History of interstitial lung disease or pneumonitis requiring supplemental oxygen or treatment with oral or intravenously administered corticosteroids Subjects who need daily oxygen therapy Patients requiring any daily supplemental oxygen Subject requires continuous supplemental oxygen for any reason. Additional Exclusion Criteria for Arm B Requirement for daily supplemental oxygen Clinically significant pulmonary compromise, including a requirement for supplemental oxygen use to maintain adequate oxygenation. Dependence on continuous supplemental oxygen use Chronic bronchitis or emphysema requiring oxygen therapy within the last 6 months Clinically significant pulmonary compromise, including a requirement for supplemental oxygen use to maintain adequate oxygenation. Participant has a need for supplemental oxygen with the exception of using previously existing non-invasive continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) at night. Subjects with a history of interstitial lung disease; patients requiring continuous supplemental oxygen are excluded to avoid possible complications from pneumonitis ARM 2 - A: Pulmonary: patients with a requirement for supplemental oxygen or evidence of moderate-severe COPD by PFTs are permitted to enroll Patients with baseline respiratory insufficiency severe enough to require supplemental oxygen. Patients requiring ventilator support or oxygen supplementation exceeding 40% fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) within 14 days of enrollment. Research participant requires supplemental oxygen to keep saturation greater than 95% and the situation is not expected to resolve within 2 weeks Research participant does not require supplemental oxygen to keep saturation greater than 95% and/or does not have presence of any radiographic abnormalities on chest x-ray that are progressive Patients/subjects who need daily oxygen therapy Daily use of oxygen supplementation. Clinically-significant pulmonary compromise, including a requirement for supplemental oxygen use to maintain adequate oxygenation FOR ALL PHASES (Ib AND II): Chronic oxygen therapy Oxyhemoglobin saturation at rest >= 95% (off supplemental oxygen) Use of continuous oxygen Patients/subjects who need daily oxygen therapy Patients requiring oxygen therapy Patients requiring oxygen therapy Patients requiring continuous supplemental oxygen are excluded to avoid possible complications from pneumonitis Need for supplemental oxygen No supplemental oxygen requirement Patient is on supplemental home oxygen ADDITIONAL CRITERIA FOR STUDY CONTINUATION: Patient is on supplemental home oxygen Research participant does not require supplemental oxygen to keep saturation greater than 95% and/or does not have presence of any radiographic abnormalities on chest x-ray that are progressive Research participant requires supplemental oxygen to keep saturation greater than 95% and the situation is not expected to resolve within 2 weeks Continuous oxygen use Within 14 days of study registration: No oxygen requirement on room air or requiring =< 2L supplemental oxygen (O2) Current use of supplemental oxygen Clinically-significant pulmonary compromise, including a requirement for supplemental oxygen use to maintain adequate oxygenation. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or other severe interstitial lung disease that requires oxygen therapy or is thought to require oxygen therapy within 1 year prior to step 1 registration Any patient requiring supplemental oxygen therapy Respiratory insufficiency with oxygen requirement > 4 L nasal cannula Patients must not require daily supplemental oxygen No history of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or emphysema or interstitial lung disease currently on home supplemental oxygen; patients with NSCLC with stable COPD or emphysema not requiring supplemental oxygen are eligible No requirement for supplemental oxygen therapy Severe hypoxemia with room air pulmonary arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) < 70, supplemental oxygen dependence, or DLCO < 50% predicted Patients requiring supplemental oxygen Participants requiring any daily supplemental oxygen Known severely impaired lung function, including: • CTCAE grade 2 (or greater) hypoxia (decreased oxygen saturation with exercise [e.g., pulse oximeter <88%]; intermittent supplemental oxygen) Patients requiring supplemental oxygen therapy Patient is on supplemental home oxygen Patients with pulmonary disease limiting daily function or requiring oxygen supplementation Patients on supplemental home oxygen Continuous oxygen use Patients on oxygen May not be on supplemental oxygen Patient must not have a requirement for supplemental oxygen The patient must not be dependent on supplemental oxygen Use of formalin or hyperbaric oxygen treatment Requirement of supplemental oxygen. History of interstitial pneumonitis and/or require supplemental oxygen therapy Requiring supplemental oxygen at more than 2 L/min Dyspnea of any cause requiring supplemental oxygen therapy; Participants requiring any daily supplemental oxygen Patients with history of lung disease currently requiring any pharmacologic or supplemental oxygen treatment Adequate pulmonary function defined as:\r\n* No dyspnea at rest\r\n* No known requirement for supplemental oxygen\r\n* No known active pneumonitis Clinically significant pulmonary hypertension, as defined by the requirement for ongoing pharmacologic treatment or the consistent or intermittent use of supplemental home oxygen. Cohort A: Continuous oxygen use Patient currently requiring supplemental oxygen for his/her daily life Requirement for supplemental oxygen to carry out activities of daily living Patients with active infection defined as:\r\n* Positive blood culture within 48 hours of study registration\r\n* Need for supplemental oxygen or vasopressors within 48 hours of study entry Oxygen saturation <95% on room air by trans-cutaneous method or need for any supplemental oxygenation or ventilatory support, or increase in oxygen supplementation requirement of ?2 litres for subjects with chronic oxygen dependency. For those subjects with a history of chronic hypoxia (without supplemental oxygen), an oxygen saturation of at least 3% below the patient's historical baseline oxygen saturation will satisfy this criterion. Oxygen saturation < 90% despite supplemental oxygen > 6 L/minute. Are receiving chronic oxygen therapy Daily supplemental oxygen Subjects currently on supplemental oxygen support Patients with history of lung disease currently requiring any pharmacologic or supplemental oxygen treatment Chronic supplemental oxygen requirement or hypoxemia < 92% blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) Any patients requiring oxygen at baseline Currently requiring high flow oxygen for oxygenation Supplemental oxygen dependency Patients must be able to walk unassisted without oxygen Supplemental oxygen requirement > 6 L per minute Patients requiring oxygen more than 2 liters No requirement for supplemental oxygen (O2) Patients with history of lung disease currently requiring any supplemental oxygen treatment Clinically significant pulmonary compromise (e.g. require supplemental oxygen) Adequate pulmonary function as assessed by oxygen saturation >= 90% when ambulating and not requiring supplemental oxygen Respiratory disease requiring continuous supplemental oxygen Supplemental oxygen requirement > 6 L per minute Supplemental oxygen requirement > 6 L per minute Oxygen saturation < 90% despite supplemental oxygen > 6 L/min On chronic oxygen Severe hypoxemia with room air partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) < 70, supplemental oxygen dependence, or DLCO < 50% predicted Hypoxemia (less than 90% saturation with supplemental oxygen) Current use of supplemental oxygen Significant valvular disease, or significant pulmonary disease requiring supplemental oxygen therapy Patients that require supplemental oxygen are excluded Patients requiring continuous supplemental oxygen due to the requirement of spirometry during all imaging studies Patients with history of lung disease currently requiring any pharmacologic or supplemental oxygen treatment Requires daily supplemental oxygen. Patients that require supplemental oxygen are excluded Oxygen saturation >= 90% when ambulating and not requiring supplemental oxygen