Patients must have measurable disease; MRI and/or PET/CT scans need to be performed within 2 weeks prior to registration NaF PET/CT OPTIONAL SUB-STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA No distant metastases, based upon the following minimum diagnostic workup (NOTE: patients with positive para-aortic nodes- completely resected, PET/CT negative are eligible):\r\n* History/physical examination within 56 days prior to study entry\r\n* Contrast-enhanced imaging of the abdomen and pelvis by either CT, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or whole body PET-CT (with or without contrast) within 90 days prior to registration (NOTE: whole body PET-CT is preferred) \r\n* Chest x-ray (posterioranterior [PA] and lateral) or chest CT within 70 days prior to study entry (except for those who have had whole body PET-CT) Histologic or cytologically confirmed diagnosis of uveal melanoma with measurable disease (based on RECIST 1.1 criteria) in the liver (by CT, PET/CT or MRI) at the time of screening. Patients with AST or ALT or alkaline phosphatase > ULN are eligible for inclusion in the study if liver imaging (CT, MRI, PET-CT, or PET scan) performed within 28 days prior to randomization does not demonstrate metastatic disease and the requirements in criterion (just above) are met. Tany N1-3 or T3-4 N0 as determined by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and PET/CT; all palpable or CT/PET visible lymph nodes outside the usual surgical field must be biopsy-proven negative for cancer All patients must have initial PET/CT scans to document no evidence of metastatic or unresectable squamous cell cancer T1-2 N0 as determined by EUS and PET/CT Stage at presentation: cT2-cT4, cN0-cN3, cM0 Measurable disease (at least 1 lesion of >= 1.5 cm in diameter) as detected by CT or the CT images of the PET/CT; NOTE: patients with Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia are not required to have measurable disease by CT or PET/CT if monoclonal protein is detectable by serum protein electrophoresis and/or immunoglobulin M (IgM) level is at least 2 times upper limit of normal CLL diagnosis confirmed as have biopsy –proven Richter’s transformation; NOTE: both untreated and previously treated patients in this category can be enrolled as long as measurable disease can be detected by PET/CT or CT (>=1.5 cm in diameter) PET/CT-guided cryoablation criteria-cohort 2:\r\n* Patients must have a mass that is well visualized under PET/CT; tumors that are not clearly seen by MRI but showing on PET/CT will be ablated with PET/CT guidance PET/CT-guided cryoablation exclusion criteria-cohort 2:\r\n* PET/CT is contraindicated in the pregnant patient\r\n* Pregnant women are excluded from this study; breastfeeding should be discontinued if the mother is treated with PET/CT guidance Patient must have a least one lesion greater than 2 cm on standard imaging (CT, MR, octreotide, or dotatate imaging) that is judged amenable to AMT-PET Patient must have known pathologic diagnosis of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and evidence of persistent disease on PET/CT or CT. One of the following combinations of imaging is required within 8 weeks of registration:\r\n* Or a computed tomography (CT) scan of the neck (with contrast) and a positron emission tomography (PET)/CT of neck and chest (with or without contrast)\r\n* Or an magnetic resonance imagining (MRI) of the neck (with contrast) and a PET/CT of neck and chest (with or without contrast)\r\n* Note: A CT scan of the neck and/or a PET/CT performed for the purposes of radiation planning may serve as both staging and planning tools The following mandatory staging studies must be done within 12 weeks before study registration:\r\n* PET/CT scans of both lungs, the mediastinum, adrenal glands and rest of the body; primary tumor dimension will be measured on diagnostic CT and again on simulation CT using the lung window setting\r\n* Mediastinoscopy or endobronchial ultrasound -guided biopsy of the mediastinal lymph nodes is recommended and required for any patients with PET/CT or CT findings suggesting lymph node involvement\r\n* Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or CT scan if symptoms or signs suggest brain metastases\r\n* Invasive mediastinal staging: For all patients with CT or PET evidence of hilar involvement (level 10) or with mediastinal lymph nodes > 1.0 cm in the shortest diameter or clinically suspicious by treating physician and/or radiologist, disease must be staged by cervical mediastinoscopy, esophageal endoscopic ultrasound-guided biopsy, or endobronchial ultrasound-guided biopsy Cutaneous metastases diagnosis confirmed prior to consent by preferred institutional methodology which may include, but is not limited to: biopsy ? 3 months; conventional radiography; imaging techniques to include bone scan (scintigraphy), computed tomography (CT), fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET)/CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), F-fluoromisonidazole-(F-FMISO) PET/CT, fluorothymidine-(FLT) PET/CT, fluoroestradiol-(FES) PET/CT, and PET/MRI; Inability to undergo PET-CT Has known metastatic disease; staging CT C/A/P or PET/CT will be mandatory no more than 45 days prior to enrollment to evaluate for the presence of metastatic disease >= 1 lesion detectable on CT, MRI, fludeoxyglucose F-18 (18FDG) PET-CT, or PET-MRI pre-operative imaging (chest CT and PET-CT Patients must be willing to undergo FLT PET/CT or NaF PET/CT scans for the investigational component of this trial and have no known allergies to FLT or NaF Measurable disease by CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or the CT portion of the PET/CT: must have at least one lesion that has a single diameter of >= 2 cm RANDOMIZED PHASE II (ARMS K AND L): Patients must have measurable disease; baseline measurements and evaluations must be obtained within 4 weeks of registration to the study; abnormal PET scans will not constitute evaluable disease unless verified by a diagnostic quality CT scan; patients must use the same imaging modality (CT or PET/CT) throughout the study cT2 N+ or cT3-T4 N0 or N+ as assessed by endorectal ultrasound (US) MRI/CT/PET of the brain within 30 days of lymphodepletion Able to undergo diagnostic PET/computed tomography (CT) or PET/CT simulation Known incompatibility to CT or PET scans. Imaging of abdomen (CT or CT colonogram or MRI or PET or Ultrasound) within 16 months prior to randomization Diagnostic quality CT or MRI of neck, with contrast, within 28 days prior to registration; a 18-F-FDG-PET/CT of the neck only is acceptable as a substitute if the CT is of diagnostic quality and with IV contrast. PHASE II: Patients must be able to tolerate CT, MRI or PET imaging including contrast agents Able to tolerate PET/CT imaging required to be performed at an American College of Radiology (ACR) Imaging Core Laboratory (Lab) qualified facility Stage T1N1-2, T2-3N0-2, according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 7th edition staging, based on the following minimum diagnostic work-up:\r\n* Chest/abdominal/pelvic computed tomography (CT) or whole-body positron emission tomography (PET)/CT (NOTE: if CT is performed at this time point, whole-body PET/CT will be required prior to step 2 registration; PET/CT of skull base to mid-thigh is acceptable) (NOTE: if adenopathy is noted on CT or whole-body PET/CT scan, an endoscopic ultrasound is not required prior to STEP 2 registration as long as adequate tissue has been obtained for central HER2 testing)\r\n* Patients may have regional adenopathy including para-esophageal, gastric, gastrohepatic and celiac nodes; if celiac adenopathy is present, it must be =< 2 cm\r\n* Patients with tumors at the level of the carina or above must undergo bronchoscopy to exclude fistula Patients must have a diagnostic quality contrast-enhanced CT scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis AND baseline FDG-PET scan performed within 28 days prior to registration\r\n* Low-resolution \localization\ CT scans performed as part of a combined PET/CT scan are not adequate for enrollment or response determination on this protocol\r\n* If a patient has an allergy to CT contrast, then a non-enhanced CT will be acceptable Interim PET/CT scans must have been submitted for centralized review Whole-body FDG-PET/CT within 60 days prior to registration; Note: patients do not need to have a separate CT of chest and upper abdomen with contrast if PET/CT imaging includes a high quality CT chest with contrast. PET/CT scan to include both lungs, the mediastinum, and adrenal glands; primary tumor dimension will be measured on diagnostic CT and again on simulation CT; must be done within 10 weeks prior to study entry PET/CT Patients must have received baseline FDG-PET/CT +/- CT with contrast within 1 month +/- 2 weeks prior to study entry, and should have no contraindications to PET or CT imaging Patients with at least one target lesion amenable to serial static and dynamic FLT-PET/CT imaging will be mandated to have correlative FLT-PET/CT imaging per the study schema for a target of 20 patients with a maximum of 30 patients PET/CT or CT-scan of the neck showing no evidence of nodal involvement Evidence of metastatic disease on PET, CT, and/or MRI performed within 12 weeks of enrollment CT or MRI of the neck with and without contrast; Note: a CT scan of neck and/or a PET/CT performed for the purposes of radiation planning may serve as planning tools MRI of the pelvis and/or PET-CT within 4 months before registration Gross disease in the retrostyloid (high level II) or retropharyngeal lymph node regions by CT or PET/CT At least 1 measurable disease lesion >1.5 cm in at least one diameter by CT/CT-PET or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in an area of no prior radiation therapy, or in an area that was previously irradiated that has documented progression One or more measurable (> 1.5 cm in longest dimension) disease sites on CT (preferably PET/CT) or, if CT is contraindicated, MRI (preferably PET/MRI) scans. Patients must be considered an appropriate candidate for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT); this is determined on an individualized basis, by the prospective multidisciplinary tumor board, that includes representation from surgical, radiation and medical oncology; criteria for appropriateness for SBRT include all of the following: but:\r\n* Stage I/II non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) – no evidence of distant metastases (patients with up to three lung nodules may be considered to have ‘multiple primary’ lung cancer rather than metastatic lung cancer and thus will be eligible; if a lymph node(s) >= 2 cm and/or PET-SUV >= 4.0 is identified, biopsy must be performed (and be negative) for the patient to be eligible; patients thought to have M1b disease, or malignant pleural/pericardial effusions are not eligible\r\n* Staging including CT chest, PET/CT must be up-to-date, i.e. within 6 weeks prior to registration; brain imaging (contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] or CT) is suggested for all patients, but is only mandatory for patients with abnormal neurologic exam\r\n* Tumor size =< 7 cm in greatest dimension based upon an up-to-date CT (and/or CT/PET) within 6 weeks prior to enrollment onto the study; radiation therapy treatment planning imaging is acceptable)\r\n* The patient must not be a candidate for (or declines because of high risk) surgical resection because of medical comorbidity/risk; the patient must have undergone an evaluation by an experienced thoracic surgeon within 12 weeks prior to registration; standard justification criteria may include forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) < 40% predicted; predicted postoperative FEV1 =< 30% predicted; diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) =< 60% predicted; pulmonary hypertension (estimated >= 40 mm Hg); poor cardiac function (ejection fraction [EF] =< 40%); Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnea scale >= 3 (corresponds to inability to walk at least 100 yards without rest); baseline hypoxemia (partial pressure of oxygen [pO2] =< 55 mg HG and/or pulse oxygen [ox] < 88%), baseline hypercapnea (carbon dioxide [CO2] >= 45 mm Hg; there are also other, less objective criteria, including severe end-organ damage from diabetes/hypertension, severe atherosclerotic disease (heart, brain, aorta, peripheral artery)\r\n* Tumor(s) must be in a location/configuration such that risk of fistula is considered relatively low; this means that there can be no evidence of tumor invasion of a major (lobar/hilar) pulmonary vessel(s), aorta, vena cava, trachea or mainstem bronchus or esophagus; additional studies may be needed to assess this, including CT angiogram, MRI, bronchoscopy, esophagoscopy Disease that can be assessed (evaluable) with imaging (CT, MRI, PET, radionuclide imaging or other imaging modality) cT3 or cT4 No clinical evidence of N1, N2 or N3 lymph nodes as assessed by CT and/or PET-CT 4D CT positive for multiple gland disease Administered IV x-ray contrast medium ? 24 hours prior to the date of study PET/CT Administered oral contrast medium ? 120 hours prior to the date of study PET/CT COHORT I: Patient must be able to tolerate PET/CT imaging COHORT I: Patient must not have claustrophobia that would preclude PET/CT imaging or other contraindications to CT imaging Inability to undergo anti-3-[18F]FACBC PET-CT Have a primary diagnosis, or at high clinical suspicion, of lung nodule(s) warranting surgery based on CT and/or PET imaging Treating radiation oncologist intends to incorporate 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT findings into the radiotherapy plan if patient undergoes 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT. Prior prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/CT. Diagnostic CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as part of the PET study or performed within one month of PSMA PET Had a prior 68Ga DOTATATE PET/CT scan and a CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with or without contrast performed within 3 months before signing the consent, without interval treatment other than a somatostatin analog Documented results from (or scheduled to undergo) CT or MRI of the chest, abdomen and pelvis as a SOC procedure within 28 days of baseline investigational 11C-Gln PET/CT and 18F-FSPG PET/CT Any condition that precludes the proper performance of PET and/or CT scan: a) Subjects who are not able to tolerate the CT contrast agent, b) Subjects with metal implants or arthroplasty, or any other objects that might interfere with the PET and/or CT analysis, c) Subjects unable to raise arms for prolonged imaging purposes, d) Subjects unable to lie still for the entire imaging time, e) Subjects weighing greater than 110 kg (243 lb) Patients with a body weight of 400 pounds or more, or a body mass index (BMI) which precludes their entry into the bore of the PET/CT scanner, because the findings will probably be compromised in image quality with CT, PET/CT and MRI. Patients who cannot undergo PET/compute tomography (CT) scanning Diagnostic CT or MRI as part of the PET study or performed within one month of PSMA PET Previously imaged with 18F-DCFPyL PET/CT on >= 2 occasions as part of this or other study protocols Patient must have a PET/CT obtained within 40 days of having the EBUS-TBNA Documented visceral metastases or current lymphadenopathy > 3 cm by standard imaging (e.g. magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], CT, ultrasound, fludeoxyglucose [FDG] PET/CT) The time interval between 18F FSPG PET/CT and standard of care imaging (ie, 18F FDG PET/CT, diagnostic CT, or MRI) should be within 4 weeks (exceptions will be allowed for 6 weeks, if there are no other options) Ideally, there should be no chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or immune/biologic therapy or biopsy between other imaging (PET/CTs, MRI, or diagnostic CTs) and 18F FSPG PET/CT scheduled or performed (exceptions by investigator discretion) Claustrophobia interfering with MRI and PET/CT imaging Patients with a body weight of 400 pounds or more or a body habitus or disability that will not permit the imaging protocol to be performed, due to the compromise in image quality on both CT and PET/CT; if the standard-of-care 18F-FDG/PET was of diagnostic in quality as determined by the official clinical interpretation, then this will be presumptive evidence that the patient’s body habitus and/or disabilities should not prevent a diagnostic quality 18F-FSPG PET/CT scan, either Each patient must have completed conventional imaging and staging and CT (multiphase) or MRI before initiation of the investigational PET studies Patients undergoing PET/MRI: contraindication to gadolinium contrast enhanced brain MRI (i.e., allergy to gadolinium contrast, MRI-incompatible implantable devices, GFR =< 30 mL/min/1.73, and severe claustrophobia); at the discretion of the responsible physician, FDOPA-PET/CT may be performed if PET/MRI is contraindicated or unavailable; if FDOPA-PET/CT is performed, the patient must have undergone a contrast-enhanced MRI for fusion with FDOPA-PET no more than 4 weeks before the FDOPA-PET/CT Requirement for sedation for PET/CT scans 5 or more foci of demonstrable metastases on recent imaging modalities (CT, magnetic resonance [MR], fludeoxyglucose [FDG] PET/CT) Patients who cannot undergo PET/CT scanning Clinically indicated PET/PET-CT (with or without clinically indicated diagnostic MRI) Have one or more tumors visualized by conventional PET-CT, CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) prior to the PET FMAU study; PET-CT should be within one week prior to 18F-FMAU Patients who cannot undergo PET/CT scanning (i.e. because of weight limits, claustrophobia) Unable to cooperate for MRI and/or PET/CT Participants will have had, or are scheduled to have clinical imaging evaluations which may include FDG PET CT, or CT, or MRI within 4 weeks of entry Clinical, laboratory, or diagnostic imaging findings on CT, MRI, and/or 18F-FDG PET/CT Have one or more breast tumors visualized by conventional PET/CT, CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) prior to the PET FMAU study; PET/CT should be within a week prior to 18-F FMAU Have one or more breast tumors visualized by conventional PET/CT, CT or MRI prior to the PET FMAU study; PET/CT should be within a week prior to 18-F FMAU Participant with confirmed head and neck SCC:\r\n* CT and/or MR imaging has been completed within six (6) weeks prior to enrollment, even if the SCC diagnosis has been made via other methods, and will be submitted to American College of Radiology Imaging Network (ACRIN);\r\n* Simultaneous diagnostic CT with PET will not be excluded, but in such cases PET cannot be used as part of the criteria to define the N0 neck as required for entrance to the trial;\r\n* If sites received CT and/or MR images from institutions other than their own, ACRIN recommends a re-read by a local neuroradiologist to ensure compliance with protocol eligibility requirements Able and amenable to baseline and follow-up PET/computed tomography (CT) imaging and study-specific biopsy procedures\r\n* Note: If there are any imaging concerns that the patient may not be suitable for quantitative PET/CT (e.g., a metallic device directly overlies the breast), discussion with the local and central radiologists is required to confirm eligibility for the trial; also, it is expected that subjects have all PET/CT imaging done on pre-qualified machines for the study; if baseline imaging done on another machine, please contact the Protocol Chair/designee for guidance prior to confirming eligibility OVARIAN CANCER PARTICIPANTS: Patients with contraindications for PET/CT or who cannot complete a PET/CT scan or other study procedures BREAST CANCER PARTICIPANTS: Patients with contraindications for PET/CT or who cannot complete a PET/CT scan or other study procedures Patients who cannot undergo PET/CT scanning (i.e. because of weight limits, claustrophobia) PET/MR or PET/CT is not able to be scheduled within 72 hours of radioembolization Diagnostic imaging of the abdomen utilizing either CT with contrast, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or PET/CT no greater than 6 weeks prior to registration Unable to cooperate for PET/CT Patients who cannot undergo PET/CT scanning (i.e. because of weight limits) Any contraindications to PET/CT or lymph node mapping (inability to control serum glucose to a value of =< 200 mg/dl for fludeoxyglucose F-18 [FDG]-PET/CT) OR a suspected low-grade brain tumor, where confirmation is based upon a combination of other imaging (e.g. PET/CT, MRI, diagnostic CT) and clinical assessment. The time interval between 18F-FSPG PET/CT and other imaging (including other PET/CTs, MRI or diagnostic CT) should be within 4 weeks (exceptions will be allowed for 6 weeks, if there are no other options) No chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or immune/biologic therapy scheduled or performed between other imaging (PET/CTs, MRI, or diagnostic CTs) and18F-FSPG PET/CT. Patients who cannot undergo PET/CT scanning because of weight limits; PET/CT scanners may not be able to function with patients over 450 pounds Inability to tolerate 18F-fluciclovine PET/CT Patients with bone metastases on PET/CT Patients without bone metastases on PET/CT Time between the diagnostic CT and PET/CT will be no more than 30 days with no intervening treatment to ensure that any differences found between the exams are related to imaging technique and not a change in disease Patients must have no contra-indications to PET/CT or MRI (patients will NOT be receiving either CT or MRI contrast and thus, those contraindications are not exclusionary) Radiotherapy, chemotherapy or any investigational agent within the previous 2 weeks of administrating 18F-PEG6-IPQA for PET/CT imaging A non-investigational targeted agent within the previous 2 weeks of 18F-PEG6-IPQA for PET/CT imaging Thoracic or abdominal surgery within the previous 2 weeks of 18F-PEG6-IPQA for PET/CT imaging Patients with contraindications for PET/CT or who cannot complete a PET/CT scan BIODISTRIBUTION COHORT: At least one lesion >= 1.0 cm that is seen on standard imaging (e.g. CT, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], ultrasound, fludeoxyglucose F-18 [FDG] PET/CT) DYNAMIC COHORT: At least one lesion >= 1.0 cm that is seen on standard imaging (e.g. CT, MRI, ultrasound, FDG PET/CT)