Patients should have no contraindications to having a contrast enhanced MRI scan; these contraindications will be assessed at the time of enrollment using the guidelines set up and in clinical use by the Institutional Standard Practice Increased intracranial pressure or other contraindications to internal or external jugular venous compression. Lack of contraindications to systemic immunotherapy (see list of exclusions below) Patients with anticipated contraindications to interval tumor reductive surgery Is ineligible for an operation based on medical or oncologic contraindications to surgery Any contraindications to MRI (eg, participants with pacemakers, claustrophobia, excessive weight, etc). Known contraindications to radiotherapy Medical contraindications to thoracic irradiation Patients are known to have contraindications to radiotherapy Have known contraindications or sensitivities to the study drug No contraindications to the study medications or uncontrolled medical illness PHASE II: No contraindications to MRI Contraindications to MRI, including claustrophobia, metallic implants, and pacemakers Contraindications for transdermal nicotine patch therapy (TNP) For Part I: patients with known contraindications to platinum agents are excluded Contraindications to treatment with: Medical oncology examination to evaluate medical contraindications prior to start chemotherapy Have contraindications to receiving doxorubicin hydrochloride (HCl). Subjects who have contraindications to carboplatin, melphalan, etoposide phosphate, or sodium thiosulfate Subjects who have contraindications to carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, etoposide phosphate, or sodium thiosulfate No contraindications to protocol chemotherapy. Any contraindications for ipilimumab (Yervoy®) or nivolumab (Opdivo®) as per the package inserts. Contraindications to MRI such as non-MRI-compatible implanted devices mCRC currently not amenable to surgical intervention due to either medical contraindications or non-resectability of the tumor. Subjects who have contraindications to carboplatin, melphalan, or STS Contraindications to radiation No contraindications to breast MRI Medical contraindications to esophagectomy Any contraindications to pegylated or non-pegylated interferon Any contraindications to pegylated interferon or hydroxyurea Allergy or contraindications to administration of the GI anti-spasmodic drug: Contraindications to behavioral counseling, nicotine gum, patch, or lozenge and unable to complete study procedures as determined by eligibility screening Metallic implants, claustrophobia not amenable to medication, or known contraindications to undergoing magnetic resonance (MR) scanning Contraindications for doxorubicin administration MRI contraindications. Known contraindications to radiotherapy Contraindications to administration of bortezomib Contraindications to seed placement, including uncontrollable bleeding diathesis E 18. Contraindications to the use of corticosteroid treatment. Any contraindications to irradiation Patients with contraindications to surgery; Contraindications for doxorubicin administration. Any medical contraindications for chemotherapy Contraindications to the use of corticosteroid treatment. Patients with a malignancy that is currently not amenable to surgical intervention due to either medical contraindications or non-resectability of the tumor. Contraindications to steroid use Locally advanced basal cell carcinoma lesion that is considered to be inoperable or to have medical contraindications to surgery Patients with a malignancy that is currently not amenable to surgical intervention, due to either medical contraindications or non-resectability of the tumor. Subjects with contraindications to all of the designated comparator drugs No known contraindications to intended therapies Have contraindications for NRT Known contraindications to peripheral nerve block placement Contraindications to exercise Major contraindications to anamorelin e.g. hypersensitivity In the opinion of the surgeon, the subject has no medical contraindications to pancreatectomy In the opinion of the surgeon, the subject has medical contraindications to pancreatectomy Standard general contraindications to ERCP or PTBD (e.g. hemodynamic instability, uncorrected coagulopathy). Absolute contraindications by pulmonary function testing In the opinion of the surgeon, the subject has no medical contraindications to distal pancreatectomy In the opinion of the surgeon, the subject has medical contraindications to distal pancreatectomy No contraindications to undergo MRI Contraindications to MRI Patients should have no contraindications to having a contrast enhanced MRI scan; these contraindications will be assessed at the time of enrollment using the guidelines set up and in clinical use by the Radiology Department Patients with contraindications to MRI will not be enrolled Medical contraindications to blood draw (e.g., hemophilia) Contraindications to NRT Medical contraindications for NRT Contraindications to MRI 2.1 Claustrophobia 2.2 Implanted ferromagnetic materials or foreign objects 2.3 Known intolerance to the MRI contrast agent Subject has contraindications for radiation Patients with contraindications to CEUS Patients with contraindications to both CT and MRI Has known contraindications to MRI Subjects with contraindications to MRI With contraindications to MRI examinations as per standard screening guidelines used in the Department of Radiology (i.e., ferromagnetic material or implants, pacemakers or defibrillators, stents, claustrophobia) HEALTHY CONTROLS: No contraindications for MR or PET imaging GYNECOLOGIC CANCER: No contraindications for MR or PET imaging Patients with standard contraindications to MRI, including claustrophobia and metallic implants incompatible with MRI Subjects with contraindications to the use of [18F] FAZA including confirmed allergy. Patients with contraindications for MRI due to embedded foreign metallic objects. Bullets, shrapnel, metalwork fragments, or other metallic material adds unnecessary risk to the patient Contraindications for MRI or GBCA (standard of care) Patients with contraindications to MR No contraindications to getting contrast enhanced MRI examinations Patients with contraindications for MRI due to embedded foreign metallic objects; bullets, shrapnel, metalwork fragments, or other metallic material adds unnecessary risk to the patient Contraindications to undergo MRI Patient has no contraindications to the MRI Contraindications for MRI (e.g. cardiac pacemaker) Contraindications for MRS (e.g. history of abdomino-perineal resection of rectum) Patients with contraindications for MRI Medical contraindications to esophagectomy No obvious contraindications for primary chemotherapy Contraindications to TRUS prostrate biopsy Participant must not have any contraindications to MRI scanning Patient must not have any medical contraindications to MRI (e.g., unsafe foreign metallic implants, incompatible pacemaker, inability to lie still for long periods, severe to end-stage kidney disease or on hemodialysis) Contraindications for MRI Patients should have no contraindications to having a contrast enhanced MRI scan; these contraindications will be assessed at the time of enrollment using the guidelines set up and in clinical use by the Radiology Department Contraindications for MRI Subjects with contraindications to MRI Does not meet any standard contraindications for MRI (such as being claustrophobic, having metal objects within the body that cannot be removed or having large tattoos), confirmed by completion of our clinical MRI questionnaire form Contraindications for surgery MRI contraindications include: \r\n* Patients with ferromagnetic or otherwise non-MRI compatible aneurysm clips \r\n* Patients with implanted pacemaker or implanted defibrillator device \r\n* Patients with contraindications for MRI due to embedded foreign metallic objects; bullets, shrapnel, metalwork fragments, or other metallic material adds unnecessary risk to the patient \r\n* Implanted medical device not described above that is not MRI-compatible \r\n* Known history of claustrophobia \r\n* Contrast contraindications not included since patients will not be receiving MRI or CT contrast as part of this study Contraindications to fMRI, including severe claustrophobia, presence of tissue expanders for breast reconstruction, and presence of a port-a-cath that is incompatible with MRI No contraindications for e-cigarette use Participants with standard contraindications to non-contrast MRI will be excluded, including claustrophobia and metallic implants incompatible with MRI Patients with contraindications to having a contrast enhanced MRI scan no FDA contraindications for use of NRT: