Patients must have pathologically proven squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA) cancer of the lung confirmed by tumor biopsy and/or fine-needle aspiration; disease must be stage IV SCCA, or recurrent; the primary diagnosis of SCCA should be established using the current World Health Organization (WHO)/International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC)-classification of Thoracic Malignancies; the diagnosis is based on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained slides with or without specific defined immunohistochemistry (IHC) characteristic (p40/p63 positive, transcription termination factor [TTF1] negative) if required for diagnosis; mixed histologies are not allowed Patients with an immunodeficiency that existed prior to diagnosis, such as primary immunodeficiency syndromes, organ transplant recipients and children on current systemic immunosuppressive agents are not eligible Patients with an immunodeficiency that existed prior to diagnosis such as primary immunodeficiency syndromes or organ transplant recipients are not eligible For the diagnosis of pure germinoma, HCGbeta (serum and CSF) must be =< 100 mIU/ml, serum AFP must be =< 10 IU/l (ng/ml) and =< institutional norm and initial CSF AFP =< 2 IU/l (ng/ml) and =< institutional norm with histologically proven diagnosis of germinoma at diagnosis or subsequent relapse Subjects must be =< 90 days from diagnosis of PCNSL in the brain or spine; time from pathologic diagnosis to initiation of treatment should be specified; subjects with history of only ocular lymphoma are eligible if < 90 days since documented brain parenchymal disease (by imaging or by biopsy) SURGICAL STUDY (STRATUM 2): Patients must have recurrent or refractory disease with a histological diagnosis at either the time of diagnosis or at the time of recurrence of one of the following: \r\n* HGG\r\n* Medulloblastoma, \r\n* CNS embryonal tumor (NOS), \r\n* Ependymoma, or \r\n* ATRT Must have a confirmed diagnosis of active MM Participants who have a diagnosis of an immunodeficiency Has diagnosis of immunodeficiency Subject must have documented diagnosis of either: Has a diagnosis of immunodeficiency Prior diagnosis of inherited or acquired immunodeficiency Has a diagnosis of immunodeficiency Diagnosis of any of the following: Diagnosis: Has a diagnosis of immunodeficiency Confirmed diagnosis of SAA, either from initial diagnosis or follow-up assessments, defined as: Histopathologically confirmed diagnosis of one of the following: Patient must have biopsy-confirmed diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis Confirmed diagnosis of CMML Clinical diagnosis of one of the following: Histologic diagnosis of B-Cell NHL. Histology based upon bone marrow biopsies and/or fine needle aspirates as the sole means of diagnosis are not acceptable. All patients must have measurable disease. Any tumor mass of at least 1.5 cm is acceptable. If tissue diagnosis is not feasible for any reason, such as undue risk to the patient to acquire tissue diagnosis, the following will be accepted as confirmed AR-PCNSL diagnosis:\r\n* Positive brain fludeoxyglucose F 18 (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) and\r\n* EBV detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Patients with newly diagnosed DIPG by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); defined as patients with a pontine location and diffuse involvement of at least 2/3 of the pons are eligible without histologic diagnosis. For lesions with typical imaging features, biopsy is neither encouraged nor required for eligibility. Tumors that are biopsied will be eligible if proven to be supportive of the diagnosis of a DIPG. Consensus of diagnosis by the study team must be met. Diagnosis and Prior Treatment: DIAGNOSIS: Any diagnosis of autoimmune disease (confirmed by medical records or appropriate laboratory testing) Diagnosis of cutaneous, paranasal sinus, salivary, or nasopharynx SCC, or diagnosis of neck nodes with unknown primary Has a diagnosis of immunodeficiency Has a diagnosis of congenital immunodeficiency Histologic diagnosis of Richter’s syndrome (RS) Patients with newly diagnosed DIPG by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); defined as patients with a pontine location and diffuse involvement of at least 2/3 of the pons are eligible without histologic diagnosis; for lesions with typical imaging features, biopsy is neither encouraged nor required for eligibility; tumors that are biopsied will be eligible if proven to be supportive for the diagnosis of a DIPG; consensus of diagnosis by the study team must be met Has an active diagnosis of interstitial cystitis. Histologic diagnosis of GIST Has a diagnosis of immunodeficiency Histologic/molecular diagnosis of malignancy at diagnosis or the time of relapse Diagnosis must be made by surgical excision Has a diagnosis of immunodeficiency Prior diagnosis of thrombosis or known hypercoagulable state Diagnosis of immunodeficiency Patients must be entered within 12 weeks of diagnosis Pathologic confirmation of the diagnosis either at original diagnosis or recurrence Diagnosis of unresectable metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma with liver-dominant bilobar disease; diagnosis may be made by histo- or cyto-pathology, or by clinical and imaging criteria as is standard of care at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Confirmed diagnosis of invasive BCC Must have a confirmed diagnosis of active MM Diagnosis must be made by biopsy or excision Diagnosis of Gilbert’s disease For subjects without underlying cirrhosis at the time of diagnosis, diagnosis of HCC documented by cytology and/or histology. For subjects with underlying cirrhosis at the time of diagnosis, diagnosis of HCC established according to the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases Practice Guideline algorithm (Appendix E). All patients must have a procedure for determining diagnosis of high-risk uterine cancer (HRUC); minimum surgical intervention required is tissue biopsy (may be from endometrium), if significant clinical evidence exists to support a stage 3 or 4 diagnosis; as per the discretion of the surgeon, complete surgical staging should include: total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, peritoneal washings, omental biopsy and lymph node samplings; this is typically the standard unless the disease is bulky or the clinician feels the patient would be best served by chemotherapy and radiation therapy after histologic diagnosis is confirmed Patients must have evidence of disease progression as demonstrated by an increase of > 50% in lymphocytosis since diagnosis and/or lymphadenopathy and a lymphocyte doubling time of more than 6 months; patients must have had at least 3 months of observation since diagnosis Known diagnosis of deficiency of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (DIRA) Patient must not have a diagnosis of Gilbert’s disease Patient must not have a diagnosis of sclerosing cholangitis Confirmed diagnosis of select advanced malignancy Pathologic diagnosis to be confirmed at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) or other Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center (DF/HCC) institution; in cases of progressive or recurrent disease, pathologic diagnosis may be from time of original biopsy and/or surgery For the diagnosis of pure germinoma, HCGB (serum and CSF) must be =< 100 mIU/ml, serum AFP must be =< 10 IU/l (ng/ml) and =< institutional norm and CSF AFP =< 2 IU/l (ng/ml) and =< institutional norm with histologically proven diagnosis of germinoma at diagnosis or relapse Diagnosis of recurrent HL or NHL, or newly diagnosed patients unable to receive or complete standard therapy OR diagnosis of relapsed/refractory HL or NHL with a treatment plan that will include high dose therapy and stem cell transplantation Age at diagnosis < 6 months (i.e., < 183 days) Patient has a radiologically and /or pathologically confirmed diagnosis of a renal tumor Confirmed beta-thalassemia diagnosis by molecular genetic testing Existing diagnosis of any type of dementia Pathological diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma before first treatment but may be enrolled with presumed diagnosis based on clinical and radiologic evaluation with confirmation made by biopsy at time of EUS prior to AdV-tk injection Mammogram within 6 weeks of diagnosis Diagnosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Pregnant at time of or within prior year of diagnosis Pathologically confirmed diagnosis of liposarcoma; all subtypes are eligible Diagnosis of active dermatomyositis Patients must have histologic diagnosis of osteosarcoma at original diagnosis Diagnosis of immunodeficiency Diagnosis of immunodeficiency Has a diagnosis of immunodeficiency Diagnosis of NF2 Diagnosis of PMBCL. Documented diagnosis of any of the following: Subjects must have a pathologically confirmed diagnosis of PMF as per the WHO diagnostic criteria or post ET/PV MF; Have confirmed diagnosis of MPM with the following characteristics: The diagnosis of mCRC will be based on histologic or cytologic confirmation Confirmed diagnosis of PMF or post-PV/ET MF Clinical and definitive histologic diagnosis of WM Has a diagnosis of immunodeficiency Prior progesterone treatment for either diagnosis is ALLOWED History or recent diagnosis of demyelinating disease Diagnosis of fibromyalgia Prior surgical treatment for this diagnosis Life expectancy of at least 10 years from the time of diagnosis, not considering the melanoma in question, as determined by the PI. Diagnosis of immunodeficiency Has a diagnosis of immunodeficiency A confirmed diagnosis of WM, which requires treatment. Centrally confirmed clinicopathological diagnosis of WM Molecular diagnosis of CP CML of ? 6 months (from initial diagnosis). Confirmed diagnosis of PMF in accordance, or Post-PV/ET MF Diagnosis of: Has a diagnosis of: Diagnosis of sclerosing cholangitis Patients with a diagnosis of chronic hepatitis B are ineligible due to the possibility of immunosuppression on study treatment Diagnosis of symptomatic MM Diagnosis other than osteosarcoma. Patients with an immunodeficiency that existed prior to diagnosis, such as primary immunodeficiency syndromes, organ transplant recipients and children on current systemic immunosuppressive agents are not eligible Diagnosis must be made by surgical biopsy or excision Diagnosis of one of the following: Patients with a diagnosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma Genetically confirmed diagnosis of VHL or measurable disease consistent with the clinical diagnosis of VHL Patients who have a diagnosis of Gilbert’s disease Subjects that relapse within one year of diagnosis Histologic diagnosis has been verified by institutional pathologist and classified according to the WHO (2007) system Age < 3 years at time of diagnosis for all histological diagnosis Less than 12 months since diagnosis Diagnosis of AA AbGn-168H (neihulizumab) therapy can begin not more than 14 days after diagnosis of aGvHD Primary diagnosis of uveal melanoma at least 12 mm in largest basal diameter as clinically determined by the treating investigator; cytologic determination of diagnosis is not required; size is based on clinical assessment (e.g. by ultrasound or direct ophthalmoscopy) prior to enucleation or radiation therapy Must have a confirmed diagnosis of WM as defined by the Second International Workshop, with a clinical indication for treatment. Histopathological documentation of MCC concurrent with the diagnosis of metastatic disease Previous diagnosis of another malignancy with any evidence of residual disease Diagnosis of PMF or Post PV/ET-MF Confirmed diagnosis of advanced malignancy: Confirmed diagnosis of refractory celiac disease Type 2 (RCD-II) The diagnosis of metastatic disease will be fulfilled by one of two criteria: previous pathological diagnosis of cancer with suspicion of metastatic disease on imaging, and clinical diagnosis of metastatic disease; if there is not pathological diagnosis, a specimen will be sent to pathology at the time of the surgery to confirm malignancy Have a diagnosis of FAP Diagnosis of sclerosing cholangitis > 18 months (mos.) and =< 35 years at the time of initial diagnosis Patients must have been =< 35 years at the time of initial diagnosis A known diagnosis of Wilson’s disease Eligible patients will have either confirmed or suspected new diagnosis of lung cancer and have sought a surgical consult relating to this diagnosis Patient has a doctor diagnosis of COPD Patients with a pathologic diagnosis of malignancy Enroll =< 3 months post-diagnosis (as soon as possible after diagnosis is desirable) History or diagnosis of a disease affecting hemostasis Known diagnosis of hypocortisolism Known diagnosis of pituitary hormone deficiency Have a diagnosis of incurable cancer of any type; at any time in the diagnosis as long as they have at least a 4 month life expectancy based on the opinion of the attending physician Will allow participation of patients at any time since diagnosis Patients without a diagnosis of a gynecologic malignancy Diagnosis of a hormone responsive malignancy Have a diagnosis of untreated hypo- or hyper- thyroidism Greater than 6-months post diagnosis Diagnosis of mental retardation. Known major psychiatric or neurological diagnosis Diagnosis of meningitis or encephalitis There will be no restrictions on time since diagnosis for participants Diagnosis of malignancy treated with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy at Seattle Children's Hospital (SCH)\r\n* New diagnosis of malignancy within 1-10 weeks of enrollment\r\n* New diagnosis of recurrent disease (after initial remission) or refractory disease at any time during therapy Diagnosis of fibromyalgia Open pancreatoduodenectomy for any diagnosis Lack of documentation for a diagnosis of NF1 Diagnosis of a non-malignant disease and receiving radiation for a pathological diagnosis that is non-cancer Have sleep problems that began before diagnosis and have not changed since diagnosis Have confirmed diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome or other diagnosis known to cause severe fatigue Diagnosis of osteoporosis Active diagnosis of alcoholism Diagnosis of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis (AFAP), defined as at least one of the following:\r\n* Genetic diagnosis with confirmed APC mutation (Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act [CLIA] certified lab or research testing)\r\n* Obligate carrier\r\n* Clinical diagnosis of classic FAP with >= 100 colorectal adenomas status post colectomy and a family history of FAP\r\n* Clinical diagnosis of FAP, based on personal and family history; Note: This criterion requires documented review and agreement from either the study chair or the Cancer Prevention Network (CPN) lead investigator New diagnosis of carcinoma Subjects must have at least two atypical nevi of >= 4 mm diameter and prior diagnosis of melanoma History or diagnosis of Paget’s disease Diagnosis of immunodeficiency or active autoimmune condition. Suspected but pathologically unconfirmed diagnosis of Erdheim-Chester disease or Langerhans cell histiocytosis or other histiocytic disorder on the basis of clinical diagnosis, radiologic features, or findings from prior biopsies OR Diagnosis of NF1 Subjects must have:\r\n* Diagnosis of NF1 with a lesion concerning for MPNST\r\n** Criteria include pain, growth of a known plexiform neurofibroma, abnormality on functional imaging study (FDG-PET) or change in clinical exam OR\r\n* Diagnosis of NF1 with a histologically confirmed MPNST Patients with a diagnosis of intra-axial brain tumor at initial diagnosis or patients with known treated brain tumors on follow-up with concern for imaging progression Major psychiatric diagnosis prior to neuro-oncological diagnosis Participants with a clinical diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) (either by National Institutes of Health [NIH] or Manchester criteria) or with a molecular diagnosis of NF2 Have a diagnosis or suspected diagnoses of brain tumor (primary, recurrent, or metastatic) by standard clinical diagnosis such as pathology or imaging Less than ten biopsies obtained at time of diagnosis Prior diagnosis of fibromyalgia Diagnosis of a core binding factor leukemia (t(8;21), t(16;16) or inv(16)). Diagnosis of dementia Have a diagnosis of any type of NHL and =< 5 years from the last treatment Patients with a diagnosis that qualifies them for UCBT Diagnosis of 1 of the following diseases: