Previous radical surgery (prostatectomy) or cryosurgery for prostate cancer Patients judged capable of tolerating a radical course of chemoradiation therapy Pathologically (histologically) proven diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma; prostatectomy must have been performed within 10 years prior to Step 1 registration and any type of radical prostatectomy is permitted, including retropubic, perineal, laparoscopic or robotically assisted Patients must be deemed unfit for radical cystectomy by the treating physician, or the patient must refuse radical cystectomy, which is considered standard of care for these patients; the reason for patients not to undergo cystectomy will be clearly documented Subject must have histologically-confirmed diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma and have received primary surgical management by radical prostatectomy Prior radical prostatectomy Subjects with NMIBC must be suitable for and willing to undergo a radical cystectomy at the completion of study therapy Patients who are not appropriate surgical candidates for radical prostatectomy based on the evaluation of co-existent medical diseases and competing potential causes of death (such as but not limited to, unstable angina, myocardial infarction within the previous 6 months, or use of ongoing maintenance therapy for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia, uncontrolled hypertension) Gleason sum of 7 (with pT3 disease), 8, 9, or 10 based on the radical prostatectomy specimen Men who will receive radical prostatectomy to the primary site Gleason 7 – 10, cT2a – cT3b adenocarcinoma of the prostate with plans for radical prostatectomy Localized or locally advanced disease deemed by the surgeon to be resectable. Patients must be appropriate candidates for radical prostatectomy plus pelvic lymph node dissection. AT SCREENING: Serum chemistries, renal and liver panels within institutional normal limits or meets the requirements for radical prostatectomy. Disease that can be encompassed within a radical radiotherapy treatment volume Histological confirmation of adenocarcinoma of the prostate, >= Gleason 6, clinical stage T1a-T2c and planned for radical prostatectomy Histopathologically proven adenocarcinoma, Gleason grade ? 7 of the prostate planned radical prostatectomy; appropriate for treatment with paclitaxel therapy Patients must have histologically or cytologically confirmed prostate cancer (CaP); CaP can be recurrent disease after definitive therapy (radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy) for localized CaP, or metastatic CaP Patients must be a surgical candidate for radical prostatectomy based on standard workup of PSA, biopsy results, and if necessary supplemental imaging Patients must have chosen radical prostatectomy as their definitive treatment of choice for management of their prostate cancer Radical prostatectomy has been scheduled at Johns Hopkins Hospital Patients must have histologically or cytologically confirmed cancer of prostate (CaP); CaP can be recurrent disease after definitive therapy (radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy) for localized CaP, or metastatic CaP Adenocarcinoma of the prostate with histological or cytological confirmation without neuroendocrine differentiation or small cell histology and with G 4+3 or higher, and PSA >= 10, and >= T2b, for whom radical prostatectomy has been recommended and who choose to undergo radical prostatectomy Scheduled to undergo robotic radical prostatectomy Ineligible for radical cystectomy or refusal of radical cystectomy Previous radical surgery (prostatectomy) or cryosurgery for prostate cancer Bilateral orchidectomy or radical prostatectomy Adenocarcinoma of the prostate treated primarily with radical prostatectomy\r\n* Any type of radical prostatectomy is permitted including retropubic, perineal, laparoscopic or robotically assisted; there is no time limit for the date of radical prostatectomy History of radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), or BT for prostate cancer Previous radical surgery (prostatectomy), cryosurgery, or high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for prostate cancer Status post radical prostatectomy for histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the prostate Patients ineligible if the time interval between radical prostatectomy and the first day of randomization exceeds 3 months (+/- 2 weeks) Previous radical surgery (prostatectomy) or cryosurgery for prostate cancer Patients must be regarded as acceptable surgical risk for radical prostatectomy and confirm their intention to undergo radical prostatectomy at the end of the pre-surgical therapy Prior radical surgery (prostatectomy), high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) or cryosurgery for prostate cancer Patients who have had any form of prior prostate treatment (radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, cryotherapy, high intensity focused ultrasound) will not be eligible Radical surgery for carcinoma of the prostate Status post definitive local therapy (radical prostatectomy) for pathological proven prostate cancer Must be candidates for radical prostatectomy and considered surgically resectable by urologic evaluation. Patient is ineligible, declines, or is considered ineligible to undergo radical cystectomy History of histologically confirmed, clinical localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate treated with radical prostatectomy with definitive intent Patients have elected to undergo radical prostatectomy (RP) as treatment of choice and have to be a surgical candidate for RP; this determination will be made by the patient in conjunction with their treating urologist and is current standard of practice Prior radical prostatectomy Patients must have histologically or cytologically confirmed carcinoma of the prostate (CaP); CaP can be recurrent disease after definitive therapy (radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy) for localized CaP, or metastatic CaP Indication for radical cystectomy for urothelial cancer Must have had radical surgical resection (e.g. radical cystectomy), performed within the last 120 days No prior radical prostate surgery Subjects desire focal therapy and decline conventional treatment (active surveillance, radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, cryosurgery and hormone therapy) Prostate cancer initially treated by radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy (including brachytherapy) or both, with curative intent; Radical surgery for carcinoma of the prostate Patients must be suitable for and willing to undergo a radical prostatectomy at the completion of study therapy Adenocarcinoma of the prostate treated primarily with radical prostatectomy\r\n* Any type of radical prostatectomy will be permitted, including retropubic, perineal, laparoscopic, or robotically assisted; there is no time limit for the date of radical prostatectomy Have chosen a radical prostatectomy for treatment of their disease after the medical team has presented all possible treatment options Prior radical prostatectomy or cryosurgery for prostate cancer or bilateral orchiectomy Indicated for radical prostatectomy\r\n* Note: candidates for radical prostatectomy are still eligible even if they have a history of deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and/or cerebrovascular accident or currently requiring systemic anticoagulation Prior radical prostatectomy or cryosurgery for prostate cancer Prior radical surgery (prostatectomy), high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) or cryosurgery for prostate cancer Prior radical prostatectomy or bilateral orchiectomy for any reason Patients must be eligible for radical cystectomy and refuse this standard of care treatment or not be a surgical candidate for radical cystectomy based on other comorbidities Patients must be a surgical candidate for radical prostatectomy based on standard workup of PSA, biopsy results, and if necessary supplemental imaging Patients must have chosen radical prostatectomy as their definitive treatment of choice for management of their prostate cancer COHORT A: The subject must be deemed medically fit for radical prostatectomy by the attending urologic surgeon at the selected study site Patients must have received primary treatment with radical prostatectomy Baseline post-radical prostatectomy (RP) PSA =< 0.4 Scheduled for radical prostatectomy surgery Resected lymph nodes must be provided for all subjects for biomarker analysis immediately (same day) after surgery (radical prostatectomy) Rising PSA after prior definitive local therapy (radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation, or brachytherapy) or combination of radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy with curative intent Minimum PSA 1.0 ng/mL if prior radical prostatectomy +/- adjuvant or salvage radiation; nadir + 2.0 ng/mL if prior RT without prior radical prostatectomy Patients must have undergone local treatment via radical prostatectomy\r\n* Patients who have received primary radiation therapy followed by a salvage radical prostatectomy are eligible\r\n* Patients who have had post-operative radiation therapy for presumed locally recurrent disease are eligible Patient must have a history of prostatectomy (Open Radical or Robotic Assisted) with histopathologic documentation of adenocarcinoma of the prostate Planning to have or have had a radical prostatectomy (RP) at MSKCC Prior radical prostatectomy or cryosurgery for prostate cancer or bilateral orchiectomy Patients must be appropriate candidates for radical prostatectomy with an estimated life expectancy > 10 years as determined by a urologist; evidence of underlying cardiac disease should be evaluated prior to enrollment to ensure that patients are not at high risk of cardiac complications Previous radical surgery (prostatectomy) or cryosurgery for prostate cancer Subjects must have histologically confirmed local adenocarcinoma of the prostate and have elected to proceed with radical prostatectomy as the primary curative therapy Must be a candidate for radical prostatectomy Candidate for radical prostatectomy Localized or locally advanced disease deemed by the surgeon to be resectable; patients must be appropriate candidates for radical prostatectomy plus pelvic lymph node dissection Serum chemistries within institutional normal limits or requirements for radical prostatectomy Renal panels within institutional normal limits or requirements for radical prostatectomy Liver panels within institutional normal limits or requirements for radical prostatectomy Planned elective radical prostatectomy with bilateral nerve sparing technique that can include high or low fascia Judged by the study doctor to be a suitable candidate for a radical prostatectomy Patients scheduled for radical prostatectomy for the treatment of prostate cancer with one of the consenting surgeons at MSKCC Patients scheduled for minimally-invasive radical prostatectomy for the treatment of prostate cancer with one of the consenting surgeons at MSKCC Subjects must have prostate cancer being treated via radical prostatectomy by a single surgeon (primary investigator) with planned intraoperative nerve sparing. Is scheduled to undergo radical prostatectomy (i.e. robot-assisted or open-approach) Is NOT scheduled to undergo radical prostatectomy (i.e. robot-assisted or open-approach) Patients scheduling to undergo robot-assisted radical prostatectomy Patients with prostate cancer who are electing to undergo robotic radical prostatectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection at The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center by Dr. Ronney Abaza Patients who undergo an open, elective radical cystectomy Have treatment with radical prostatectomy or radiation treatment > 3 months prior to enrollment, if receiving these treatments Men recently treated (within 3 months) with radical prostatectomy or radiation Anticipated radical cystectomy with ileal conduit or orthotopic neobladder Are currently being treated or have decided on their treatment process (radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy) Patients undergoing minimally invasive radical-prostatectomy (including robotic and laparoscopic) at Washington University in Saint Louis (WUSTL)/Siteman Cancer Center (SCC) Participants recruited from the community must be scheduled for radical prostatectomy or have undergone RP within the past 12 months for clinically diagnosed prostate cancer Patient unsuitable for or refusing radical cystectomy Completed radical prostatectomy for pathologically-verified adenocarcinoma of the prostate no more than 120 days prior to enrollment; the following procedures are acceptable: radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP), laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (with or without robotic assistance; LAPD), radical perineal prostatectomy (RPP) Patients who do not undergo radical cystectomy will be withdrawn from the study The subject is scheduled to undergo radical prostatectomy Subjects scheduled for robotic assisted radical prostatectomy for removal of localized prostate cancer; Scheduled or planned radical prostatectomy with PLND. Cohort B Only: [Enrollment is complete; No longer recruiting subjects] History of radical prostatectomy Adenocarcinoma of the prostate, post radical-prostatectomy Radical prostatectomy as definitive treatment for PCa Men scheduled for transrectal prostate biopsy or radical prostatectomy at Columbia University Medical Center Prostate cancer patients who have undergone radical prostatectomy Radical prostatectomy within one year of enrollment Planned radical prostatectomy at UCSF within 12 weeks following protocol MRI/MRSI Patients must be eligible for and must be planning to undergo radical prostatectomy INCLUSION CRITERIA (NEXT 60 PATIENTS WITH LOCALLY ADVANCED PROSTATE CANCER): Scheduled to undergo surgical resection with radical prostatectomy and lymphadenectomy History of adenocarcinoma of the prostate treated with radical prostatectomy History of prior radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer Planned to undergo radical prostatectomy and extended pelvic lymph node dissection Cohort A only (N = 5 evaluable patients):- Planned radical prostatectomy within 12 weeks following protocol scan History of histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the prostate post curative-intent local treatment (radical prostatectomy, local radiotherapy, brachytherapy). Received any neo-adjuvant prostate cancer treatment before radical prostatectomy Men newly diagnosed with PCa who are scheduled for radical prostatectomy (RP) (stage T1 or T2) Adenocarcinoma of the prostate with planned radical prostatectomy (RP) with curative intent as part of standard of care management plan Patient is a candidate for radical prostatectomy Patient scheduled for radical retropubic prostatectomy Deemed to not be a candidate for radical cystectomy by attending urologic oncologist or refuse radical cystectomy