Corticosteroids should not be used during chemotherapy administration as an antiemeticXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients may have received one and only one cycle of chemotherapy prior to enrolling on Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 30610, which must have included carboplatin or cisplatin and etoposide; if a patient has had one cycle of cisplatin (or carboplatin)/etoposide prior to registration, the patient must have had all of the prior to registration tests prior to starting their first cycle of chemotherapy; additionally, these patients also must have met all of the eligibility criteria prior to receiving the first cycle of chemotherapy; registration to CALGB 30610 must take place within 7-21 days after the start of the non-protocol therapy; failing to do all of the above will make the patient NOT eligible for CALGB 30610Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo prior radiotherapy or chemotherapy (except for the chemotherapy described in the bullet above) for small cell lung cancer (SCLC)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have completed all primary chemotherapy and consolidation therapy (if administered) at least 6 weeks, and no more than 6 months and 2 weeks, prior to enrollment and must be in complete remission; consolidation therapy is defined as any chemotherapy or biological therapy used for a patient who has completed at least four courses of primary chemotherapy and had documented complete remission prior to initiation of such chemotherapy (chemo) or biological therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients may have received prior hormone therapy and/or systemic chemotherapy; such therapy must have been completed at least 6 months prior to study entry and the patient has clear evidence of disease subsequent to such therapy; patients must not have received neoadjuvant chemotherapy for the present recurrent diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who received chemotherapy directed at the present recurrenceXx_NEWLINE_xXNo prior systemic chemotherapy; patients may be entered if they have had prior limited-field radiotherapy, a short course of glucocorticoids and/or cyclophosphamide for an urgent problem at diagnosis (e.g. epidural cord compression, superior vena cava syndrome)Xx_NEWLINE_xXFailure to fully recover from acute, reversible effects of prior chemotherapy regardless of interval since last treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXMore than 2 prior chemotherapy regimens for the current malignancy; full dose chemotherapy used in conjunction with concurrent radiation therapy will be included as prior therapy* Note: Prior hormonal therapy (e.g. leuprolide, aromatase inhibitors, tamoxifen) and immunotherapy will be allowed and not included as a prior chemotherapy; if the chemotherapy regimen is altered during the course due to issues with tolerability or safety, the regimen will be counted as one; using the same regimen at recurrence is counted as one regimen; the addition of bevacizumab to a prior regimen is considered one regimenXx_NEWLINE_xXNewly diagnosed and =< 3 months from surgical diagnosis; patients are also eligible if they have had a prior surgical procedure > 3 months earlier for low grade glioma, as long as the patient has not received prior radiation or prior chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with codeleted low grade gliomas must also be considered �high risk� by exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics:* Age >= 40 and any surgical therapy* Age < 40 with prior and subtotal resection or biopsy (i.e., anything less than gross total resection)* Documented growth following prior surgery (NOTE: patients with prior surgery cannot have received prior radiation, chemotherapy or targeted therapy)* Intractable seizuresXx_NEWLINE_xXCreatinine levels =< twice the institutional upper limit of normal within 21 days of registration on study (or within 21 days prior to day 1 of chemotherapy post-surgery for those patients having started chemotherapy prior to first step registration)Xx_NEWLINE_xXSerum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) must be =< 2.5 x institutional ULN within 21 days of registration on study (or within 21 days prior to day 1 of chemotherapy post-surgery for those patients having started chemotherapy prior to first step registration)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be > 28 days from the start of induction or re-induction chemotherapy, or from the start of consolidation cycle 1 (if received) and < 90 days following recovery from most recent treatment; and they must have achieved and maintained a response to induction therapy (CR, CRi, or �morphologic disease-free state�)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have received any prior cytotoxic chemotherapy or biologics for sex cord-stromal tumors (SCSTs)Xx_NEWLINE_xXReceiving chemotherapy during study periodXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have had prior chemotherapy for this tumorXx_NEWLINE_xXREGISTRATION #2 - PRIOR TO CONSOLIDATION CHEMOTHERAPY:Xx_NEWLINE_xXREGISTRATION #2 - PRIOR TO CONSOLIDATION CHEMOTHERAPY: Patients must have undergone restaging tests according to the study calendar and determined to have no evidence of disease progressionXx_NEWLINE_xXREGISTRATION #2 - PRIOR TO CONSOLIDATION CHEMOTHERAPY: SGOT (AST) or SGPT (ALT) =< 2.5 x IULNXx_NEWLINE_xXOff-treatment and progression-free for at least 12 months and =< 14 years; treatment cessation is defined as the final dose of chemotherapy, the last dose (fraction) of radiation, or date of surgery, whichever occurred lastXx_NEWLINE_xXNo prior chemotherapy or radiation therapy is allowed; patients should only have had a biopsy of the primary tumor without an attempt at complete or partial resection; patients will still be eligible if unplanned excision was attempted or accomplished as long as adequate imaging was obtained prior to surgeryXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients diagnosed with Ewing Sarcoma as a second malignant neoplasm are not eligible if they have received chemotherapy or radiation for the treatment of their primary malignancyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be able to receive taxane and/or anthracycline based chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have received prior chemotherapy for any abdominal or pelvic tumor including neo-adjuvant chemotherapy for their ovarian or primary peritoneal cancer are excluded; patients may have received prior adjuvant chemotherapy for localized breast cancer, provided that it was completed more than three years prior to registration, and that the patient remains free of recurrent or metastatic diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXAt the time of enrollment, patient must have completed at least 24 weeks of maintenance chemotherapy, and is scheduled to receive at least 24 more weeks of maintenance chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXWomen who have undergone a total mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery for primary breast cancer +/- chemotherapy, +/- radiotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants who received any lymphoma directed chemotherapy or radiotherapy with the exception of a single dose of intrathecal chemotherapy given at the time of the diagnostic lumbar puncture (spinal tap); patients who received chemotherapy or radiotherapy for Kaposi�s sarcoma > 2 years prior to study enrollment are allowed as long as the prior treatment did not include doxorubicin in its non-liposomal form; prior exposure to liposomal doxorubicin is allowed; prior exposure to intrathecal therapy given as prophylaxis within 30 days is allowedXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be high risk by belonging to one of the following risk groups:* Completion of adjuvant chemotherapy and pathologically negative lymph nodes, and a tumor measuring >= 2 cm in greatest diameter, and an Oncotype DX recurrence score > 25 (completed as standard of care) or a MammaPrint assay (completed as standard of care) in the high-risk category; patients with micrometastases as the only nodal involvement (pN1mi) are eligible, and will be categorized as node-negative * Completion of adjuvant chemotherapy, and pathologically 1-3 positive lymph nodes, and either an Oncotype DX recurrence score > 25, MammaPrint assay in the high-risk category (completed as standard of care), or tumor tissue with pathological grade III following local practice; if Oncotype DX is done, then RS must be > 25, similarly if the MammaPrint assay is performed it has to be high-risk; if the test is not done, but the patient has grade III disease then the patient is eligible and Oncotype DX or MammaPrint does not need to be performed* Completion of adjuvant chemotherapy and pathologically 4 or more positive lymph nodes* Completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 1 or more positive nodes pathologically determined after chemotherapy* NOTE: patients who receive both the neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy may be registered in the neoadjuvant therapy risk group, provided they meet all the criteria above for that risk group* NOTE: in the lymph node positive groups, at least one metastasis >= 2.0 mm must be present; patients with micrometastases as the only nodal involvement (pN1mi) are eligible and will be categorized as node-negativeXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy or recently completed neoadjuvant chemotherapy and will undergo surgery within 6 weeks are eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXEligible for BCT based on clinical examination, mammography and, if standard practice at a given institution, ultrasound and/or tomogram; women who cannot be appropriately selected for BCT based on these standard imaging studies, and for whom additional imaging is recommended to clarify local disease extent, will not be eligible for this trial; for patients who have neoadjuvant therapy, eligibility for BCT is determined at completion of therapy; repeat mammogram +/- ultrasound (US) will be required at completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy to determine eligibility for BCTXx_NEWLINE_xXNo patients with multicentric or multifocal disease scheduled to undergo multiple lumpectomies; multifocal disease that can be encompassed in a single operative bed can be enrolled; for patients with multifocal or multicentric disease enrolled after completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, histologic confirmation of multifocality/multicentricity must have been completed before initiation of chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must not be expecting to receive radiation or additional chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXFailure to fully recover from acute, reversible effects of prior chemotherapy regardless of interval since last treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients that have undergone immunotherapy in combination with non-myeloablative chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXFor the purposes of this study, aggressive multidrug chemotherapy is defined as chemotherapy including 2 or more agents that must include an alkylating agent and a platinum-containing compound; patients must have ONE of the following:* First episode of recurrent disease following completion of aggressive multi-drug frontline therapy* First episode of progressive disease during aggressive multi-drug frontline therapy* Primary resistant/refractory disease (less than partial response by INRC) detected at the conclusion of at least 4 cycles of aggressive multidrug induction chemotherapy on or according to a high-risk neuroblastoma protocol (examples include A3973, ANBL0532, ANBL09P1, etc.)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have completed a minimum of 8 weeks of standard neoadjuvant chemotherapy consisting of an anthracycline and/or taxane-based regimenXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with HER2-positive tumors must have received neoadjuvant anti-HER2 therapy (either with all or with a portion of the neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen), unless medically contraindicatedXx_NEWLINE_xXIf adjuvant chemotherapy was administered, chemotherapy-related toxicity that may interfere with delivery of radiation therapy should have resolvedXx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients must have a clinically negative axilla (no bulky adenopathy) on physical examination documented at the completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy* Note: an ultrasound of the axilla is not required at completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy; if performed, its findings do NOT impact eligibilityXx_NEWLINE_xXNo more than 8 weeks of neoadjuvant endocrine therapy prior to the start of neoadjuvant chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXNo SLN surgery/excisional biopsy for pathological confirmation of axillary status prior to or during neoadjuvant chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXBreast surgery (lumpectomy or mastectomy) and sentinel lymph node surgery must be completed within 56 days of the completion of the last dose of neoadjuvant chemotherapy; negative margin (by either breast conservation or mastectomy) on final pathology where negative margin is defined as no tumor on inkXx_NEWLINE_xXPrior chemotherapy for castration resistant prostate cancer; neoadjuvant chemotherapy and chemotherapy given for hormone sensitive prostate cancer are allowedXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of an optic glioma, malignant glioma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, or other cancer requiring treatment with chemotherapy or radiation therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients that are receiving or have received chemotherapy regimens are allowedXx_NEWLINE_xXPlan to start a new cancer treatment regimen within 4 weeks from time of baseline registration; the treatment regimen is up to the discretion of the treating oncology physician; the regimen must include a chemotherapy drug or other agents that have similar prevalence of toxicity; patients who will receive monoclonal antibody therapy or other cancer therapies (e.g., tyrosine kinase inhibitors) are eligible if the other agents present a prevalence of toxicity similar to chemotherapy; these therapies can be used in combination with chemotherapy, as a single agent, or in combination with each other* Chemotherapy will be defined as cytotoxic drugs; in addition, agents (e.g., monoclonal antibodies and targeted agents) that have a prevalence of grade 3-5 toxicity in older patients similar to chemotherapy (> 50%) will be allowed; a list of allowable agents (single and in combination) meeting this toxicity criteria will be available on the University of Rochester Cancer Center (URCC) NCORP Research Base website as part of the study materials; given the rapidly changing landscape of new drugs for cancer, the study team led by the principal investigator (PI) will update the list accordingly after reviewing the toxicity profile of new therapies; if the potentially eligible participant is to receive an approved drug or regimen not on the list, contacting the URCC NCORP Research Base study team is required for approval prior to participant enrollment* Patients who are receiving approved cancer treatment in combination with radiation are eligible* A patient may also be enrolled on a treatment trial and participate in this study, if all other inclusion and exclusion criteria are metXx_NEWLINE_xXSubject has a recent history of non-chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenic-associated bleeding within 1 year prior to the first dose of study drugXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have received any prior cytotoxic chemotherapy for the current diagnosis of ALCL or any cancer diagnosed previously are not eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXIntrathecal chemotherapy prior to enrollment is allowed for the current diagnosis of ALCL as long as adequate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is obtained prior to administration of the intrathecal chemotherapy and subsequently demonstrated to be negative for ALCLXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must NOT have received prior chemotherapy or targeted therapy, including chemotherapy used for radiation sensitization for treatment of endometrial carcinomaXx_NEWLINE_xXMalignancy requiring systemic therapy; Note: Kaposi sarcoma limited to the skin is not exclusionary unless requiring systemic chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXCytoreduction allowed: * Hydroxyurea, corticosteroids, leukapheresis can be used prior to start of induction chemotherapy* Cyclophosphamide up to dose 50-60 mg/kg is allowed for cytoreduction, but must be given at least 7+/- 2 days before start of induction chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with known active central nervous system leukemia should be excluded from this clinical trial; patient receiving intrathecal chemotherapy prophylaxis should not receive pomalidomide for >= 3 days after administrationXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have received at least one line of prior systemic chemotherapy and must have experienced documented radiographic progression or intolerance on this therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXSubject has a recent history of non-chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenic-associated bleeding within 1 year prior to the first dose of study drugXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have fully recovered from the acute toxic effects of all prior anti-cancer chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXWith the exception of intrathecal chemotherapy (methotrexate strongly preferred; cytarabine is permissible) administered at the time of the required diagnostic lumbar puncture to establish baseline CNS status, patient has not received prior relapse-directed therapy (i.e., this protocol is intended as the INITIAL treatment of first relapse)Xx_NEWLINE_xXCurrent systemic chemotherapy or radiation therapy that potentially causes bone marrow suppression that would preclude safe treatment of HSILXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have received any of the following:* > 2 chemotherapy regimens* Myeloablative chemotherapy with stem cell rescue* Craniospinal irradiationXx_NEWLINE_xXCompleted adequate axilla surgery defined as:* ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY PATIENTS:** Sentinel lymph node biopsy alone if negative or if lymph node(s) only contain micrometastases (=< 2.0 mm) OR ** Positive sentinel lymph node biopsy followed by axillary nodal dissection or radiotherapy as per local guidelines OR** Axillary dissection* NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY PATIENTS:** Sentinel lymph node biopsy performed before neoadjuvant chemotherapy:*** If negative or if lymph node(s) only contain micrometastases (=< 2.0 mm), additional axillary surgery is not required*** If positive, axillary node dissection or axillary nodal radiotherapy should follow completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy** Sentinel lymph node biopsy performed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy:*** If negative, additional axillary surgery not mandated*** If positive (micrometastases are regarded as positive), additional axillary surgery is required unless the patient is enrolled in a phase III multicenter clinical trials proposing radiotherapy as alternative treatment of the axilla; the trial must be pre-approved by the OlympiA Executive Committee** Axillary dissectionXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must not have received any cytotoxic chemotherapy for either the current diagnosis of T-ALL, T-L-Ly or for any cancer diagnosis prior to the initiation of protocol therapy on AALL1231, with the exception of:* Steroid pretreatment: prednisone or methylprednisolone for =< 120 hours (5 days) in the 7 days prior to initiating induction chemotherapy or for =< 336 hours (14 days) in the 28 days prior to initiating induction chemotherapy; prior exposure to ANY steroids that occurred > 28 days before the initiation of protocol therapy does not affect eligibility; the dose of prednisone or methylprednisolone does not affect eligibility* Intrathecal cytarabine (the CNS status must be determined based on a sample obtained prior to administration of any systemic or intrathecal chemotherapy, except for steroid pretreatment) system chemotherapy must begin with 72 hours of this IT therapy; or* 600 cGy of chest irradiation, if medically necessary** Pre-treatment with dexamethasone in the 28 days prior to initiation of protocol therapy is not allowed with the exception of a single dose of dexamethasone use during sedation to prevent or treat airway edema; inhalation steroids and topical steroids are not considered pretreatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have adequate hematologic, liver and renal function =< 28 days prior to randomization* NOTE: It is preferred that laboratory values for eligibility be assessed after the last dose of prior treatment, especially in cases where most-recent treatment prior to study entry is chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must not have received previous systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy for urothelial carcinomaXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must consent to have voided urine (40-50 mL) submitted prior to initiating chemotherapy (pre-treatment) and after chemotherapy prior to surgery (post-treatment)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must consent to whole blood (2 x 10 mL) submitted prior to initiating chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXRecent history of non-chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenic-associated bleeding =< 1 year prior to the registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXFor patients 65-69 years of age, patient must be deemed not suitable for standard intensive induction chemotherapy at the discretion of the local investigator, or must have refused standard intensive chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXNewly diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed, potentially resectable NRSTS of the extremity and trunk will be eligible for the chemotherapy or non-chemotherapy cohort based on:* Evidence of chemotherapy sensitivity of the histologic sarcoma subtype based on existing evidence from prior clinical trials* Sufficient risk of metastatic disease to warrant chemotherapy based on size and grade and* Medically deemed able or unable to undergo chemotherapy* Notes: an incisional biopsy or core biopsy is preferred; fine needle aspiration biopsy is not acceptable to establish the diagnosisXx_NEWLINE_xXELIGIBILITY FOR CHEMOTHERAPY COHORT:Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients meeting the above criteria (histology, size, and grade) with the EXCEPTION of histologies noted above may enroll on the chemotherapy cohort or the non-chemotherapy cohort at the discretion of the enrolling investigator; patients meeting these criteria with the EXCEPTION of histologies noted above but medically deemed unable to receive chemotherapy or who elect not to receive chemotherapy are eligible for the non-chemotherapy cohortXx_NEWLINE_xXELIGIBILITY FOR NON-CHEMOTHERAPY COHORT:Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients meeting the criteria (histology, size, and grade) with the EXCEPTION of histologies noted above may enroll on the non-chemotherapy cohort at the discretion of the enrolling investigator; patients meeting these criteria with the EXCEPTION of histologies noted above but medically deemed unable to receive chemotherapy or who elect not to receive chemotherapy are eligible for the non-chemotherapy cohort; note that tumors arising in bone are NOT eligible for this studyXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have received 3-6 cycles of cisplatin-based chemotherapy as part of first-line (initial) chemotherapy; prior cisplatin, vincristine, methotrexate, bleomycin, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide, etoposide (POMBACE), carboplatin, bleomycin, vincristine, and cisplatin-bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (CBOP-BEP), or methotrexate, actinomycin-D, etoposide, cisplatin, peg filgrastim (GAMEC) are allowed; Note: for patients requiring immediate treatment, 1 cycle of conventional-dose salvage chemotherapy is allowed (including TI or TIP); therefore, these patients may have received 7 prior cycles of chemotherapy; 6 cycles as part of first-line chemotherapy and 1 cycle of salvage conventional chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXNo more than one prior line of chemotherapy for GCT (other than the 1 cycle of salvage chemotherapy)* Definition of one line of chemotherapy: One line of therapy can in some cases consist of 2 different cisplatin-based treatment combinations, provided there is no disease progression between these two regimens; for example, a patient could have received 2 cycles of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP) followed by 2 cycles of cisplatin, ifosfamide, and etoposide (VIP) if the switch from BEP to VIP was made due to pulmonary toxicity rather than disease progression; this would be considered 1 line of prior therapy; in addition, if a patient received 4 cycles of BEP and then underwent post-chemotherapy resection of residual tumor with findings of residual viable non-teratomatous GCT, and subsequently received 2 additional cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy (etoposide, cisplatin [EP] or an alternate regimen such as VIP) in the absence of disease progression, this would also be considered 1 regimen; however, if any change in therapy is prompted by tumor progression including rising tumor markers, this is considered to represent 2 lines of prior treatment* Prior treatment with carboplatin as adjuvant therapy is allowed, provided patients meet other eligibility criteria (e.g., the patient has also received 3-4 cycles of cisplatin-based chemotherapy)* Prior treatment with 1-2 cycles of BEP or EP as adjuvant chemotherapy for early stage GCT is allowed, provided the patient also received 3-4 cycles of BEP or EP again at relapse; patients treated with 3-4 cycles of VIP at relapse following 1-2 cycles of BEP/EP are not eligible as this would be considered more than 1 line of prior therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXNo prior treatment with high-dose chemotherapy (defined as treatment utilizing stem cell rescue)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have completed neoadjuvant taxane +/- anthracycline; patients must NOT have received cisplatin or carboplatin or capecitabine as part of their neoadjuvant therapy regimen* NOTE: Patients who received preoperative therapy as part of a clinical trial may enroll* NOTE: Patients that were not able to complete their planned neoadjuvant chemotherapy for any reason (i.e. toxicities, etc.) are eligible to participate as long as no further systemic standard of care therapy is planned by the treating physicianXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have completed definitive resection of primary tumor* Negative margins for both invasive and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) are desirable, however patients with positive margins may enroll if the treatment team believes no further surgery is possible and patient has received radiotherapy; patients with margins positive for lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) are eligible* Either mastectomy or breast conserving surgery (including lumpectomy or partial mastectomy) is acceptable* Sentinel node biopsy either pre or post neoadjuvant chemotherapy (i.e. at the time of definitive surgery) are allowed; axillary dissection is encouraged in patients with lymph node involvement, but is not mandatoryXx_NEWLINE_xXRadiotherapy may be given before or after protocol treatment per standard of care guidelines; when radiotherapy is planned prior to protocol treatment administration, patients may be registered and screened while receiving radiation* Post-mastectomy radiotherapy is required for all patients with the following:** Primary tumor >= 5 cm (prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy [clinically] or at the time of definitive surgery) or involvement of lymph nodes at the time of definitive surgery** For patients with primary tumors < 5 cm or without lymph node involvement prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and at the time of definitive surgery, provision of post-mastectomy radiotherapy is at the discretion of the treating physician** Radiation of regional nodal basins is at the discretion of the treating radiation oncologist* NOTE: Breast radiotherapy (whole breast or partial) is required for patients who underwent breast-conserving therapy, including lumpectomy or partial mastectomyXx_NEWLINE_xXAdjuvant chemotherapy after surgery other than that specified in this protocol is not allowed; luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists and adjuvant bisphosphonate or denosumab use is allowedXx_NEWLINE_xXRelapsed disease after standard chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXCurrent systemic chemotherapy or radiation therapy that potentially causes bone marrow suppression that would preclude safe treatment of HSIL; Note: Kaposi�s sarcoma limited to the skin is not exclusionary unless requiring systemic chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXPrior treatment, involving interferon, anakinra, imatinib, steroids, chemotherapy with, but not limited to cladribine, vinblastine, 6-mercaptopurine and etoposide, or other medications used empirically for the treatment of ECD, will be acceptable; these therapies should have been completed and discontinued 4 weeks or more prior to enrollment in this studyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with secondary APL are excluded; this includes all patients with APL that may have resulted from prior treatment (chemotherapy or radiation)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have received treatment with any other cytotoxic chemotherapy prior to beginning protocol therapy (other than allowed in above criteria) are excludedXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients may have a history of resectable urothelial cancer (including neoadjuvant chemotherapy) as long as patients meet one of the following:* pT0, Tis, or T1N0 and have no evidence of disease (NED) for more than 2 years from surgery or chemotherapy;* pT2-3aN0 and NED for more than 3 years from surgery or chemotherapy; or* > pT3b, or N+ and NED for more than 5 years from surgery or chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have received at least one prior line of chemotherapy, for ULMS (either in the adjuvant or metastatic setting)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have received prior chemotherapy for any abdominal or pelvic tumor OTHER THAN for the treatment of ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer within the last three years are excluded; patients may have received prior adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy for localized breast cancer, provided that it was completed more than 2 years prior to registration, and the patient remains free of recurrent or metastatic disease and hormonal therapy has been discontinued; patients who have received prior radiotherapy to any portion of the abdominal cavity or pelvis or thoracic cavity within the last three years are excluded; prior radiation for localized cancer of the head and neck or skin is permitted, provided that it was completed more than three years prior to registration, and the patient remains free of recurrent or metastatic diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXPlanned cytotoxic chemotherapy during the WBRT only; patients may have had prior chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have developed disease progression during or following treatment with at least one platinum-containing regimen (e.g., gemcitabine/cisplatin [GC], methotrexate-vinblastine-doxorubicin-cisplatin [MVAC], carboplatin, gemcitabine [CarboGem]) for inoperable locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma or disease recurrence, or must be unfit or ineligible for cisplatin-based chemotherapy; there is no restriction on the number of prior lines of chemotherapeutics agents received* Patients who progressed within 12 months of treatment with a platinum-containing neoadjuvant or adjuvant regimen are considered second-line patients; therefore, these patients may be also eligible* Patients who are unfit or ineligible for cisplatin-based chemotherapy as defined by any one of the following criteria are eligible for this trial: ** Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance score of 2** Creatinine clearance < 60 mL/min ** A hearing loss (measured by audiometry) of 25 dB at two contiguous frequencies ** Grade >= 2 peripheral neuropathyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have previously untreated AML and be candidates for intensive induction chemotherapy; patients are allowed to have had prior hydroxyureaXx_NEWLINE_xXMay not have a NF1 related tumor such as optic pathway glioma or malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, which requires treatment with chemotherapy or surgeryXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients may not have had any prior systemic treatment for this malignancy (for example chemotherapy or somatostatin analogues); prior palliative radiation is permitted but radiated lesions may not be used for measurementXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have progressed or be refractory to prior anthracycline-containing chemotherapy (e.g. R-CHOP, DA-EPOCH-R, etc)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients scheduled to be treated with adjuvant consolidation chemotherapy at the conclusion of their standard chemoradiationXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have received at least one line of standard systemic treatment for locally advanced or metastatic disease setting of the respective tumor type; for NSCLC, it is either PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor, or platinum-containing chemotherapy, or an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor or an ALK inhibitor if sensitizing mutation present; TNBC: platinum-containing chemotherapy; PDAC: fluorouracil (5-FU-), gemcitabine-, or taxane-containing chemotherapy either with or without radiation therapy; SCLC: platinum-containing chemotherapy for limited or extensive stage diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with a recent history of non-chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenic-associated bleeding within 1 year prior to the first dose of study drugXx_NEWLINE_xXAfter chemotherapy, patients must be restaged prior Step 1 registration using the same diagnostic work-up as required pre-chemotherapy; repeat PET/CT or bone scan is not required; patients must have:* History/physical examination within 30 days of Step 1 registration* No central nervous system (CNS) metastases (repeat MRI required) within 56 days prior to Step 1 registration* No progression in any site* Radiographic partial or complete response to chemotherapy in at least one disease site within 56 days prior to Step 1 registration** If PET/CT was obtained prior to chemotherapy, either a repeat PET/CT or CT of the chest and abdomen with contrast can be obtained for response assessment** Patients who underwent resection for limited-stage SCLC prior to chemotherapy and have no radiographically evident disease for response assessment remain eligible if post-chemotherapy imaging demonstrates no progressionXx_NEWLINE_xXPlanned concurrent chemotherapy or anti-tumor agent during PCIXx_NEWLINE_xXNo prior therapy with enzalutamide (previous chemotherapy and/or other AR-targeted approaches is allowed)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHistory of grade III hemorrhagic cystitis due to prior cyclophosphamide chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least 2 weeks from end of chemotherapy with resolution of neutropenia to above levelXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with primary platinum refractory disease, defined as progression while first line platinum based chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXMyelosuppressive chemotherapy: must not have received myelosuppressive chemotherapy within 3 weeks of entry onto this study (excluding hydroxyurea)* Cytoreduction with hydroxyurea can be initiated and continued for up to 24 hours prior to the start of CPX-351Xx_NEWLINE_xXAll adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery completed at least 21 days prior to registration* All triple negative patients must receive chemotherapy of the treating physician�s choice* ER/PR+ patients must receive chemotherapy (of the treating physician�s choice) unless Oncotype Dx or another genomic predictor score indicates that they are at low or intermediate risk of disease recurrence with endocrine therapy alone* Patients may have breast reconstruction during protocol participation, but definitive breast cancer surgery must be completed at least 21 days prior to registration** Concomitant biologic therapy, hormonal therapy, and bisphosphonates are acceptableXx_NEWLINE_xXProgression on at least one prior systemic chemotherapy for advanced, unresectable or metastatic disease; prior adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapy is not included as prior systemic chemotherapy unless treatment occurred within the 6 months prior to study enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must not have received prior irinotecan-based chemotherapy (e.g. irinotecan hydrochloride, leucovorin calcium, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin [FOLFIRINOX] or FOLFIRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have recovered to less than grade 1 or to baseline from toxicity of prior chemotherapy or biologic therapy and must not have had major surgery, chemotherapy, radiation or biologic therapy within 2 weeks prior to beginning treatment; NOTE: Exceptions to this include events not considered to place the subject at unacceptable risk of participation in the opinion of the principal investigator (PI) (e.g., alopecia)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have received prior chemotherapy for any abdominal or pelvic tumor within the last three years are excluded; patients may have received prior adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy for localized breast cancer, provided that it was completed more than 2 years prior to registration, the patient remains free of recurrent or metastatic disease and hormonal therapy has been discontinuedXx_NEWLINE_xXConcurrent enrollment on a non-chemotherapy treatment trial will be allowed, as long as that trial allows concurrent daily aspirin useXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be planning to receive one of the study-allowed regimens as their initial treatment for their current disease; myelosuppressive therapy must follow the standard regimen, although a dose reduction of up to 10% is permitted; this treatment may be neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy; patients must not be receiving or planning to receive concurrent radiation during systemic treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have had at least one prior chemotherapeutic regimen for management of endometrial carcinoma; initial treatment may include chemotherapy, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, or consolidation/maintenance therapy; chemotherapy administered in conjunction with primary radiation as a radio-sensitizer WILL be counted as a systemic chemotherapy regimen* Patients are allowed to receive, but not required to receive, up to a total of 3 lines of chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXPrior therapy requirements:* Wt-GIST: previously untreated participants are eligible* PHEO/PGL with germline SDH subunit mutation: 131I-methyl-iodobenzylguanine (MIBG) in patients with MIBG avid tumors or cytotoxic chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and dacarbazine [CVD] or temozolomide) is required prior to enrollment on this trial; however, patients who have refused cytotoxic chemotherapy or for whom treatment on this protocol prior to receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy is felt to be in the best interest for the patient by the local investigator will also be eligible* HLRCC-associated renal cell cancer: previously untreated participants are eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have received first-line/induction systemic therapy comprising of immunotherapy and/or platinum-based chemotherapy (a total of 4 cycles or courses), and achieved stable disease or a partial response.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with secondary B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) that developed after treatment of a prior malignancy with cytotoxic chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXWith the exception of steroid pretreatment or the administration of intrathecal methotrexate or intrathecal cytarabine, receipt of any other prior cytotoxic chemotherapy for either the current diagnosis of B-ALL or any cancer diagnosed prior to the initiation of protocol therapy on AALL15P1Xx_NEWLINE_xXSince there is no standard effective chemotherapy for patients with NF1 and cutaneous neurofibromas, patients may be treated on this trial without having received prior medical therapy directed at their plexiform neurofibromas (PN)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMay not have a NF1 related tumor such as optic pathway glioma or malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, which requires treatment with chemotherapy, radiation, or surgeryXx_NEWLINE_xXEligible for neoadjuvant chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have received at least two one prior line of therapy for mCRPC; a taxane chemotherapy administered for metastatic castration sensitive disease will not count, unless patient develops disease progression within 12 months from the last dose chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must be scheduled to receive treatment with a bevacizumab containing chemotherapy regimen; patient can be treated with bevacizumab alone or in combination with other chemotherapies; patient may also be receiving treatment with OptuneXx_NEWLINE_xXPostmenopausal or evidence of non-pregnant status for women of childbearing potential as confirmed by a negative urine or serum pregnancy test within 7 days prior to the start of therapy; postmenopausal status is defined as:* Age >= 60 years, or* Age < 60 with any one or more of the conditions below:** Amenorrheic for >= 1 year in the absence of chemotherapy and/or hormonal treatments,** Luteinizing hormone and/or follicle stimulating hormone and/or estradiol levels in the post-menopausal range,** Radiation-induced oophorectomy with last menses > 1 year ago,** Chemotherapy-induced menopause with > 1 year interval since last menses,** Surgical sterilization (bilateral oophorectomy or hysterectomy)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient may be receiving or have completed induction therapy within 60 days prior to preregistration to step 0; no more than 300 days may have passed between the first day of induction therapy and preregistration to step 0* For patients who have completed induction therapy, restaging evaluation must show status of partial (PR) or complete response (CR); post-induction patients with evidence of clinical disease progression are not eligible for preregistration* Up to two regimens of chemotherapy are allowed as long as a continuous response was ongoing throughout therapy; overall, a partial response needs to have been achieved (using studies at the time of diagnosis as the baseline)**NOTE: For example, a patient who started treatment with rituximab/bendamustine and was then switched to rituximab(R)-cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride, vincristine sulfate, and prednisone (CHOP) (due to insufficient response or excessive toxicity) would be counted as having received 2 regimens; however, R-CHOP alternating with R-dexamethasone, high-dose cytarabine, and cisplatin (DHAP) as a planned induction regimen would count as one regimenXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have completed induction therapy within 120 days prior to registration to step 1, AND no more than 300 days may have elapsed from the first dose of induction chemotherapy (cycle 1 [C1] day 1 [D1]) given, until the last day of induction chemotherapy administered; for those assigned to Arms A, C, or D, the date of transplant (�day 0�) must not be greater than 365 days after the first dose of induction chemotherapy (C1D1) given* Patient must have received at least four (4) cycles of induction therapy * Up to two regimens of chemotherapy are allowed as long as a continuous response was ongoing throughout therapy** NOTE: For example, a patient who started treatment with rituximab/bendamustine and was then switched to R-CHOP (due to insufficient response or excessive toxicity) would be counted as having received 2 regimens; however, R-CHOP alternating with R-DHAP as a planned induction regimen would count as one regimenXx_NEWLINE_xXPrevious chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy outside of the InPACT trialXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have previously started induction therapy, which includes vincristine, a corticosteroid, pegaspargase, with or without anthracycline, and/or other standard cytotoxic chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXALL developing after a previous cancer treated with cytotoxic chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXIt is preferred that axillary lymph node sampling is performed after completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy to allow more accurate assessment of pathologic response; patients must have a complete axillary lymph node dissection after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the following situations (exceptions will be granted for patients participating in the Alliance A11202 trial):* Patients had documented pathologic involvement of the axillary nodes (fine needle aspiration [FNA] or core biopsy) before neoadjuvant chemotherapy and had sentinel node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy with positive sentinel node(s)* Patient had documented pathologic involvement of the axillary nodes (FNA or core biopsy) before neoadjuvant chemotherapy and had only 1 sentinel lymph node removed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy** NOTE: Patients who undergo sentinel node biopsy before starting neoadjuvant treatment and do not undergo post neoadjuvant assessment of the axillary nodes or who have negative axillary nodes on post neoadjuvant assessment must have >= 1 cm residual invasive cancer in the breast after completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have had neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery; the recommended neoadjuvant treatment should include 16-24 weeks of a third generation chemotherapy regimen as recommended by National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines for triple negative breast cancer (examples include dose dense adriamycin-cytoxan [AC] followed by dose-dense paclitaxel; weekly paclitaxel x 12 followed or preceded by cyclophosphamide-adriamycin-fluorouracil [FAC], fluorouracil-epirubicin-cytoxan [FEC], AC or dose dense AC; docetaxel either followed or preceded by FEC/FAC or AC; carboplatin-containing neoadjuvant chemotherapy is also allowed); patients who cannot complete all planned treatment cycles for any reason are considered high risk and therefore are eligible for the study if they have residual disease; patients must have resolution of adverse event(s) of the most recent prior chemotherapy to grade 1 or less, except alopecia and =< grade 2 neuropathy which are allowedXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients may receive post-operative (adjuvant) chemotherapy for up to 24 weeks of duration (e.g. 8 cycles of capecitabine as in the CREATE-X trial) after completion of surgery at the discretion of the treating physician; patients must have resolution of adverse event(s) of the most recent prior chemotherapy to grade 1 or less, except alopecia and =< grade 2 neuropathy which are allowed; patients that have received adjuvant chemotherapy must be registered to screening within 35 days after completing treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have completed their final breast surgery (rendering them free from disease) with clear resection margins for invasive cancer and DCIS within the following timelines:* 90 days prior to screening registration for patients not receiving post-operative (adjuvant) chemotherapy OR* 270 days prior to screening registration for patients who have received post-operative (adjuvant) chemotherapyPatients who receive postoperative chemotherapy may receive radiation therapy before or after the chemotherapy; a short course of reduced dose chemotherapy concomitant with radiation for radiation sensitization is not considered to be adjuvant chemotherapy; positive margins are allowed only if the surgical team of the patient deems further resection impossibleXx_NEWLINE_xXNeoadjuvant chemotherapy before or after prostatectomyXx_NEWLINE_xXPrevious chemotherapy for any other disease site if given within 3 years prior to step 1Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must be able to undergo stereotactic-vacuum-assisted breast biopsy with clip placement after completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have completed a minimum of 8 weeks of standard neoadjuvant chemotherapy consisting of an anthracycline and/or taxane-based regimenXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with HER2-positive tumors must have received neoadjuvant anti-HER2 therapy (either with all or with a portion of the neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen), unless medically contraindicatedXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who did not undergo trimodality imaging after completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (breast ultrasound, MRI, and mammography)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPrior chemotherapy, targeted biological therapy (e.g. sorafenib), surgery, transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), ablation for present disease is acceptableXx_NEWLINE_xXHas received prior cisplatin- or carboplatin-based chemotherapy regimen for malignancy including diagnoses other than germ cell tumorXx_NEWLINE_xX