where the needle was inserted. Some people get a headache after the test. This is called a post-lumbar headache.If you had a peritoneal fluid test, you may feel a little dizzy or lightheaded after the procedure. There is a small risk of damage to the bowel or bladder, which may cause an infection.If you had a pleural fluid test, there is a small risk of lung damage, infection, or blood loss.\n','What do the results mean?If you were tested before you started treatment for cancer, your results may show:A low level of CEA. This may mean your tumor is small and the cancer has not spread to other parts of your body.A high level of CEA. This may mean you have a larger tumor and/or your cancer may have spread.If you are being treated for cancer, you may be tested several times throughout treatment. These results may show:Your levels of CEA started high and remained high. This may mean your cancer is not responding to treatment.Your levels of CEA started high but then decreased. This may mean your treatment is working.Your CEA levels decreased, but then later increased. This may mean your cancer has come back after you\'ve been treated.If you had a test on a body fluid (CSF, peritoneal, or pleural), a high level of CEA may mean the cancer has spread to that area.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a CEA test?Many cancers don\'t produce CEA. If your CEA results were normal, you may still have cancer. Also, high levels of CEA can be sign of a noncancerous health condition. In addition, people who smoke cigarettes often have higher than normal CEA levels.\n'),(59,'celiac disease screening','What is a celiac disease test?\nCeliac disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes a serious allergic reaction to gluten. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. It\'s also found in certain products, including some toothpastes, lipsticks, and medicines. A celiac disease test looks for antibodies to gluten in the blood. Antibodies are disease-fighting substances made by the immune system.\nNormally, your immune system attacks things like viruses and bacteria. If you have celiac disease, eating gluten makes your immune system attack the lining of the small intestine, as if it were a harmful substance. This can damage your digestive system and may prevent you from getting the nutrients you need.\nOther names: celiac disease antibody test, anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody (anti-tTG), deaminated gliadin peptide antibodies, anti-endomysial antibodies\n','What is it used for?\nA celiac disease test is used to:\nDiagnose celiac disease\nMonitor celiac disease\nSee if a gluten-free diet is relieving symptoms of celiac disease\n','Why do I need a celiac disease test?\nYou may need a celiac disease test if you have symptoms of celiac disease. Symptoms are different for children and adults.\nSymptoms of celiac disease in children include:\nNausea and vomiting\nAbdominal bloating\nConstipation\nChronic diarrhea and foul-smelling stool\nWeight loss and/or failure to gain weight\nDelayed puberty\nIrritable behavior\nSymptoms of celiac disease in adults include digestive problems such as:\nNausea and vomiting\nChronic diarrhea\nUnexplained weight loss\nDecreased appetite\nAbdominal pain\nBloating and gas\nMany adults with celiac disease have symptoms that are not related to digestion. These include:\nIron-deficient anemia\nAn itchy rash called dermatitis herpetiformis\nMouth sores\nBone loss\nDepression or anxiety\nFatigue\nHeadaches\nMissed menstrual periods\nTingling in the hands and/or feet\nIf you don\'t have symptoms, you may need a celiac test if you are at higher risk of having the disease. You are more likely to have celiac disease if a close family member has celiac disease. You may also be at higher risk if you have another autoimmune disorder, such as type 1 diabetes.\n','What happens during a celiac disease test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nIf the test is being used to diagnose celiac disease, you\'ll need to continue to eat foods with gluten for a few weeks before testing. Your health care provider will give you specific instructions about how to prepare for the test.\nIf the test is being used to monitor celiac disease, you don\'t need any special preparations.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nThere are different types of celiac disease antibodies. Your celiac test results may include information on more than one type of antibody. Typical results may show one of the following:\nNegative: You probably don\'t have celiac disease.\nPositive: You probably do have celiac disease.\nUncertain or indeterminate: It\'s unclear whether you have celiac disease.\nIf your results were positive or uncertain, your provider may order a test called an intestinal biopsy to confirm or rule out celiac disease. During an intestinal biopsy, a health care provider will use a special tool called an endoscope to take a small piece of tissue from your small intestine.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a celiac disease test?\nMost people with celiac disease can reduce and often eliminate symptoms if they keep a strict gluten-free diet. Although many gluten-free products are available today, it can still be challenging to completely avoid gluten. Your health care provider may refer you to a dietician who can help you enjoy a healthy diet without gluten.\n'),(60,'cerebrospinal fluid (csf) analysis','What is a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis?Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless liquid found in your brain and spinal cord. The brain and spinal cord make up your central nervous system. Your central nervous system controls and coordinates everything you do including, muscle movement, organ function, and even complex thinking and planning. CSF helps protect this system by acting like a cushion against sudden impact or injury to the brain or spinal cord. CSF also removes waste products from the brain and helps your central nervous system work properly.A CSF analysis is a group of tests that look at your cerebrospinal fluid to help diagnose diseases and conditions that affect the brain and spinal cord.Other names: Spinal Fluid Analysis, CSF Analysis\n','What is it used for?A CSF analysis may include tests to diagnose:Infectious diseases of the brain and spinal cord, including meningitis and encephalitis. CSF tests for infections look at white blood cells, bacteria, and other substances in the cerebrospinal fluidAutoimmune disorders, such as Guillain-Barré Syndrome and multiple sclerosis (MS). CSF tests for these disorders look for high levels of certain proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid. These tests are called albumin protein and igG/albumin.Bleeding in the brainBrain tumors\n','Why do I need a CSF analysis?You may need a CSF analysis if you have symptoms of an infection of the brain or spinal cord, or of an autoimmune disorder, such as multiple sclerosis (MS).Symptoms of a brain or spinal cord infection include:FeverSevere headacheSeizuresStiff neckNausea and vomitingSensitivity to lightDouble visionChanges in behaviorConfusionSymptoms of MS include:Blurred or double visionTingling in the arms, legs, or faceMuscle spasmsWeak musclesDizzinessBladder control problemsSymptoms of Guillain-Barré syndrome include weakness and tingling in the legs, arms, and upper body.You may also need a CSF analysis if you\'ve had an injury to your brain or spinal cord, or have been diagnosed with cancer that has spread to the brain or spinal cord.\n','What happens during a CSF analysis?Your cerebrospinal fluid will be collected through a procedure called a spinal tap, also known as a lumbar puncture. A spinal tap is usually done in a hospital. During the procedure:You will lie on your side or sit on an exam table.A health care provider will clean your back and inject an anesthetic into your skin, so you won\'t feel pain during the procedure. Your provider may put a numbing cream on your back before this injection.Once the area on your back is completely numb, your provider will insert a thin, hollow needle between two vertebrae in your lower spine. Vertebrae are the small backbones that make up your spine.Your provider will withdraw a small amount of cerebrospinal fluid for testing. This will take about five minutes.You\'ll need to stay very still while the fluid is being withdrawn.Your provider may ask you to lie on your back for an hour or two after the procedure. This may prevent you from getting a headache afterward.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a CSF analysis, but you may be asked to empty your bladder and bowels before the test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a spinal tap. You may feel a little pinch or pressure when the needle is inserted. After the test, you may get a headache, called a post-lumbar headache. About one in 10 people will get a post-lumbar headache. This can last for several hours or up to a week or more. If you have a headache that lasts longer than several hours, talk to your health care provider. He or she may be able to provide treatment to relieve the pain.You may feel some pain or tenderness in your back at the site where the needle was inserted. You may also have some bleeding at the site.\n','What do the results mean?Your CSF analysis results may indicate that you have an infection, an autoimmune disorder, such as multiple sclerosis, or another disease of the brain or spinal cord. Your provider will likely order more tests to confirm your diagnosis.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a CSF analysis?Some infections, such as meningitis caused by bacteria, are life-threatening emergencies. If your provider suspects you have bacterial meningitis or another serious infection, he or she may give you medicine before your diagnosis is confirmed.\n'),(61,'ceruloplasmin test','What is a ceruloplasmin test?This test measures the amount of ceruloplasmin in your blood. Ceruloplasmin is a protein that is made in the liver. It stores and carries copper from the liver into the bloodstream and to the parts of your body that need it.Copper is a mineral that is found in several foods, including nuts, chocolate, mushrooms, shellfish, and liver. It is important to many body functions, including building strong bones, producing energy, and making melanin (the substance that gives skin its color). But if you have too much or too little copper in your blood, it can be a sign of a serious health problem.Other names: CP, ceruloplasmin blood test, ceruloplasmin, serum\n','What is it used for?A ceruloplasmin test is most often used, along with copper testing, to help diagnose Wilson disease. Wilson disease is a rare genetic disorder that prevents the body from removing excess copper. It can cause a dangerous buildup of copper in the liver, brain, and other organs.It may also be used to diagnose disorders that cause a copper deficiency (too little copper). These include:Malnutrition, a condition where you are not getting enough nutrients in your dietMalabsorption, a condition that makes it hard for your body to absorb and use the nutrients you eatMenkes syndrome, a rare, incurable genetic diseaseIn addition, the test is sometimes used to diagnose liver disease.\n','Why do I need a ceruloplasmin test?Your health care provider may order a ceruloplasmin test if you have symptoms of Wilson disease. These include:AnemiaJaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)NauseaAbdominal painTrouble swallowing and/or speakingTremorsTrouble walkingChanges in behaviorYou may also need this test if you have a family history of Wilson disease, even if you don\'t have symptoms. Symptoms usually appear between the ages of 5 and 35, but can show up earlier or later in life.You may also have this test if you have symptoms of a copper deficiency (too little copper). These include:Pale skinAbnormally low levels of white blood cellsOsteoporosis, a condition that causes weakening of bones and makes them prone to fracturesFatigueTingling in hands and feetYour baby may need this test if he or she has symptoms of Menkes syndrome. Symptoms usually show up in infancy and include:Hair that is brittle, sparse, and/or tangledFeeding difficultiesFailure to growDevelopmental delaysLack of muscle toneSeizuresMost children with this syndrome die within the first few years of life, but early treatment may help some children live longer.\n','What happens during a ceruloplasmin test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a ceruloplasmin test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?A lower than normal level of ceruloplasmin may mean your body is not able to use or eliminate copper properly. It can be a sign of:Wilson diseaseMenkes syndromeLiver diseaseMalnutritionMalabsorptionKidney diseaseIf your ceruloplasmin levels were higher than normal, it may be a sign of:A serious infectionHeart diseaseRheumatoid arthritisLeukemiaHodgkin lymphomaBut high levels of ceruloplasmin may also be due to conditions that don\'t need medical treatment. These include pregnancy and the use of birth control pills.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a ceruloplasmin test?Ceruloplasmin tests are often done along with other tests. These include copper tests in blood and/or urine and liver function tests.\n'),(62,'chickenpox and shingles tests','What are chickenpox and shingles tests?\nThese tests check to see if you are or have ever been infected with the varicella zoster virus (VZV). This virus causes chickenpox and shingles. When you are first infected with VZV, you get chickenpox. Once you get chickenpox, you can\'t get it again. The virus remains in your nervous system but is dormant (inactive). Later in life, VZV can become active and can cause shingles. Unlike chicken pox, you can get shingles more than once, but it is rare.\nBoth chickenpox and shingles cause blistering skin rashes. Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease that causes red, itchy sores (pox) all over the body. It used to be a very common childhood disease, infecting nearly all children in the United States. But since a chickenpox vaccine was introduced in 1995, there have been far fewer cases. Chickenpox may be uncomfortable, but it\'s usually a mild illness in healthy children. But it can be serious for adults, pregnant women, newborns, and people with weakened immune systems.\nShingles is a disease that only affects people who once had chickenpox. It causes a painful, burning rash that may stay in one part of the body or spread to many parts of the body. Nearly one-third of people in the United States will get shingles at some point in their lifetime, most often after the age of 50. Most people who develop shingles recover in three to five weeks, but it sometimes causes long-term pain and other health problems.\nOther names: varicella zoster virus antibody, serum varicella immunoglobulin G antibody level, VZV antibodies IgG and IgM, herpes zoster\n','What are they used for?\nHealth care providers can usually diagnose chickenpox or shingles with a visual examination. Tests are sometimes ordered to check for immunity to the varicella zoster virus (VZV). You have immunity if you\'ve had chickenpox before or have had the chickenpox vaccine. If you have immunity it means you can\'t get chickenpox, but you can still get shingles later in life.\nTests may be done on people who don\'t have or are unsure about immunity and are at higher risk of complications from VZV. These include:\nPregnant women\nNewborns, if the mother is infected\nTeen and adults with symptoms of chickenpox\nPeople with HIV/AIDS or another condition that weakens the immune system\n','Why do I need a chickenpox or shingles test?\nYou may need a chickenpox or shingles test if you are at risk for complications, are not immune to VZV, and/or have symptoms of infection. Symptoms of the two diseases are similar and include:\nRed, blistering rash. Chickenpox rashes often appear all over the body and are usually very itchy. Shingles sometimes appear in just one area and are often painful.\nFever\nHeadache\nSore throat\nYou may also need this test if you are in a high-risk group and were recently exposed to chickenpox or shingles. You can\'t catch shingles from another person. But the shingles virus (VZV) can be spread and cause chickenpox in someone who doesn\'t have immunity.\n','What happens during chickenpox and shingles testing?\nYou will need to provide a sample of blood from your vein or from the fluid in one of your blisters. Blood tests check for antibodies to the VZV. Blister tests check for the virus itself.\nFor a blood test from a vein, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out.\nFor a blister test, a health care provider will gently press a cotton swab on a blister to collect a sample of fluid for testing.\nBoth types of tests are quick, usually taking less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t any special preparations for a blood or blister test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nAfter a blood test, you may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly. There is no risk to having a blister test.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf you have symptoms and results show VZV antibodies or the virus itself, it\'s likely you have chickenpox or shingles. Your diagnosis of either chickenpox or shingles will depend on your age and specific symptoms. If your results show antibodies or the virus itself and you don\'t have symptoms, you either once had chickenpox or received the chickenpox vaccine.\nIf you are diagnosed with an infection and are in a high-risk group, your health care provider may prescribe antiviral medicines. Early treatment can prevent serious and painful complications.\nMost healthy children and adults with chickenpox will recover from chickenpox within a week or two. Home treatment can help relieve symptoms. More serious cases may be treated with antiviral medicines. Shingles may also be treated with antiviral medicines as well as pain relievers.\nIf you have questions about your results or your child\'s results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about chickenpox and shingles tests?\nThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the chickenpox vaccine for children, teens, and adults who never had chickenpox or the chickenpox vaccine. Some schools require this vaccine for admittance. Check with your child\'s school and your child\'s health care provider for more information.\nThe CDC also recommends that healthy adults age 50 and older get a shingles vaccine even if they\'ve already had shingles. The vaccine can prevent you from having another outbreak. There are currently two types of shingles vaccines available. To learn more about these vaccines, talk to your health care provider.\n'),(63,'chlamydia test','What is a chlamydia test?Chlamydia is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). It is a bacterial infection spread through vaginal, oral, or anal sex with an infected person. Many people with chlamydia have no symptoms, so someone may spread the disease without even knowing they are infected. A chlamydia test looks for the presence of chlamydia bacteria in your body. The disease is easily treated with antibiotics. But if it\'s not treated, chlamydia can cause serious complications, including infertility in women and swelling of the urethra in men.Other names: Chlamydia NAAT or NAT, Chlamydia/GC STD Panel\n','What is it used for?A chlamydia test is used to determine whether or not you have a chlamydia infection.\n','Why do I need a chlamydia test?The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that more than two and a half million Americans are infected with chlamydia every year. Chlamydia is especially common in sexually active people aged 15 to 24. Many individuals with chlamydia don\'t have symptoms, so the CDC and other health organizations recommend regular screening for groups at higher risk.These recommendations include yearly chlamydia tests for:Sexually active women under the age of 25Women over the age of 25 with certain risk factors, which include:Having new or multiple sex partnersPrevious chlamydia infectionsHaving a sex partner with an STDUsing condoms inconsistently or incorrectlyMen who have sex with menIn addition, chlamydia testing is recommended for:Pregnant women under the age of 25People who are HIV-positiveSome people with chlamydia will have symptoms. Your health care provider may order a test if you experience symptoms such as:For women:Stomach painAbnormal vaginal bleeding or dischargePain during sexPain when urinatingFrequent urinationFor men:Pain or tenderness in the testiclesSwollen scrotumPus or other discharge from the penisPain when urinatingFrequent urination\n','What happens during a chlamydia test?If you are a woman, your health care provider will use a small brush or swab to take a sample of cells from your vagina for testing. You may also be offered the option of testing yourself at home using a test kit. Ask your provider for recommendations on which kit to use. If you do the test at home, be sure to follow all the directions carefully.If you\'re a man, your health care provider may use a swab to take a sample from your urethra, but it is more likely that a urine test for chlamydia will be recommended. Urine tests can also be used for women. During a urine test, you will be instructed to provide a clean catch sample.The clean catch method generally includes the following steps:Wash your hands.Clean your genital area with a cleansing pad given to you by your provider. Men should wipe the tip of their penis. Women should open their labia and clean from front to back.Start to urinate into the toilet.Move the collection container under your urine stream.Collect at least an ounce or two of urine into the container, which should have markings to indicate the amounts.Finish urinating into the toilet.Return the sample container as instructed by your health care provider.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?If you are a woman, you may need to avoid using douches or vaginal creams for 24 hours before your test. Both men and women may be asked to avoid taking antibiotics for 24 hours before testing. Ask your health care provider if there are any special instructions.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There are no known risks to having a chlamydia test.\n','What do the results mean?A positive result means you have been infected with chlamydia. The infection requires treatment with antibiotics. Your health care provider will give you instructions on how to take your medicine. Be sure to take all the required doses. In addition, let your sexual partner know you tested positive for chlamydia, so he or she can be tested and treated promptly.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a chlamydia test?Chlamydia testing enables diagnosis and treatment of the infection before it can cause serious health problems. If you are at risk for chlamydia due to your age and/or lifestyle, talk to your health care provider about getting tested.You can also take steps to prevent getting infected with chlamydia The best way to prevent chlamydia or any sexually transmitted disease is to not have vaginal, anal or oral sex. If you are sexually active, you can reduce your risk of infection by:Being in a long-term relationship with one partner who has tested negative for STDsUsing condoms correctly every time you have sex\n'),(64,'chloride blood test','What is a chloride blood test?A chloride blood test measures the amount of chloride in your blood. Chloride is a type of electrolyte. Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals that help control the amount of fluids and the balance of acids and bases in your body. Chloride is often measured along with other electrolytes to diagnose or monitor conditions such as kidney disease, heart failure, liver disease, and high blood pressure.Other names: CI, Serum chloride\n','What is it used for?A chloride test is not normally given as an individual test. You usually get a chloride test as part of a routine blood screening or to help diagnose a condition related to an imbalance of acids or fluids in your body.\n','Why do I need a chloride blood test?Your health care provider may have ordered a chloride blood test as part of an electrolyte panel, which is a routine blood test. An electrolyte panel is a test that measures chloride and other electrolytes, such as potassium, sodium, and bicarbonate. You may also need a chloride blood test if you have symptoms of an acid or fluid imbalance, including:Vomiting over a long period of timeDiarrheaFatigueWeaknessDehydrationTrouble breathing\n','What happens during a chloride blood test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a chloride blood test or an electrolyte panel. If your health care provider has ordered other blood tests, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?There are many reasons why your chloride levels may not be in the normal range. High levels of chloride may indicate:DehydrationKidney diseaseAcidosis, a condition in which you have too much acid in your blood. It can cause nausea, vomiting, and fatigue.Alkalosis, a condition in which you have too much base in your blood. It can cause irritability, muscle twitching, and tingling in the fingers and toes.Low levels of chloride may indicate:Heart failureLung diseasesAddison\'s disease, a condition in which your body\'s adrenal glands don\'t produce enough of certain types of hormones. It can cause a variety of symptoms, including weakness, dizziness, weight loss, and dehydration.If your chloride levels are not the normal range, it doesn\'t necessarily mean you have a medical problem needing treatment. Many factors can affect your chloride levels. If you have taken in too much fluid or have lost fluid because of vomiting or diarrhea, it can affect your chloride levels. Also, certain medicines such as antacids can cause abnormal results. To learn what your results mean, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a chloride blood test?Urine also contains some chloride. Your health care provider may recommend a urine chloride test in addition to the blood test to get more information about your chloride levels.\n'),(65,'cholesterol levels','What is a cholesterol test?Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that\'s found in your blood and every cell of your body. You need some cholesterol to keep your cells and organs healthy. Your liver makes all the cholesterol your body needs. But you can also get cholesterol from the foods you eat, especially meat, eggs, poultry, and dairy products. Foods that are high in dietary fat can also make your liver produce more cholesterol.There are two main types of cholesterol: low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or \"bad\" cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or \"good\" cholesterol. A cholesterol test is a blood test that measures the amount of each type of cholesterol and certain fats in your blood.Too much LDL cholesterol in your blood may put you at risk for heart disease and other serious conditions. High LDL levels can cause the build-up of plaque, a fatty substance that narrows the arteries and blocks blood from flowing normally. When blood flow to the heart is blocked, it can cause a heart attack. When blood flow to the brain is blocked, it can lead to stroke and peripheral artery disease.Other names for a cholesterol test: Lipid profile, Lipid panel\n','What is it used for?If you have high cholesterol, you may not experience any symptoms at all, but you could be at significant risk for heart disease. A cholesterol test can give your health care provider important information about the cholesterol levels in your blood. The test measures:LDL levels. Also known as the \"bad\" cholesterol, LDL is the main source of blockages in the arteries.HDL levels. Considered the \"good\" cholesterol, HDL helps get rid of \"bad\" LDL cholesterol.Total cholesterol. The combined amount of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in your blood.Triglycerides A type of fat found in your blood. According to some studies, high levels of triglycerides may increase the risk of heart disease, especially in women.VLDL levels. Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) is another type of \"bad\" cholesterol. Development of plaque on the arteries has been linked to high VLDL levels. It\'s not easy to measure VLDL, so most of the time these levels are estimated based on triglyceride measurements.\n','Why do I need a cholesterol test?Your doctor may order a cholesterol test as part of a routine exam, or if you have a family history of heart disease or one or more of the following risk factors:High blood pressureType 2 diabetesSmokingExcess weight or obesityLack of physical activityA diet high in saturated fatYour age may also be a factor, because your risk for heart disease increases as you get older.\n','What happens during a cholesterol test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.Cholesterol tests are usually done in the morning, as you may be asked to refrain from eating for several hours prior to the test.You may also be able to use an at-home kit to test for cholesterol. While instructions may vary between brands, your kit will include some kind of device to prick your finger. You’ll use this device to collect a drop of blood for testing. Be sure to follow the kit instructions carefully.Also, be sure to tell your health care provider if your at-home test results shown your cholesterol level is higher than 200 mg/dl.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You may need to fast--no food or drink--for 9 to 12 hours before your blood is drawn. Your health care provider will let you know if you need to fast and if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?Cholesterol is usually measured in milligrams (mg) of cholesterol per deciliter (dL) of blood. The information below shows how the different types of cholesterol measurements are categorized.Total Cholesterol LevelCategoryLess than 200mg/dLDesirable200-239 mg/dLBorderline high240mg/dL and aboveHighLDL (Bad) Cholesterol LevelLDL Cholesterol CategoryLess than 100mg/dLOptimal100-129mg/dLNear optimal/above optimal130-159 mg/dLBorderline high160-189 mg/dLHigh190 mg/dL and aboveVery HighHDL (Good) Cholesterol LevelHDL Cholesterol Category60 mg/dL and higherConsidered protective against heart disease40-59 mg/dLThe higher, the betterLess than 40 mg/dLA major risk factor for heart diseaseA healthy cholesterol range for you may depend on your age, family history, lifestyle, and other risk factors. In general, low LDL levels and high HDL cholesterol levels are good for heart health. High levels of triglycerides may also put you at risk for heart disease.The LDL on your results may say \"calculated\" which means it includes a calculation of total cholesterol, HDL, and triglycerides. Your LDL level may also be measured \"directly,\" without using other measurements. Regardless, you want your LDL number to be low.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about my cholesterol levels?High cholesterol can lead to heart disease, the number one cause of death in the United States. While some risk factors for cholesterol, such as age and heredity, are beyond your control, there are actions you can take to lower your LDL levels and reduce your risk, including:Eating a healthy diet. Reducing or avoiding foods high in saturated fat and cholesterol can help reduce the cholesterol levels in your blood.Losing weight. Being overweight can increase your cholesterol and risk for heart disease.Staying active. Regular exercise may help lower your LDL (bad) cholesterol levels and raise your HDL (good) cholesterol levels. It may also help you lose weight.Talk to your health care provider before making any major change in your diet or exercise routine.\n'),(66,'coagulation factor tests','What are coagulation factor tests?Coagulation factors are proteins in the blood that help control bleeding. You have several different coagulation factors in your blood. When you get a cut or other injury that causes bleeding, your coagulation factors work together to form a blood clot. The clot stops you from losing too much blood. This process is called the coagulation cascade.Coagulation factor tests are blood tests that check the function of one or more of your coagulation factors. Coagulation factors are known by Roman numerals (I, II VIII, etc.) or by name (fibrinogen, prothrombin, hemophilia A, etc.). If any of your factors are missing or defective, it can lead to heavy, uncontrolled bleeding after an injury.Other names: blood clotting factors, factor assays, factor assay by number (Factor I, Factor II, Factor VIII, etc.) or by name (fibrinogen, prothrombin, hemophilia A, hemophilia B, etc.)\n','What is it used for?A coagulation factor test is used to find out if you have a problem with any of your coagulation factors. If a problem is found, you likely have a condition known as a bleeding disorder. There are different types of bleeding disorders. Bleeding disorders are very rare. The most well-known bleeding disorder is hemophilia. Hemophilia is caused when coagulation factors VIII or IX are missing or defective.You may be tested for one or more factors at a time.\n','Why do I need a coagulation factor test?You may need this test if you have a family history of bleeding disorders. Most bleeding disorders are inherited. That means it is passed down from one or both of your parents.You may also need this test if your health care provider thinks you have a bleeding disorder that is not inherited. Although uncommon, other causes of bleeding disorders include:Liver diseaseVitamin K deficiencyBlood-thinning medicinesIn addition, you may need a coagulation factor test if you have symptoms of a bleeding disorder. These include:Heavy bleeding after an injuryEasy bruisingSwellingPain and stiffnessAn unexplained blood clot. In some bleeding disorders, the blood clots too much, rather than too little. This can be dangerous, because when a blood clot travels in your body, it can cause a heart attack, stroke, or other life-threatening conditions.\n','What happens during a coagulation factor test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a coagulation factor test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show one of your coagulation factors is missing or not working right, you probably have some kind of bleeding disorder. The type of disorder depends on which factor is affected. While there is no cure for inherited bleeding disorders, there are treatments available that can manage your condition.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n',NULL),(67,'cognitive testing','What is cognitive testing?Cognitive testing checks for problems with cognition. Cognition is a combination of processes in your brain that\'s involved in almost every aspect of your life. It includes thinking, memory, language, judgment, and the ability to learn new things. A problem with cognition is called cognitive impairment. The condition ranges from mild to severe.There are many causes of cognitive impairment. They include side effects of medicines, blood vessel disorders, depression, and dementia. Dementia is a term used for a severe loss of mental functioning. Alzheimer\'s disease is the most common type of dementia.Cognitive testing can\'t show the specific cause of impairment. But testing can help your provider find out if you need more tests and/or take steps to address the problem.There are different types of cognitive tests. The most common tests are:Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE)Mini-CogAll three tests measure mental functions through a series of questions and/or simple tasks.Other names: cognitive assessment, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA test, Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), and Mini-Cog\n','What is it used for?Cognitive testing is often used to screen for mild cognitive impairment (MCI). People with MCI may notice changes in their memory and other mental functions. The changes aren\'t severe enough to have a major effect on your daily life or usual activities. But MCI can be a risk factor for more serious impairment. If you have MCI, your provider may give you several tests over time to check for a decline in mental function.\n','Why do I need cognitive testing?You may need cognitive testing if you show signs of cognitive impairment. These include:Forgetting appointments and important eventsLosing things oftenHaving trouble coming up with words that you usually knowLosing your train of thought in conversations, movies, or booksIncreased irritability and/or anxietyYour family or friends may suggest testing if they notice any of these symptoms.\n','What happens during a cognitive test?There are different types of cognitive tests. Each involves answering a series of questions and/or performing simple tasks. They are designed to help measure mental functions, such as memory, language, and the ability to recognize objects. The most common types of tests are:Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test. A 10-15 minute test that includes memorizing a short list of words, identifying a picture of an animal, and copying a drawing of a shape or object.Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE). A 7-10 minute test that includes naming the current date, counting backward, and identifying everyday objects like a pencil or watch.Mini-Cog. A 3-5 minute test that includes recalling a three-word list of objects and drawing a clock.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for cognitive testing?You don\'t need any special preparations for a cognitive test.\n','Are there any risks to testing?There is no risk to having cognitive testing.\n','What do the results mean?If your test results were not normal, it means you have some problem with memory or other mental function. But it won\'t diagnose the cause. Your health care provider may need to do more tests to find out the reason. Some types of cognitive impairment are caused by treatable medical conditions. These include:Thyroid diseaseSide effects of medicinesVitamin deficienciesIn these cases, cognition problems may improve or even clear up entirely after treatment.Other types of cognitive impairment are not curable. But medicines and healthy lifestyle changes may help slow mental decline in some cases. A diagnosis of dementia may also help patients and their families prepare for future health needs.If you have questions or are concerned about your results, talk to your health care provider.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about cognitive testing?The MoCA test is usually better at finding mild cognitive impairment. The MMSE is better at finding more serious cognitive problems. The Mini-Cog is often used because it is quick, easy-to-use, and widely available. Your health care provider may do one or more of these tests, depending on your condition.\n'),(68,'colposcopy','What is a colposcopy?\nA colposcopy is a procedure that allows a health care provider to closely examine a woman\'s cervix, vagina, and vulva. It uses a lighted, magnifying device called a colposcope. The device is placed at the opening of the vagina. It magnifies the normal view, allowing your provider to see problems that can\'t be seen by the eyes alone.\nIf your provider sees a problem, he or she may take a sample of tissue for testing (biopsy). The sample is most often taken from the cervix. This procedure is known as a cervical biopsy. Biopsies may also be taken from the vagina or vulva. A cervical, vaginal, or vulvar biopsy can show if you have cells that are at risk for becoming cancer. These are called precancerous cells. Finding and treating precancerous cells may prevent cancer from forming.\nOther names: colposcopy with directed biopsy\n','What is it used for?\nA colposcopy is most often used to find abnormal cells in the cervix, vagina, or vulva. It may also be used to:\nCheck for genital warts, which may be a sign of an HPV (human papillomavirus) infection. Having HPV may put you at higher risk for developing cervical, vaginal, or vulvar cancer.\nLook for noncancerous growths called polyps\nCheck for irritation or inflammation of the cervix\nIf you\'ve already been diagnosed and treated for HPV, the test may be used to monitor cell changes in the cervix. Sometimes abnormal cells return after treatment.\n','Why do I need a colposcopy?\nYou may need this test if you had abnormal results on your Pap smear. A Pap smear is a test that involves getting a sample of cells from the cervix. It can show if there are abnormal cells, but it can\'t provide a diagnosis. A colposcopy provides a more detailed look at the cells, which may help your provider confirm a diagnosis and/or find other potential problems.\nYou may also need this test if:\nYou have been diagnosed with HPV\nYour provider sees abnormal areas on your cervix during a routine pelvic exam\nYou have bleeding after sex\n','What happens during a colposcopy?\nA colposcopy may be done by your primary care provider or by a gynecologist, a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of the female reproductive system. The test is usually done in the provider\'s office. If abnormal tissue is found, you may also get a biopsy.\nDuring a colposcopy:\nYou will remove your clothing and put on a hospital gown.\nYou will lie on your back on an exam table with your feet in stirrups.\nYour provider will insert a tool called a speculum into your vagina. It is used to spread open your vaginal walls.\nYour provider will gently swab your cervix and vagina with a vinegar or iodine solution. This makes abnormal tissues easier to see.\nYour provider will place the colposcope near your vagina. But the device will not touch your body.\nYour provider will look through the colposcope, which provides a magnified view of the cervix, vagina, and vulva. If any areas of tissue look abnormal, your provider may perform a cervical, vaginal, or vulvar biopsy.\nDuring a biopsy:\nA vaginal biopsy can be painful, so your provider may first give you a medicine to numb the area.\nOnce the area is numb, your provider will use a small tool to remove a sample of tissue for testing. Sometimes many samples are taken.\nYour provider may also do a procedure called an endocervical curettage (ECC) to take a sample from the inside of the opening of the cervix. This area can\'t be seen during a colposcopy. An ECC is done with a special tool called a curette. You may feel a slight pinch or cramp as the tissue is removed.\nYour provider may apply a topical medicine to the biopsy site to treat any bleeding you may have.\nAfter a biopsy, you should not douche, use tampons, or have sex for a week after your procedure, or for as long as your health care provider advises.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nDo not douche, use tampons or vaginal medicines, or have sex for at least 24 hours before the test. Also, it\'s best to schedule your colposcopy when you are not having your menstrual period. And be sure to tell your provider if you are pregnant or think you may be pregnant. Colposcopy is generally safe during pregnancy, but if a biopsy is needed, it can cause extra bleeding.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a colposcopy. You may have some discomfort when the speculum is inserted into the vagina, and the vinegar or iodine solution may sting.\nA biopsy is also a safe procedure. You may feel a pinch when the tissue sample is taken. After the procedure, your vagina may be sore for a day or two. You may have some cramping and slight bleeding. It\'s normal to have a little bleeding and discharge for up to a week after the biopsy.\nSerious complications from a biopsy are rare, but call your provider if you have any of the following symptoms:\nHeavy bleeding\nAbdominal pain\nSigns of infection, such as fever, chills and/or bad smelling vaginal discharge\n','What do the results mean?\nDuring your colposcopy, your provider may find one or more of the following conditions:\nGenital warts\nPolyps\nSwelling or irritation of the cervix\nAbnormal tissue\nIf your provider also performed a biopsy, your results may show you have:\nPrecancerous cells in the cervix, vagina, or vulva\nAn HPV infection\nCancer of the cervix, vagina, or vulva\nIf your biopsy results were normal, it\'s unlikely that you have cells in your cervix, vagina, or vulva that are at risk for turning into cancer. But that can change. So your provider may want to monitor you for cell changes with more frequent Pap smears and/or additional colposcopies.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a colposcopy?\nIf your results showed you have precancerous cells, your provider may schedule another procedure to remove them. This may prevent cancer from developing. If cancer was found, you may be referred to a gynecologic oncologist, a provider who specializes in treating cancers of the female reproductive system.\n'),(69,'complement blood test','What is a complement blood test?\nA complement blood test measures the amount or activity of complement proteins in the blood. Complement proteins are part of the complement system. This system is made up of a group of proteins that work with the immune system to identify and fight disease-causing substances like viruses and bacteria.\nThere are nine major complement proteins. They are labeled C1 through C9. Complement proteins may be measured individually or together. C3 and C4 proteins are the most commonly tested individual complement proteins. A CH50 test (sometimes called CH100) measures the amount and activity of all the major complement proteins.\nIf the test shows that your complement protein levels are not normal or that the proteins aren\'t working with the immune system as well as they should, it can be a sign of an autoimmune disease or other serious health problem.\nOther names: complement antigen, compliment activity C3, C4, CH50, CH100, C1 C1q, C2\n','What is it used for?\nA complement blood test is most often used to diagnose or monitor autoimmune disorders such as:\nLupus, a chronic disease affecting multiple parts of the body, including the joints, blood vessels, kidneys, and brain\nRheumatoid arthritis, a condition that causes pain and swelling of the joints, mostly in the hands and feet\nIt may also be used to help diagnose certain bacterial, viral, or fungal infections.\n','Why do I need a complement blood test?\nYou may need a complement blood test if you have symptoms of an autoimmune disorder, especially lupus. Symptoms of lupus include:\nA butterfly-shaped rash across your nose and cheeks\nFatigue\nMouth sores\nHair loss\nSensitivity to sunlight\nSwollen lymph nodes\nChest pain when breathing deeply\nJoint pain\nFever\nYou may also need this test if you are being treated for lupus or other autoimmune disorder. The test can show how well the treatment is working.\n','What happens during a complement blood test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a complement blood test.\n','Are there any risks to a complement blood test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results show lower than normal amounts or decreased activity of complement proteins, it may mean you have one of the following conditions:\nLupus\nRheumatoid arthritis\nCirrhosis\nCertain types of kidney disease\nHereditary angioedema, a rare but serious disorder of the immune system. It can cause swelling of the face and airways.\nMalnutrition\nA recurrent infection (usually bacterial)\nIf your results show higher than normal amounts or increased activity of complement proteins, it may mean you have one of the following conditions:\nCertain types of cancer, such as leukemia or non-Hodgkin lymphoma\nUlcerative colitis, a condition in which the lining of the large intestine and rectum become inflamed\nIf you are being treated for lupus or another autoimmune disease, increased amounts or activity of complement proteins may mean your treatment is working.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n',NULL),(70,'complete blood count (cbc)','What is a complete blood count?A complete blood count or CBC is a blood test that measures many different parts and features of your blood, including:Red blood cells, which carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your bodyWhite blood cells, which fight infection. There are five major types of white blood cells. A CBC test measures the total number of white cells in your blood. A test called a CBC with differential also measures the number of each type of these white blood cellsPlatelets, which help your blood to clot and stop bleedingHemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs and to the rest of your bodyHematocrit, a measurement of how much of your blood is made up of red bloodA complete blood count may also include measurements of chemicals and other substances in your blood. These results can give your health care provider important information about your overall health and risk for certain diseases.Other names for a complete blood count: CBC, full blood count, blood cell count\n','What is it used for?A complete blood count is a commonly performed blood test that is often included as part of a routine checkup. Complete blood counts can be used to help detect a variety of disorders including infections, anemia, diseases of the immune system, and blood cancers.\n','Why do I need a complete blood count?Your health care provider may have ordered a complete blood count as part of your checkup or to monitor your overall health. In addition, the test may be used to:Diagnose a blood disease, infection, immune system and disorder, or other medical conditionsKeep track of an existing blood disorder\n','What happens during a complete blood count?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a complete blood count. If your health care provider has also ordered other blood tests, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?A CBC counts the cells and measures the levels of different substances in your blood. There are many reasons your levels may fall outside the normal range. For instance:Abnormal red blood cell, hemoglobin, or hematocrit levels may indicate anemia, iron deficiency, or heart diseaseLow white cell count may indicate an autoimmune disorder, bone marrow disorder, or cancerHigh white cell count may indicate an infection or reaction to medicationIf any of your levels are abnormal, it does not necessarily indicate a medical problem needing treatment. Diet, activity level, medications, a women\'s menstrual cycle, and other considerations can affect the results. Talk to your health care provider to learn what your results mean.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a complete blood count?A complete blood count is only one tool your health care provider uses to learn about your health. Your medical history, symptoms, and other factors will be considered before a diagnosis. Additional testing and follow-up care may also be recommended.\n'),(71,'comprehensive metabolic panel (cmp)','What is a comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP)?\nA comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) is a test that measures 14 different substances in your blood. It provides important information about your body\'s chemical balance and metabolism. Metabolism is the process of how the body uses food and energy. A CMP includes tests for the following:\nGlucose, a type of sugar and your body\'s main source of energy.\nCalcium, one of the body\'s most important minerals. Calcium is essential for proper functioning of your nerves, muscles, and heart.\nSodium, potassium, carbon dioxide, and chloride. These are electrolytes, electrically charged minerals that help control the amount of fluids and the balance of acids and bases in your body.\nAlbumin, a protein made in the liver.\nTotal protein, which measures the total amount of protein in the blood.\nALP (alkaline phosphatase), ALT (alanine transaminase), and AST (aspartate aminotransferase). These are different enzymes made by the liver.\nBilirubin, a waste product made by the liver.\nBUN (blood urea nitrogen) and creatinine, waste products removed from your blood by your kidneys.\nAbnormal levels of any of these substances or combination of them can be a sign of a serious health problem.\nOther names: chem 14, chemistry panel, chemistry screen, metabolic panel\n','What is it used for?A CMP is used to check several body functions and processes, including:Liver and kidney healthBlood sugar levelsBlood protein levelsAcid and base balanceFluid and electrolyte balanceMetabolismA CMP may also be used to monitor the side effects of certain medicines.\n','Why do I need a CMP?A CMP is often done as part of a routine checkup. You may also need this test if your health care provider thinks you have liver or kidney disease.\n','What happens during a CMP?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You may need to fast (not eat or drink) for 10–12 hours before the test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If any one result or combination of CMP results were not normal, it can indicate a number of different conditions. These include liver disease, kidney failure, or diabetes. You will likely need more tests to confirm or rule out a specific diagnosis.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a CMP?There is a similar test to a CMP called a basic metabolic panel (BMP). A BMP includes eight of the same tests as a CMP. It does not include the liver and protein tests. Your provider may choose a CMP or a BMP depending on your health history and needs.\n'),(72,'concussion tests','What are concussion tests?Concussion tests can help find out if you or your child has suffered a concussion. A concussion is a type of brain injury caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head. Young children are at a higher risk of concussions because they are more active and because their brains are still developing.Concussions are often described as mild traumatic brain injuries. When you get a concussion, your brain shakes or bounces inside your skull. It causes chemical changes in the brain and affects brain function. After a concussion, you may have headaches, mood changes, and problems with memory and concentration. The effects are usually temporary, and most people make a full recovery after treatment. The main treatment for a concussion is rest, both physical and mental. Left untreated, a concussion can cause long-term brain damage.Other names: concussion assessment\n','What are they used for?Concussion tests are used to assess brain function after a head injury. A type of concussion test, called a baseline test, is often used for athletes who play contact sports, a common cause of concussion. A baseline concussion test is used on non-injured athletes before the start of a sports season. It measures normal brain function. If a player gets injured, the baseline results are compared with the concussion tests performed after the injury. This helps the health care provider see if the concussion has caused any problems with brain function.\n','Why do I need concussion testing?You or your child may need concussion testing after a head injury, even if you think the injury is not serious. Most people don\'t lose consciousness from a concussion. Some people get concussions and don\'t even know it. It\'s important to watch for concussion symptoms so you or your child can get treated promptly. Early treatment can help you recover faster and prevent further injury.Concussion symptoms include:HeadacheNausea and vomitingFatigueConfusionDizzinessSensitivity to lightChanges in sleep patternsMood changesDifficulty concentratingMemory problemsSome of these concussion symptoms show up right away. Others may not show up for weeks or months after the injury.Certain symptoms may mean a more serious brain injury than a concussion. Call 911 or seek immediate medical attention if you or your child has any of the following symptoms:Inability to be woken up after injurySevere headacheSeizuresSlurred speechExcessive vomiting\n','What happens during concussion testing?Testing usually includes questions about concussion symptoms and a physical exam. You or your child may also be checked for changes in:VisionHearingBalanceCoordinationReflexesMemoryConcentrationAthletes may get concussion baseline testing before the start of a season. A baseline concussion test usually involves taking an online questionnaire. The questionnaire measures attention, memory, speed of answers, and other abilities.Testing sometimes includes one of the following types of imaging tests:CT (computerized tomography) scan, a type of x-ray that takes a series of pictures as it rotates around youMRI (magnetic resonance imaging), which uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create an image. It does not use radiation.In the near future, a blood test may also be used to help diagnose a concussion. The FDA recently approved a test, called the Brain Trauma Indicator, for adults with concussions. The test measures certain proteins that are released into the bloodstream within 12 hours of a head injury. The test may be able to show how serious the injury is. Your provider may use the test to decide whether or not you need a CT scan.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for a concussion test?You don\'t need any special preparations for concussion testing.\n','Are there any risks to the tests?There is little risk to having concussion testing. CT scans and MRIs are painless, but can be a little uncomfortable. Some people feel claustrophobic in an MRI scanning machine.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show that you or your child has a concussion, rest will be the first and most important step in your recovery. This includes getting plenty of sleep and not doing any strenuous activities.You\'ll also need to rest your mind too. This is known as cognitive rest. It means limiting schoolwork or other mentally challenging activities, watching TV, using the computer, and reading. As your symptoms improve, you can gradually increase your level of physical and mental activities. Talk to your health care provider or your child\'s provider for specific recommendations. Taking enough time to recover can help ensure a full recovery.For athletes, there may be specified steps, called a concussion protocol, that are recommended in addition to the steps listed above. These include:Not returning to the sport for seven or more daysWorking with coaches, trainers, and medical professionals to assess the athlete\'s conditionComparing baseline and after-injury concussion results\n','Is there anything else I need to know about concussion testing?There are steps you can take to prevent concussions. These include:Wearing helmets while biking, skiing, and doing other sportsRegularly checking sports equipment for proper fit and functionWearing seatbeltsKeeping the home safe with well-lit rooms and removing objects from floors that might cause someone to trip. Falls in the home are a leading cause of head injury.Preventing concussions is important for everyone, but it\'s especially crucial for people who have had a concussion in the past. Having a second concussion close to the time of the first injury can cause additional health problems and lengthen recovery time. Having more than one concussion in your lifetime may also cause some long-term health problems.\n'),(73,'cord blood testing and banking','What are cord blood testing and cord blood banking?Cord blood is the blood left in the umbilical cord after a baby is born. The umbilical cord is the rope-like structure that connects a mother to her unborn baby during pregnancy. It contains blood vessels that bring nourishment to the baby and remove waste products. After a baby is born, the cord is cut with a small piece remaining. This piece will heal and form the baby\'s belly button.Cord blood testingOnce the umbilical cord has been cut, a health care provider may take a sample of blood from the cord for testing. These tests may measure a variety of substances and check for infections or other disorders.Cord blood bankingSome people want to bank (save and store) blood from their baby\'s umbilical cord for future use in treating diseases. The umbilical cord is full of special cells called stem cells. Unlike other cells, stem cells have the ability to grow into many different types of cells. These include bone marrow, blood cells, and brain cells. Stem cells in cord blood can be used to treat certain blood disorders, including leukemia, Hodgkin disease, and some types of anemia. Researchers are studying whether stem cells can also treat other types of diseases.\n','What is cord blood testing used for?Cord blood testing may be used to:Measure blood gases. This helps to see if a baby\'s blood has a healthy level of oxygen and other substances.Measure bilirubin levels. Bilirubin is a waste product made by the liver. High bilirubin levels can be a sign of a liver disease.Perform a blood culture. This test may be done if a provider thinks a baby has an infection.Measure different parts of the blood with a complete blood count. This is done more often on premature babies.Check for signs of a baby\'s exposure to illegal or misused prescription drugs a mother may have taken during pregnancy. Umbilical cord blood can show signs of a variety of drugs, including opiates; such as heroin and fentanyl; cocaine; marijuana; and sedatives. If any of these drugs are found in cord blood, a health care provider can take steps to treat the baby and help avoid complications such as developmental delays.\n',NULL,NULL,NULL,'Is there any preparation needed for cord blood testing or banking?There are no special preparations needed for cord blood testing. If you want to bank your baby\'s cord blood, talk to your health care provider early in your pregnancy. This will give you time to get more information and review your options.\n','Are there any risks to cord blood testing or banking?There is no risk to cord blood testing. Cord blood banking at a private facility can be very expensive. The cost is usually not covered by insurance.\n','What do cord blood test results mean?Cord blood test results will depend on what substances were measured. If results were not normal, talk to your health care provider to see if your baby needs treatment.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n'),(74,'cortisol test','What is a cortisol test?Cortisol is a hormone that affects almost every organ and tissue in your body. It plays an important role in helping you to:Respond to stressFight infectionRegulate blood sugarMaintain blood pressureRegulate metabolism, the process of how your body uses food and energyCortisol is made by your adrenal glands, two small glands located above the kidneys. A cortisol test measures the level of cortisol in your blood, urine, or saliva. Blood tests are the most common way of measuring cortisol. If your cortisol levels are too high or too low, it may mean you have a disorder of your adrenal glands. These disorders can be serious if not treated.Other names: urinary cortisol, salivary cortisol, free cortisol, dexamethasone suppression test, DST, ACTH stimulation test, blood cortisol, plasma cortisol, plasma\n','What is it used for?A cortisol test is used to help diagnose disorders of the adrenal gland. These include Cushing\'s syndrome, a condition that causes your body to make too much cortisol, and Addison disease, a condition in which your body doesn\'t make enough cortisol.\n','Why do I need a cortisol test?You may need a cortisol test if you have symptoms of Cushing\'s syndrome or Addison disease.Symptoms of Cushing\'s syndrome include:Obesity, especially in the torsoHigh blood pressureHigh blood sugarPurple streaks on the stomachSkin that bruises easilyMuscle weaknessWomen may have irregular menstrual periods and excess hair on the faceSymptoms of Addison disease include:Weight lossFatigueMuscle weaknessAbdominal painDark patches of skinLow blood pressureNausea and vomitingDiarrheaDecreased body hairYou may also need a cortisol test if you have symptoms of an adrenal crisis, a life-threatening condition that can happen when your cortisol levels are extremely low. Symptoms of an adrenal crisis include:Very low blood pressureSevere vomitingSevere diarrheaDehydrationSudden and severe pain in the abdomen, lower back, and legsConfusionLoss of consciousness\n','What happens during a cortisol test?A cortisol test is usually in the form of a blood test. During a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.Because cortisol levels change throughout the day, the timing of a cortisol test is important. A cortisol blood test is usually done twice a day–once in the morning when cortisol levels are at their highest, and again around 4 p.m., when levels are much lower.Cortisol may also be measured in a urine or saliva test. For a cortisol urine test, your health care provider may ask you to collect all urine during a 24-hour period. This is called a \"24-hour urine sample test.\" It is used because cortisol levels vary throughout the day. For this test, your health care provider or a laboratory professional will give you a container to collect your urine and instructions on how to collect and store your samples. A 24-hour urine sample test usually includes the following steps:Empty your bladder in the morning and flush that urine away. Record the time.For the next 24 hours, save all your urine passed in the container provided.Store your urine container in the refrigerator or a cooler with ice.Return the sample container to your health provider\'s office or the laboratory as instructed.A cortisol saliva test is usually done at home, late at night, when cortisol levels are lower. Your health care provider will recommend or provide you with a kit for this test. The kit will likely include a swab to collect your sample and a container to store it. Steps usually include the following:Do not eat, drink, or brush your teeth for 15-30 minutes before the test.Collect the sample between 11 p.m. and midnight, or as instructed by your provider.Put the swab into your mouth.Roll the swab in your mouth for about 2 minutes so it can get covered in saliva.Don\'t touch the tip of the swab with your fingers.Put the swab into the container within the kit and return it to your provider as instructed.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?Stress can raise your cortisol levels, so you may need to rest before your test. A blood test will require you to schedule two appointments at different times of the day. Twenty-four hour urine and saliva tests are done at home. Be sure to follow all the instructions given by your provider.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly. There are no known risks to a urine or saliva test.\n','What do the results mean?High levels of cortisol may mean you have Cushing\'s syndrome, while low levels may mean you have Addison disease or another type of adrenal disease. If your cortisol results are not normal, it doesn\'t necessarily mean you have a medical condition needing treatment. Other factors, including infection, stress, and pregnancy can affect your results. Birth control pills and other medicines can also affect your cortisol levels. To learn what your results mean, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a cortisol test?If your cortisol levels are not normal, your health care provider will likely order more tests before making a diagnosis. These tests may include additional blood and urine tests and imaging tests, such as CT (computerized tomography) and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans, which allow your provider to look at your adrenal and pituitary glands.\n'),(75,'c-peptide test','What is a C-peptide test?\nThis test measures the level of C-peptide in your blood or urine. C-peptide is a substance made in the pancreas, along with insulin. Insulin is a hormone that controls the body\'s glucose (blood sugar) levels. Glucose is your body\'s main source of energy. If your body doesn\'t make the right amount of insulin, it may be a sign of diabetes.\nC-peptide and insulin are released from the pancreas at the same time and in about equal amounts. So a C-peptide test can show how much insulin your body is making. This test can be a good way to measure insulin levels because C-peptide tends to stay in the body longer than insulin.\nOther names: insulin C-peptide, connecting peptide insulin, proinsulin C-peptide\n','What is it used for?\nA C-peptide test is often used to help tell the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. With type 1 diabetes, your pancreas makes little to no insulin, and little or no C-peptide. With type 2 diabetes, the body makes insulin, but doesn\'t use it well. This can cause C-peptide levels to be higher than normal.\nThe test may also be used to:\nFind the cause of low blood sugar, also known as hypoglycemia.\nCheck if diabetes treatments are working.\nCheck on the status of a pancreatic tumor.\n','Why do I need a C-peptide test?\nYou may need a C-peptide test if your health care provider thinks you have diabetes, but is unsure whether it is type 1 or type 2. You may also need a C-peptide test if you have symptoms of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Symptoms include:\nSweating\nRapid or irregular heartbeat\nAbnormal hunger\nBlurred vision\nConfusion\nFainting\n','What happens during a C-peptide test?\nA C-peptide test is usually given as a blood test. During a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\nC-peptide can also be measured in urine. Your health care provider may ask you to collect all urine passed in a 24-hour period. This is called a 24-hour urine sample test. For this test, your health care provider or a laboratory professional will give a container in which to collect your urine and instructions on how to collect and store your samples. A 24-hour urine sample test generally includes the following steps:\nEmpty your bladder in the morning and flush that urine away. Record the time.\nFor the next 24 hours, save all your urine passed in the container provided.\nStore your urine container in the refrigerator or a cooler with ice.\nReturn the sample container to your health provider\'s office or the laboratory as instructed.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou may need to fast (not eat or drink) for 8–12 hours before a C-peptide blood test. If your health care provider has ordered a C-peptide urine test, be sure to ask if there are any specific instructions you need to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\nThere are no known risks to a urine test.\n','What do the results mean?\nA low level of C-peptide can mean your body isn\'t making enough insulin. It may be a sign of one of the following conditions:\nType 1 diabetes\nAddison disease, a disorder of the adrenal glands\nLiver disease\nIt may also be a sign that your diabetes treatment is not working well.\nA high level of C-peptide can mean your body is making too much insulin. It may be a sign of one of the following conditions:\nType 2 diabetes\nInsulin resistance, a condition in which the body doesn\'t respond the right way to insulin. It causes the body to make too much insulin, raising your blood sugar to very high levels.\nCushing\'s syndrome, a disorder in which your body makes too much of a hormone called cortisol.\nA tumor of the pancreas\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a C-peptide test?\nA C-peptide test can provide important information about the type of diabetes you have and whether or not your diabetes treatment is working well. But it is not used to diagnose diabetes. Other tests, such as blood glucose and urine glucose, are used to screen and diagnose diabetes.\n'),(76,'c-reactive protein (crp) test','What is a c-reactive protein (CRP) test?\nA c-reactive protein test measures the level of c-reactive protein (CRP) in your blood. CRP is a protein made by your liver. It\'s sent into your bloodstream in response to inflammation. Inflammation is your body\'s way of protecting your tissues if you\'ve been injured or have an infection. It can cause pain, redness, and swelling in the injured or affected area. Some autoimmune disorders and chronic diseases can also cause inflammation.\nNormally, you have low levels of c-reactive protein in your blood. High levels may be sign of a serious infection or other disorder.\nOther names: c-reactive protein, serum\n','What is it used for?\nA CRP test may be used to find or monitor conditions that cause inflammation. These include:\nBacterial infections, such as sepsis, a severe and sometimes life-threatening condition\nA fungal infection\nInflammatory bowel disease, a disorder that causes swelling and bleeding in the intestines\nAn autoimmune disorder such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis\nAn infection of the bone called osteomyelitis\n','Why do I need a CRP test?\nYou may need this test if you have symptoms of a serious bacterial infection. Symptoms include:\nFever\nChills\nRapid breathing\nRapid heart rate\nNausea and vomiting\nIf you\'ve already been diagnosed with an infection or have a chronic disease, this test may be used to monitor your treatment. CRP levels rise and fall depending on how much inflammation you have. If your CRP levels go down, it\'s a sign that your treatment for inflammation is working.\n','What happens during a CRP test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This process usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a CRP test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results show a high level of CRP, it probably means you have some type of inflammation in your body. A CRP test doesn\'t explain the cause or location of the inflammation. So if your results are not normal, your health care provider may order more tests to figure out why you have inflammation.\nA higher than normal CRP level does not necessarily mean you have a medical condition needing treatment. There are other factors that can raise your CRP levels. These include cigarette smoking, obesity, and lack of exercise.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a CRP test?\nA CRP test is sometimes confused with a high-sensitivity-(hs) CRP test. Although they both measure CRP, they are used to diagnose different conditions. An hs-CRP test measures much lower levels of CRP. It is used to check for risk of heart disease.\n'),(77,'creatine kinase','What is a creatine kinase (CK) test?This test measures the amount of creatine kinase (CK) in the blood. CK is a type of protein, known as an enzyme. It is mostly found in your skeletal muscles and heart, with lesser amounts in the brain. Skeletal muscles are the muscles attached to your skeleton. They work with your bones to help you move and give your body power and strength. Heart muscles pump blood in and out of the heart.There are three types of CK enzymes:CK-MM, found mostly in skeletal musclesCK-MB, found mostly in the heart muscleCK-BB, found mostly in brain tissueA small amount of CK in the blood is normal. Higher amounts can mean a health problem. Depending on the type and level of CK found, it can mean you have damage or disease of the skeletal muscles, heart, or brain.Other names: CK, total CK, creatine phosphokinase, CPK\n','What is it used for?A CK test is most often used to diagnose and monitor muscular injuries and diseases. These diseases include:Muscular dystrophy, a rare inherited disease that causes weakness, breakdown, and loss of function of skeletal muscles. It mostly occurs in males.Rhabdomyolis, a rapid breakdown of muscle tissue. It can be caused by a serious injury, muscle disease, or other disorder.The test can be used to help diagnose a heart attack, though not very often. CK testing used to be a common test for heart attacks. But another test, called troponin, has been found to be better at detecting heart damage.\n','Why do I need a CK test?You may need a CK test if you have symptoms of a muscular disorder. These include:Muscle pain and/or crampsMuscle weaknessBalance problemsNumbness or tinglingYou may also need this test if you had a muscle injury or stroke. CK levels may not peak until up to two days after certain injuries, so you may need to be tested a few times. This test can help show if you have damage to your heart or other muscles.\n','What happens during a CK test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a CK test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your results show you have a higher than normal level of CK, it may mean you have an injury or disease of the muscles, heart, or brain. To get more information, your provider may order tests to check the levels of specific CK enzymes:If you have higher than normal CK-MM enzymes, it may mean you have a muscle injury or disease, such as muscular dystrophy or rhabdomyolis.If you have higher than normal CK-MB enzymes, it may mean you have an inflammation of the heart muscle or are having or recently had a heart attack.If you have higher than normal CK-BB enzymes, it may mean you have had a stroke or brain injury.Other conditions that can cause higher than normal CK levels include:Blood clotsInfectionsHormonal disorders, including disorders of the thyroid and adrenal glandsLengthy surgeryCertain medicinesStrenuous exerciseIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a CK test?Other blood tests, such as an electrolyte panel and kidney function tests, may be ordered along with a CK test.\n'),(78,'creatinine test','What is a creatinine test?This test measures creatinine levels in blood and/or urine. Creatinine is a waste product made by your muscles as part of regular, everyday activity. Normally, your kidneys filter creatinine from your blood and send it out of the body in your urine. If there is a problem with your kidneys, creatinine can build up in the blood and less will be released in urine. If blood and/or urine creatinine levels are not normal, it can be a sign of kidney disease.Other names: blood creatinine, serum creatinine, urine creatinine\n','What is it used for?A creatinine test is used to see if your kidneys are working normally. It\'s often ordered along with another kidney test called blood urea nitrogen (BUN) or as part of a comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP). A CMP is a group of tests that provide information about different organs and systems in the body. A CMP is frequently included in a routine checkup.\n','Why do I need a creatinine test?You may need this test if you have symptoms of kidney disease. These include:FatiguePuffiness around the eyesSwelling in your feet and/or anklesDecreased appetiteFrequent and painful urinationUrine that is foamy or bloodyYou may also need this test if you have certain risk factors for kidney disease. You may be at higher risk for kidney disease if you have:Type 1 or type 2 diabetesHigh blood pressureA family history of kidney disease\n','What happens during a creatinine test?Creatinine can be tested in blood or urine.For a creatinine blood test:A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.For a creatinine urine test:Your health care provider will ask you to collect all urine during a 24-hour period. Your health care provider or a laboratory professional will give you a container to collect your urine and instructions on how to collect and store your samples. A 24-hour urine sample test generally includes the following steps:Empty your bladder in the morning and flush that urine away. Record the time.For the next 24 hours, save all your urine passed in the container provided.Store your urine container in the refrigerator or a cooler with ice.Return the sample container to your health provider\'s office or the laboratory as instructed.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You may be told to not eat cooked meat for 24 hours before your test. Studies have shown that cooked meat can temporarily raise creatinine levels.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.There is no risk to having a urine test.\n','What do the results mean?In general, high levels of creatinine in blood and low levels in urine indicate kidney disease or another condition that affects kidney function. These include:Autoimmune diseasesBacterial infection of the kidneysBlocked urinary tractHeart failureComplications of diabetesBut abnormal results don\'t always mean kidney disease. The following conditions can temporarily raise creatinine levels:PregnancyIntense exerciseA diet high in red meatCertain medicines. Some medicines have side effects that raise creatinine levels.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a creatinine test?Your health care provider may also order a creatinine clearance test. A creatinine clearance test compares the level of creatinine in blood with the level of creatinine in urine. A creatinine clearance test may provide more accurate information on kidney function than a blood or urine test alone.\n'),(79,'crystals in urine','What is a crystals in urine test?Your urine contains many chemicals. Sometimes these chemicals form solids, called crystals. A crystals in urine test looks at the amount, size, and type of crystals in your urine. It\'s normal to have a few small urine crystals. Larger crystals or specific types of crystals can become kidney stones. Kidney stones are hard, pebble-like substances that can get stuck in the kidneys. A stone can be as small as a grain of sand, as big as a pea, or even larger. While kidney stones rarely cause serious damage, they can be very painful.Other names: urinalysis (crystals) microscopic urine analysis, microscopic examination of urine\n','What is it used for?A crystals in urine test is often part of a urinalysis, a test that measures different substances in your urine. A urinalysis may include a visual check of your urine sample, tests for certain chemicals, and an examination of urine cells under a microscope. A crystals in urine test is part of a microscopic exam of urine. It may be used to help diagnose kidney stones or a problem with your metabolism, the process of how your body uses food and energy.\n','Why do I need a crystals in urine test?A urinalysis is often part of a routine checkup. Your health care provider may include a crystals in urine test in your urinalysis if you have symptoms of a kidney stone. These include:Sharp pains in your abdomen, side, or groinBack painBlood in your urineFrequent urge to urinatePain when urinatingCloudy or bad-smelling urineNausea and vomiting\n','What happens during a crystals in urine test?You will need to provide a sample of your urine. During your office visit, you will receive a container to collect the urine and special instructions to make sure the sample is sterile. These instructions are often called the \"clean catch method.\" The clean catch method includes the following steps:Wash your hands.Clean your genital area with a cleansing pad. Men should wipe the tip of their penis. Women should open their labia and clean from front to back.Start to urinate into the toilet.Move the collection container under your urine stream.Collect at least an ounce or two of urine into the container, which should have markings to indicate the amount.Finish urinating into the toilet.Return the sample container as instructed by your health care provider.Your health care provider may also request that you collect all urine during a 24-hour period. This is called a \"24-hour urine sample test.\" It is used because the amounts of substances in urine, including crystals, can vary throughout the day. Your health care provider or a laboratory professional will give you a container to collect your urine and instructions on how to collect and store your samples. A 24-hour urine sample test usually includes the following steps:Empty your bladder in the morning and flush that urine away. Record the time.For the next 24 hours, save all your urine passed in the container provided.Store your urine container in the refrigerator or a cooler with ice.Return the sample container to your health care provider\'s office or the laboratory as instructed.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a crystals in urine test. Be sure to carefully follow all the instructions for providing a 24-hour urine sample.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is no known risk to having a crystals in urine test.\n','What do the results mean?If a large number, large size, or certain types of crystal are found in your urine, it may mean you have a kidney stone that requires medical treatment, but it doesn\'t always mean you need treatment. Sometimes a small kidney stone can pass through your urine on its own, and cause little or no pain. Also, certain medicines, your diet, and other factors can affect your results. If you have questions about your urine crystal results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a crystals in urine test?If a urinalysis is part of your regular checkup, your urine will be tested for a variety of substances in addition to crystals. These include red and white blood cells, proteins, acid and sugar levels, cell fragments, bacteria, and yeast.\n'),(80,'csf immunoglobulin g (igg) index','What is a CSF IgG index?\nCSF stands for cerebrospinal fluid. It is a clear, colorless liquid found in your brain and spinal cord. The brain and spinal cord make up your central nervous system. Your central nervous system controls and coordinates everything you do, including muscle movement, organ function, and even complex thinking and planning.\nIgG stands for immunoglobulin G, a type of antibody. Antibodies are proteins made by the immune system to fight viruses, bacteria, and other foreign substances. A CSF IgG index measures the levels of IgG in your cerebrospinal fluid. High levels of IgG can mean you have an autoimmune disorder. An autoimmune disorder causes your immune system to attack healthy cells, tissues, and/or organs by mistake. These disorders can cause serious health problems.\nOther names: cerebrospinal fluid IgG level, cerebrospinal fluid IgG measurement, CSF IgG level, IgG (Immunoglobulin G) spinal fluid, IgG synthesis rate\n','What is it used for?\nA CSF IgG index is used to check for diseases of the central nervous system. It is often used to help diagnose multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system. Many people with MS have disabling symptoms including severe fatigue, weakness, difficulty walking, and vision problems. About 80 percent of MS patients have higher than normal levels of IgG.\n','Why do I need a CSF IgG index?\nYou may need a CSF IgG index if you have symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS).\nSymptoms of MS include:\nBlurred or double vision\nTingling in the arms, legs, or face\nMuscle spasms\nWeak muscles\nDizziness\nBladder control problems\nSensitivity to light\nDouble vision\nChanges in behavior\nConfusion\n','What happens during a CSF IgG index?\nYour cerebrospinal fluid will be collected through a procedure called a spinal tap, also known as a lumbar puncture. A spinal tap is usually done in a hospital. During the procedure:\nYou will lie on your side or sit on an exam table.\nA health care provider will clean your back and inject an anesthetic into your skin, so you won\'t feel pain during the procedure. Your provider may put a numbing cream on your back before this injection.\nOnce the area on your back is completely numb, your provider will insert a thin, hollow needle between two vertebrae in your lower spine. Vertebrae are the small backbones that make up your spine.\nYour provider will withdraw a small amount of cerebrospinal fluid for testing. This will take about five minutes.\nYou\'ll need to stay very still while the fluid is being withdrawn.\nYour provider may ask you to lie on your back for an hour or two after the procedure. This may prevent you from getting a headache afterward.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a CSF IgG index, but you may be asked to empty your bladder and bowels before the test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a spinal tap. You may feel a little pinch or pressure when the needle is inserted. After the test, you may get a headache, called a post-lumbar headache. About one in 10 people will get a post-lumbar headache. This can last for several hours or up to a week or more. If you have a headache that lasts longer than several hours, talk to your health care provider. He or she may be able to provide treatment to relieve the pain.\nYou may feel some pain or tenderness in your back at the site where the needle was inserted. You may also have some bleeding at the site.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your CSF IgG index shows higher than normal levels, it may indicate:\nMultiple sclerosis\nAnother autoimmune disease, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis\nChronic infection such as HIV or hepatitis\nMultiple myeloma, a cancer that affects white blood cells\nIf your IgG index shows lower than normal levels, it may indicate:\nA disorder that weakens the immune system. These disorders make it hard to fight infections.\nIf your IgG index results are not normal, it may not mean you have a medical condition needing treatment. Results can vary depending on a variety of factors including your age and overall health, and medicines you are taking. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a CSF IgG index?\nThe CSF IgG index is often used to help diagnose multiple sclerosis (MS), but it is not specifically an MS test. There is no single test that can tell you whether you have MS. If your health care provider thinks you have MS, you will probably have several other tests to confirm or rule out a diagnosis.\nWhile there is no cure for MS, there are many treatments available that can help relieve symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.\n'),(81,'d-dimer test','What is a D-dimer test?\nA D-dimer test looks for D-dimer in blood. D-dimer is a protein fragment (small piece) that\'s made when a blood clot dissolves in your body.\nBlood clotting is an important process that prevents you from losing too much blood when you are injured. Normally, your body will dissolve the clot once your injury has healed. With a blood clotting disorder, clots can form when you don\'t have an obvious injury or don\'t dissolve when they should. These conditions can be very serious and even life-threatening. A D-dimer test can show if you have one of these conditions.\nOther names: fragment D-dimer, fibrin degradation fragment\n','What is it used for?\nA D-dimer test is most often used to find out whether you have a blood clotting disorder. These disorders include:\nDeep vein thrombosis (DVT), a blood clot that\'s deep inside a vein. These clots usually affect the lower legs, but they can also happen in other parts of the body.\nPulmonary embolism (PE), a blockage in an artery in the lungs. It usually happens when a blood clot in another part of the body breaks loose and travels to the lungs. DVT clots are a common cause of PE.\nDisseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), a condition that causes too many blood clots to form. They can form throughout the body, causing organ damage and other serious complications. DIC may be caused by traumatic injuries or certain types of infections or cancer.\nStroke, a blockage in the blood supply to the brain.\n','Why do I need a D-dimer test?\nYou may need this test if you have symptoms of a blood clotting disorder, such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or a pulmonary embolism (PE).\nSymptoms of DVT include:\nLeg pain or tenderness\nLeg swelling\nRedness or red streaks on the legs\nSymptoms of PE include:\nTrouble breathing\nCough\nChest pain\nRapid heartbeat\nThis test is often done in an emergency room or other health care setting. If you have DVT symptoms and are not in a health care setting, call your health care provider. If you have symptoms of PE, call 911 or seek immediate medical attention.\n','What happens during a D-dimer test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a D-dimer test.\n','Are there any risks to a D-dimer test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results show low or normal D-dimer levels in the blood, it means you probably don\'t have a clotting disorder. \nIf your results show higher than normal levels of D-dimer, it may mean you have a clotting disorder. But it cannot show where the clot is located or what type of clotting disorder you have. Also, high D-dimer levels are not always caused by clotting problems. Other conditions that can cause high D-dimer levels include pregnancy, heart disease, and recent surgery. If your D-dimer results were not normal, your provider will probably order more tests to make a diagnosis.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a D-dimer test?\nIf your D-dimer test results were not normal, your provider may order one or more imaging tests to find out if you have a clotting disorder. These include:\nDoppler ultrasound, a test that uses sound waves to create images of your veins.\nCT angiography. In this test, you are injected with a special dye that helps your blood vessels show up on a special type of x-ray machine.\nVentilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan. These are two tests that may be done separately or together. They both use small amounts of radioactive substances to help a scanning machine see how well air and blood move through your lungs.\n'),(82,'dengue fever test','What is a dengue fever test?Dengue fever is a viral infection spread by mosquitos. The virus can\'t be spread from person to person. Mosquitos that carry the dengue virus are most common in areas of the world with tropical and subtropical climates. These include parts of:South and Central AmericaSoutheast AsiaThe South PacificAfricaThe Caribbean, including Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin IslandsDengue fever is rare in the U.S. mainland, but cases have been reported in Florida and in Texas near the Mexican border.Most people who get dengue fever have no symptoms, or mild, flu-like symptoms such as fever, chills, and headache. These symptoms usually last for a week or so. But sometimes dengue fever can develop into a much more serious disease called dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF).DHF causes life-threatening symptoms, including blood vessel damage and shock. Shock is a condition that can lead to a severe drop in blood pressure and organ failure.DHF mostly affects children under 10. It can also develop if you have dengue fever and get infected a second time before you have fully recovered from your first infection.A dengue fever test looks for signs of the dengue virus in the blood.While there is no medicine that can cure dengue fever or DHF, other treatments can help relieve symptoms. This can make you more comfortable if you have dengue fever. It can be lifesaving if you have DHF.Other names: dengue virus antibody, dengue virus by PCR\n','What is it used for?A dengue fever test is used to find out if you have been infected with the dengue virus. It is mostly used for people who have symptoms of illness and have recently traveled to an area where dengue infections are common.\n','Why do I need a dengue fever test?You may need this test if you live or have recently traveled to an area where dengue is common, and you have symptoms of dengue fever. Symptoms usually show up four to seven days after being bitten by an infected mosquito, and may include:Sudden high fever (104°F or higher)Swollen glandsRash on the faceSevere headache and/or pain behind the eyesJoint and muscle painNausea and vomitingFatigueDengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) causes more severe symptoms and can be life-threatening. If you\'ve had symptoms of dengue fever and/or have been in an area that has dengue, you may be at risk for DHF. Seek medical help immediately if you or your child has one or more of the following symptoms:Severe abdominal painVomiting that doesn\'t go awayBleeding gumsNose bleedsBleeding under the skin, which may look like bruisesBlood in urine and/or stoolsDifficulty breathingCold, clammy skinRestlessness\n','What happens during a dengue fever test?Your health care provider will probably ask about your symptoms and for details on your recent travels. If an infection is suspected, you will get a blood test to check for the dengue virus.During a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a dengue fever test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?A positive result means you probably have been infected with the dengue virus. A negative result can mean you aren\'t infected or you were tested too soon for the virus to show up in testing. If you think you were exposed to the dengue virus and/or have symptoms of infection, talk to your health care provider about whether you need to be retested.If your results were positive, talk to your health care provider about how to best treat your dengue fever infection. There are no medicines for dengue fever, but your provider will probably recommend that you get plenty of rest and drink lots of fluids to avoid dehydration. You may also be advised to take over-the-counter pain relievers with acetaminophen (Tylenol), to help ease body aches and reduce fever. Aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) are not recommended, as they may worsen bleeding.If your results are positive and you have symptoms of dengue hemorrhagic fever, you may need to go to the hospital for treatment. Treatment may include getting fluids through an intravenous (IV) line, a blood transfusion if you\'ve lost a lot of blood, and careful monitoring of blood pressure.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a dengue fever test?If you will be traveling to an area where dengue is common, you can take steps to reduce your risk of getting infected with the dengue virus. These include:Apply an insect repellent containing DEET on your skin and clothing.Wear long-sleeved shirts and pants.Use screens on windows and doors.Sleep under a mosquito net.\n'),(83,'dental exam','What is a dental exam?A dental exam is a checkup of your teeth and gums. Most children and adults should get a dental exam every six months. These exams are important for protecting oral health. Oral health problems can become serious and painful if not treated promptly.Dental exams are usually performed by both a dentist and a dental hygienist. A dentist is a doctor specially trained to care for teeth and gums. A dental hygienist is a health care professional trained to clean teeth and help patients maintain good oral health habits. Although dentists can treat people of all ages, children often go to pediatric dentists. Pediatric dentists are dentists who have received additional training to focus on dental care for children.Other names: dental checkup, oral exam\n','What is it used for?Dental exams are used to help find tooth decay, gum disease, and other oral health problems early, when they\'re easier to treat. The exams are also used to help educate people on the best ways to care for their teeth and gums.\n','Why do I need a dental exam?Most adults and children should get a dental exam every six months. If you have swollen, bleeding gums (known as gingivitis) or other gum disease, your dentist may want to see you more often. Some adults with gum disease may see a dentist three or four times a year. More frequent exams may help prevent a serious gum disease known as periodontitis. Periodontitis can lead to infection and tooth loss.Babies should have their first dental appointment within six months of getting their first tooth, or by 12 months of age. After that, they should get an exam every six months, or according to the recommendation of your child\'s dentist. Also, your child may need to have more frequent visits if the dentist finds a problem with tooth development or another oral health issue.\n','What happens during a dental exam?A typical dental exam will include a cleaning by a hygienist, x-rays on certain visits, and a checkup of your mouth by the dentist.During a cleaning:You or your child will sit in a large chair. A bright overhead light will shine above you. The hygienist will clean your teeth using small, metal dental tools. He or she will scrape your teeth to remove plaque and tartar. Plaque is a sticky film that contains bacteria and coats teeth. If plaque builds up on teeth, it turns into tartar, a hard mineral deposit that can get trapped at the bottom of teeth.The hygienist will floss your teeth.He or she will brush your teeth, using a special electric toothbrush.He or she may then apply a fluoride gel or foam to your teeth. Fluoride is a mineral that prevents tooth decay. Tooth decay can lead to cavities. Fluoride treatments are given to children more often than to adults.The hygienist or dentist may give you tips on how to care for your teeth, including proper brushing and flossing techniques.Dental x-rays are images that can show cavities, gum disease, bone loss, and other problems that can\'t be seen by just looking at the mouth.During an x-ray, the dentist or hygienist will:Place a thick covering, called a lead apron, over your chest. You may get an additional covering for your neck to protect your thyroid gland. These coverings protect the rest of your body from radiation.Have you bite down on a small piece of plastic.Place a scanner outside your mouth. He or she will take a picture, while standing behind a protective shield or other area.For certain types of x-rays, you will repeat this process, biting down in different areas of your mouth, as instructed by the dentist or hygienist.There are different types of dental x-rays. A type called a full-mouth series may be taken once every few years to check your overall oral health. Another type, called bitewing x-rays, may be used more often to check for cavities or other tooth problems.During the dentist\'s checkup, the dentist will:Check your x-rays, if you\'ve had them, for cavities or other problems.Look at your teeth and gums to see if they are healthy.Check the bite (the way the top and bottom teeth fit together). If there is a bite problem, you may be referred to an orthodontist.Check for oral cancer. This includes feeling under your jaw, checking the insides of your lips, the sides of your tongue, and on the roof and floor of your mouth.In addition to the above checks, a pediatric dentist may check to see if your child\'s teeth are developing normally.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for a dental exam?If you have certain health conditions, you may need to take antibiotics before your exam. These conditions include:Heart problemsImmune system disordersRecent surgeryIf you\'re not sure whether you need to take antibiotics, talk to your dentist and/or other health care provider.Also, some people feel anxious about going to the dentist. If you or your child feels this way, you may want to talk to the dentist beforehand. He or she may be able to help you or your child feel more relaxed and comfortable during the exam.\n','Are there any risks to a dental exam?There is very little risk to having a dental exam. The cleaning may be uncomfortable, but it is not usually painful.Dental x-rays are safe for most people. The dose of radiation in an x-ray is very low. But x-rays are not usually recommended for pregnant women, unless it\'s an emergency. Be sure to tell your dentist if you are pregnant or think you may be pregnant.\n','What do the results mean?Results may include one or more of the following conditions:A cavityGingivitis or other gum problemsBone loss or tooth development problemsIf results show that you or your child has a cavity, you probably will need to make another appointment with the dentist to treat it. If you have questions about how cavities are treated, talk to the dentist.If results show that you have gingivitis or other gum problems, your dentist may recommend:Improving your brushing and flossing habits.More frequent dental cleanings and/or dental exams.Using a medicated mouth rinse.That you see a periodontist, a specialist in diagnosing and treating gum disease.If bone loss or tooth development problems are found, you may need more tests and/or dental treatments.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a dental exam?To keep your mouth healthy, you\'ll need to take good care of your teeth and gums, both by having regular dental exams and practicing good dental habits at home. Good home oral care includes the following steps:Brush your teeth twice a day using a soft-bristled brush. Brush for about two minutes.Use a toothpaste that has fluoride. Fluoride helps prevent tooth decay and cavities.Floss at least once a day. Flossing removes plaque, which can damage teeth and gums.Replace your toothbrush every three or four months.Eat a healthy diet, avoiding or limiting sweets and sugary drinks. If you do eat or drink sweets, brush your teeth soon after.Don\'t smoke. Smokers have more oral health problems than nonsmokers.\n'),(84,'depression screening','What is depression screening?\nA depression screening, also called a depression test, helps find out if you have depression. Depression is a common, though serious, illness. Everyone feels sad at times, but depression is different than normal sadness or grief. Depression can affect how you think, feel, and behave. Depression makes it hard to function at home and work. You may lose interest in activities you once enjoyed. Some people with depression feel worthless and are at risk for harming themselves.\nThere are different types of depression. The most common types are:\nMajor depression, which causes persistent feelings of sadness, anger, and/or frustration. Major depression lasts for several weeks or longer.\nPersistent depressive disorder, which causes depressive symptoms that last two years or more.\nPostpartum depression. Many new mothers feel sad, but postpartum depression causes extreme sadness and anxiety after childbirth. It can make it hard for mothers to care for themselves and/or their babies.\nSeasonal affective disorder (SAD). This form of depression usually happens in winter when there is less sunlight. Most people with SAD feel better in the spring and summer.\nPsychotic depression occurs with psychosis, a more serious psychiatric disorder. Psychosis can cause people to lose touch with reality.\nBipolar disorder formerly called manic depression. People with bipolar disorder have alternating episodes of mania (extreme highs or euphoria) and depression.\nFortunately, most people with depression feel better after treatment with medicine and/or talk therapy.\nOther names: depression test\n','What is it used for?A depression screening is used to help diagnose depression. Your primary care provider may give you a depression test if you are showing signs of depression. If the screening shows you have depression, you may need treatment from a mental health provider. A mental health provider is a health care professional who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental health problems. If you are already seeing a mental health provider, you may get a depression test to help guide your treatment.\n','Why do I need depression screening?You may need depression screening if you are showing signs of depression. Signs of depression include:Loss of interest or pleasure in daily living and/or other activities, such as hobbies, sports, or sexAnger, frustration, or irritabilitySleep problems: trouble falling asleep and/or staying asleep (insomnia) or sleeping too muchFatigue and lack of energyRestlessnessTrouble concentrating or making decisionsFeelings of guilt or worthlessnessLosing or gaining a lot of weightOne of the most serious signs of depression is thinking about or attempting suicide. If you are thinking about hurting yourself, or about suicide, seek help right away. There are many ways to get help. You can:Call 911 or go to your local emergency roomCall your mental health provider or other health care providerReach out to a loved one or close friendCall a suicide hotline. In the United States, you can call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (1-800-273-8255)\n','What happens during depression screening?Your primary care provider may give you a physical exam and ask you about your feelings, mood, sleep habits, and other symptoms. Your provider may also order a blood test to find out if a disorder, such as anemia or thyroid disease, may be causing your depression.During a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.If you are being tested by a mental health provider, he or she may ask you more detailed questions about your feelings and behaviors. You may also be asked to fill out a questionnaire about these issues.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for depression screening?You usually don\'t need any special preparations for a depression test.\n','Are there any risks to screening?There is no risk to having a physical exam or taking a questionnaire.There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If you are diagnosed with depression, it\'s important to get treatment as soon as possible. The sooner you get treatment, the better chance you have of recovery. Treatment for depression may take a long time, but most people who get treated eventually feel better.If your primary care provider diagnosed you, he or she may refer you to a mental health provider. If a mental health provider diagnosed you, he or she will recommend a treatment plan based on the type of depression you have and how serious it is.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about depression screening?There are many types of mental health providers who treat depression. The most common types of mental health providers include:Psychiatrist, a medical doctor who specializes in mental health. Psychiatrists diagnose and treat mental health disorders. They can also prescribe medicine.Psychologist, a professional trained in psychology. Psychologists generally have doctoral degrees, such as a Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy) or a Psy.D. (Doctor of Psychology). But they do not have medical degrees. Psychologists diagnose and treat mental health disorders. They offer one-on-one counseling and/or group therapy sessions. They can\'t prescribe medicine, unless they have a special license. Some psychologists work with providers who are able to prescribe medicine.Licensed clinical social worker (L.C.S.W.) has a master\'s degree in social work with training in mental health. Some have additional degrees and training. L.C.S.W.s diagnose and provide counseling for a variety of mental health problems. They can\'t prescribe medicine, but can work with providers who are able to.Licensed professional counselor. (L.P.C.). Most L.P.C.s have a master\'s degree. But training requirements vary by state. L.P.C.s diagnose and provide counseling for a variety of mental health problems. They can\'t prescribe medicine, but can work with providers who are able to.L.C.S.W.s and L.P.C.s may be known by other names, including therapist, clinician, or counselor.If you don\'t know which type of mental health provider you should see, talk to your primary care provider.\n'),(85,'dhea sulfate test','What is a DHEA sulfate test?\nThis test measures the levels of DHEA sulfate (DHEAS) in your blood. DHEAS stands for dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. DHEAS is a male sex hormone that is found in both men and women. DHEAS plays an important role in making the male sex hormone testosterone and the female sex hormone estrogen. It’s also involved in the development of male sexual characteristics at puberty.\nDHEAS is mostly made in the adrenal glands, two small glands located above your kidneys. They help control heart rate, blood pressure, and other body functions. Smaller amounts of DHEAS are made in a man’s testicles and in a woman’s ovaries. If your DHEAS levels are not normal, it may mean there is a problem with your adrenal glands or sex organs (testicles or ovaries.)\nOther names:  DHEAS, DHEA-S, DHEA, DHEA-SO4, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate\n','What is it used for?\nA DHEA sulfate (DHEAS) test is most often used to:\nFind out if your adrenal glands are working right\nDiagnose tumors of the adrenal glands\nDiagnose disorders of the testicles or ovaries\nFind out the cause of early puberty in boys\nFind out the cause of excess body hair growth and development of masculine features in women and girls\nA DHEAS test is often done along with other sex hormone tests. These include testosterone tests for men and estrogen tests for women.\n','Why do I need a DHEA sulfate test?\nYou may need this test if you have symptoms of high levels or low levels of DHEA sulfate (DHEAS). Men may not have any symptoms of high levels of DHEAS. Symptoms of high levels of DHEAS in women and girls may include:\nExcess body and facial hair growth\nDeepening of voice\nMenstrual irregularities\nAcne\nIncreased muscularity\nHair loss at the top of the head\nBaby girls may also need testing if they have genitals that are not clearly male or female in appearance (ambiguous genitalia). Boys may need this test if they have signs of early puberty.\nSymptoms of low levels of DHEAS may include the following signs of an adrenal gland disorder:\nUnexplained weight loss\nNausea and vomiting\nDizziness\nDehydration\nCraving for salt\nOther symptoms of low DHEAS are related to aging and may include:\nDecreased sex drive\nErectile dysfunction in men\nThinning of vaginal tissues in women\n','What happens during a DHEA sulfate test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don’t need any special preparations for a DHEA sulfate test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results show high levels of DHEA sulfate (DHEAS), it may mean you have one of the following conditions:\nCongenital adrenal hyperplasia, an inherited disorder of the adrenal glands\nA tumor of the adrenal gland. It may be benign (noncancerous) or cancerous.\nPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is a common hormone disorder affecting childbearing women. It is one of the leading causes of female infertility.\nIf your results show low levels of DHEAS, it may mean you have one of the following conditions:\nAddison disease. Addison disease is a disorder in which the adrenal glands are not able to make enough of certain hormones.\nHypopituitarism, a condition in which the pituitary gland does not make enough pituitary hormones\n If you have questions about your results, talk to your provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a DHEA sulfate test?\nDHEA sulfate levels normally decline with age in both men and women. Over-the-counter DHEA sulfate supplements are available and are sometimes promoted as an anti-aging therapy. But there is no reliable evidence to support these anti-aging claims. In fact, these supplements may cause serious side effects. If you have questions about DHEA supplements, talk to your health care provider.\n'),(86,'diabetic foot exam','What is a diabetic foot exam?People with diabetes are at higher risk for a variety of foot health problems. A diabetic foot exam checks people with diabetes for these problems, which include infection, injury, and bone abnormalities. Nerve damage, known as neuropathy, and poor circulation (blood flow) are the most common causes of diabetic foot problems.Neuropathy can make your feet feel numb or tingly. It can also cause a loss of feeling in your feet. So if you get a foot injury, like a callus or blister, or even a deep sore known as an ulcer, you may not even know it.Poor circulation in the foot can make it harder for you to fight foot infections and heal from injuries. If you have diabetes and get a foot ulcer or other injury, your body may not be able to heal it fast enough. This can lead to an infection, which can quickly become serious. If a foot infection is not treated right away, it can become so dangerous that your foot may need to be amputated to save your life.Fortunately, regular diabetic foot exams, as well as home care, can help prevent serious foot health problems.Other names: comprehensive foot exam\n','What is it used for?A diabetic foot exam is used to check for foot health problems in people with diabetes. When ulcers or other foot problems are found and treated early, it can prevent serious complications.\n','Why do I need a diabetic foot exam?People with diabetes should get a diabetic foot exam at least once a year. You may need an exam more often if your feet have any of the following symptoms:TinglingNumbnessPainBurning sensationSwellingPain and difficulty when walkingYou should call your health care provider right away if you have any of the following symptoms, which are signs of a serious infection:A blister, cut, or other foot injury that doesn\'t start to heal after a few daysA foot injury that feels warm when you touch itRedness around a foot injuryA callus with dried blood inside itAn injury that is black and smelly. This is a sign of gangrene, the death of body tissue. If not treated promptly, gangrene can lead to amputation of the foot, or even death.\n','What happens during a diabetic foot exam?A diabetic foot exam may be done by your primary care provider and/or a foot doctor, known as a podiatrist. A foot doctor specializes in keeping feet healthy and treating diseases of the feet. The exam usually includes the following:General assessment. Your provider will:Ask questions about your health history and any previous problems you\'ve had with your feet.Check your shoes for proper fit and ask questions about your other footwear. Shoes that don\'t fit well or are otherwise uncomfortable can lead to blisters, calluses, and ulcers.Dermatological assessment. Your provider will:Look for various skin problems, including dryness, cracking, calluses, blisters, and ulcers.Check the toenails for cracks or fungal infection.Check between the toes for signs of a fungal infection.Neurologic assessments. These are a series of tests that include:Monofilament test. Your provider will brush a soft nylon fiber called a monofilament over your foot and toes to test your foot\'s sensitivity to touch.Tuning fork and visual perception tests (VPT). Your provider will place a tuning fork or other device against your foot and toes to see if you can feel the vibration it produces.Pinprick test. Your provider will gently poke the bottom of your foot with a small pin to see if you can feel it.Ankle reflexes. Your provider will check your ankle reflexes by tapping on your foot with a small mallet. This is similar to a test you may get at an annual physical, in which your provider taps just below your knee to check your reflexes.Musculoskeletal assessment. Your provider will:Look for abnormalities in the shape and structure of your foot.Vascular assessment. If you have symptoms of poor circulation, your provider may:Use a type of imaging technology called Doppler ultrasound to see how well blood is flowing in your foot.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a diabetic foot exam.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There are no known risks to having a diabetic foot exam.\n','What do the results mean?If a problem is found, your foot doctor or other provider will likely recommend more frequent testing. Other treatments may include:Antibiotics to treat foot infectionsSurgery to help with bone deformitiesThere is no treatment for nerve damage to the foot, but there are treatments that can relieve pain and improve function. These include:MedicineSkin creamsPhysical therapy to help with balance and strengthIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a diabetic foot exam?\nFoot problems are a serious risk to people with diabetes. But you can help keep your feet healthy if you:\nTake care of your diabetes Work with your health care provider to keep your blood sugar at a healthy level.\nGet regular diabetic foot exams. You should get your feet checked at least once a year, and more often if you or your provider finds a problem.\nCheck your feet every day. This can help you find and address problems early before they get worse. Look for sores, ulcers, toenail cracks, and other changes in your feet.\nWash your feet every day. Use warm water and mild soap. Dry thoroughly.\nWear shoes and socks at all times. Make sure your shoes are comfortable and fit well.\nTrim your toenails regularly. Cut straight across the nail and gently smooth edges with a nail file.\nProtect your feet from excess heat and cold. Wear shoes on hot surfaces. Don\'t use heating pads or hot bottles on your feet. Before putting your feet in hot water, test the temperature with your hands. Because of reduced sensation, you can burn your feet without knowing it. To protect your feet from cold, don\'t go barefoot, wear socks in bed, and in the winter, wear lined, waterproof boots.\nKeep blood flowing to your feet. Put your feet up when sitting. Wiggle your toes for a few minutes two or three times a day. Stay active, but choose activities that are easy on the feet, such swimming or biking. Talk to your provider before starting an exercise program.\nDon\'t smoke. Smoking reduces blood flow to the feet and can make wounds heal slowly. Many diabetics who smoke need amputations.\n'),(87,'differential diagnosis','What is a differential diagnosis?Not every health disorder can be diagnosed with a simple lab test. Many conditions cause similar symptoms. For example, many infections cause fever, headaches, and fatigue. Many mental health disorders cause sadness, anxiety, and sleep problems.A differential diagnosis looks at the possible disorders that could be causing your symptoms. It often involves several tests. These tests can rule out conditions and/or determine if you need more testing.\n','How is it used?A differential diagnosis is used to help diagnose physical or mental health disorders that cause similar symptoms.\n',NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,'\nRelated Health Topics\nHealth Checkup\nMental Disorders\nUrinalysis\n','\nRelated Medical Tests\nHow to Understand Your Lab Results\nMental Health Screening\nRash Evaluation\n'),(88,'doppler ultrasound','What is a Doppler ultrasound?A Doppler ultrasound is an imaging test that uses sound waves to show blood moving through blood vessels. A regular ultrasound also uses sound waves to create images of structures inside the body, but it can\'t show blood flow.Doppler ultrasound works by measuring sound waves that are reflected from moving objects, such as red blood cells. This is known as the Doppler effect.There are different types of Doppler ultrasound tests. They include:Color Doppler. This type of Doppler uses a computer to change sound waves into different colors. These colors show the speed and direction of blood flow in real time.Power Doppler, a newer type of color Doppler. It can provide more detail of blood flow than standard color Doppler. But it cannot show the direction of blood flow, which can be important in some cases.Spectral Doppler. This test shows blood flow information on a graph, rather than color pictures. It can help show how much of a blood vessel is blocked.Duplex Doppler. This test uses standard ultrasound to take images of blood vessels and organs. Then a computer turns the images into a graph, as in spectral Doppler.Continuous wave Doppler. In this test, sound waves are sent and received continuously. It allows for more accurate measurement of blood that flows at faster speeds.Other names: Doppler ultrasonography\n','What is it used for?Doppler ultrasound tests are used to help health care providers find out if you have a condition that is reducing or blocking your blood flow. It may also be used to help diagnose certain heart diseases. The test is most often used to:Check heart function. It is often done along with an electrocardiogram, a test that measures electrical signals in the heart.Look for blockages in blood flow. Blocked blood flow in the legs can cause a condition called deep vein thrombosis (DVT).Check for blood vessel damage and for defects in the structure of the heart.Look for narrowing of blood vessels. Narrowed arteries in arms and legs can mean you have condition called peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Narrowing of arteries in the neck can mean you have a condition called carotid artery stenosis.Monitor blood flow after surgery.Check for normal blood flow in a pregnant woman and her unborn baby.\n','Why do I need a Doppler ultrasound?You may need a Doppler ultrasound if you have symptoms of reduced blood flow or a heart disease. Symptoms vary depending on the condition causing the problem. Some common blood flow conditions and symptoms are below.Symptoms of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) include:Numbness or weakness in your legsPainful cramping in your hips or leg muscles when walking or climbing stairsCold feeling in your lower leg or footChange in color and/or shiny skin on your legSymptoms of heart problems include:Shortness of breathSwelling in your legs, feet, and/or abdomenFatigueYou may also need a Doppler ultrasound if you:Have had a stroke. After a stroke, your health care provider may order a special kind of Doppler test, called transcranial Doppler, to check blood flow to the brain.Had an injury to your blood vessels.Are being treated for a blood flow disorder.Are pregnant and your provider thinks you or your unborn baby might have a blood flow problem. Your provider may suspect a problem if your unborn baby is smaller than it should be at this stage of pregnancy or if you have certain health problems. These include sickle cell disease or preeclampsia, a type of high blood pressure that affects pregnant women.\n','What happens during a Doppler ultrasound?A Doppler ultrasound usually includes the following steps:You will lie a table, exposing the area of your body that\'s being tested.A health care provider will spread a special gel on the skin over that area.The provider will move a wand-like device, called a transducer, over the area.The device sends sound waves into your body.The movement of blood cells causes a change in the pitch of the sound waves. You may hear swishing or pulse-like sounds during the procedure.The waves are recorded and turned into images or graphs on a monitor.After the test is over, the provider will wipe the gel off your body.The test takes about 30-60 minutes to complete.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?To prepare for a Doppler ultrasound, you may need to:Remove clothing and jewelry from the area of the body that is getting tested.Avoid cigarettes and other products that have nicotine for up to two hours before your test. Nicotine causes blood vessels to narrow, which can affect your results.For certain types of Doppler tests, you may be asked to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test.Your health care provider will let you know if you need to do anything to prepare for your test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There are no known risks to having a Doppler ultrasound. It is also considered safe during pregnancy.\n','What do the results mean?If your results were not normal, it may mean you have:A blockage or clot in an arteryNarrowed blood vesselsAbnormal blood flowAn aneurysm, a balloon-like bulge in the arteries. It causes the arteries to become stretched and thin. If the wall becomes too thin, the artery can rupture, causing life-threatening bleeding.Results may also show if there is abnormal blood flow in an unborn baby.The meaning of your results will depend what area of the body was being tested. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\n',NULL),(89,'down syndrome tests','What are Down syndrome tests?Down syndrome is a disorder that causes intellectual disabilities, distinctive physical features, and various health problems. These may include heart defects, hearing loss, and thyroid disease. Down syndrome is a type of chromosome disorder.Chromosomes are the parts of your cells that contain your genes. Genes are parts of DNA passed down from your mother and father. They carry information that determines your unique traits, such as height and eye color.People normally have 46 chromosomes, divided into 23 pairs, in each cell.One of each pair of chromosomes comes from your mother, and the other pair comes from your father.In Down syndrome, there is an extra copy of chromosome 21.The extra chromosome changes the way the body and brain develop.Down syndrome, also called trisomy 21, is the most common chromosome disorder in the United States.In two rare forms of Down syndrome, called mosaic trisomy 21 and translocation trisomy 21, the extra chromosome doesn\'t show up in every cell. People with these disorders usually have fewer of the characteristics and health problems associated with the common form of Down syndrome.Down syndrome screening tests show whether your unborn baby is more likely to have Down syndrome. Other types of tests confirm or rule out the diagnosis.\n','What are the tests used for?Down syndrome tests are used to screen for or diagnose Down syndrome. Down syndrome screening tests have little or no risk to you or your baby, but they can\'t tell you for sure whether your baby has Down syndrome.Diagnostic tests during pregnancy can confirm or rule out a diagnosis, but the tests have a small risk of causing a miscarriage.\n','Why do I need a Down syndrome test?Many health care providers recommend Down syndrome screening and/or diagnostic tests for pregnant women who are 35 years of age or older. A mother\'s age is the primary risk factor for having a baby with Down syndrome. The risk increases as a woman gets older. But you may also be at higher risk if you\'ve already had a baby with Down syndrome and/or have a family history of the disorder.In addition, you may want to get tested to help you prepare if the results show your baby may have Down syndrome. Knowing in advance can give you time to plan for health care and support services for your child and family.But testing isn\'t for everyone. Before you decide to get tested, think about how you\'d feel and what you might do after learning the results. You should discuss your questions and concerns with your partner and your health care provider.If you didn\'t get tested during pregnancy or want to confirm the results of other tests, you may want to have your baby tested if he or she has symptoms of Down syndrome. These include:Flattened face and noseAlmond-shaped eyes that slant upwardSmall ears and mouthTiny white spots on the eyePoor muscle toneDevelopmental delays\n','What are the different types of Down syndrome tests?\nThere are two basic types of Down syndrome tests: screening and diagnostic tests.\nDown syndrome screening includes the following tests done during pregnancy:\nFirst trimester screening includes a blood test that checks the levels of certain proteins in the mother\'s blood. If levels are not normal, it means there is a higher chance of the baby having Down syndrome. The screening also includes an ultrasound, an imaging test that looks at the unborn baby for signs of Down syndrome. The test is done between the 10th and 14th week of pregnancy.\nSecond trimester screening. These are blood tests that also look for certain substances in the mother\'s blood that may be a sign of Down syndrome. A triple screen test looks for three different substances. It is done between the 16th and 18th week of pregnancy. A quadruple screen test looks for four different substances and is done between the 15th and 20th week of pregnancy. Your provider may order one or both of these tests.\nIf your Down syndrome screening shows a higher chance of Down syndrome, you may want to take a diagnostic test to confirm or rule out a diagnosis.\nDown syndrome diagnostic tests done during pregnancy include:\nAmniocentesis, which takes a sample of amniotic fluid, the fluid that surrounds your unborn baby. It is usually done between the 15th and 20th week of pregnancy.\nChorionic villus sampling (CVS), which takes a sample from the placenta, the organ that nourishes your unborn baby in your uterus. It\'s usually done between the 10th and 13th week of pregnancy.\nPercutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS), which takes a blood sample from the umbilical cord. PUBS gives the most accurate diagnosis of Down syndrome during pregnancy, but it can\'t be done until late in pregnancy, between the 18th and 22nd week.\nDown syndrome diagnosis after birth:\nYour baby may get a blood test that looks at his or her chromosomes. This test will tell you for sure whether your baby has Down syndrome.\n','What happens during Down syndrome testing?During a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.For the first trimester ultrasound, a health care provider will move an ultrasound device over your abdomen. The device uses sound waves to look at your unborn baby. Your provider will check for thickness at the back of your baby\'s neck, which is a sign of Down syndrome.For amniocentesis:You\'ll lie on your back on an exam table.Your provider will move an ultrasound device over your abdomen. Ultrasound uses sound waves to check the position of your uterus, placenta, and baby.Your provider will insert a thin needle into your abdomen and withdraw a small amount of amniotic fluid.For chorionic villus sampling (CVS):You\'ll lie on your back on an exam table.Your provider will move an ultrasound device over your abdomen to check the position of your uterus, placenta, and baby.Your provider will collect cells from the placenta in one of two ways: either through your cervix with a thin tube called a catheter, or with a thin needle through your abdomen.For percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS):You\'ll lie on your back on an exam table.Your provider will move an ultrasound device over your abdomen to check the position of your uterus, placenta, baby, and umbilical cord.Your provider will insert a thin needle into the umbilical cord and withdraw a small blood sample.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the tests?There are no special preparations needed for Down syndrome testing. But you should talk to your health care provider about the risks and benefits of testing.\n','Are there any risks to the tests?There is very little risk to having a blood test or ultrasound. After a blood test, you may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.Amniocentesis, CVS, and PUBS tests are usually very safe procedures, but they do have a slight risk of causing a miscarriage.\n','What do the results mean?Down syndrome screening results can only show if you have a higher risk of having a baby with Down syndrome, but they can\'t tell you for sure if your baby has Down syndrome You may have results that are not normal, but still deliver a healthy baby with no chromosomal defects or disorders.If your Down syndrome screening results were not normal, you may choose to have one or more diagnostic tests.It can help to speak to a genetic counselor before testing and/or after you get your results. A genetic counselor is a specially trained professional in genetics and genetic testing. He or she can help you understand what your results mean.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n'),(90,'drug testing','What is a drug test?A drug test looks for the presence of one or more illegal or prescription drugs in your urine, blood, saliva, hair, or sweat. Urine testing is the most common type of drug screening. The drugs most often tested for include:MarijuanaOpioids, such as heroin, codeine, oxycodone, morphine, hydrocodone, and fentanylAmphetamines, including methamphetamineCocaineSteroidsBarbiturates, such as phenobarbital and secobarbitalPhencyclidine (PCP)Other names: drug screen, drug test, drugs of abuse testing, substance abuse testing, toxicology screen, tox screen, sports doping tests\n','What is it used for?Drug screening is used to find out whether or not a person has taken a certain drug or drugs. It may be used for:Employment. Employers may test you before hiring and/or after hiring to check for on-the-job drug use.Sports organizations. Professional and collegiate athletes usually need to take a test for performance-enhancing drugs or other substances.Legal or forensic purposes. Testing may be part of a criminal or motor vehicle accident investigation. Drug screening may also be ordered as part of a court case.Monitoring opioid use. If you\'ve been prescribed an opioid for chronic pain, your health care provider may order a drug test to make sure you are taking the right amount of your medicine.\n','Why do I need a drug test?You may have to take a drug test as a condition of your employment, in order to participate in organized sports, or as part of a police investigation or court case. Your health care provider may order drug screening if you have symptoms of drug abuse. These symptoms include:Slowed or slurred speechDilated or small pupilsAgitationPanicParanoiaDeliriumDifficulty breathingNauseaChanges in blood pressure or heart rhythm\n','What happens during a drug test?A drug test generally requires that you give a urine sample in a lab. You will be given instructions to provide a \"clean catch\" sample. The clean catch method includes the following steps:Wash your handsClean your genital area with a cleansing pad given to you by your provider. Men should wipe the tip of their penis. Women should open their labia and clean from front to back.Start to urinate into the toilet.Move the collection container under your urine stream.Collect at least an ounce or two of urine into the container, which should have markings to indicate the amounts.Finish urinating into the toilet.Return the sample container to the lab technician or health care provider.In certain instances, a medical technician or other staff member may need to be present while you provide your sample.For a blood test for drugs, you will go to a lab to provide your sample. During the test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?Be sure to tell the testing provider or your health care provider if you are taking any prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines, or supplements because they may give you a positive result for certain illegal drugs. Also, you should avoid foods with poppy seeds, which can cause a positive result for opioids.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There are no known physical risks to having a drug test, but a positive result may affect other aspects of your life, including your job, your eligibility to play sports, and the outcome of a court case.Before you take a drug test, you should be told what you are being tested for, why you are being tested, and how the results will be used. If you have questions or concerns about your test, talk to your health care provider or contact the individual or organization that ordered the test.\n','What do the results mean?If your results are negative, it means no drugs were found in your body, or the level of drugs was below an established level, which differs depending on the drug. If your results are positive, it means one or more drugs were found in your body above an established level. However, false positives can happen. So if your first test shows that you have drugs in your system, you will have further testing to figure out whether or not you are actually taking a certain drug or drugs.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a drug test?\nIf you test positive for a legal drug prescribed by your doctor, your employer can’t penalize you for a positive result, unless the drug is affecting your ability to perform your job.\nIf you test positive for marijuana and live in state where it has been legalized, employers may be able penalize you. Many employers want to maintain a drug-free workplace. Also, marijuana is still illegal under federal law.\n'),(91,'elastography','What is an elastography?An elastography, also known as liver elastography, is a type of imaging test that checks the liver for fibrosis. Fibrosis is a condition that reduces blood flow to and inside the liver. This causes the buildup of scar tissue. Left untreated, fibrosis can lead to serious problems in the liver. These include cirrhosis, liver cancer, and liver failure. But early diagnosis and treatment can reduce or even reverse the effects of fibrosis.There are two types of liver elastography tests:Ultrasound elastography, also known as Fibroscan, the brand name of the ultrasound device. The test uses sound waves to measure the stiffness of liver tissue. Stiffness is a sign of fibrosis.MRE (magnetic resonance elastography), a test that combines ultrasound technology with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI is a procedure that uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create images of organs and structures inside the body. In an MRE test, a computer program creates a visual map that shows liver stiffness.Elastography testing may be used in place of a liver biopsy, a more invasive test that involves removing a piece of liver tissue for testing.Other names: liver elastography, transient elastography, Fibroscan, MR elastography\n','What is it used for?An elastography is used to diagnose fatty liver disease (FLD) and fibrosis. FLD is a condition in which normal liver tissue is replaced by fat. This fat can lead to cell death and fibrosis.\n','Why do I need an elastography?Many people with fibrosis don\'t have symptoms. But left untreated, fibrosis will continue to scar the liver and eventually turn into cirrhosis.Cirrhosis is a term used to describe excessive scarring of the liver. Cirrhosis is most often caused by alcohol abuse or hepatitis. In severe cases, cirrhosis can be life threatening. Cirrhosis does cause symptoms. So you may need this test if you have symptoms of cirrhosis or another liver disease.Symptoms of cirrhosis and other liver diseases are similar and may include:Yellowing of the skin. This is known as jaundice.FatigueItchingBruising easilyHeavy nosebleedsSwelling in the legsWeight lossConfusion\n','What happens during an elastography?During an ultrasound (Fibroscan) elastography:You will lie on an examination table on your back, with your right abdominal area exposed.A radiology technician will spread gel on your skin over the area.He or she will place a wand-like device, called a transducer, on the area of skin that covers your liver.The probe will deliver a series of sound waves. The waves will travel to your liver and bounce back. The waves are so high pitched you can\'t hear them.You may feel a gentle flick as this is done, but it should not hurt.The sound waves are recorded, measured, and displayed on a monitor.The measurement shows the level of stiffness in the liver.The procedure only takes about five minutes, but your entire appointment may take a half hour or so.MRE (magnetic resonance elastography) is done with the same type of machine and many of the same steps as a traditional MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) test. During an MRE procedure:You will lie on a narrow examination table.A radiology technician will place a small pad on your abdomen. The pad will emit vibrations that pass through your liver.The table will slide into an MRI scanner, which is a tunnel-shaped machine that contains the magnet. You may be given earplugs or headphones before the test to help block the noise of the scanner, which is very loud.Once inside the scanner, the pad will activate and send measurements of vibrations from your liver. The measurements will be recorded onto a computer and turned into a visual map that shows the stiffness of your liver.The test takes about 30 to 60 minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for an ultrasound elastography. If you are having an MRE, be sure to remove all metal jewelry and accessories before the test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There are no known risks to having an ultrasound elastography. There is little risk to having an MRE for most people. Some people feel nervous or claustrophobic inside the scanner. If you feel this way, you may be given medicine before the test to help you relax.\n','What do the results mean?Both types of elastography measure the stiffness of the liver. The stiffer the liver, the more fibrosis you have. Your results may range from no scarring to mild, moderate, or advanced liver scarring. Advanced scarring is known as cirrhosis. Your health care provider may order additional testing, including liver function blood tests or a liver biopsy, to confirm a diagnosis.If you are diagnosed with mild to moderate fibrosis, you may be able to take steps to stop further scarring and sometimes even improve your condition. These steps include:Not drinking alcoholNot taking illegal drugsEating a healthy dietIncreasing exerciseTaking medicine. There are medicines that are effective in treating some types of hepatitis.If you wait too long for treatment, more and more scar tissue will build up in your liver. This can lead to cirrhosis. Sometimes, the only treatment for advanced cirrhosis is a liver transplant.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an elastography?MRE testing may not be a good choice for people who have metal devices implanted in their bodies. These include pacemakers, artificial heart valves, and infusion pumps. The magnet in the MRI can affect the operation of these devices, and in some cases, it could be dangerous. Dental braces and certain types of tattoos that contain metal may also cause problems during the procedure.The test is also not recommended for women who are pregnant or think they might be pregnant. It is not known whether magnetic fields are harmful to unborn babies.\n'),(92,'electrocardiogram','What is an electrocardiogram (EKG) test?An electrocardiogram (EKG) test is a simple, painless procedure that measures electrical signals in your heart. Each time your heart beats, an electrical signal travels through the heart. An EKG can show if your heart is beating at a normal rate and strength. It also helps show the size and position of your heart\'s chambers. An abnormal EKG can be a sign of heart disease or damage.Other names: ECG test\n','What is it used for?An EKG test is used to find and/or monitor various heart disorders. These include:Irregular heartbeat (known as arrhythmia)Blocked arteriesHeart damageHeart failureHeart attack. EKGs are often used in the ambulance, emergency room, or other hospital room to diagnose a suspected heart attack.An EKG test is sometimes included in a routine exam for middle-aged and older adults, as they have a higher risk of heart disease than younger people.\n','Why do I need an EKG test?You may need an EKG test if you have symptoms of a heart disorder. These include:Chest painRapid heartbeatArrhythmia (it may feel like your heart has skipped a beat or is fluttering)Shortness of breathDizzinessFatigueYou may also need this test if you:Have had a heart attack or other heart problems in the pastHave a family history of heart diseaseAre scheduled for surgery. Your health care provider may want to check your heart health before the procedure.Have a pacemaker. The EKG can show how well the device is working.Are taking medicine for heart disease. The EKG can show if your medicine is effective, or if you need to make changes in your treatment.\n','What happens during an EKG test?An EKG test may be done in a provider\'s office, outpatient clinic, or a hospital. During the procedure:You will lie on an exam table.A health care provider will place several electrodes (small sensors that stick to the skin) on your arms, legs, and chest. The provider may need to shave or trim excess hair before placing the electrodes.The electrodes are attached by wires to a computer that records your heart\'s electrical activity.The activity will be displayed on the computer\'s monitor and/or printed out on paper.The procedure only takes about three minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for an EKG test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having an EKG. You may feel a little discomfort or skin irritation after the electrodes are removed. There is no risk of electric shock. The EKG doesn\'t send any electricity to your body. It only records electricity.\n','What do the results mean?Your health care provider will check your EKG results for a consistent heartbeat and rhythm. If your results were not normal, it may mean you have one of the following disorders:ArrhythmiaA heartbeat that is too fast or too slowInadequate blood supply to the heartA bulge in the heart\'s walls. This bulge is known as an aneurysm.Thickening of the heart\'s wallsA heart attack (Results can show if you\'ve had a heart attack in the past or if you are having an attack during the EKG.)If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\n',NULL),(93,'electrolyte panel','What is an electrolyte panel?\nElectrolytes are electrically charged minerals that help control the amount of fluids and the balance of acids and bases in your body. They also help control muscle and nerve activity, heart rhythm, and other important functions. An electrolyte panel, also known as a serum electrolyte test, is a blood test that measures levels of the body\'s main electrolytes:\nSodium, which helps control the amount of fluid in the body. It also helps your nerves and muscles work properly.\nChloride, which also helps control the amount of fluid in the body. In addition, it helps maintain healthy blood volume and blood pressure.\nPotassium, which helps your heart and muscles work properly.\nBicarbonate, which helps maintain the body\'s acid and base balance. It also plays an important role in moving carbon dioxide through the bloodstream.\nAbnormal levels of any of these electrolytes can be a sign of a serious health problem, including kidney disease, high blood pressure, and a life-threatening irregularity in heart rhythm.\nOther names: serum electrolyte test, lytes, sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), carbon dioxide (CO2)\n','What is it used for?\nAn electrolyte panel is often part of a routine blood screening or a comprehensive metabolic panel. The test may also be used to find out if your body has a fluid imbalance or an imbalance in acid and base levels.\nElectrolytes are usually measured together. But sometimes they are tested individually. Separate testing may be done if a provider suspects a problem with a specific electrolyte.\n','Why do I need an electrolyte panel?\nYou may need this test if you have symptoms indicating that your body\'s electrolytes may be out of balance. These include:\nNausea and/or vomiting\nConfusion\nWeakness\nIrregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)\n','What happens during an electrolyte panel?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t any special preparations for an electrolyte panel.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nYour results will include measurements for each electrolyte. Abnormal electrolyte levels can be caused by several different conditions, including:\nDehydration\nKidney disease\nHeart disease\nDiabetes\nAcidosis, a condition in which you have too much acid in your blood. It can cause nausea, vomiting, and fatigue.\nAlkalosis, a condition in which you have too much base in your blood. It can cause irritability, muscle twitching, and tingling in the fingers and toes.\nYour specific results will depend on which electrolyte is affected and whether levels are too low or too high. If your electrolyte levels were not in the normal range, it doesn\'t necessarily mean you have a medical problem needing treatment. Many factors can affect electrolyte levels. These include taking in too much fluid or losing fluid because of vomiting or diarrhea. Also, certain medicines such as antacids and blood pressure medicines may cause abnormal results.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an electrolyte panel?\nYour health care provider may order another test, called an anion gap, along with your electrolyte panel. Some electrolytes have a positive electric charge. Others have a negative electric charge. The anion gap is a measurement of the difference between the negatively charged and positively charged electrolytes. If the anion gap is either too high or too low, it may be a sign of a serious health problem.\n'),(94,'electromyography (emg) and nerve conduction studies','What are electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies?\nElectromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies are tests that measure the electrical activity of muscles and nerves. Nerves send out electrical signals to make your muscles react in certain ways. As your muscles react, they give off these signals, which can then be measured.\nAn EMG test looks at the electrical signals your muscles make when they are at rest and when they are being used.\nA nerve conduction study measures how fast and how well the body\'s electrical signals travel down your nerves.\nEMG tests and nerve conduction studies can both help find out if you have a disorder of your muscles, nerves, or both. These tests can be done separately, but they are usually done at the same time.\nOther names: electrodiagnostic study, EMG test, electromyogram, NCS, nerve conduction velocity, NCV\n','What are they used for?\nEMG and nerve conduction studies are used to help diagnose a variety of muscle and nerve disorders. An EMG test helps find out if muscles are responding the right way to nerve signals. Nerve conduction studies help diagnose nerve damage or disease. When EMG tests and nerve conduction studies are done together, it helps providers tell if your symptoms are caused by a muscle disorder or a nerve problem.\n','Why do I need an EMG test and a nerve conduction study?\nYou may need these tests if you have symptoms of a muscle or nerve disorder. These symptoms include:\nMuscle weakness\nTingling or numbness in arms, legs, hands, feet, and/or face\nMuscle cramps, spasms, and/or twitching\nParalysis of any muscles\n','What happens during an EMG test and nerve conduction study?\nFor an EMG test:\nYou will sit or lie down on a table or bed.\nYour provider will clean the skin over the muscle being tested.\nYour provider will place a needle electrode into the muscle. You may have slight pain or discomfort when the electrode is inserted.\nThe machine will record the muscle activity while your muscle is at rest.\nThen you will be asked to tighten (contract) the muscle slowly and steadily.\nThe electrode may be moved to record activity in different muscles.\nThe electrical activity is recorded and shown on a video screen. The activity is displayed as wavy and spiky lines. The activity may also be recorded and sent to an audio speaker. You may hear popping sounds when you contract your muscle.\nFor a nerve conduction study:\nYou will sit or lie down on a table or bed.\nYour provider will attach one or more electrodes to a certain nerve or nerves using tape or a paste. The electrodes, called stimulating electrodes, deliver a mild electrical pulse.\nYour provider will attach different types of electrodes to the muscle or muscles controlled by those nerves. These electrodes will record the responses to the electrical stimulation from the nerve.\nYour provider will send a small pulse of electricity through the stimulating electrodes to stimulate the nerve to send a signal to the muscle.\nThis may cause a mild tingling feeling.\nYour provider will record the time it takes for your muscle to respond to the nerve signal.\nThe speed of the response is called the conduction velocity.\nIf you are having both tests, the nerve conduction study will be done first.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for these tests?\nTell your health care provider if you have a pacemaker or cardiac defibrillator. Special steps will need to be taken before the test if you have one of these devices.\nWear loose, comfortable clothing that allows easy access to the test area or can be easily removed if you need to change into a hospital gown.\nMake sure your skin is clean. Don\'t use lotions, creams, or perfumes for a day or two before the test.\n','Are there any risks to the tests?\nYou may feel a little pain or cramping during an EMG test. You may have a tingly feeling, like a mild electric shock, during a nerve conduction study.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results were not normal, it can indicate a variety of different conditions. Depending on which muscles or nerves are affected, it may mean one of the following:\nCarpal tunnel syndrome, a condition that affects nerves in the hand and arm. It\'s usually not serious, but can be painful.\nHerniated disc, a condition that happens when a part of your spine, called a disc, is damaged. This puts pressure on the spine, causing pain and numbness\nGuillain-Barré syndrome, an autoimmune disorder that affects the nerves. It can lead to numbness, tingling, and paralysis. Most people recover from the disorder after treatment\nMyasthenia gravis, a rare disorder that causes muscle fatigue and weakness.\nMuscular dystrophy, an inherited disease that seriously affects muscle structure and function.\nCharcot-Marie-Tooth disease, an inherited disorder that causes nerve damage, mostly in the arms and legs.\nAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig\'s disease. This is a progressive, ultimately fatal, disorder that attacks nerve cells in your brain and spinal cord. It affects all the muscles you use to move, speak, eat, and breathe.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\n',NULL),(95,'epithelial cells in urine','What is an epithelial cells in urine test?Epithelial cells are a type of cell that lines the surfaces of your body. They are found on your skin, blood vessels, urinary tract, and organs. An epithelial cells in urine test looks at urine under a microscope to see if the number of your epithelial cells is in the normal range. It\'s normal to have a small amount of epithelial cells in your urine. A large amount may indicate an infection, kidney disease, or other serious medical condition.Other names: microscopic urine analysis, microscopic examination of urine, urine test, urine analysis, UA\n','What is it used for?An epithelial cells in urine test is a part of a urinalysis, a test that measures different substances in your urine. A urinalysis may include a visual examination of your urine sample, tests for certain chemicals, and an examination of urine cells under a microscope. An epithelial cells in urine test is part of a microscopic exam of urine.\n','Why do I need an epithelial cells in urine test?Your health care provider may have ordered an epithelial cells in urine test as part of your regular checkup or if your visual or chemical urine tests showed abnormal results. You may also need this test if you have symptoms of a urinary or kidney disorder. These symptoms may include:Frequent and/or painful urinationAbdominal painBack pain\n','What happens during an epithelial cells in urine test?Your health care provider will need to collect a sample of your urine. During your office visit, you will receive a container to collect the urine and special instructions to make sure that the sample is sterile. These instructions are often called the \"clean catch method.\" The clean catch method includes the following steps:Wash your hands.Clean your genital area with a cleansing pad given to you by your provider. Men should wipe the tip of their penis. Women should open their labia and clean from front to back.Start to urinate into the toilet.Move the collection container under your urine stream.Collect at least an ounce or two of urine into the container. The container will have markings to indicate the amounts.Finish urinating into the toilet.Return the sample container as instructed by your health care provider.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for the test. If your health care provider has ordered other urine or blood tests, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is no known risk to having the test.\n','What do the results mean?Results are often reported as an approximate amount, such as \"few,\" moderate,\" or \"many\" cells. \"Few\" cells are generally considered in the normal range. \"Moderate\" or \"many\" cells may indicate a medical condition such as:Urinary tract infectionYeast infectionKidney diseaseLiver diseaseCertain types of cancerIf your results are not in the normal range, it doesn\'t necessarily mean that you have a medical condition that requires treatment. You may need more tests before you can get a diagnosis. To learn what your results mean, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an epithelial cells in urine test?There are three types of epithelial cells that line the urinary tract. They are called transitional cells, renal tubular cells, and squamous cells. If there are squamous epithelial cells in your urine, it may mean your sample was contaminated. This means that the sample contains cells from the urethra (in men) or the vaginal opening (in women). It can happen if you do not clean well enough when using the clean catch method.\n'),(96,'erythrocyte sedimentation rate (esr)','What is an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)?An erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a type of blood test that measures how quickly erythrocytes (red blood cells) settle at the bottom of a test tube that contains a blood sample. Normally, red blood cells settle relatively slowly. A faster-than-normal rate may indicate inflammation in the body. Inflammation is part of your immune response system. It can be a reaction to an infection or injury. Inflammation may also be a sign of a chronic disease, an immune disorder, or other medical condition.Other names: ESR, SED rate sedimentation rate; Westergren sedimentation rate\n','What is it used for?An ESR test can help determine if you have a condition that causes inflammation. These include arthritis, vasculitis, or inflammatory bowel disease. An ESR may also be used to monitor an existing condition.\n','Why do I need an ESR?Your health care provider may order an ESR if you have symptoms of an inflammatory disorder. These include:HeadachesFeverWeight lossJoint stiffnessNeck or shoulder painLoss of appetiteAnemia\n','What happens during an ESR?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for an ESR?You don\'t need any special preparations for this test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having an ESR. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If your ESR is high, it may be related to an inflammatory condition, such as:InfectionRheumatoid arthritisRheumatic feverVascular diseaseInflammatory bowel diseaseHeart diseaseKidney diseaseCertain cancersSometimes the ESR can be slower than normal. A slow ESR may indicate a blood disorder, such as:PolycythemiaSickle cell anemiaLeukocytosis, an abnormal increase in white blood cellsIf your results are not in the normal range, it doesn\'t necessarily mean you have a medical condition that requires treatment. A moderate ESR may indicate pregnancy, menstruation, or anemia, rather than an inflammatory disease. Certain medicines and supplements can also affect your results. These include oral contraceptives, aspirin, cortisone, and vitamin A. Be sure to tell your health care provider about any drugs or supplements you are taking.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an ESR?An ESR does not specifically diagnose any diseases, but it can provide information about whether or not there is inflammation in your body. If your ESR results are abnormal, your health care provider will need more information and will likely order more lab tests before making a diagnosis.\n'),(97,'estrogen levels test','What is an estrogen test?An estrogen test measures the level of estrogens in the blood or urine. Estrogen can also be measured in saliva using at-home test kit. Estrogens are a group of hormones that play a key role in the development of female physical features and reproductive functions, including the growth of breasts and the uterus, and regulation of the menstrual cycle. Men also make estrogen but in much smaller amounts.There are many types of estrogens, but only three types are commonly tested:Estrone, also called E1, is the main female hormone made by women after menopause. Menopause is a time in a woman\'s life when her menstrual periods have stopped and she can\'t become pregnant anymore. It usually starts when a woman is around 50 years old.Estradiol, also called E2, is the main female hormone made by nonpregnant women.Estriol, also called E3 is a hormone that increases during pregnancy.Measuring estrogen levels can provide important information about your fertility (the ability to get pregnant), the health of your pregnancy, your menstrual cycle, and other health conditions.Other names: estradiol test, estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), estrogenic hormone test\n','What is it used for?Estradiol tests or estrone tests are used to help:Find out the reason for early or late puberty in girlsFind out the reason for late puberty in boysDiagnose menstrual problemsFind out the cause of infertility (the inability to get pregnant)Monitor infertility treatmentsMonitor treatments for menopauseFind tumors that make estrogenAn estriol hormone test is used to:Help diagnose certain birth defects during pregnancy.Monitor a high-risk pregnancy\n','Why do I need an estrogen test?You may need an estradiol test or an estrone test if you:Are having trouble getting pregnantAre a woman of childbearing age who is not having periods or having abnormal periodsAre a girl with early or delayed pubertyHave symptoms of menopause, including hot flashes and/or night sweatsHave vaginal bleeding after menopauseAre a boy with delayed pubertyAre a man showing female characteristics, such as the growth of breastsIf you are pregnant, your health care provider may order an estriol test between the 15th and 20th week of pregnancy as part of a prenatal test called a triple screen test. It can find out if your baby is at risk for a genetic birth defect such as Down syndrome. Not all pregnant women need to get an estriol test, but it is recommended for women who have a higher risk of having a baby with a birth defect. You may be at a higher risk if you:Have a family history of birth defectsAre age 35 or olderHave diabetesHave a viral infection during pregnancy\n','What happens during an estrogen test?Estrogens can be tested in blood, urine, or saliva. Blood or urine is usually tested in doctor\'s office or lab. Saliva tests can be done at home.For a blood test:A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle.After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.For a urine test:Your health care provider may ask you to collect all urine passed in a 24-hour period. This is called a 24-hour urine sample test. For this test, your health care provider or a laboratory professional will give you a container to collect your urine and instructions on how to collect and store your samples. A 24-hour urine sample test generally includes the following steps:Empty your bladder in the morning and flush that urine down. Do not collect this urine. Record the time.For the next 24 hours, save all your urine passed in the container provided.Store your urine container in the refrigerator or a cooler with ice.Return the sample container to your health provider\'s office or the laboratory as instructed.For an at-home saliva test, talk your health care provider. He or she can tell you which kit to use and how to prepare and collect your sample.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for an estrogen test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.There is no known risk to a urine or saliva test.\n','What do the results mean?If your estradiol or estrone levels are higher than normal, it may be due to:A tumor of the ovaries, adrenal glands, or testiclesCirrhosisEarly puberty in girls; delayed puberty in boysIf your estradiol or estrone levels are lower than normal, it may be due to:Primary ovarian insufficiency, a condition that causes a woman\'s ovaries to stop working before she is 40 years oldTurner syndrome, a condition in which a woman\'s sexual characteristics don\'t develop properlyAn eating disorder, such as anorexia nervosaPolycystic ovary syndrome, a common hormone disorder affecting childbearing women. It is one of the leading causes of female infertility.If you are pregnant and your estriol levels are lower than normal, it may mean your pregnancy is failing or that there is a chance your baby might have a birth defect. If the test shows a possible birth defect, you will need more testing before a diagnosis can be made.Higher levels of estriol may mean you will be going into labor soon. Normally, estriol levels go up about four weeks before you start labor.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n',NULL),(98,'fall risk assessment','What is a fall risk assessment?\nFalls are common in adults 65 years of age and older. In the United States, about a third of older adults who live at home and about half of people living in nursing homes fall at least once a year. There are many factors that increase the risk of falling in older adults. These include mobility problems, balance disorders, chronic illnesses, and impaired vision. Many falls cause at least some injury. These range from mild bruising to broken bones, head injuries, and even death. In fact, falls are a leading cause of death in older adults.\nA fall risk assessment checks to see how likely it is that you will fall. It is mostly done for older adults. The assessment usually includes:\nAn initial screening. This includes a series of questions about your overall health and if you\'ve had previous falls or problems with balance, standing, and/or walking.\nA set of tasks, known as fall assessment tools. These tools test your strength, balance, and gait (the way you walk).\nOther names: fall risk evaluation, fall risk screening, assessment, and intervention\n','What is it used for?\nA fall risk assessment is used to find out if you have a low, moderate, or high risk of falling. If the assessment shows you are at an increased risk, your health care provider and/or caregiver may recommend strategies to prevent falls and reduce the chance of injury.\n','Why do I need a fall risk assessment?\nThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the American Geriatric Society recommend yearly fall assessment screening for all adults 65 years of age and older. If the screening shows you are at risk, you may need an assessment. The assessment includes performing a series of tasks called fall assessment tools.\nYou also may need an assessment if you have certain symptoms. Falls often come without warning, but if you have any of the following symptoms, you may be at higher risk:\nDizziness\nLight-headedness\nIrregular or rapid heartbeats\n','What happens during a fall risk assessment?\nMany providers use an approach developed by the CDC called STEADI (Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, and Injuries). STEADI includes screening, assessing, and intervention. Interventions are recommendations that may reduce your risk of falling.\nDuring the screening, you may be asked several questions including:\nHave you fallen in the past year?\nDo you feel unsteady when standing or walking?\nAre you worried about falling?\nDuring an assessment, your provider will test your strength, balance, and gait, using the following fall assessment tools:\nTimed Up-and-Go (Tug). This test checks your gait. You\'ll start in a chair, stand up, and then walk for about 10 feet at your regular pace. Then you\'ll sit down again. Your health care provider will check how long it takes you to do this. If it takes you 12 seconds or more, it may mean you are at higher risk for a fall.\n30-Second Chair Stand Test. This test checks strength and balance. You\'ll sit in a chair with your arms crossed over your chest. When your provider says \"go,\" you\'ll stand up and sit down again. You\'ll repeat this for 30 seconds. Your provider will count how many times you can do this. A lower number may mean you are at higher risk for a fall. The specific number that indicates a risk depends on your age.\n4-Stage Balance Test. This test checks how well you can keep your balance. You\'ll stand in four different positions, holding each one for 10 seconds. The positions will get harder as you go.\nPosition 1: Stand with your feet side-by-side.\nPosition 2: Move one foot halfway forward, so the instep is touching the big toe of your other foot.\nPosition 3 Move one foot fully in front of the other, so the toes are touching the heel of your other foot.\nPosition 4: Stand on one foot.\nIf you can\'t hold position 2 or position 3 for 10 seconds or you can\'t stand on one leg for 5 seconds, it may mean you are at higher risk for a fall.\nThere are many other fall assessment tools. If your provider recommends other assessments, he or she will let you know what to expect.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for a fall risk assessment?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a fall risk assessment.\n','Are there any risks to a fall risk assessment?\nThere is a small risk that you may fall as you do the assessment.\n','What do the results mean?\nThe results may show you have a low, moderate, or high risk of falling. They also may show which areas need addressing (gait, strength, and/or balance). Based on your results, your health care provider may make recommendations to reduce your risk of falling. These may include:\nExercising to improve your strength and balance. You may be given instructions on specific exercises or be referred to a physical therapist.\nChanging or reducing the dose of medicines that may be affecting your gait or balance. Some medicines have side effects that cause dizziness, drowsiness, or confusion.\nTaking vitamin D to strengthen your bones.\nGetting your vision checked by an eye doctor.\nLooking at your footwear to see if any of your shoes might increase your risk of falling. You may be referred to a podiatrist (foot doctor).\nReviewing your home for potential hazards. These may include poor lighting, loose rugs, and/or cords on the floor. This review may be done by yourself, a partner, an occupational therapist, or other health care provider.\nIf you have questions about your results and/or recommendations, talk to your health care provider.\n',NULL),(99,'fecal occult blood test (fobt)','What is a fecal occult blood test?A fecal occult blood test (FOBT) looks at a sample of your stool (feces) to check for blood. Occult blood means that you can\'t see it with the naked eye. Blood in the stool means there is likely some kind of bleeding in the digestive tract. It may be caused by a variety of conditions, including:PolypsHemorrhoidsDiverticulosisUlcersColitis, a type of inflammatory bowel diseaseBlood in the stool may also be a sign of colorectal cancer, a type of cancer that starts in the colon or rectum. Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States and the third most common cancer in men and in women. A fecal occult blood test is a screening test that may help find colorectal cancer early, when treatment is most effective.Other names: FOBT, stool occult blood, occult blood test, Hemoccult test, guaiac smear test, gFOBT, immunochemical FOBT, iFOBT; FIT\n','What is it used for?A fecal occult blood test is used as an early screening test for colorectal cancer. It may also be used to diagnose other conditions that cause bleeding in the digestive tract.\n','Why do I need a fecal occult blood test?The National Cancer Institute recommends that people get regular screenings for colorectal cancer starting at age 50. The screening may be a fecal occult test or another type of screening test. These tests may include:A stool DNA test. For this test, you can use an at-home test kit to take a sample of your stool and return it to a lab. It will be checked for blood and genetic changes that may be signs of cancer. If the test is positive, you will need a colonoscopy.A colonoscopy. This is a minor surgical procedure. You will first be given a mild sedative to help you relax. Then a health care provider will use a thin tube to look inside your colonThere are advantages and disadvantages to each type of test. Talk to your health care provider about which test is right for you.If your provider recommends a fecal occult blood test, you need to get it every year. A stool DNA test should be taken every 3 years, and a colonoscopy should be done every ten years.You may need screening more often if you have certain risk factors. These include:A family history of colorectal cancerCigarette smokingObesityExcessive alcohol use\n','What happens during a fecal occult blood test?A fecal occult blood test is a noninvasive test that you can perform at home at your convenience. Your health care provider will give you a kit that includes instructions on how to do the test. There are two main types of fecal occult blood tests: the guaiac smear method (gFOBT) and the immunochemical method (iFOBT or FIT). Below are typical instructions for each test. Your instructions may vary slightly depending on the manufacturer of the test kit.For a guaiac smear test (gFOBT), you will most likely need to:Collect samples from three separate bowel movements.For each sample, collect the stool and store in a clean container. Make sure the sample does not mix in with urine or water from the toilet.Use the applicator from your test kit to smear some of the stool on the test card or slide, also included in your kit.Label and seal all your samples as directed.Mail the samples to your health care provider or lab.For a fecal immunochemical test (FIT), you will most likely need to:Collect samples from two or three bowel movements.Collect the sample from the toilet using the special brush or other device that was included in your kit.For each sample, use the brush or device to take the sample from the surface of the stool.Brush the sample onto a test card.Label and seal all your samples as directed.Mail the samples to your health care provider or lab.Be sure to follow all the instructions provided in your kit, and talk to your health care provider if you have any questions.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?Certain foods and drugs may affect the results of a guaiac smear method (gFOBT) test. Your health care provider may ask you to avoid the following:Nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, naproxen, or aspirin for seven days prior to your test. If you take aspirin for heart problems, talk to your health care provider before stopping your medicine. Acetaminophen may be safe to use during this time, but check with your health care provider before taking it.More than 250 mg of vitamin C daily from supplements, fruit juices, or fruit for seven days prior to your test. Vitamin C can affect the chemicals in the test and cause a negative result even if there is blood present.Red meat, such as beef, lamb, and pork, for three days prior to the test. Traces of blood in these meats may cause a false-positive result.There are no special preparations or dietary restrictions for a fecal immunochemical test (FIT).\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is no known risk to having a fecal occult blood test.\n','What do the results mean?If your results are positive for either type of fecal occult blood test, it means you likely have bleeding somewhere in your digestive tract. But it does not necessarily mean you have cancer. Other conditions that may produce a positive result on a fecal occult blood test include ulcers, hemorrhoids, polyps, and benign tumors. If your test results are positive for blood, your health care provider will likely recommend additional testing, such as a colonoscopy, to figure out the exact location and cause of your bleeding. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a fecal occult blood test?Regular colorectal cancer screenings, such as the fecal occult blood test, are an important tool in the fight against cancer. Studies show that screening tests can help find cancer early, and may reduce deaths from the disease.\n'),(100,'ferritin blood test','What is a ferritin blood test?A ferritin blood test measures the level of ferritin in your blood. Ferritin is a protein that stores iron inside your cells. You need iron to make healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. Iron is also important for healthy muscles, bone marrow, and organ function. Too little or too much iron in your system can cause serious health problems if not treated.Other names: serum ferritin, serum ferritin level, ferritin serum\n','What is it used for?A ferritin blood test is used to check your iron levels. It can help your health care provider find out if your body has the right amount of iron to stay healthy.\n','Why do I need a ferritin blood test?You may need this test if you have symptoms of iron levels that are too low or too high.Symptoms of iron levels that are too low include:Pale skinFatigueWeaknessDizzinessShortness of breathRapid heart beatSymptoms of iron levels that are too high can vary and tend to get worse over time. Symptoms may include:Joint painAbdominal painLack of energyWeight lossYou may also need this test if you have restless legs syndrome, a condition that may be related to low iron levels.\n','What happens during a ferritin blood test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?Your health care provider may ask you to fast (not eat or drink) for 12 hours before your test. The test is usually done in the morning. If you have any questions about how to prepare for your test, talk to your health care provider.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?Lower than normal ferritin levels may mean you have iron deficiency anemia or another condition related to low iron levels. Iron deficiency anemia is a common type of anemia, a disorder in which your body doesn\'t make enough red blood cells. Iron deficiency anemia can cause heart problems, infections, and other health issues.Higher than normal ferritin levels can mean you have too much iron in your body. Conditions that cause increased iron levels include liver disease, alcohol abuse, and hemochromatosis, a disorder that can lead to cirrhosis, heart disease, and diabetes.If your ferritin results are not normal, it does not necessarily mean you have a medical condition needing treatment. Certain medicines can decrease or increase your ferritin levels. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a ferritin blood test?Most conditions that cause too little or too much iron can be successfully treated with medicines, diet, and/or other therapies.\n'),(101,'flu (influenza) test','What is a flu (influenza) test?Influenza, known as the flu, is a respiratory infection caused by a virus. The flu virus usually spreads from person to person through coughing or sneezing. You can also get the flu by touching a surface that has the flu virus on it, and then touching your own nose or eyes.The flu is most common during certain times of the year, known as flu season. In the United States, flu season can begin as early as October and end as late as May. During each flu season, millions of Americans get the flu. Most people who get the flu will feel sick with muscle aches, fever, and other uncomfortable symptoms, but will recover within a week or so. For others, the flu can cause very serious illness, and even death.A flu test can help your health care provider figure out if you have the flu, so you can get treated earlier. Early treatment may help lessen the symptoms of the flu. There are a few different types of flu tests. The most common is called the rapid influenza antigen test, or rapid influenza diagnostic test. This type of test can provide results in less than half an hour, but is not as accurate as some other types of flu tests. More sensitive tests may require your health care provider to send samples to a specialized lab.Other names: rapid flu test, influenza antigen test, rapid influenza diagnostic test, RIDT, Flu PCR\n','What is it used for?Flu tests are used to help figure out whether you have the flu. Flu tests are also sometimes used to:Figure out whether an outbreak of respiratory illness in a community, such as a school or nursing home, has been caused by the flu.Identify the type of flu virus that is causing infections. There are three main types of flu viruses: A, B, and C. Most seasonal flu outbreaks are caused by the A and/or B flu viruses.\n','Why do I need a flu test?You may or may not need a flu test, depending on your symptoms and risk factors. Symptoms of the flu include:FeverChillsMuscle achesWeaknessHeadacheStuffy noseSore throatCoughEven if you have flu symptoms, you may not need a flu test, because many cases of the flu don\'t need special treatment. Your health care provider may order a flu test if you have risk factors for flu complications. You may be at a higher risk for serious illness from the flu if you:Have a weakened immune systemAre pregnantAre over the age of 65Are under the age of 5Are in the hospital\n','What happens during a flu test?There are a couple of different ways to get a sample for testing:Swab test. Your health care provider will use a special swab to take a sample from your nose or throat.Nasal Aspirate. Your health care provider will inject a saline solution into your nose, then remove the sample with gentle suction.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a flu test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?You may feel a gagging sensation or even a tickle when your throat or nose is swabbed. The nasal aspirate may feel uncomfortable. These effects are temporary.\n','What do the results mean?A positive result means you may have the flu. Your health care provider may prescribe medicine to help prevent flu complications. A negative result means you likely don\'t have the flu, and that some other virus is probably causing your symptoms. Your health care provider may order more tests before making a diagnosis. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a flu test?Most people recover from the flu within a week or two, whether or not they take flu medicine. So you probably won\'t need a flu test, unless you are at risk for flu complications.\n'),(102,'fluoroscopy','What is fluoroscopy?\nFluoroscopy is a type of x-ray that shows organs, tissues, or other internal structures moving in real time. Standard x-rays are like still photographs. Fluoroscopy is like a movie. It shows body systems in action. These include the cardiovascular (heart and blood vessels), digestive, and reproductive systems. The procedure can help your health care provider evaluate and diagnose a variety of conditions.\n','What is it used for?\nFluoroscopy is used in many types of imaging procedures. The most common uses of fluoroscopy include:\nBarium swallow or barium enema. In these procedures, fluoroscopy is used to show the movement of the gastrointestinal (digestive) tract.\nCardiac catheterization. In this procedure, fluoroscopy shows blood flowing through the arteries. It is used to diagnose and treat some heart conditions.\nPlacement of catheter or stent inside the body. Catheters are thin, hollow tubes. They are used to get fluids into the body or to drain excess fluids from the body. Stents are devices that help open narrow or blocked blood vessels. Fluoroscopy helps ensure proper placement of these devices.\nGuidance in orthopedic surgery. Fluoroscopy may be used by a surgeon to help guide procedures such as joint replacement and fracture (broken bone) repair.\nHysterosalpingogram. In this procedure, fluoroscopy is used to provide images of a woman\'s reproductive organs.\n','Why do I need fluoroscopy?\nYou may need a fluoroscopy if your provider wants to check the function of a particular organ, system, or other internal part of your body. You may also need fluoroscopy for certain medical procedures that require imaging.\n','What happens during fluoroscopy?\nDepending on the type of procedure, a fluoroscopy may be done at an outpatient radiology center or as part of your stay in a hospital. The procedure may include some or most of the following steps:\nYou may need to remove your clothing. If so, you will be given a hospital gown.\nYou will be given a lead shield or apron to wear over your pelvic area or another part of your body, depending on the type of fluoroscopy. The shield or apron provides protection from unnecessary radiation.\nFor certain procedures, you may be asked to drink a liquid containing contrast dye. Contrast dye is a substance that makes parts of your body show up more clearly on an x-ray.\nIf you are not asked to drink a liquid with the dye, you may be given the dye through an intravenous (IV) line or enema. An IV line will send the dye directly to your vein. An enema is procedure that flushes the dye into the rectum.\nYou will be positioned on an x-ray table. Depending on the type of procedure, you may be asked move your body in different positions or move a certain body part. You may also be asked to hold your breath for a brief period of time.\nIf your procedure involves getting a catheter, your provider will insert a needle in the appropriate body part. This may be your groin, elbow, or other site.\nYour provider will use a special x-ray scanner to make the fluoroscopic images.\nIf a catheter was placed, your provider will remove it.\nFor certain procedures, such as those that involve injections into a joint or artery, you may first be given pain medicine and/or medicine to relax you.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYour preparation will depend on the type of fluoroscopy procedure. For some procedures, you don\'t need any special preparations. For others, you may be asked to avoid certain medicines and/or to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your provider will let you know if you need to do any special preparations.\n','Are there any risks to the test?\nYou should not have a fluoroscopy procedure if you are pregnant or think you may be pregnant. Radiation can be harmful to an unborn baby.\nFor others, there is little risk to having this test. The dose of radiation depends on the procedure, but fluoroscopy is not considered harmful for most people. But talk to your provider about all the x-rays you\'ve had in the past. The risks from radiation exposure may be linked to the number of x-ray treatments you\'ve had over time.\nIf you will be having contrast dye, there is a small risk of an allergic reaction. Tell your provider if you have any allergies, especially to shellfish or iodine, or if you\'ve ever had a reaction to contrast material.\n','What do the results mean?\nYour results will depend on what type of procedure you had. Several conditions and disorders can be diagnosed by fluoroscopy. Your provider may need to send your results to a specialist or do more tests to help make a diagnosis.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\n',NULL),(103,'follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) levels test','What is a follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels test?This test measures the level of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in your blood. FSH is made by your pituitary gland, a small gland located underneath the brain. FSH plays an important role in sexual development and functioning.In women, FSH helps control the menstrual cycle and stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries. FSH levels in women change throughout the menstrual cycle, with the highest levels happening just before an egg is released by the ovary. This is known as ovulation.In men, FSH helps control the production of sperm. Normally, FSH levels in men do not change very much.In children, FSH levels are usually low until puberty, when levels begin to rise. In girls, it helps signal the ovaries to make estrogen. In boys, it helps signal the testes to make testosterone.Too much or too little FSH can cause a variety of problems, including infertility (the inability to get pregnant), menstrual difficulties in women, low sex drive in men, and early or delayed puberty in children.Other names: follitropin, FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone: serum\n','What is it used for?FSH works closely with another hormone called luteinizing hormone to control sexual functions. So a luteinizing hormone test is often done along with an FSH test. These tests are used in different ways, depending on whether you are a woman, man, or child.In women, these tests are most often used to:Help find the cause of infertilityFind out if there is a problem with ovarian functionFind the reason for irregular or stopped menstrual periodsConfirm the start of menopause, or perimenopause. Menopause is the time in a woman\'s life when her menstrual periods have stopped and she can\'t become pregnant anymore. It usually starts when a woman is around 50 years old. Perimenopause is the transition period before menopause. It can last for several years. FSH testing may be done towards the end of this transition.In men, these tests are most often used to:Help find the cause of infertilityFind the reason for a low sperm countFind out if there is a problem with the testiclesIn children, these tests are most often used to help diagnose early or delayed puberty.Puberty is considered early if it starts before age 9 in girls and before age 10 in boys.Puberty is considered delayed if it hasn\'t started by age 13 in girls and by age 14 in boys.\n','Why do I need an FSH levels test?If you are a woman, you may need this test if:You\'ve been unable to get pregnant after 12 months of trying.Your menstrual cycle is irregular.Your periods have stopped. The test may be used to find out if you have gone through menopause or are in perimenopauseIf you are a man, you may need this test if:You\'ve been unable to get your partner pregnant after 12 months of trying.Your sex drive is decreased.Both men and women may need testing if they have symptoms of a pituitary disorder. These include some of the symptoms listed above, as well as:FatigueWeaknessWeight lossDecreased appetiteYour child may need an FSH test if he or she does not seem to be starting puberty at the right age (either too early or too late).\n','What happens during an FSH levels test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?If you are a woman who has not gone through menopause, your provider may want to schedule your test at a specific time during your menstrual cycle.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?The meaning of your results will depend on whether you are a woman, man, or child.If you are a woman, high FSH levels may mean you have:Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), also known as premature ovarian failure. POI is the loss of ovarian function before the age of 40.Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common hormonal disorder affecting childbearing women. It is one of the leading causes of female infertility.Started menopause or are in perimenopauseAn ovarian tumorTurner syndrome, a genetic disorder that affects sexual development in females. It often causes infertility.If you are a woman, low FSH levels may mean:Your ovaries are not making enough eggs.Your pituitary gland is not working correctly.You have a problem with your hypothalamus, a part of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and other important body functions.You are very underweight.If you are a man, high FSH levels may mean:Your testicles have been damaged due to chemotherapy, radiation, infection, or alcohol abuse.You have Klinefelter syndrome, a genetic disorder affects sexual development in males. It often causes infertility.If you are a man, low FSH levels may mean you have a disorder of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus.In children, high FSH levels, along with high levels of luteinizing hormone, may mean puberty is about to start or has already started. If this is happening before age 9 in a girl or before age 10 in a boy (precocious puberty), it may be a sign of:A disorder of the central nervous systemA brain injuryLow FSH and luteinizing hormone levels in children may be a sign of delayed puberty. Delayed puberty may be caused by:A disorder of the ovaries or testiclesTurner syndrome in girlsKlinefelter syndrome in boysAn infectionA hormone deficiencyAn eating disorderIf you have questions about your results or your child\'s results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about an FSH levels test?There is an at-home test that measures FSH levels in urine. The kit is designed for women who want to find out if certain symptoms such as irregular periods, vaginal dryness, and hot flashes may be due to menopause or perimenopause. The test can show whether you have high FSH levels, a sign of menopause or perimenopause. But it doesn\'t diagnose either condition. After taking the test, you should talk with your health care provider about the results.\n'),(104,'food allergy testing','What is food allergy testing?A food allergy is a condition that causes your immune system to treat a normally harmless type of food as if was a dangerous virus, bacteria, or other infectious agent. The immune system response to a food allergy ranges from mild rashes to abdominal pain to a life-threatening complication called anaphylactic shock.Food allergies are more common in children than adults, affecting about 5 percent of children in the United States. Many children outgrow their allergies as they get older. Almost 90 percent of all food allergies are caused by the following foods:MilkSoyWheatEggsTree nuts (including almonds, walnuts, pecans, and cashews)FishShellfishPeanutsFor some people, even the tiniest amount of the allergy-causing food can trigger life-threatening symptoms. Of the foods listed above, peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish, and fish usually cause the most serious allergic reactions.Food allergy testing can find out whether you or your child has a food allergy. If a food allergy is suspected, your primary care provider or your child\'s provider will probably refer you to an allergist. An allergist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating allergies and asthma.Other names: IgE test, oral challenge test\n','What is it used for?Food allergy testing is used to find out if you or your child has an allergy to a specific food. It may also be used to find out whether you have a true allergy or, instead, a sensitivity to a food.Food sensitivity, also called food intolerance, is often confused with a food allergy. The two conditions can have similar symptoms, but complications can be very different.A food allergy is an immune system reaction that can affect organs throughout the body. It can cause dangerous health conditions. Food sensitivity is usually much less serious. If you have a food sensitivity, your body can\'t properly digest a certain food, or a food bothers your digestive system. Symptoms of food sensitivity are mostly limited to digestive problems such as abdominal pain, nausea, gas, and diarrhea.Common food sensitivities include:Lactose, a type of sugar found in dairy products. It may be confused with a milk allergy.MSG, an additive found in many foodsGluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and other grains. It is sometimes confused with a wheat allergy. Gluten sensitivity and wheat allergies are also different from celiac disease. In celiac disease, your immune system damages your small intestine when you eat gluten. Some of the digestive symptoms can be similar, but celiac disease is not a food sensitivity or a food allergy.\n','Why do I need food allergy testing?You or your child may need food allergy testing if you have certain risk factors and/or symptoms.Risk factors for food allergies include having:A family history of food allergiesOther food allergiesOther types of allergies, such as hay fever or eczemaAsthmaSymptoms of food allergies usually affect one or more of the following parts of the body:Skin. Skin symptoms include hives, tingling, itching, and redness. In babies with food allergies, the first symptom is often a rash.Digestive system. Symptoms include abdominal pain, metallic taste in the mouth, and swelling and/or itching of the tongue.Respiratory system (includes your lungs, nose, and throat). Symptoms include coughing, wheezing, nasal congestion, trouble breathing, and tightness in the chest.Anaphylactic shock is a severe allergic reaction that affects the entire body. Symptoms may include those listed above, as well as:Rapid swelling of the tongue, lips, and/or throatTightening of the airways and trouble breathingFast pulseDizzinessPale skinFeeling faintSymptoms can happen just seconds after someone is exposed to the allergic substance. Without quick medical treatment, anaphylactic shock can be fatal. If anaphylactic shock is suspected, you should call 911 immediately.If you or your child is at risk for anaphylactic shock, your allergist may prescribe a small device you can use in an emergency. The device, which is called an auto-injector, delivers a dose of epinephrine, a medicine that slows down the allergic reaction. You will still need to get medical help after using the device.\n','What happens during food allergy testing?The testing may begin with your allergist performing a physical exam and asking about your symptoms. After that, he or she will perform one or more of the following tests:Oral challenge test. During this test, your allergist will give you or your child small amounts of the food suspected of causing the allergy. The food may be given in a capsule or with an injection. You\'ll be closely watched to see if there is an allergic reaction. Your allergist will provide immediate treatment if there is a reaction.Elimination diet. This is used to find which specific food or foods is causing the allergy. You\'ll start by eliminating all suspected foods from your child\'s or your diet. You will then add the foods back to the diet one at a time, looking for an allergic reaction. An elimination diet can\'t show whether your reaction is due to a food allergy or a food sensitivity. An elimination diet is not recommended for anyone at risk for a severe allergic reaction.Skin prick test. During this test, your allergist or other provider will place a small amount of the suspected food on the skin of your forearm or back. He or she will then prick the skin with a needle to allow a tiny amount of the food to get beneath the skin. If you get a red, itchy bump at the injection site, it usually means you are allergic to the food.Blood test. This test checks for substances called IgE antibodies in the blood. IgE antibodies are made in the immune system when you are exposed to an allergy-causing substance. During a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a food allergy test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?An oral challenge test can cause a severe allergic reaction. That\'s why this test is only given under close supervision by an allergist.You may get an allergic reaction during an elimination diet. You should talk to your allergist about how to manage potential reactions.A skin prick test can bother the skin. If your skin is itchy or irritated after the test, your allergist may prescribe medicine to relieve the symptoms. In rare cases, a skin test can cause a severe reaction. So this test must also be done under close supervision by an allergist.There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If the results show that you or your child has a food allergy, the treatment is to avoid the food.There is no cure for food allergies, but eliminating the food from your diet should prevent allergic reactions.Avoiding allergy-causing foods can involve carefully reading labels on packaged goods. It also means you need to explain the allergy to anyone who prepares or serves food for you or your child. This includes people like waiters, babysitters, teachers, and cafeteria workers. But even if you are careful, you or your child may be exposed to the food by accident.If you or your child is at risk for a severe allergic reaction, your allergist will prescribe an epinephrine device you can use if accidentally exposed to the food. You\'ll be taught how to inject the device in your or your child\'s thigh.If you have questions about your results and/or how to manage allergic complications, talk to your allergist.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n',NULL),(105,'free light chains','What is a free light chains test?\nLight chains are proteins made by plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. Plasma cells also make immunoglobulins (antibodies). Immunoglobulins help protect the body against illness and infections. Immunoglobulins are formed when light chains link up with heavy chains, another type of protein. When light chains link up with heavy chains, they are known as bound light chains.\nNormally, plasma cells make a small amount of extra light chains that don\'t bind with heavy chains. They are instead released into the bloodstream. These unlinked chains are known as free light chains.\nThere are two types of light chains: lambda and kappa light chains. A free light chains test measures the amount of lambda and kappa free light chains in the blood. If the amount of free light chains is higher or lower than normal, it can mean you have a disorder of the plasma cells. These include multiple myeloma, a cancer of plasma cells, and amyloidosis, a condition that causes a dangerous buildup of proteins in different organs and tissues.\nOther names: free kappa/lambda ratio, kappa/lambda quantitative free light, freelite, kappa and lambda free light chains, immunoglobulin free light chains\n','What is it used for?\nA free light chains test is used to help diagnose or monitor plasma cell disorders.\n','Why do I need a free light chains test?\nYou may need this test  if you have symptoms of a plasma cell disorder. Depending on which plasma disorder you may have and which organs are affected, your symptoms may include:\nBone pain\nFatigue\nNumbness or tingling in arms and legs\nTongue swelling\nPurple spots on the skin\n','What happens during a free light chains test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a free light chains test.\n','Are there any risks to a free light chains test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nYour results will show amounts for lambda and kappa free light chains. It will also provide a comparison between the two. If your results were not normal, it may mean you have a plasma cell disorder, such as:\nMultiple myeloma\nAmyloidosis\nMGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance). This is a condition in which you have abnormal protein levels. It often causes no problems or symptoms, but sometimes it develops into multiple myeloma.\nWaldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM), a cancer of the white blood cells. It\'s a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a free light chains test?\nA free light chains test is often ordered with other tests, including an immunofixation blood test, to help confirm or rule out a diagnosis.\n'),(106,'fungal culture test','What is a fungal culture test?A fungal culture test helps diagnose fungal infections, a health problem caused by exposure to fungi (more than one fungus). A fungus is a type of germ that lives in air, soil and plants, and even on our own bodies. There are more than a million different kinds of fungi. Most are harmless, but a few types of fungi can cause infections. There are two main types of fungal infections: superficial (affecting parts of the outer body) and systemic (affecting systems inside the body).Superficial fungal infections are very common. They can affect the skin, genital area, and nails. Superficial infections include athlete\'s foot, vaginal yeast infections, and ringworm, which is not a worm but a fungus that can cause a circular rash on the skin. While not serious, superficial fungal infections can cause itchy, scaly rashes and other uncomfortable conditions.Systemic fungal infections can affect your lungs, blood, and other systems in your body. These infections can be quite serious. Many of the more harmful fungi affect people with weakened immune systems. Others, such as one called sporothrix schenckii, usually affect people who work with soil and plants, though the fungi can infect people through an animal bite or scratch, often from a cat. A sporothrix infection may cause skin ulcers, lung disease, or joint problems.Both superficial and systemic fungal infections can be diagnosed with a fungal culture test.\n','What is it used for?A fungal culture test is used to find out whether you have a fungal infection. The test may help identify specific fungi, guide treatment, or determine if a fungal infection treatment is working.\n','Why do I need a fungal culture test?Your health care provider may order a fungal culture test if you have symptoms of a fungal infection. The symptoms vary depending on the type of infection. Symptoms of a superficial fungal infection include:Red rashItchy skinItching or discharge in the vagina (symptoms of a vaginal yeast infection)White patches inside the mouth (symptoms of a mouth yeast infection, called thrush)Hard or brittle nailsSymptoms of a more serious, systemic fungal infection include:FeverMuscle achesHeadachesChillsNauseaFast heartbeat\n','What happens during a fungal culture test?Fungi can occur in different places in the body. Fungal culture tests are performed where fungi is likely to be present. The most common types of fungal tests and their uses are listed below.Skin or nail scrapingUsed to diagnose superficial skin or nail infectionsTest procedure:Your health care provider will use a special tool to take a small sample of your skin or nailsSwab testUsed to diagnose yeast infections in your mouth or vagina. It may also be used to diagnose certain skin infections.Test procedure:Your health care provider will use a special swab to gather tissue or fluid from mouth, vagina, or from an open woundBlood TestUsed to detect the presence of fungi in the blood. Blood tests are often used to diagnose more serious fungal infections.Test procedure:A health care professional will need a blood sample. The sample is most often taken from a vein in your arm.Urine TestUsed to diagnose more serious infections and sometimes to help diagnose a vaginal yeast infectionTest procedure:You will provide a sterile sample of urine in a container, as instructed by your health care provider.Sputum CultureSputum is a thick mucus that is coughed up from the lungs. It is different from spit or saliva.Used to help diagnose fungal infections in the lungsTest procedure:You may be asked to cough up sputum into a special container as instructed by your providerAfter your sample is collected, it will be sent to a lab for analysis. You may not get your results right away. Your fungal culture needs to have enough fungi for your health care provider to make a diagnosis. While many types of fungi grow within a day or two, others can take a few weeks. The amount of time depends on the type of infection you have.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations to test for a fungal infection.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having any of the different types of fungal culture tests. If a sample of your skin was taken, you may have a little bleeding or soreness at the site. If you get a blood test, you may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?If fungi is found in your sample, it likely means you have a fungal infection. Sometimes a fungal culture can identify the specific type of fungus causing the infection. Your provider may need additional tests to make a diagnosis. Sometimes more tests are ordered to help find the right medicine for treating your infection. These tests are called \"sensitivity\" or \"susceptibility\" tests. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n',NULL),(107,'gamma-glutamyl transferase (ggt) test','What is a gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) test?\nA gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) test measures the amount of GGT in the blood. GGT is an enzyme found throughout the body, but it is mostly found in the liver. When the liver is damaged, GGT may leak into the bloodstream. High levels of GGT in the blood may be a sign of liver disease or damage to the bile ducts. Bile ducts are tubes that carry bile in and out of the liver. Bile is a fluid made by the liver. It is important for digestion.\nA GGT test can\'t diagnose the specific cause of liver disease. So it is usually done along with or after other liver function tests, most often an alkaline phosphatase (ALP) test. ALP is another type of liver enzyme. It\'s often used to help diagnose bone disorders as well as liver disease.\nOther names: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, GGTP, Gamma-GT, GTP\n','What is it used for?\nA GGT test is most often used to:\nHelp diagnose liver disease\nFigure out if liver damage is due to liver disease or a bone disorder\nCheck for blockages in the bile ducts\nScreen for or monitor alcohol use disorder\n','Why do I need a GGT test?\nYou may need a GGT test if you have symptoms of liver disease. Symptoms include:\nFatigue\nWeakness\nJaundice, a condition that causes your skin and eyes to turn yellow\nLoss of appetite\nAbdominal pain or swelling\nNausea and vomiting\nYou may also need this test if you had abnormal results on an ALP test and/or other liver function tests.\n','What happens during a GGT test?\nA health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?\nYou don\'t need any special preparations for a GGT test.\n','Are there any risks to a GGT test?\nThere is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?\nIf your results show higher than normal levels of GGT, it may be a sign of liver damage. The damage may be due to one of the following conditions:\nHepatitis\nCirrhosis\nAlcohol use disorder\nPancreatitis\nDiabetes\nCongestive heart failure\nSide effect of a drug. Certain medicines can cause liver damage in some people.\nThe results can\'t show which condition you have, but it can help show how much liver damage you have. Usually, the higher the level of GGT, the greater the level of damage to the liver.\nIf your results show you have low or normal levels of GGT, it means you probably don\'t have liver disease.\nYour results may also be compared with the results of an ALP test. ALP tests help diagnose bone disorders. Together your results may show one of the following:\nHigh levels of ALP and high levels of GGT means your symptoms are likely due to liver disorder and not a bone disorder.\nHigh levels of ALP and low or normal GGT means it\'s more likely you have a bone disorder.\nIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.\nLearn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a GGT test?\nIn addition to an ALP test, your provider may order liver function tests along with or after the GGT test. These include:\nAlanine aminotransferase, or ALT\nAspartate aminotransferase, or AST\nLactic dehydrogenase, or LDH\n'),(108,'glaucoma tests','What are glaucoma tests?Glaucoma tests are a group of tests that help diagnose glaucoma, a disease of the eye that can cause vision loss and blindness. Glaucoma happens when fluid builds up in the front part of the eye. The extra fluid causes an increase in eye pressure. Increased eye pressure can damage the optic nerve. The optic nerve carries information from the eye to the brain. When the optic nerve is damaged, it can lead to serious vision problems.There are several types of glaucoma. The main types are:Open-angle glaucoma, also called primary open-angle glaucoma. This is the most common type of glaucoma. It happens when the fluid in the eye doesn\'t drain properly from the eye\'s drainage canals. The fluid gets backed up in the canals like a clogged sink drain that gets backed up with water. This causes an increase in eye pressure. Open-angle glaucoma develops slowly, over a period of months or years. Most people don\'t have any symptoms or vision changes at first. Open-angle glaucoma usually affects both eyes at the same time.Closed-angle glaucoma, also called angle-closure or narrow-angle glaucoma. This type of glaucoma isn\'t common in the United States. It usually affects one eye at a time. In this type of glaucoma, drainage canals in the eyes get covered up, as if a stopper was put over a drain. Closed-angle glaucoma can be either acute or chronic.Acute closed-angle glaucoma causes a rapid increase in eye pressure. It is a medical emergency. People with acute closed-angle glaucoma can lose vision in a matter of hours if the condition is not treated promptly.Chronic closed-angle glaucoma develops slowly. In many cases, there are no symptoms until damage is severe.\n','What are they used for?Glaucoma tests are used to diagnose glaucoma. If glaucoma is diagnosed early, you may be able to take steps to prevent vision loss.\n','Why do I need glaucoma testing?If you have open-angle glaucoma, you may not have any symptoms until the disease becomes severe. So it\'s important to be tested if you have certain risk factors. You may be at higher risk for glaucoma if you have a family history of glaucoma or if you are:Aged 60 or older. Glaucoma is much more common in older people.Hispanic and aged 60 or older. Hispanics in this age group have a higher risk of glaucoma compared with older adults with European ancestry.African American. Glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness in African Americans.Asian. People of Asian descent are at higher risk for getting closed-angle glaucoma.Closed-angle glaucoma can cause sudden and severe symptoms. If not treated promptly, it can cause blindness. Symptoms include:Sudden blurring of visionSevere eye painRed eyesColored halos around lightsNausea and vomitingIf you have any of these symptoms, seek medical help right away.\n','What happens during a glaucoma test?Glaucoma is usually diagnosed with a group of tests, commonly known as a comprehensive eye exam. These exams are most often done by an ophthalmologist. An ophthalmologist is a medical doctor who specializes in eye health and in treating and preventing eye disease.A comprehensive eye exam includes:Tonometry. In a tonometry test, you will sit in an exam chair next to a special microscope called a slit lamp. Your ophthalmologist or other health care provider will put drops in your eyes to numb them. Then you\'ll rest your chin and forehead onto the slit lamp. While you are leaning into the slit lamp, your provider will use a device on your eye called a tonometer. The device measures eye pressure. You will feel a small puff of air, but it won\'t hurt.Pachymetry. As in a tonometry test, you\'ll first get drops to numb your eye. Your provider will then use a small device on your eye called a pachymeter. This device measures the thickness of your cornea. The cornea is the eye\'s outer layer that covers the iris (colored part of the eye) and the pupil. A thin cornea may put you at higher risk for getting glaucoma.Perimetry, also known as a visual field test, measures your peripheral (side) vision. During perimetry, you\'ll be asked to look straight ahead at a screen. A light or image will move in from one side of the screen. You\'ll let the provider know when you see this light or image while still looking straight ahead.Dilated eye test. In this test, your provider will put drops in your eyes that widen (dilate) your pupils. Your provider will use a device with a light and magnifying lens to look at your optic nerve and check for damage.Gonioscopy. In this test, your provider will put drops in your eyes to both numb and dilate them. Then your provider will put a special hand-held contact lens on the eye. The lens has a mirror on it to let the doctor view the inside of the eye from different directions. It can show if the angle between the iris and cornea is too wide (a possible sign of open-angle glaucoma) or too narrow (a possible sign of closed-angle glaucoma).\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for a glaucoma test?While your eyes are dilated, your vision may be blurred and you\'ll be extra sensitive to light. These effects can last for several hours and vary in severity. To protect your eyes from bright light, you should bring sunglasses to wear after the appointment. You should also make arrangements for someone to drive you home, as your vision may be too impaired for safe driving.\n','Are there any risks to the tests?There is no risk to having glaucoma testing. Some of the tests may feel a bit uncomfortable. Also, dilation can temporarily blur your vision.\n','What do the results mean?Your ophthalmologist will look at the results of all your glaucoma tests to figure out whether you have glaucoma. If the doctor determines you have glaucoma, he or she may recommend one or more of the following treatments:Medicine to lower eye pressure or cause the eye to make less fluid. Some medicines are taken as eye drops; others are in pill form.Surgery to create a new opening for fluid to leave the eye.Drainage tube implant, another type of surgery. In this procedure, a flexible plastic tube is placed in the eye to help drain excess fluid.Laser surgery to remove excess fluid from the eye. Laser surgery is usually done in an ophthalmologist\'s office or outpatient surgery center. You may need to continue taking glaucoma medicines after laser surgery.If you\'ve been diagnosed with glaucoma, your ophthalmologist will probably monitor your vision on a regular basis.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about glaucoma tests?While glaucoma treatments won\'t cure the disease or restore vision you have already lost, treatment can prevent additional vision loss. If diagnosed and treated early, most people with glaucoma will not have significant vision loss.\n'),(109,'globulin test','What is a globulin test?Globulins are a group of proteins in your blood. They are made in your liver by your immune system. Globulins play an important role in liver function, blood clotting, and fighting infection. There are four main types of globulins. They are called alpha 1, alpha 2, beta, and gamma. Just as there are different types of globulins, there are different types of globulin tests. These include:Total protein test. This blood test measures two types of proteins: globulin and albumin. If protein levels are low, it can mean that you have liver or kidney disease.Serum protein electrophoresis. This blood test measures gamma globulins and other proteins in your blood. It can be used to diagnose a variety of conditions, including disorders of the immune system and a type of cancer called multiple myeloma.Other names for globulin tests: Serum globulin electrophoresis, total protein\n','What is it used for?Globulin tests can be used to help diagnose a variety of conditions, including:Liver damage or diseaseKidney diseaseNutritional problemsAutoimmune disordersCertain types of cancer\n','Why do I need a globulin test?Your health care provider may order globulin tests as part your regular checkup or to help diagnose specific conditions. A total protein test may be included in a series of tests to check how well your liver is working. These tests, called liver function tests, may be ordered if you are at risk for liver disease or have symptoms of liver disease, which may include:Jaundice, a condition that causes your skin and eyes to turn yellowNausea and vomitingItchingRecurring fatigueFluid buildup in the abdomen, feet, and legsLoss of appetiteA serum protein electrophoresis test measures gamma globulins and other proteins. This test may be ordered to diagnose disorders related to the immune system, including:AllergiesAutoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritisMultiple myeloma, a type of cancer\n','What happens during a globulin test?Globulin tests are blood tests. During a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for a globulin test. If your health care provider has also ordered other blood tests, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?Low globulin levels can be a sign of liver or kidney disease. High levels may indicate infection, inflammatory disease or immune disorders. High globulin levels may also indicate certain types of cancer, such as multiple myeloma, Hodgkin\'s disease, or malignant lymphoma. However, abnormal results may be due to certain medications, dehydration, or other factors. To learn what your results mean, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n',NULL),(110,'glomerular filtration rate (gfr) test','What is a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) test?A glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a blood test that checks how well your kidneys are working. Your kidneys have tiny filters called glomeruli. These filters help remove waste and excess fluid from the blood. A GFR test estimates how much blood passes through these filters each minute.A GFR can be measured directly, but it is a complicated test, requiring specialized providers. So GFR is most often estimated using a test called an estimated GFR or eGFR. To get an estimate, your provider will use a method known as a GFR calculator. A GFR calculator is a type of mathematical formula that estimates the rate of filtration using some or all of the following information about you:The results of a blood test that measures creatinine, a waste product filtered by the kidneysAgeWeightHeightGenderRaceThe eGFR is a simple test that can provide very accurate results.Other names: estimated GFR, eGFR, calculated glomerular filtration rate, cGFR\n','What is it used for?A GFR test is used to help diagnose kidney disease at an early stage, when it is most treatable. GFR may also be used to monitor people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or other conditions that cause kidney damage. These include diabetes and high blood pressure.\n','Why do I need a GFR test?Early stage kidney disease doesn’t usually cause symptoms. But you may need a GFR test if you are at higher risk of getting kidney disease. Risk factors include:DiabetesHigh blood pressureFamily history of kidney failureLater stage kidney disease does cause symptoms. So you may need a GFR test if you have any of the following symptoms:Urinating more or less often than usualItchingFatigueSwelling in your arms, legs, or feetMuscle crampsNausea and vomitingLoss of appetite\n','What happens during a GFR test?A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You may need to fast (not eat or drink) or avoid certain foods for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.\n','What do the results mean?Your GFR results may show one of the following:Normal—you probably don’t have kidney diseaseBelow normal—you may have kidney diseaseFar below normal—you may have kidney failureIf you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a GFR test?Although damage to kidneys is usually permanent, you can take steps to prevent further damage. Steps may include:Blood pressure medicinesMedicines to control blood sugar if you have diabetesLifestyle changes such as getting more exercise and maintaining a healthy weightLimiting alcoholQuitting smokingIf you treat kidney disease early, you may be able to prevent kidney failure. The only treatment options for kidney failure are dialysis or kidney transplant.\n'),(111,'glucose in urine test','What is a glucose in urine test?A glucose in urine test measures the amount of glucose in your urine. Glucose is a type of sugar. It is your body\'s main source of energy. A hormone called insulin helps move glucose from your bloodstream into your cells. If too much glucose gets into the blood, the extra glucose will be eliminated through your urine. A urine glucose test can be used to help determine if blood glucose levels are too high, which may be a sign of diabetes.Other names: urine sugar test; urine glucose test; glucosuria test\n','What is it used for?A glucose in urine test may be part of a urinalysis, a test that measures different cells, chemicals, and other substances in your urine. Urinalysis is often included as part of a routine exam. A glucose in urine test may also be used to screen for diabetes. However, a urine glucose test is not as accurate as a blood glucose test. It may be ordered if blood glucose testing is difficult or not possible. Some people can\'t get blood drawn because their veins are too small or too scarred from repeated punctures. Other people avoid blood tests due to extreme anxiety or fear of needles.\n','Why do I need a glucose in urine test?You may get a glucose in urine test as part of your regular checkup or if you have symptoms of diabetes and cannot take a blood glucose test. Symptoms of diabetes include:Increased thirstMore frequent urinationBlurred visionFatigueYou may also need a urinalysis, which includes a glucose in urine test, if you are pregnant. If high levels of glucose in urine are found, it may indicate gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes is form of diabetes that happens only during pregnancy. Blood glucose testing can be used to confirm a diagnosis of gestational diabetes. Most pregnant women are tested for gestational diabetes with a blood glucose test, between their 24th and 28th weeks of pregnancy.\n','What happens during a glucose in urine test?Your health care provider will need to collect a sample of your urine. During your office visit, you will receive a container in which to collect the urine and special instructions to ensure the sample is sterile. These instructions are often referred to as the \"clean catch method.\" The clean catch method includes the following steps:Wash your hands.Clean your genital area with a cleansing pad. Men should wipe the tip of their penis. Women should open their labia and clean from front to back.Start to urinate into the toilet.Move the collection container under your urine stream.Collect at least an ounce or two of urine into the container, which should have markings to indicate the amount.Finish urinating into the toilet.Return the sample container as instructed by your health care provider.Your health care provider may ask you to monitor your urine glucose at home with a test kit. He or she will provide you with either a kit or a recommendation of which kit to buy. Your urine glucose test kit will include instructions on how to perform the test and a package of strips for testing. Be sure to follow the kit instructions carefully, and talk to your health care provider if you have any questions.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?You don\'t need any special preparations for this test.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There is no known risk to having a glucose in urine test.\n','What do the results mean?Glucose is not normally found in urine. If results show glucose, it may be a sign of:DiabetesPregnancy. As many half of all pregnant women have some glucose in their urine during pregnancy. Too much glucose may indicate gestational diabetes.A kidney disorderA urine glucose test is only a screening test. If glucose is found in your urine, your provider will order a blood glucose test to help make a diagnosis.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n',NULL),(112,'gonorrhea test','What is a gonorrhea test?Gonorrhea is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). It is a bacterial infection spread through vaginal, oral, or anal sex with an infected person. It can also be spread from a pregnant woman to her baby during childbirth. Gonorrhea can infect both men and women. It is most common in young people, aged 15–24.Many people with gonorrhea don\'t know they have it. So they may spread it to others without knowing it. Men with gonorrhea may have some symptoms. But women often have no symptoms or mistake gonorrhea symptoms for a bladder or vaginal infection.A gonorrhea test looks for the presence of gonorrhea bacteria in your body. The disease can be cured with antibiotics. But if it\'s not treated, gonorrhea can lead to infertility and other serious health problems. In women, it can cause pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, where a baby can\'t survive. If not treated promptly, ectopic pregnancy can be fatal to the mother.In men, gonorrhea can cause painful urination and scarring of the urethra. The urethra is a tube that allows urine to flow from the bladder to the outside of the body and also carries semen. In men, this tube runs through the penis.Other names: GC test, gonorrhea DNA probe test, gonorrhea nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)\n','What is it used for?A gonorrhea test is used to find out whether you have a gonorrhea infection. It\'s sometimes done along with a test for chlamydia, another type of sexually transmitted disease (STD). Gonorrhea and chlamydia have similar symptoms, and the two STDs often occur together.\n','Why do I need a gonorrhea test?The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends yearly gonorrhea tests for all sexually active women under the age of 25. It is also recommended for sexually active older women with certain risk factors. Risk factors include:Having multiple sex partnersPrevious gonorrhea infectionHaving other STDsHaving a sex partner with an STDNot using condoms consistently or correctlyThe CDC recommends yearly testing for men who have sex with men. Testing is not recommended for heterosexual men with no symptoms.Both men and women should be tested if they have symptoms of gonorrhea.Symptoms for women include:Vaginal dischargePain during sexBleeding between periodsPain when urinatingAbdominal painSymptoms for men include:Pain or tenderness in the testiclesSwollen scrotumPain when urinatingWhite, yellow, or greenish discharge from the penisIf you are pregnant, you may get a gonorrhea test early in your pregnancy. A pregnant woman with gonorrhea can pass the infection to her baby during delivery. Gonorrhea can cause blindness and other serious, sometimes life-threatening, complications in infants. If you are pregnant and have gonorrhea, you can be treated with an antibiotic that is safe for you and your child.\n','What happens during a gonorrhea test?If you are a woman, a sample may be taken from your cervix. For this procedure, you will lie on your back on an exam table, with your knees bent. You will rest your feet in supports called stirrups. Your health care provider will use a plastic or metal instrument called a speculum to open the vagina, so the cervix can be seen. Your provider will then use a soft brush or plastic spatula to collect the sample.If you are a man, your provider may take a swab from the opening of your urethra.For both men and women, a sample may be taken from a suspected area of infection, such as the mouth or rectum. Urine tests are also used for both men and women.Some gonorrhea tests can be done with an at-home STD test kit. If your health care provider recommends at-home testing, be sure to follow all directions carefully.Your health care provider may order tests for other STDs when you get a gonorrhea test. These may include tests for chlamydia, syphilis, and/or HIV.\n','Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test?If you are a woman, you may be asked to avoid using douches or vaginal creams for 24 hours before your test. For a urine test, both men and women should not urinate 1–2 hours before the sample is collected.\n','Are there any risks to the test?There are no known risks to having a gonorrhea test. Women may feel some mild discomfort during a swab test of the cervix. Afterward, you may have a little bleeding or other vaginal discharge.\n','What do the results mean?Your results will be given as negative, also called normal, or positive, also called abnormal.Negative/Normal: No gonorrhea bacteria were found. If you have certain symptoms, you may get additional STD tests to find out the cause.Positive/Abnormal: You are infected with the gonorrhea bacteria. You will be treated with antibiotics to cure the infection. Be sure to take all the required doses. Antibiotic treatment should stop the infection, but some types of gonorrhea bacteria are becoming resistant (less effective or ineffective) to certain antibiotics. If your symptoms don\'t improve after treatment, your health care provider may order a \"susceptibility test.\" A susceptibility test is used to help determine which antibiotic will be most effective in treating your infection.Regardless of your treatment, be sure to let your sex partner know if you have tested positive for gonorrhea. That way, he or she can be tested and treated promptly.If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.\n','Is there anything else I need to know about a gonorrhea test?The best way to prevent infection with gonorrhea or other STD is to not have sex. If you are sexually active, you can reduce your risk of infection by:Being in a long-term relationship with one partner who has tested negative for STDsUsing condoms correctly every time you have sex\n'),