Documented incurable cancer with one of the following histologies: non-small cell lung cancer, malignant melanoma, renal cell cancer, triple negative breast cancer, colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability (MSI), bladder cancer, and metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. Histologic or cytologic diagnosis of cancer Other active cancer Subjects with peritoneal disease who have failed prior standard chemotherapy and have histologic confirmation of platinum-resistant or refractory epithelial ovarian cancer, fallopian tube cancer, primary peritoneal cancer, endometrial cancer, cervical cancer, vaginal and vulvar cancer, uterine sarcomas including leiomyosarcoma, carcinosarcoma or high grade endometrial stromal sarcoma, gastroesophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, colorectal cancer, gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors, or mesothelioma will be enrolled. Patients with incurable malignancies with >= 50% 2-year cancer-associated mortality (as estimated by two physician and where appropriate according to 2014 NCDB data); diseases include, but are not limited to:\r\n* Ampullary carcinoma\r\n* Appendiceal cancer\r\n* Colorectal cancer (CRC)\r\n* Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (EHCC)\r\n* Esophageal adenocarcinoma\r\n* Gallbladder cancer (GBCA)\r\n* Gastric adenocarcinoma\r\n* Head and neck cancer\r\n* Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)\r\n* Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC)\r\n* Melanoma\r\n* Non-KIT GIST (gastrointestinal stromal tumor)\r\n* Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)\r\n* Ovarian cancer\r\n* Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)\r\n* Sarcoma (high-grade)\r\n* Small bowel adenocarcinoma (including duodenal)\r\n* Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)\r\n* Urothelial cancer\r\n** Note: we will limit gastrointestinal malignancies to no more than 65% of the case mix Incurable cancer No prior treatment for this diagnosis of cancer Completed cancer treatment with no evidence of active cancer; all post-surgical swelling must be resolved. Patients with a separate non-cutaneous cancer diagnosis for which the patient has not been without evidence of disease for at least 5 years Any other cancer (excluding radically operated localized squamous skin cancer) with clinical activity within the last 2 years Prior cancer diagnosis, except appropriately treated localized epithelial skin cancer or cervical cancer. Any active cancer diagnosis (basal or squamous cell cancers allowed) within the last 5 years for which the patient is receiving active therapy or which is untreated; any cancer diagnosis within the last 5 years that is considered “treated” and/ or on surveillance may be included in the trial Prior history of invasive HPV-related anogenital cancer (cervical, vaginal, vulvar, penile, or anal cancer), or oropharyngeal cancer (base of tongue, tonsil); prior cancer at other sites (including most of oral cavity) or larynx are not exclusions History of any other active cancer diagnosis Patients with uncontrolled diseases other than cancer will be excluded Subjects must be females with a histological diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive breast cancer clinical stage T0-3, N01 and be candidates for primary resection of this cancer; NOTE: subjects with bilateral cancer are eligible\r\n* Primary tumor stage T0-3 at the time of initial diagnosis and ipsilateral nodes must be N0-1 by clinical evaluation; staging is routinely based on the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Clinical Practice Guidelines and TNM Nomenclature for Breast Cancer from American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Cancer Staging Manual; all breast cancer patients routinely undergo axillary ultrasound to evaluate nodal involvement Uterine cancer participants will be International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IIIC and may have endometrioid cancer, clear cell cancer, uterine papillary serous cancer, carcinosarcoma, or endometrial stromal sarcoma Patients must have adequate transoral exposure of the oral cavity and laryngopharynx for TORS instrumentation; for the non-surgical arm: Patients planned to receive non-surgical treatment (e.g., chemo and/or radiation); the 7 surgical (TORS) arms include: tonsil cancer: T1, tonsil cancer: T2, base of tongue cancer: T1, base of tongue cancer: T2, supraglottic cancer, unknown primary cancer, and other tumors; the 3 non-surgical arms are: tonsil cancer, base of tongue cancer, and supraglottic/hypopharyngeal/other cancers Synchronous cancer. Patient must have diagnosis of lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, or head and neck cancer Operable cancer Patients with a cancer diagnosis, receiving chemotherapy, radiation therapy or the combination Synchronous colon cancer Cohort 2 (MTD) only: weight loss of > 5% at any point after a cancer diagnosis or within 3 months prior to this cancer diagnosis; Note: no documentation from the medical record is necessary Patients must not have extrahepatic cancer Gastric Cancer Without a history of a cancer diagnosis Without history of cancer diagnosis using chemotherapy Diagnosis of squamous or undifferentiated gastric cancer SUB-PROTOCOL AIM A: Histological confirmation of renal cell carcinoma, head and neck cancer, endometrial cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell cervical or uterine cancer, or bladder cancer No history of another active cancer Prior surgery for cancer of the anus that removed all macroscopic anal cancer colon cancer Cohort B: Histologically confirmed metastatic solid tumor of epithelial origin, excluding non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), including but not limited to ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, renal cancer, bladder cancer, or breast cancer with radiographic evidence by MRI of at least one measurable brain lesion as defined by RANO criteria that does not require corticosteroids for symptomatic control For the expansion stage, histologically confirmed renal cell cancer (RCC), urothelial bladder cancer (UBC), triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), melanoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, or Merkel cell cancer For Phase 1B: histology specified below i. NSCLC (subjects with documented EGFR mutation or ALK rearrangement should be excluded) ii. ovarian cancer iii. gastric cancer iv. HCC (Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer stage C, stage B not amenable to locoregional therapy or refractory to locoregional therapy, and not amenable to a curative treatment approach, and Child-Pugh A) v. HNSCC vi. esophageal carcinoma vii. TNBC viii. cholangiocarcinoma ix. RCC, bladder cancer, melanoma, Merkel-cell carcinoma, sarcoma, GIST, or cuSCC. Or any other solid tumors with known MSI-H or dMMR status, such as CRC or pancreatic cancer Any previous systemic chemotherapy for cancer or radiotherapy for cancer Histopathologically confirmed diagnosis of one of the following cancer types:\r\n* Salivary gland cancer without the presence of extracapsular extension and/or positive surgical margin\r\n* Skin cancer\r\n* Melanoma Prior cancer diagnosis, except appropriately treated localized epithelial skin cancer or cervical cancer Diagnosis of advanced solid tumors limited to: melanoma, kidney cancer, lung cancer, colorectal carcinoma, prostate cancer, and neuroendocrine tumor progressing on standard therapy. Prior oophorectomy for cancer prevention is allowed Patients may have had a prior diagnosis of cancer if it has been > 5 years since their last treatment Patients must have either heregulin-positive cancer, cancer with RAS mutation, IGF-1 positive cancer, or RAS wild type cancer. No other active cancer Survivor of childhood cancer for ?5 years (N = 24) and no history of childhood cancer (N = 24) Patients must have a prior diagnosis of cancer inside the thoracic cavity; both primary thoracic malignancies (such as lung cancer) as well as metastatic lesions (such as metastatic breast cancer or colorectal cancer to the lungs) are allowed; patient must have pathologic confirmation of the recurrent thoracic tumor, or have an enlarging thoracic mass (as seen on two computed tomography [CT] scans at least 6 weeks apart, with either a > 25% or > 5 mm increase in longest dimension) Histologically confirmed diagnosis of locally advanced, recurrent, and/or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, melanoma, or mesothelioma Histologically or cytologically confirmed diagnosis of one of the following solid tumor malignancies for which no standard therapeutic alternatives exist: bladder cancer, breast cancer, castrate-resistant prostate cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer (CRC), gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, squamous cancers of the head and neck region (including parotid and nasopharynx). Nasopharyngeal cancer Diagnosis of a chronic pulmonary disorder (a diagnosis of lung cancer is not required as the symptom of dyspnea, not cancer itself, is targeted) CANCER-RELATED CRITERIA Nasopharyngeal cancer Patients must have known HIV infection and histologically confirmed solid malignancy that is metastatic or unresectable and is therefore incurable; although the focus of this trial will be on upper aerodigestive cancers (non-small cell lung cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and non-gastroesophageal junction esophageal cancer), patients with other incurable solid tumor with disease potentially sensitive to carboplatin and/or taxanes (including but not limited to salivary gland cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, or anal cancer, BUT excluding Kaposi sarcoma), will be eligible Women who report that their motivation/desire for sexual intimacy has decreased since her cancer diagnosis Female patients presenting with initial diagnosis of any type of cancer T4 cancer Anyone with a previous cancer diagnosis (excluding skin cancer) Receiving radiation treatment for this cancer at any site within the MDACC Cancer Network (Cancer Network study only) Be a cancer care provider (CCP) working at one of the above cancer centers Have direct contact with cancer patients Primary cancer care at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center or Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) Diagnosis of cancer. Secondary cancer diagnosis (prior or current) within the past 5 years Have a diagnosis of cancer or a caregiver to a cancer survivor Previous diagnosis of cancer Individuals with a history of another malignancy are not eligible if the cancer is under active treatment or the cancer can be seen on radiology scans or if they are off cancer treatment but in the opinion of their oncologist have a high risk of relapse within 5 years Other active cancer Adult patients with a cancer diagnosis receiving oral or intravenous (IV) chemotherapy at Dana-Farber on Yawkey 10 History of a cancer diagnosis Diagnosis of cancer or caregiver of someone with cancer Secondary cancer diagnosis within the last 5 years The participant does not have an active cancer diagnosis Diagnosis of cancer with evidence of active disease Diagnosis of cancer Diagnosis of cancer Active cancer History of a cancer diagnosis Poor diagnosis or other cancer Parents will be eligible if they have a diagnosis of incurable cancer of any type Patient must have either a history of cancer or active cancer 10.0 years post first cancer diagnosis No prior type I endometrial cancer diagnosis Prior diagnosis of other cancer Have any other active cancer Diagnosis of cancer Recurrence of cancer or other active cancer Resident of rural and/or Appalachian Kentucky (KY) county at cancer diagnosis Diagnosis of cancer with evidence of active disease Have had a diagnosis of cancer treated with chemotherapy. Cancer patient CAREGIVERS: Has a current cancer diagnosis No evidence of cancer (NED) A current/prior cancer diagnosis Diagnosis of a childhood cancer or similarly treated disease (involving chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery) Participants with a second cancer diagnosis at the time of enrollment will be excluded Diagnosis of cancer within last two years Participants will be patients of Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC) with a diagnosis of cancer Prior cancer diagnosis Subjective concern about declines in cognitive functioning related to a diagnosis of cancer and/or cancer related treatment At least four weeks after cancer diagnosis Treated for any other cancer Diagnosis of cancer with an active prescription for oral chemotherapy Cancer (solid tumor) diagnosis or mass suspicious of cancer within past six months as per clinical judgment Participants with concurrent active cancer or active cancer within the last 5 years are ineligible unless, at the discretion of the investigator, the patient is deemed to have cancer or cancer treatment that the investigators do not think will interfere with any of the biological measures of the study No active cancer Diagnosis of gynecological cancer of any type or strong suspicion for cancer Diagnosis of cancer with evidence of active disease Diagnosis of cancer Active cancer, defined as a pathologic diagnosis of or treatment for any cancer, other than basal-cell or squamous-cell carcinoma of the skin, within the past six months; or patients with known recurrent or metastatic disease within the past six months; a pathology report issued at the enrolling site confirming the diagnosis of cancer is required for study enrollment Diagnosis of cancer Report sleep problems that began or got worse with the diagnosis of cancer or with chemotherapy; (did your sleep problems begin or get worse with the diagnosis of cancer or with chemotherapy?) Any cancer diagnosis Patients without cancer diagnosis Cancer diagnosis between 6 months and 3 years at the start of the study History of depression before the cancer diagnosis No prior history of cancer; No evidence of cancer (NED) Previous diagnosis of endometrial cancer, successfully treated through surgery No previous diagnosis of endometrial cancer Patients with histologically confirmed diagnosis of cancer; NOTE: patients with active cancer or post treatment are allowed on the study Newly prescribed one of the designated oral cancer medications for treatment of cancer History of diagnosis of cancer Previous diagnosis of stage 4 cancer Patients with known cancer Cancer survivor Prior germ cell cancer Currently being actively treated for cancer other than nonmelanoma skin cancer. History of cancer diagnosis at least one year prior History of skin cancer diagnosis Diagnosis of cancer requiring systemic therapy in the past 5 years Has a current or previous diagnosis of any type of cancer History of invasive cancer diagnosis =< 12 months prior to randomization, excepting nonmelanoma skin cancer; patients with T1a adenocarcinoma of the esophagus arising in the setting of Barrett’s esophagus are eligible for enrollment in the trial Patients with prostate cancer, renal cell cancer, neuroendocrine tumors, lung cancer, colorectal cancers, soft tissue sarcomas, glioma, and thyroid cancer are excluded in the normal and mild cohorts due to a lack of efficacy in these tumor types in phase 2 studies; patients with prostate cancer, renal cell cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancers, soft tissue sarcomas, glioma and thyroid cancer are allowed to enroll in the moderate and severe cohorts only; patients with neuroendocrine tumors are still excluded from the moderate and severe cohorts Active cancer diagnosis or metastatic disease, except in the case of stage 0 chronic lymphocytic leukemia or nonmelanoma skin cancer >= 2 years since completion of cancer-directed therapy for first cancer Diagnosis of prostate cancer per National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines (T1-T4 disease) GYNECOLOGIC CANCER: Women with suspected gynecological cancer Patients with PSMA-positive tumors including prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, and other tumor types know to express PSMA Known pathological diagnosis of any solid cancer Have been diagnosed with a malignancy/tumor/cancer, including but not limited to: brain tumor, breast cancer, lung cancer, esophageal cancer, lymphoma, or sarcoma Prior histologic diagnosis of cancer or awaiting biopsy or surgery for cancer evaluation of a mass detected on exam or standard imaging; this includes solid tumors as well as hematologic malignancies Inclusion Criteria:\n\n The target population includes adults with small lung nodules that may represent a new\n diagnosis of lung cancer, who typically would be managed by CT surveillance in usual\n clinical practice. Thus, we will enroll all patients:\n\n - aged ?35 years\n\n - at least one nodule measuring ?15 mm in average diameter on chest CT.\n\n Exclusion Criteria:\n\n - Pregnant Women\n\n - Age <35 years\n\n - Known diagnosis of cancer (except non-melanoma skin cancer) within 5 years Patient must have no other active cancer at the time of diagnosis of cervical cancer Cancer survivors with no evidence of disease for at least 6 months as determined by the oncologist and no longer receiving cancer treatment A subset of cancer patients being imaged with PET/CT for diagnosis and/or staging of disease at Case Comprehensive Cancer Center Subjects with a current diagnosis of oral cancer Consented for tissue collection on Mays Cancer Center repository 07-32 (for Mays Cancer Center patients only) Patients must have a current diagnosis of breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, or colorectal cancer; the current diagnosis may be an initial diagnosis or recurrence and/or progression of previously diagnosed disease; cancer may be metastatic or non-metastatic PATIENTS: Adult patients (>= 18 years) with a diagnosis of metastatic solid cancer PATIENTS: Diagnosis of metastatic cancer < 3 months from the date of hospital admission Focus on one of the following disease categories: non-small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, lymphoma Patients must know their cancer diagnosis Patients with non-cancer diagnoses, as CALL only provides services for cancer or pre-cancer diagnoses. Patients with a separate non-cutaneous cancer diagnosis for which the patient has not been without evidence of disease for at least 5 years