All clinically suspicious mediastinal N1, N2, or N3 lymph nodes (> 1 cm short-axis dimension on CT scan and/or positive on PET scan) confirmed negative for involvement with NSCLC by one of the following methods: mediastinoscopy, anterior mediastinotomy, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)/endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) guided needle aspiration, CT-guided, video-assisted thoracoscopic or open lymph node biopsy within 180 days of randomizationXx_NEWLINE_xXExtrahepatic metastases or malignant nodes (that enhance with typical features of HCC) > 3.0 cm, in sum of maximal diameters (e.g. presence of one 3.4 cm metastatic lymph node or two 2 cm lung lesions); note that benign non-enhancing periportal lymphadenopathy is not unusual in the presence of hepatitis and is permitted, even if the sum of enlarged nodes is > 2.0 cmXx_NEWLINE_xXBreast imaging should include imaging of the ipsilateral axilla; for subjects with a clinically negative axilla, a sentinel lymph node biopsy will be performed either up front or after preoperative therapy at the discretion of the subject’s physicians; for subjects with a clinically positive axilla, a needle aspiration, core biopsy or sentinel lymph node (SLN) procedure will be performed prior to registration to confirm the presence of metastatic disease in the lymph nodes; while not mandated by the protocol, it is strongly recommended that participants with positive lymph nodes undergo a level I and II lymph node dissection at the time of definitive surgery; participants with axillary adenopathy only are not eligible for this studyXx_NEWLINE_xXAxillary lymph node positive breast cancer (fine needle aspiration [FNA] not required)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAll subjects (both adjuvant and neoadjuvant) must have sentinel lymph node biopsy and/or axillary lymph node dissection, as per pre-specified institutional guidelinesXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be high risk by belonging to one of the following risk groups:\r\n* Completion of adjuvant chemotherapy and pathologically negative lymph nodes, and a tumor measuring >= 2 cm in greatest diameter, and an Oncotype DX recurrence score > 25 (completed as standard of care) or a MammaPrint assay (completed as standard of care) in the high-risk category; patients with micrometastases as the only nodal involvement (pN1mi) are eligible, and will be categorized as node-negative \r\n* Completion of adjuvant chemotherapy, and pathologically 1-3 positive lymph nodes, and either an Oncotype DX recurrence score > 25, MammaPrint assay in the high-risk category (completed as standard of care), or tumor tissue with pathological grade III following local practice; if Oncotype DX is done, then RS must be > 25, similarly if the MammaPrint assay is performed it has to be high-risk; if the test is not done, but the patient has grade III disease then the patient is eligible and Oncotype DX or MammaPrint does not need to be performed\r\n* Completion of adjuvant chemotherapy and pathologically 4 or more positive lymph nodes\r\n* Completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 1 or more positive nodes pathologically determined after chemotherapy\r\n* NOTE: patients who receive both the neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy may be registered in the neoadjuvant therapy risk group, provided they meet all the criteria above for that risk group\r\n* NOTE: in the lymph node positive groups, at least one metastasis >= 2.0 mm must be present; patients with micrometastases as the only nodal involvement (pN1mi) are eligible and will be categorized as node-negativeXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have undergone axillary staging by sentinel node biopsy or axillary lymph node dissection (ALND)\r\n* For patients with 1-3 positive lymph nodes, sentinel node biopsy alone is allowed provided that the patient completed either whole breast or chest wall radiation and the primary tumor is < 5 cm\r\n* All patients with >= 4 positive lymph nodes must have completed ALND (with or without prior sentinel node biopsy)Xx_NEWLINE_xXThe patient must have completed one of the procedures for evaluation of pathologic nodal status listed below.\r\n* Sentinel lymphadenectomy alone:\r\n** If pathologic nodal staging based on sentinel lymphadenectomy is pN0 or pN1b;\r\n** If pathologic nodal staging based on sentinel lymphadenectomy is pN1mi or pN1a and the patient has undergone breast conserving surgery (with planned breast radiotherapy), the primary tumor must be T1 or T2 by pathologic evaluation and the nodal involvement must be limited to 1 or 2 positive nodes\r\n* Sentinel lymphadenectomy followed by removal of additional non-sentinel lymph nodes if the sentinel node (SN) is positive; or\r\n* Axillary lymphadenectomy with or without SN isolation procedureXx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients must have had an axillary ultrasound with fine needle aspiration (FNA) or core needle biopsy of axillary lymph nodes documenting axillary metastasis at the time of diagnosis, prior to or at most 14 days after starting neoadjuvant chemotherapy\r\n* Note: Biopsy of intramammary nodes does not fulfill eligibility criteriaXx_NEWLINE_xXNo prior ipsilateral axillary surgery, such as excisional biopsy of lymph node(s) or treatment of hidradenitisXx_NEWLINE_xXBreast surgery (lumpectomy or mastectomy) and sentinel lymph node surgery must be completed within 56 days of the completion of the last dose of neoadjuvant chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXA minimum of 1 sentinel node and a maximum of 6 total nodes (sentinel + non-sentinel) are identified and excised by the surgeon; patients who do not have an identifiable sentinel lymph node will not proceed to registration/randomizationXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one lymph node (sentinel or non-sentinel) with a metastasis greater than 0.2 mm in greatest dimension identified on intra-operative pathologic assessment\r\n* Note: Isolated tumor cells (metastases less than or equal to 0.2 mm) will be treated as node negative disease (N0i+)\r\n* Note: If on final pathology, more than 8 lymph nodes are seen pathologically, then the patient should discontinue study\r\n* Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is not to be performed prior to registration/randomizationXx_NEWLINE_xXFor cases where ALND has not been performed and one of the following is true: 1) intra-operative evaluation of sentinel lymph node could not be/was not performed and final pathology identified a positive lymph node (sentinel or non-sentinel) with metastasis greater than 0.2 mm OR 2) lymph node (sentinel or non-sentinel) considered negative on intra-operative evaluation was found to be positive on final pathology (with metastasis greater than 0.2 mm)Xx_NEWLINE_xXBreast surgery (lumpectomy or mastectomy) and sentinel lymph node surgery must be completed within 56 days of the completion of the last dose of neoadjuvant chemotherapy; negative margin (by either breast conservation or mastectomy) on final pathology where negative margin is defined as no tumor on inkXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one lymph node (sentinel or non-sentinel) with a metastasis greater than 0.2 mm in greatest dimension identified on final pathology (for cases where intra-operative evaluation was not performed, or was negative and completion dissection was not performed)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAmong the minimum of 1 and the maximum of 6 lymph nodes (sentinel + non-sentinel) identified and excised by the surgeon, no more than 8 lymph nodes (sentinel and non-sentinel) were found by the pathologists to have been actually excised; \r\n* Note: Isolated tumor cells (metastases less than or equal to 0.2 mm) will be treated as node negative disease (N0i+)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMust have completed definitive resection of primary tumor\r\n* Negative margins for both invasive and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) are desirable, however patients with positive margins may enroll if the treatment team believes no further surgery is possible and patient has received radiotherapy; patients with margins positive for lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) are eligible\r\n* Either mastectomy or breast conserving surgery (including lumpectomy or partial mastectomy) is acceptable\r\n* Sentinel node biopsy either pre or post neoadjuvant chemotherapy (i.e. at the time of definitive surgery) are allowed; axillary dissection is encouraged in patients with lymph node involvement, but is not mandatoryXx_NEWLINE_xXSurgical axillary staging procedure prior to study entry; Note: fine needle aspiration (FNA) or core needle biopsy of axillary node is permittedXx_NEWLINE_xXLimited stage disease patients, with disease restricted to one hemithorax with regional lymph node metastases, including ipsilateral hilar, ipsilateral and contralateral mediastinal, and ipsilateral supraclavicular lymph nodes\r\n* Patients with disease involvement of the contralateral hilar or supraclavicular lymph nodes are not eligible\r\n* Patients with pleural effusions that are visible on plain chest radiographs, whether cytologically positive or not, are not eligible unless they have a negative thoracentesis\r\n* Patients with cytologically positive pleural or pericardial fluid, regardless of the appearance on plain x-ray, are not eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have had pathologic confirmation of axillary nodal involvement at presentation (before neoadjuvant therapy) based on either a positive fine needle aspirate (FNA) (demonstrating malignant cells) or positive core needle biopsy (demonstrating invasive adenocarcinoma); the FNA or core needle biopsy can be performed either by palpation or by image guidance; documentation of axillary nodal positivity by sentinel node biopsy (before neoadjuvant therapy) is not permittedXx_NEWLINE_xXAt the time of definitive surgery, all removed axillary nodes must be histologically free from cancer; acceptable procedures for assessment of axillary nodal status at the time of surgery include:\r\n* Axillary node dissection\r\n* Sentinel node biopsy alone provided that at least 2 sentinel lymph nodes are removed; removal of at least 3 sentinel lymph nodes and use of dual tracer for lymphatic mapping are strongly recommended or\r\n* Sentinel node biopsy followed by axillary node dissection\r\nNote: patients are eligible whether there is residual invasive carcinoma in the surgical breast specimen or whether there is evidence of pathologic complete response; patients who are found to be pathologically node-positive at the time of surgery, based on sentinel node biopsy alone, are candidates for A011202, a study developed by the Alliance in Oncology, an National Cancer Institute (NCI) Cooperative Group; if A011202 is open at the investigator's institution, patients should be approached about participating in the A011202 studyXx_NEWLINE_xXDocumentation of axillary nodal positivity before neoadjuvant therapy by sentinel node biopsy aloneXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with histologically positive axillary nodes post neoadjuvant therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXCompleted adequate axilla surgery defined as:\r\n* ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY PATIENTS:\r\n** Sentinel lymph node biopsy alone if negative or if lymph node(s) only contain micrometastases (=< 2.0 mm) OR \r\n** Positive sentinel lymph node biopsy followed by axillary nodal dissection or radiotherapy as per local guidelines OR\r\n** Axillary dissection\r\n* NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY PATIENTS:\r\n** Sentinel lymph node biopsy performed before neoadjuvant chemotherapy:\r\n*** If negative or if lymph node(s) only contain micrometastases (=< 2.0 mm), additional axillary surgery is not required\r\n*** If positive, axillary node dissection or axillary nodal radiotherapy should follow completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy\r\n** Sentinel lymph node biopsy performed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy:\r\n*** If negative, additional axillary surgery not mandated\r\n*** If positive (micrometastases are regarded as positive), additional axillary surgery is required unless the patient is enrolled in a phase III multicenter clinical trials proposing radiotherapy as alternative treatment of the axilla; the trial must be pre-approved by the OlympiA Executive Committee\r\n** Axillary dissectionXx_NEWLINE_xXIt is preferred that axillary lymph node sampling is performed after completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy to allow more accurate assessment of pathologic response; patients must have a complete axillary lymph node dissection after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the following situations (exceptions will be granted for patients participating in the Alliance A11202 trial):\r\n* Patients had documented pathologic involvement of the axillary nodes (fine needle aspiration [FNA] or core biopsy) before neoadjuvant chemotherapy and had sentinel node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy with positive sentinel node(s)\r\n* Patient had documented pathologic involvement of the axillary nodes (FNA or core biopsy) before neoadjuvant chemotherapy and had only 1 sentinel lymph node removed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy\r\n** NOTE: Patients who undergo sentinel node biopsy before starting neoadjuvant treatment and do not undergo post neoadjuvant assessment of the axillary nodes or who have negative axillary nodes on post neoadjuvant assessment must have >= 1 cm residual invasive cancer in the breast after completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXClinically negative lymph nodes as established by imaging (pelvic and/or abdominal computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance [MR]), (but not by nodal sampling, or dissection) within 90 days prior to registration            \r\n* Patients with lymph nodes equivocal or questionable by imaging are eligible if the nodes are =< 1.5 cmXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients status post a negative lymph node dissection are not eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with tumor in the parametria, pelvic lymph nodes or any other extra uterine site or with positive surgical marginsXx_NEWLINE_xXPathologically proven to be lymph node negative by pelvic lymphadenectomy (pN0) or lymph node status pathologically unknown (undissected pelvic lymph nodes [pNx])Xx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease invading the esophagus, stomach, intestines, or mesenteric lymph nodes if not a candidate for surgery for these lesions.Xx_NEWLINE_xXBiopsy proven (from primary lesion and/or lymph nodes) diagnosis of cancer of the nasopharynxXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have undergone radical hysterectomy (open, laparoscopically or robotic) and staging including pelvic node sampling or dissection for cervical carcinoma within 70 days prior to study entry (NOTE: if the patient did not have a para-aortic lymph node sampling/dissection, but had common iliac node dissection that was negative, a positron emission tomography [PET]-computed tomography [CT] is recommended, but not required; a negative pre or post-operative PET scan or PET-CT scan of the para–aortic nodes is required if the patient did not undergo para-aortic or common iliac nodal sampling/dissection)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNumber of allowable metastases:\r\n* =< 4 metastases seen on standard imaging within 60 days prior to registration when all metastatic disease is located within the following sites:\r\n** Peripheral lung \r\n** Osseous (bone)\r\n** Spine\r\n** Central lung\r\n** Abdominal-pelvic metastases (lymph node/adrenal gland)\r\n** Liver\r\n** Mediastinal/cervical lymph nodeXx_NEWLINE_xXDefinitive clinical, radiologic, or pathologic evidence of metastatic disease (M1) or lymph node involvement (N1)Xx_NEWLINE_xXComplete resection of known breast disease by one of the following surgeries:\r\n* Lumpectomy with sentinel lymph node or axillary lymph node dissection\r\n* Mastectomy alone with sentinel lymph node or axillary lymph node dissection\r\n* Mastectomy plus reconstruction with sentinel lymph node or axillary lymph node dissectionXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least 1 lesion of greater than or equal to 10 mm in the longest diameter for a non-lymph node or greater than or equal to 15 mm in the short-axis diameter for a lymph node that is serially measurable according to irRECIST (immune-related RECIST) using computerized tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubject meets one of the following criteria:\r\n* Evidence of active TLS during screening\r\n* A measurable lymph node with diameter >= 10 cm, or\r\n* A measurable lymph node with diameter >= 5 cm and an absolute lymphocyte count (including atypical lymphocytes and circulating lymphoma cells) >= 25 x 10^9/LXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have at least one cutaneous or subcutaneous tumor, measuring 0.5 to 5.0 cm in the longest diameter, or a palpable lymph node. At least one tumor must qualify as an index lesion that can be accurately and reproducibly measured in two dimensions for which the longest diameter is .10 mm (.15 mm in short axis diameter [SAD] for lymph nodes), and be amenable to intratumoral injection.Xx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants' disease must be defined as either high-risk or intermediate risk:\r\n* Definition of high-risk: any of the following high-risk features:\r\n** Positive margins (defined as tumor at ink)\r\n** Extracapsular extension of lymph node\r\n** Gross T4a or T4b primary tumor\r\n** Any lymph node >= 6 cm (N3)\r\n* Definition of intermediate-risk: absence of any high-risk features AND any one of the following intermediate risk features:\r\n** Close margins (defined as < 5 mm)\r\n** T3 or microscopic T4 tumor\r\n** Two or more positive lymph nodes involved with squamous cell carcinoma\r\n** Single lymph node > 3 cm and < 6 cm\r\n** Perineural invasion\r\n** Lymphovascular invasion\r\n** Level IV or level V involvement of oral cavity or oropharyngeal tumors\r\n** T2 oral cavity tumor with > 5 mm depth of invasionXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically confirmed MCC metastases in clinically detected lymph node(s)\r\n* Confirmation of the MCC diagnosis in the clinically suspicious lymph node(s) is mandatory for trial participation\r\n* Subjects must have had clinically-detected (i.e. either palpable or radiologically abnormal) lymph nodal metastasis\r\n* (NOTE: In-transit metastases without regional nodal involvement could be allowed, but only after written approval of the medical monitor)Xx_NEWLINE_xXSuspicion or known history of distant metastatic MCC, which is not classifiable as local recurrence or regional metastasis\r\n* (NOTE: Patients presenting with nodal metastases in one lymph node basin and no known primary tumor are allowed to enroll)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAt least 1 lesion of greater than or equal to 10 mm in the longest diameter for a non-lymph node or greater than or equal to 15 mm in the short-axis diameter for a lymph node that is serially measurable according to irRECIST using computerized tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXRadiographic evidence of metastatic disease; patients with node-positive disease (=< 2 positive nodes) at the time of radical prostatectomy are eligible; patients with pelvic nodes up to 2 cm by short axis at the time of screening are eligible; patients with any enlarged lymph nodes in the retroperitoneum or above the aortic bifurcation or with pelvic nodes >= 2 cm must be excludedXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with distant metastasis (e.g. spread to distant areas outside the regional lymph nodes, clearly non contiguous areas of bone involvement, or distant metastasis to lung, brain, liver or other visceral organs) are ineligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXPrevious excisional biopsy of the breast cancer or sentinel lymph node biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXNo pelvic lymph nodes > 1.5 cm in greatest dimension unless the enlarged lymph node is biopsied and negative.Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must have histologically or cytologically confirmed invasive breast cancer which meets the following criteria:\r\n* Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR)-negative as defined by local standard clinical immunohistochemistry (IHC) < 1%\r\n* HER2-negative using local standard testing; negative is defined as IHC 0 or 1+ (if 2+, must reflex to ISH method); if ISH method is used, ratio < 2 is considered negative\r\n* Clinical tumor size of at least 2.1 cm (T2) by palpation or imaging, regardless of the ipsilateral regional lymph node status, or any tumor size but with ipsilateral regional lymph nodes involved by the tumor (any T if ipsilateral regional node positive); subjects with inflammatory breast cancer are eligible; if bilateral breast cancer is present, the subject is eligible if the contralateral tumor is ductal breast carcinoma in situ (DCIS) only (without any invasive disease on biopsy) or another invasive breast cancer of any size that is also ER, PR and HER2 negative\r\n* Any radiographic abnormal ipsilateral regional lymph nodes or any clinically concerning ipsilateral regional lymph nodes with the exception of internal mammary nodes, should be sampled with a percutaneous biopsy, but no sentinel axillary lymph node mapping/biopsy is allowed before chemotherapy; if clinically node negative (cNO) pre-chemotherapy ipsilateral sentinel axillary lymph node mapping/biopsy is not allowedXx_NEWLINE_xXThe primary tumor can be clinical stage T2 or T3, if clinically node negative according to AJCC 7th Edition. If the regional lymph nodes are cN1 and cytologically or histologically positive or cN2-N3 with or without a biopsy, the primary breast tumor can be clinically T1c, T2, or T3.Xx_NEWLINE_xXIpsilateral axillary lymph nodes must be evaluated by imaging (mammogram, ultrasound, and/or MRI) within 84 days prior to study entry. If suspicious or abnormal, FNA or core biopsy is recommended. Findings of these evaluations will be used to define the nodal status prior to study entry according to the following criteria:Xx_NEWLINE_xXNodal status - negative (Imaging of the axilla is negative; Imaging is suspicious or abnormal but the FNA or core biopsy of the questionable node[s] on imaging is negative)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNodal status - positive (FNA or core biopsy of the node[s] is cytologically or histologically suspicious or positive; Imaging is suspicious or abnormal but FNA or core biopsy was not performed.)Xx_NEWLINE_xXSurgical axillary staging procedure prior to randomization. Exception: FNA or core biopsy of an axillary node is permitted for any patient. A pre-neoadjuvant therapy sentinel lymph node biopsy for patients with clinically negative axillary nodes is prohibited.Xx_NEWLINE_xXTany N1-3 or T3-4 N0 as determined by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and PET/CT; all palpable or CT/PET visible lymph nodes outside the usual surgical field must be biopsy-proven negative for cancerXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipant agreement to undergo appropriate surgical management including axillary lymph node surgery and partial or total mastectomy after completion of neoadjuvant treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXUndergone incisional and/or excisional biopsy of primary tumor and/or axillary lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXAxillary lymph node dissection prior to initiation of neoadjuvant therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXLymph node (LN) lesion that measures at least 1 dimension as ?1.5 centimeter (cm) in the short axis;Xx_NEWLINE_xXUnresectable ICC, with less than 50% of the liver involved, and without clinically significant extra-hepatic disease (regional lymph node lesions [? 2 cm] are acceptable) based on CTXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipant must be a candidate for palliative radiation treatment to at least one bone, lymph node, or soft tissue lesion; radiation of visceral lesions (such as lung or hepatic lesions) is not permittedXx_NEWLINE_xXBiopsy proven involvement of supraclavicular lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have one of the following risk factors:\r\n* Lymph node > 3 cm\r\n* 2 or more positive lymph nodes\r\n* Perineural invasion\r\n* Lymphovascular space invasion\r\n* T3 or primary disease\r\n* Lymph node extracapsular extensionXx_NEWLINE_xXpStage T1-T4N0-N3M0 or ypStage T0-4N0-N3M0\r\n* Note: The axilla must be staged by sentinel node biopsy alone, sentinel node biopsy followed by axillary node dissection, or axillary lymph node dissection aloneXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of metastatic renal cell carcinoma on imaging and/or biopsy; involvement of regional lymph nodes is permittedXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one accessible primary or metastatic tumor site that can be readily injected IT with poly-ICLC with or without ultrasound guidance. This lesion can be superficial cutaneous, subcutaneous or within a readily accessible lymph node and must measure at least 10 mm in longest dimension.Xx_NEWLINE_xXGross tumor (primary tumor or involved lymph node) must be within 1 cm of esophagus on the most recent chest CT scanXx_NEWLINE_xXProgressive lymphadenopathy including bulky disease as defined by mass, lymph node or lymph node cluster > 10 cm.Xx_NEWLINE_xXRelapsed or refractory disease, defined by failure to achieve a partial response within 6 months of initiation of first line therapy, or a 50% worsening of baseline disease measurements (i.e., lymph node size, splenomegaly, lymphocytosis, anemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatomegaly) after achieving a clinical responseXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have at least one axillary and/or inguinal lymph node basin that is intact (no prior excisional biopsy of a node or complete lymph node dissection).Xx_NEWLINE_xXLymph node only metastases even if considered M1 disease by official staging criteria.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPhase II: No prior chemotherapy, irradiation, or definitive therapeutic surgery (e.g., mastectomy or lumpectomy or axillary dissection) for this malignancy; patients who have had a prior sentinel lymph node biopsy for this malignancy are eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be diagnosed with locally advanced (T2 and higher with or without lymph node involvement), and/or inflammatory triple negative breast cancerXx_NEWLINE_xXPelvic lymph nodes > 1.5 cm in greatest dimension unless the enlarged lymph node is biopsied and negative.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMalignant, measurable lymph node is defined as a lymph node that must be >= 15 mm in short axis when assessed by CT scanXx_NEWLINE_xXProstate cancer:\r\n* Distant metastases\r\n* Lymph node metastasesXx_NEWLINE_xXEnlarging lymph nodes > 2 cmXx_NEWLINE_xXT4, node positive or advanced rectal adenocarcinoma. Node positivity defined as nodes greater than 1cm in short axis with loss of uniform cortex/fatty hilum.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMust have undergone gross total resection of the primary tumor with curative intent within the past 8 weeks with surgical pathology demonstrating >= 1 of the following criteria for \intermediate\ risk of recurrence:\r\n* Perineural invasion\r\n* Lymphovascular invasion\r\n* Single lymph node > 3 cm or at least 2 nodes without evidence of extracapsular extension\r\n* Close margins defined as < 5 mm but not frankly positive (in the case of ambiguous, controversial, or superseded margins, final clinical assessment regarding margin status will prevail)\r\n* Pathologically confirmed T3 or T4 primary tumor.Xx_NEWLINE_xXINCLUSION - TREATMENT: Patients are required to undergo lumpectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXINCLUSION - TREATMENT: No evidence of treatment related change in the lymph nodes on pathologic reviewXx_NEWLINE_xXClinical stage M1a (distant lymph node positive), or M1b (bone metastasis)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPrior treatment for prostate cancer including prior surgery (excluding transurethral resection of the prostate [TURP] and patients with rising PSA after RP), pelvic lymph node dissection, radiation therapy unless the patient is eligible for cohort B2Xx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have measurable disease as defined by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1, including at least one tumor lesion that meets criteria for multi-organ site ablative radiation therapy (MOSART) SBRT radiation\r\n* 0.25 cc to 65 cc of viable tumor (i.e. primary disease of metastases) approximately 5 cm in maximal dimension; tumors larger than 65 cc can be partially treated\r\n* Metastases located in lung, liver, mediastinal/cervical node, spinal/paraspinal, osseous, abdominal-pelvic (lymph node/adrenal gland)Xx_NEWLINE_xXDisease Status: Patients must have progressive disease. Progression is based on 2008 iwCLL definition but excluding patients who have treatment related lymphocytosis as the sole progressive factor. Therefore, patients must have at least one of the following:\r\n* >= 50% increase in the products of at least two lymph nodes on two consecutive determinations two weeks apart (at least one lymph node must be >= 2 cm); appearance of new palpable lymph nodes\r\n* >= 50% increase in the size of the liver and/or spleen as determined by measurement below the respective costal margin; appearance of palpable hepatomegaly or splenomegaly, which was not previously present\r\n* Decrease in hemoglobin >= 2 gm/dL, or decrease >= 50% in platelet or granulocyte count with a bone marrow biopsy showing CLL cell infiltrate\r\n* Progressive lymphocytosis, >= 50% higher than lowest absolute blood lymphocyte count (ALC) on single agent ibrutinib therapy, excluding ibrutinib treatment-related lymphocytosis\r\n* If receiving ibrutinib as part of a clinical trial: meets criteria for disease progression based on trial defined criteriaXx_NEWLINE_xXPathology review at MD Anderson Cancer Center. The volume of disease must be high enough for the surgeon to agree to include an extended template pelvic lymph node dissectionXx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of metastases on imaging. This risk group does not require metastatic studies, but if performed they must be negative, or negative by composite review with an attending radiologist. Suspicious lymph nodes permissible if < 10 mmXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a negative sentinel lymph node biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXTherapy must be initiated within 120 days of surgical resection of the sentinel lymph nodes and within 6 months of initial diagnosisXx_NEWLINE_xXDocumented metastases of prostate cancer outside of the pelvis (pelvic lymph nodes are allowed)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have p16 negative squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary in cervical lymph nodeXx_NEWLINE_xXOligometastatic disease defined as disseminated metastases beyond regional lymph nodes that meet the following criteria:\r\n* No visceral metastases\r\n* Less than four bony metastasesXx_NEWLINE_xXRadiation oncologist does not plan to treat regional lymph nodes beyond standard whole breast tangent fieldsXx_NEWLINE_xXLumpectomy with negative lymph node on surgical evaluation (isolated tumor cells in lymph nodes will be permitted); patients with invasive carcinoma >= 70 yrs and with estrogen receptor (ER)+ positive tumor =< 2.0 cm may enroll without surgical lymph node evaluation; patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast only may enroll without surgical lymph node evaluationXx_NEWLINE_xXNo contraindication to breast conserving surgery, sentinel lymph node biopsy, or radiation therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXRadiographic evidence of metastatic disease; patients with node-positive disease (? 4 positive nodes) at the time of radical prostatectomy are eligible; patients with pelvic nodes less than 1.5 cm by short axis at the time of screening are eligible; patients with any enlarged lymph nodes in the retroperitoneum or above the aortic bifurcation or with pelvic nodes ? 1.5 cm must be excludedXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects who have been previously treated with definitive and/or adjuvant/salvage radiotherapy to the primary site and/or regional lymph nodes with concurrent ADT are allowed if the last hormone therapy delivered > 6 months priorXx_NEWLINE_xXMen with brain or visceral metastases (except regional lymph nodes) defined by CT or MRI imaging of the abdomen or pelvisXx_NEWLINE_xXAny surgery (not including minor diagnostic procedures such as lymph node biopsy) within 2 weeks of baseline disease assessments; or not fully recovered from any side effects of previous procedures; an interval of 1 week for stereotactic brain biopsy from the start of study treatment is acceptableXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with MIBC (predominantly urothelial carcinoma) with clinical stage T2-T4a and N=< 1 disease (solitary lymph node measuring < 2 cm) and M0 and deemed eligible for radical cystectomyXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease according to RECIST 1.1 and irRECIST. At least one lesion of at least 1.0 cm in the long-axis diameter for a non-lymph node or at least 1.5 cm in the short-axis diameter for a lymph node which is serially measurable according to RECIST 1.1 and irRECIST using either computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). If there is only one target lesion and it is a non-lymph node, it should have a longest diameter of at least 1.5 cmXx_NEWLINE_xXBladder cancer that was muscle invasive or positive for lymph node or distant metastasisXx_NEWLINE_xXNo head and neck surgery of the primary tumor or lymph nodes except for incisional or excisional biopsies.Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo lymph nodes larger than 3 cm in the greatest dimension.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPathologic or imaging evidence of lymph node involvementXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least 2 cutaneous, subcutaneous and/or lymph node target lesions that are greater or equal to 1 cm in the longest diameter. One of the cutaneous, subcutaneous and/or lymph node target lesions should be designated at Screening as a noninjected target lesion. Willing to have biopsy specimens taken at Screening and at Week 6.Xx_NEWLINE_xXLocalized or locally advanced disease deemed by the surgeon to be resectable. Patients must be appropriate candidates for radical prostatectomy plus pelvic lymph node dissection.Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo prior treatment for prostate cancer including prior surgery (excluding transurethral resection of the prostate [TURP]), cryoablation, pelvic lymph node dissection, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy or chemotherapy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of distant metastases or lymph node metastasis (es) that was not within the radiation fieldXx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients must have lymph node evaluation of contralateral stations 2 and/or 4 to exclude N3 diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXThe patient must be clinically and radiographically node negative (N0) to participate on this protocol; clinically suspicious regional nodes by imaging or physical exam require biopsy evaluation to exclude disease involvementXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must not have presence of histologically proven lymph node diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXIncurable disease defined by the presence of metastases to other organs (stage IV) or disease beyond regional lymph nodes who have already received chemoradiation therapy, or have been assessed by Radiation Oncology consultation as not being candidates for chemoradiation therapy; dysphagia grade >= 3 to tumor obstructionXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have received at least 12 months of ibrutinib therapy and have measurable CLL by at least one of the following: Absolute monoclonal lymphocyte count > 4000/microL; OR measurable lymph nodes with at least one node > 1.5 cm in diameter on computed tomography (CT); OR Bone marrow with >= 30% lymphocytes or peripheral blood specimen taken within the 3 months prior to starting ibrutinib or at some time during their ibrutinib therapy and analyzed at a CLIA-accredited laboratoryXx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic breast cancer (local spread to axillary or internal mammary lymph nodes is permitted)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with extra-pulmonary metastases aside from lymph node involvement or with a surgically unresectable primary lesionXx_NEWLINE_xXMay include fludeoxyglucose F-18 (FDG) avid lesion, lymph node greater than 1.5 cm in greatest diameter, or clonal large B-cells in peripheral blood or bone marrowXx_NEWLINE_xXPhase I: patients must be candidates to receive paclitaxel chemotherapy in combination with trastuzumab and pertuzumab\r\n* Phase II: no prior chemotherapy, radiation, or definitive therapeutic surgery (e.g., mastectomy, lumpectomy or axillary dissection) for this malignancy; patients who have had a prior sentinel lymph node biopsy for this malignancy are eligible\r\n* Note: patients who receive equal to or less than 1 cycle of therapy (up to 4 weeks) will be allowed to enroll on this trialXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with isolated lung parenchymal recurrent/persistent NSCLC (histology as defined in eligibility criterion 1) after prior definitive surgery or radiotherapy/chemotherapy, when the lesion or lesions are suitable for SABR, are also eligible. Patients with a single metastatic focus in the lung parenchyma with no other lesions are also eligible, because this presentation is challenging to distinguish from recurrent disease. Recurrent disease can be in the same lobe or a different lobe but should not invade critical structures (esophagus, brachial plexus, major vessels, heart, spinal cord); should not involve any lymph node; and should not include any other suspicious lesions in the lung or any other locations. Any prior therapy (surgery, radiotherapy, or systemic) must have been completed at least 12 weeks before administration of the study drug. Tumors should be =< 7 cm (measured by computed tomography [CT] imaging in the lung window setting) with N0M0; positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is required for restaging (per eligibility criterion) and any lymph node suspected of harboring tumor should be confirmed by biopsy (per eligibility criterion)Xx_NEWLINE_xXA PET/CT scan is required within 12 weeks (plus/minus 1 week) of study registration. Any lymph node suspected of harboring disease based on its shape, size, or PET standardized uptake value (SUV) should be discussed by treating physician and diagnostic radiologistXx_NEWLINE_xXFor patients with left-sided tumors and enlarged nodes (> 1.0 cm in the shortest diameter) on the aortopulmonary window setting, the aortopulmonary nodes must be biopsied by extended mediastinoscopy, Chamberlain procedure, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) approach, or ultrasound-guided biopsy to ensure that the patient does not have N2 disease. At the time of cervical mediastinoscopy, esophageal endoscopic ultrasound-guided biopsy, or endobronchial ultrasound-guided biopsy, the following nodal stations must be examined and biopsied, if present:\r\n* Ipsilateral nodal station 4\r\n* Contralateral nodal station level 4, and \r\n* Subcarinal nodes (level 7)\r\nFor left-sided tumors, any lymph node in the superior or anterior mediastinum > 1.0 cm in the shortest axis on CT or positive on PET must be identified and biopsied. Eligibility requires that any PET-positive mediastinal or distant sites must be biopsy-negative.Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo complete surgical resection for a head and neck cancer within 8 weeks of enrollment (although lymph node biopsy including excision of an individual node with presence of residual nodal disease, or surgical biopsy/excision of the tumor with residual disease is acceptable)Xx_NEWLINE_xX(For Cohort B only): Presence of metastatic disease or prior radiation therapy of the primary breast carcinoma or axillary lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXThe primary tumor or lymph node must be readily biopsied by surgery or radiology teamsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must be willing to undergo additional biopsy of breast tumor or lymph nodeXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have clinically or radiographically evident measureable disease at the primary site and/or nodal stations; patients may undergo a diagnostic tonsillectomy, and diagnostic lymph node excision (< 2 nodes) is also allowableXx_NEWLINE_xXOligometastatic prostate cancer: stage T1-4, N0-1 and/or M1a-b (up to 5 metastatic lesions-including bone lesions and non-regional lymph nodes)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMust be willing to undergo an incisional or excisional lymph node biopsy of accessible adenopathy or provide the most recent, available archived tumor biopsy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXBreast imaging should include imaging of the ipsilateral axilla; for subjects with a clinically negative axilla, a sentinel lymph node biopsy will be performed either before or after preoperative therapy at the discretion of the subject’s physicians; for subjects with a clinically positive axilla, a needle aspiration, core biopsy or sentinel lymph node (SLN) procedure will be performed to determine the presence of metastatic disease in the lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXLymphadenopathy in the retroperitoneum: at least one lymph node 1-3 cm in greatest dimension, no lymph node > 3 cm in greatest dimension, no more than 2 lymph nodes 1-3 cm in greatest dimension\r\n* Axial imaging of lymphadenopathy within 6 weeks of the date of RPLND\r\n* Retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy must be within the RPLND templateXx_NEWLINE_xXIf there is borderline lymphadenopathy, defined as the largest retroperitoneal lymph node measuring 0.90 - 0.99 cm in the greatest dimension, an abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan should be repeated (recommend interval of 6 - 8 weeks); the same lymph node must demonstrate growth to >= 1.0 cm in the greatest dimensionXx_NEWLINE_xXBiopsy is not required, though if biopsy of the retroperitoneal node(s) was obtained, pathology must be consistent with pure seminomaXx_NEWLINE_xXOligometastatic disease; in order to be eligible, the patient must have a total of < 4 metastatic bone and/or metastatic lymph node sites based on bone and/or soft tissue lesions as defined by any of the following:\r\n* Bone metastases will be defined by bone imaging; if the patient has technetium bone scan, and/or F-18 sodium fluoride (NaF) PET performed, either study may be used for documenting metastases? both scans do not need to show the number of metastases required for study entry; for patients undergoing PSMA PET, only PSMA avid lesions that are consistent with metastasis will be counted as a site of metastasis\r\n* Distant metastatic lymph node disease; a lymph node >= 1 cm in shortest dimension will be noted as involved with disease; distant metastatic lymph nodes will be determined as any lymph nodes outside the confines of the true pelvis; for patients undergoing PSMA PET, only PSMA avid lesions are consistent with metastasis will be counted as a site of metastasis\r\n* Any other soft tissue lesion deemed by the physician to be consistent with distant metastatic disease; for patients undergoing PSMA PET, only PSMA avid lesions that have a computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) correlate consistent with metastasis will be counted as a site of metastasisXx_NEWLINE_xXConsent to undergo a mandatory baseline biopsy of a metastatic tumor, if clinically feasible and safe to perform; acceptable samples include core needle biopsies of bone or lymph node; at least three cores should be obtained; a fine needle aspirate is not acceptable; subjects have the option of consenting to a repeat biopsy at time of progressionXx_NEWLINE_xXHistopathologically confirmed melanoma with an injectable cutaneous or lymph node metastasis that has progressed in the opinion of the treating investigator despite administering a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved anti-PD1 agent, with or without ipilimumab.Xx_NEWLINE_xXExtrahepatic metastases or malignant nodes (that enhance with typical features of HCC) > 3.0 cm, in sum of maximal diameters (e.g. presence of one 3.4 cm metastatic lymph node or two 2 cm lung lesions); note that benign non-enhancing periportal lymphadenopathy is not unusual in the presence of hepatitis and is permitted, even if the sum of enlarged nodes is > 2.0 cmXx_NEWLINE_xXIpsilateral axillary lymph nodes must be evaluated by MRI or ultrasound within 12 weeks prior to study registration to determine clinical nodal status; if imaging is suspicious or abnormal, a fine needle aspiration (FNA) or core biopsy of the questionable node(s) on imaging is required; nodal status should be classified according to the following criteria:\r\n* Nodal status – negative\r\n** Imaging of the axilla is negative; OR\r\n** Imaging of the axilla is suspicious or abnormal AND FNA or core biopsy is negative\r\n* Nodal status – positive\r\n** FNA or core biopsy of node(s) is cytologically or histologically suspicious or positiveXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have an initial nodal ultrasound that does not demonstrate more than four suspicious lymph nodes, any suspicious lymph nodes should be biopsied to determine if nodal metastatic disease presentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient is participating in a NST protocol in which surgical excision of the breast and or lymph nodes are requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of known lymph node involvement or distant metastasesXx_NEWLINE_xXTreatment with mastectomy or segmental mastectomy and axillary evaluation (sentinel node evaluation, axillary sampling, or axillary lymph node dissection); if the patient has T0 disease, breast surgery is not requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXPathologic or clinical evidence for a stage N2b, N3b, or N3c breast cancer (supraclavicular, or internal mammary lymph node involvement)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients have had prior radiotherapy for primary breast carcinoma or axillary lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXIncurable HPVOC, as defined by:\r\n* Relapsed or progressive disease at the primary site and/or regional lymph nodes after initial treatment (e.g. surgery, radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) with no potentially curative option (i.e. surgery or radiation); OR\r\n* Distant metastasisXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with previous inguinal lymph node dissection, radiosurgery, brachytherapy, or radiolabeled monoclonal antibodiesXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically confirmed muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder defined as T2-T4 stage; mixed histologies are acceptable provided urothelial carcinoma is the predominant histology (? 50%); patients with > 50% non- urothelial carcinoma histologies or any component of small cell carcinoma are not eligible; resectable clinical node-positive (N1) patients are eligible provided the lymph nodes are confined to the true pelvis and are within the planned surgical lymph node dissection templateXx_NEWLINE_xXFine-needle aspiration (FNA) evidence of squamous cell carcinoma involving 3 or more lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with matted lymph nodes, defined as three nodes abutting one another with loss of intervening fat plane that is a replaced with radiologic evidence of extracapsular spreadXx_NEWLINE_xXOligometastatic prostate cancer: stage T1-4, N0-1 and/or M1a-b (up to 5 metastatic lesions-including bone lesions and non-regional lymph nodes)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo radiographic evidence of lymph node positive disease as per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 (>= 15 mm short axis diameter); lymph node positive disease is defined as clinical lymphadenopathy on staging computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) greater than 1.4 cm in the short axis; if a lymph node is greater than 1.4 cm, it has to be biopsy proven negative for the patient to be eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with invasive disease are required to have axillary staging including: sentinel node biopsy alone if sentinel node is negative, sentinel node biopsy followed by axillary dissection with a minimum of 6 axillary nodes sampled if sentinel node is positive, or axillary dissection alone (with a minimum of 6 axillary nodes); patients with DCIS are not required to have axillary stagingXx_NEWLINE_xXMore than 3 histologically positive axillary lymph nodes or axillary lymph nodes with microscopic or macroscopic extracapsular extensionXx_NEWLINE_xXPositive non-axillary sentinel nodes or evidence of suspicious supraclavicular, infraclavicular, or internal mammary nodes by imaging or physical exam, unless biopsied and found to be negative for tumorXx_NEWLINE_xXAll treated patients have the option to undergo pre-treatment biopsy (liver, omentum, lung or lymph node) to be eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with renal abnormalities, such as pelvic kidney, horseshoe kidney, or renal transplantation, that would require modification of surgical lymph node assessmentsXx_NEWLINE_xXHistory or evidence of advanced urothelial carcinoma, including enlarged lymph nodes and/or distant metastasesXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of an evaluable metastatic lesion (locoregional lymph nodes are acceptable)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHave measurable disease based on Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 including at least two tumor lesions that meet criteria for multi-organ site ablative radiation therapy (MOSART) SBRT radiation\r\n* 0.25 cc to 65 cc of viable tumor (i.e. primary disease or metastases) approximately 5 cm in maximal dimension; tumors larger than 65 cc can be partially treated\r\n* Metastases located in lung, liver, mediastinal/cervical node, spinal/paraspinal, osseous, abdominal-pelvic (lymph node/adrenal gland)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who had prior radiation therapy of the primary breast carcinoma or axillary lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXDisease that is measurable; this is defined as lesions measuring at least 10 mm on radiologic imaging; for lymph node disease, the lesion must measure at least 15 mm or have been biopsied and shown to contain melanoma; skin or mucosal lesions that are not measurable on radiologic imaging but measure at least 5 mm on clinical exam are also acceptableXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects with metastatic or unresectable stage IIIb/c of IV melanoma for whom treatment with pembrolizumab is indicated and who have at least one cutaneous, subcutaneous tumor or palpable lymph node amenable to intratumoral injection.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically confirmed primary invasive adenocarcinoma of the breast with the size of the primary tumor being at least 1.5 cm, or at least 1 biopsy confirmed involved lymph node > 1.5 cm, on imaging by either mammography, ultrasound or breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPrior inguinal lymph node dissectionXx_NEWLINE_xXMalignant melanoma present in an inguinal nodal basin requiring superficial inguinal lymph node (LN) dissectionXx_NEWLINE_xXClinical or radiographic evidence of superficial inguinal LN disease or a prior positive sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy of the superficial inguinal basin as an indication for superficial inguinal lymph node disease is acceptableXx_NEWLINE_xXPrior ipsilateral superficial inguinal lymph node dissectionXx_NEWLINE_xXRectal cancer originally staged as T1, T2, or T3, node negative (N0) or node positive (N1, N2) by pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXSurgery must have included a hysterectomy and bilateral salpingooophorectomy. Pelvic lymph node sampling and para-aortic lymph node sampling are optional.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPrior radiation therapy of the primary breast carcinoma or axillary lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXInvolvement of lymph nodes superior to the common iliac bifurcation, and/or outside the pelvis (distant lymph nodes). Lymph node involvement is defined by histopathological confirmation, or by a short axis measurement >10mm on standard imaging (CT or MRI, but not PET).Xx_NEWLINE_xXN1 patients are ineligible, as are those with lymph node (LN) enlargement > 1.5 cm by CT or MRI of the pelvis, unless the LN is biopsy proven to be negativeXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor size is clinically at least 1 cm in greatest diameter (palpable or by imaging) and/or with involved lymph node; in case of inflammatory disease, the extent of inflammation may be the measurable lesionXx_NEWLINE_xXBone-predominant metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC): at least two skeletal metastases on bone scan with no lung, liver, and/or brain metastasis (lymph node metastasis is allowed)Xx_NEWLINE_xXN1 patients are ineligible, as are those with pelvic lymph nodes >= 1 cm in short axis diameter, defined as pathologically enlarged per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1, by CT or MRI of the abdomen and pelvis, unless the enlarged lymph nodes are negative after samplingXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients are eligible for this trial either at presentation for primary melanoma with concurrent regional nodal and/or in-transit metastasis, or at the time of clinically detected nodal and/or in-transit recurrence and may belong to any of the following groups:\r\n* Primary melanoma with clinically apparent (overt) regional lymph node metastases\r\n* Clinically detected recurrence of melanoma at the proximal regional lymph node(s) basin\r\n* Clinically detected primary melanoma involving multiple regional nodal groups\r\n* Clinically detected single site of nodal metastatic melanoma arising from an unknown primary\r\n* Patients with intransit or satellite metastases with or without lymph node involvement are allowed if they are considered potentially surgically resectable at baseline\r\n** NOTE: a patient should be determined to be potentially surgically resectable at baseline to be eligible for this neoadjuvant studyXx_NEWLINE_xXDiagnosis of CLL: monoclonal B-cells co-expressing >= one B-cell marker (cluster of differentiation [CD]19, CD20, or CD23) and CD5 in peripheral blood or lymph nodeXx_NEWLINE_xXMassive lymph nodes or nodal clusters (i.e. > 10 cm in longest diameter), or progressive/symptomatic lymphadenopathy ORXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be eligible to undergo surgery, either lumpectomy or mastectomy for local treatment of the breast cancer; surgical margins at discretion of surgeon per National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines; axillary exploration at discretion of surgeon but all patients minimally have sentinel lymph node evaluation at time of surgeryXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects deemed to have residual hilar or mediastinal lymph node disease (defined as nodal size > 1 cm in short-axis diameter on CT scan); nonmalignant etiologies for enlarged lymph nodes may be evaluated per standard clinical practiceXx_NEWLINE_xXPrior axillary lymph node sampling (sentinel lymph node biopsy or axillary lymph node dissection); fine needle aspiration (FNA) of axillary lymph node is acceptableXx_NEWLINE_xXN-1, N-2, or N-3 pathologic axillary nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXRegional lymph node involvementXx_NEWLINE_xXExtensive extra hepatic spread of hepatocellular carcinoma; patients with limited metastatic disease may be enrolled as defined as;\r\n* Lymph node disease \r\n* Pulmonary nodules < 5 mm in size \r\n* 1-3 bone metastasesXx_NEWLINE_xXNo pre-operative evidence of cervical lymph node metastases on neck ultrasound (Randomization arms ONLY)Xx_NEWLINE_xXSentinel lymph node biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXIntra-abdominal disease > 8 cm in diameter at the time of registration, intrahepatic disease, or disease beyond the abdominal cavity; patients with intra-abdominal lymph node involvement are eligible based on biodistribution data indicating viral dissemination to lymph nodes following intraperitoneal administrationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients may have radiographic evidence of metastasis in regional lymph nodes (N1 disease as defined by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Prostate Cancer Guideline version 3.2012) at the discretion of the treating physicians, if regional lymph nodes can be included in the planned radiation fieldXx_NEWLINE_xXProstate cancer metastases to the bones, viscera, or non-regional lymph nodes (lymph nodes other than pelvic lymph nodes within the radiation treatment field)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with lymph nodes equivocal or questionable by imaging are eligible if the nodes are =< 2.0 cmXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients status-post a negative lymph node dissection are not eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXCohort 1: Resected patients at high risk of recurrence; patients must meet at least one of the following criteria\r\n* Melanoma of mucosal origin\r\n* Desmoplastic/spindle cell melanoma\r\n* Primary melanoma of the head or neck with at least one of the following:\r\n** Macroscopic (clinically detectable or evidence on radiographic imaging) lymph node involvement\r\n** N2c or N# disease\r\n* Patients with non-head and neck primaries must have had preoperative/pathologic macroscopic lymph node involvement, defined by clinically evident on exam or imaging evaluation, plus at least one of the following by clinical, imaging, or pathologic evaluation:\r\n** >= 2 cervical or axillary nodes\r\n** >= 3 groin lymph nodes\r\n** Extracapsular extension (ECE) of tumor\r\n** Lymph nodes >= 3cmXx_NEWLINE_xXCohort 2: Neoadjuvant/definitive approach; patients must meet at least one of the following criteria\r\n* Melanoma of mucosal origin\r\n* Desmoplastic/spindle cell melanoma\r\n* Patients with radiographic evidence of tumor invasion into surrounding local structures rendering them inoperable\r\n* Head and neck melanomas with any macroscopic nodal involvement\r\n* Macroscopic nodal involvement; in addition, patients must also meet one of the following criteria\r\n** Recurrent nodal disease, with any number and size of nodes\r\n** >= 2 cervical or axillary nodes\r\n** >= 3 groin lymph nodes\r\n** Lymph nodes >= 3cm\r\n** ECE of tumorXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have at least 1 node greater than 1.5 cm in short axis diameterXx_NEWLINE_xXSurgical staging to include total hysterectomy, +/- removal of ovaries and fallopian tubes, +/- lymph node samplingXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have undergone cystectomy (total cystectomy, radical cystectomy +/- pelvic lymph node dissection) with no evidence of macroscopic residual diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXPathologic T-stage >= T3a and/or positive lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXRegional lymph node involvementXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of extent of pancreatic cancer beyond that defined as \borderline resectable\ above (locally advanced or distant disease); peripancreatic lymph node involvement, either confirmed or suspected, will not be considered distant disease unless the lymph node involvement extends outside of the field of resectionXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with clinically suspicious axillary lymph node involvement must have either aspiration cytology or biopsy prior to beginning therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXNo prior chemotherapy, irradiation, or definitive therapeutic surgery (eg, mastectomy or lumpectomy or axillary dissection) for this malignancy; patients who have had a prior sentinel lymph node biopsy for this malignancy are eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXRisk of malignant lymph node involvement < 15% as calculated on Partin tablesXx_NEWLINE_xXRisk of malignant lymph node involvement > 15% as calculated on Partin tablesXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be node-negative (N0) or have only microscopic disease (=< 2 mm) in the nodes (N1mi); patients are required to have axillary staging; options for axillary staging include:\r\n* Negative sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB)\r\n* Level I-II axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) (6 or more nodes removed)\r\n* Positive SLNB followed by completion ALND (6 or more nodes removed)Xx_NEWLINE_xXT2 (> 3 cm), T3, T4, node positive (other than N1mi), or M1 diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXAny non-axillary sentinel node(s) positive; (note that intramammary nodes are staged as axillary nodes)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPalpable or radiographically suspicious ipsilateral or contralateral axillary, supraclavicular, infraclavicular, or internal mammary nodes, unless there is histological confirmation that these nodes are negative for tumorXx_NEWLINE_xXPrior surgical procedures that would alter the drainage patterns and would prevent us from identifying sentinel lymph nodes (SN)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMust be Stage 0, I, II (Tis, T1, or T2, N0, M0 per AJCC criteria 7th and/or 8th Ed.). If stage II, the tumor size must be < = 3.0 cm. A patient with invasive histology must have nodal stage pN0 by H&E stains on sentinel node biopsy or axillary lymph node dissection.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPlanned radical cystectomy with pelvic lymph node dissectionXx_NEWLINE_xXThe primary tumor and/or regional lymph nodes must be evaluable radiographicallyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have histologically confirmed (by routine hematoxylin [H] & eosin [E] staining) adenocarcinoma of the breast with confirmed nodal metastasis; patients must have an axillary nodal evaluation by fine-needle aspiration (FNA), sentinel node biopsy (SNB) or nodal dissection; patients with triple negative breast cancer are eligible as long as they are node negative; patients with squamous, or metaplastic carcinomas or sarcomas of the breast are NOT eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXWomen who have a < 1.0 cm or are clinically negative node (cN0) after NAC are not eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXDisease bulk defined as any lymph node mass with transverse maximal diameter > 7.0 cm OR coronal maximal diameter > 7.0 cm on CT imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients must have thorough tumor staging and meet at least one of the following criteria:\r\n* Either lymph node biopsy or lymph node dissection demonstrating lymph node metastasis by prostate cancer\r\n* Non-bulky (< 5 cm) regional pelvic or distant lymphadenopathy visualized on computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan; lymph node biopsy is required if < 2.0 cm or in atypical distribution\r\n* Primary tumor Gleason score >= 8 and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration >= 25 ng/mL, indicating high risk of occult lymph node metastases\r\n* Primary clinical tumor stage of T3 and Gleason score >= 7, indicating high risk of occult lymph node metastases\r\n* Primary tumor stage T4, indicating high risk of occult lymph node metastases; patients in any of these groups and less than 3 sites of non-predominantly lytic bone metastasis will be still considered eligible for the trial; the 2010 American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system will be followedXx_NEWLINE_xXSurgical staging to include total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, peritoneal washings, and lymph node samplingsXx_NEWLINE_xXClinically negative lymph nodes as established by imaging (pelvic +/- abdominal computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]), nodal sampling, or dissection, except as noted immediately below:\r\n* Patients with intermediate risk factors only do not require abdominopelvic imaging, but these studies may be obtained at the discretion of the treating physician\r\n* For men with any high risk feature (PSA > 20, Gleason score > 8, or clinical stage T3), a pelvic CT or MRI, are required; it is recommended that the duration between these scans and study registration be less than 60 days, but if the time period is > 60 days and the opinion of the clinician is that repeat studies would offer limited benefit, then these studies do not need to be repeated; a lymph node will be considered radiographically positive if it is > 1.5 cm in size, occurs within the expected distribution for prostate cancer metastasis (i.e. internal iliac or obturator fossa), and is without classic benign features (i.e. fatty hilum); patients with lymph nodes equivocal or questionable by imaging are eligible for inclusion in this studyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with invasive breast cancer are required to have axillary staging which can include sentinel node biopsy alone (if sentinel node is negative), sentinel node biopsy followed by axillary dissection or sampling with a minimum total of 6 axillary nodes (if sentinel node is positive), or axillary dissection alone (with a minimum of 6 axillary nodes); axillary staging is not required for patients with DCISXx_NEWLINE_xXMore than 3 histologically positive axillary nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXPalpable or radiographically suspicious ipsilateral or contralateral axillary, supraclavicular, infraclavicular, or internal mammary nodes at time of enrollment unless there is histologic confirmation that these nodes are negative for tumorXx_NEWLINE_xXBMBx or bone marrow aspirate (BMA) consistent with HCL, confirmed by National Institutes of Health (NIH) Laboratory of Pathology, NCI, or the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, unless the diagnosis can be confirmed from a solid (lymph node) massXx_NEWLINE_xXClinical stages T1a-T2b N0 M0 (American Joint Committee on Cancer [AJCC] Criteria 6th Ed.); for any pelvic lymph node >= 1.5cm, biopsy of the lymph node is suggestedXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of lymph node involvementXx_NEWLINE_xXSurgical staging to include total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, peritoneal washings, and lymph node samplings as per standard Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) criteriaXx_NEWLINE_xXGreater than 9 positive axillary nodes/sentinel biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXPalpable or radiographically suspicious contralateral axillary, supraclavicular, infraclavicular or internal mammary nodes, unless there is histologic confirmation that these nodes are negative for tumorXx_NEWLINE_xXHistory and/or clinical evidence of lymph node involvement (N1)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease documented by CT/MRI or bone scan (not older than 28 days at enrollment) revealing at least one metastatic lymph-node, visceral metastasis and/or bone metastasisXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least 1 lesion of ?1.0 centimeter (cm) in the longest diameter for a non-lymph node or ?1.5 cm in the short-axis diameter for a lymph node that is serially measurable according to Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 using computerized tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI).Xx_NEWLINE_xXcN0 stage based on pelvic MRI. Any nodes ? 10 mm in longest dimension are considered malignant, regardless of nodal morphology. For pelvic nodes < 10 mm in longest dimension, if nodes are seen and are deemed to be morphologically benign in the opinion of the radiologist and surgeon, the patient is eligible. Patients with visible pelvic sidewall nodes are excludedXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease with a lymph node or tumor mass >1.5 cm in at least one dimension as assessed by computed tomography (CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXRadiation and/or surgery (except lymph node or other diagnostic biopsies) within 14 days prior to day 1 of protocol therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with a breast cancer diagnosis of any subtype and a biopsy-proven positive axillary lymph node who will be treated first with chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXEnlarged lymph node and/or clip targetable with image guidanceXx_NEWLINE_xXMore than 3 positive axillary nodes on imaging or matted nodes on clinical examXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with allergies to isosulfan blue or technetium, which would preclude sentinel node mappingXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have had previous axillary surgery, including sentinel lymph node biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one accessible and injectable lesion in the locoregional area (ie. breast, chest wall, skin nodule or mass, axillary or supraclavicular lymph node) of at least 1 centimeter (cm); (ultrasound imaging may be used as clinically indicated)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have HPV negative squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary in cervical lymph nodeXx_NEWLINE_xXHas bulky tumor (define as N3 lymph node or equivalent lymph conglomerate (>= 6 cm in one dimension), or primary tumor > 4 cm); cystic HPV+ lymph nodes should be assessed in tumor board and may not be considered bulkyXx_NEWLINE_xXClinically positive axillary lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor site amenable to a) excisional biopsy or b) 6 core biopsies from two lymph node sites (12 cores total) or other surgical procedure to provide adequate lymphoma sample for TSMA sequencing and screening.Xx_NEWLINE_xXNon-measurable lesions include the following: small lesions (longest diameter < 1.0 cm for all lesions other than pathologic lymph nodes, which are >= 1.0 cm and < 1.5 cm in the short axis), bone metastases, pleural effusions, pericardial effusions, ascites, inflammatory breast disease, leptomeningeal disease, lymphangitis pulmonis, lymphangitis cutis, and abdominal masses not followed by CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXDefinitive clinical or radiologic documentation of extrahepatic tumor, defined as extrahepatic metastases or malignant nodes (that enhance with typical features of HCC) > 3.0 cm, in sum of maximal diameters (e.g. presence of one 3.4 cm metastatic lymph node or two 2 cm lung lesions); note that benign non-enhancing periportal lymphadenopathy is not unusual in the presence of hepatitis and is permitted, even if the sum of enlarged nodes is > 2.0 cmXx_NEWLINE_xXDiagnosis of stage IB to III node-positive breast cancer; NOTE: Stages include: T4a-cNany, TxN2, TxN1\r\n* For patients with T1N1 disease, ONE of the following criteria is strongly suggested, but not required:\r\n** Grade 3\r\n** =< 60 years of age at time of screening for this study\r\n** Lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) \r\n** 2 or more lymph nodes positive\r\n** If only 1 lymph node positive, measures 5 mm or greater\r\n** Hormone-negative disease\r\n** Positive lymph nodes after chemotherapy\r\n** Extracapsular extension\r\n** Close or positive margin\r\nNOTE: Patients with evidence of infraclavicular (axillary level III), supraclavicular or internal mammary adenopathy on ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging after diagnosis will be included ONLY if this disease can be included in the initial treatment field and supplemented with a 10 Gy boost at the time of mastectomy flap boostXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with pelvic and/or retroperitoneal lymph nodes < 1.5 cm in short axis are eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with one or more positive lymph nodes as determined by radiographic assessment of MRI or computed tomography (CT)\r\n* NOTE: lymph nodes noted on MRI or CT to be > 1.5 cm on the short axis will require review by the local reference radiologist per institutional Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) review practices; if the lymph nodes are considered suspicious on repeat review, they must be confirmed negative for study participationXx_NEWLINE_xXDefinitive clinical or radiologic evidence of distant (beyond cervical lymph node and neck tissue) metastatic disease.Xx_NEWLINE_xXThe patient must have undergone either sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) or axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) demonstrating pathologic node-negativity (pN0); however, patients with immunohistochemical evidence of isolated tumor cells in a lymph node [pN0(i+)] are eligible if no deposit > 0.2 mm is identifiedXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who underwent partial excisional biopsy or lumpectomy, segmental mastectomy or modified radical mastectomy or sentinel node biopsy are not eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who will undergo surgical treatment with either segmental resection or total mastectomy with lymph node evaluationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with locally advanced disease who are candidates for other preoperative chemotherapy at the time of initial evaluation; this may include patients with locally advanced disease such as:\r\n* Inflammatory breast cancer (T4d)\r\n* Fixed axillary lymph node metastases (N2)\r\n* Metastasis to ipsilateral internal mammary node (N3)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMust be HER2-positive in primary breast tumor or lymph node by the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)/College of American Pathologists (CAP) guidelines 2013Xx_NEWLINE_xXSuccessful removal of melanoma-draining lymph node (MDLN)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo clinically or pathologically involved lymph nodes on imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have a minimum of two intact lymph node basins (any combination of axillary and inguinal basins that have not undergone complete nodal dissection)Xx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants does not have a minimum of two intact lymph node basins (any combination of axillary and inguinal basins that have not undergone complete nodal dissection)Xx_NEWLINE_xXBreast imaging should include imaging of the ipsilateral axilla; for subjects with a clinically positive axilla by physical examination or clearly positive by imaging, axillary tissue acquisition is not required; for patients with a clinically negative axilla by examination and imaging, tissue acquisition is not required; for equivocal imaging findings, tissue acquisition (a needle aspiration, core biopsy) is required; sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy before neoadjuvant therapy is not allowed;\r\n* For a positive lymph node status by imaging and positive lymph node status by physical exam, a lymph node (LN) sampling not required but can be performed per physician discretion\r\n* For a positive lymph node status by imaging and negative lymph node status by physical exam, a LN sampling required\r\n* For a negative lymph node status by imaging and positive lymph node status by physical exam, a LN sampling required\r\n* For a negative lymph node status by imaging and negative lymph node status by physical exam, a LN sampling not required\r\n** Participants with axillary adenopathy only are not eligible for this studyXx_NEWLINE_xXFor patients with invasive breast cancer, an axillary staging procedure must be performed (either sentinel node biopsy [SNB] alone or axillary dissection [with a minimum of six axillary nodes removed], and the axillary node[s] must be pathologically negative); patients over 70 with estrogen receptor positive (ER+) tumors no greater than 2 cm do not require axillary evaluation, but MUST be clinically node negative on examination and all available imaging (clinical N0)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPositive axillary node(s)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with disease recurrence after adequate surgical excision of the original primary cutaneous/unknown primary melanoma are allowed even if they don’t fit the strict staging criteria, but only as follows:\r\n* Recurrence in a regional lymph node basin after a prior complete lymph node dissection; relapsed disease must be completely surgically resected with free margins\r\n* Recurrence in the form of in-transit or satellite metastases or distant skin/subcutaneous, nodal, or lung metastases that are completely surgically resected with free margins\r\n* Recurrence in a regional lymph node basin; relapsed disease must be completely surgically resected with free marginsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be randomized within 84 days (12 weeks) of surgical resection; if more than one surgical procedure is required to render the patient disease-free, the patient must be randomized within 12 weeks of the last surgery\r\n* NOTE: patients with clinically positive lymph nodes for melanoma involvement or those with positive lymph nodes identified through lymphoscintigraphic and/or dye lymphographic techniques in the groin, axilla, or neck should have additional lymphadenectomy in those sites; the complete lymph node dissection procedure would be considered as the last surgery in counting the 84 days unless a subsequent surgical procedure(s) was clinically required to ensure the disease free statusXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of distant metastases or histologically or cytologically proven lymph node metastasesXx_NEWLINE_xXClinical staging for the primary tumor can be cT1c (must be 2.0 cm) or T2–T4 if clinically node negative; if the regional lymph nodes are cN1 and cytologically or histologically positive or if cN2–N3 with or without a biopsy, the primary breast tumor can be cT0–T4Xx_NEWLINE_xXIpsilateral axillary lymph nodes must be evaluated by imaging (mammogram, ultrasound, and/or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) within 6 weeks prior to randomization; if suspicious or abnormal, fine needle aspirate (FNA) or core biopsy is recommended, also within 6 weeks prior to randomization; findings of these evaluations will be used to determine the nodal status prior to randomization:\r\n* Nodal status – negative\r\n** Imaging of the axilla is negative\r\n** Imaging is suspicious or abnormal but the FNA or core biopsy of the questionable node(s) on imaging is negative\r\n* Nodal status – positive\r\n** FNA or core biopsy of the node(s) is cytologically or histologically suspicious or positive\r\n** Imaging is suspicious or abnormal but FNA or core biopsy was not performedXx_NEWLINE_xXSurgical axillary staging procedure prior to randomization; pre-neoadjuvant therapy sentinel node biopsy is not permittedXx_NEWLINE_xXCD20+ bone marrow or lymph node by immunohistochemistry or flow cytometry\n                  obtained within 28 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXLymph node biopsy must be done <28 days prior to registration if used as an\n                  eligibility criterion for study entry.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with histologically confirmed advanced cervical cancer (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and adenosquamous cell carcinoma): International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) clinical stages IB2/IIA with positive para-aortic lymph nodes or FIGO clinical stages IIB/IIIB/IVA with positive pelvic and/or para-aortic lymph nodes; nodal status will be confirmed by PET/CT scan, fine needle biopsy, extra peritoneal biopsy, laparoscopic biopsy or lymphadenectomyXx_NEWLINE_xXStatus post segmental mastectomy, after sentinel node biopsy and/or axillary node dissection (tumors < 5 mm in size do not require nodal assessment) or after mastectomyXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease as determined by contrast-enhanced CT scan with primary lung tumor distinct from mediastinal lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXPositive ipsilateral mediastinal node or nodes (N2) with or without positive ipsilateral hilar nodes (N1); N2 nodes must be separate from primary tumor by either CT scan or surgical exploration and the maximum nodal diameter of involved N2 nodes cannot exceed 3.0 cm; N2 status must be pathologically confirmed to be positive within 12 weeks prior to registration by one of the following:\r\n* Mediastinoscopy\r\n* Mediastinotomy (Chamberlain procedure)\r\n* Transesophageal needle biopsy using endoscopic ultrasound (EUS-TBNA)\r\n* Endobronchial ultrasound biopsy using endoscopic ultrasound guidance (EBUS-TBNA)\r\n* Thoracotomy\r\n* Video-assisted thoracoscopy\r\n* Transbronchial needle biopsy by Wang technique (TBNA)\r\n* Fine needle aspiration under CT guidance\r\nNote: Demonstration of N2 status DOES NOT require sampling of all potentially positive nodes; it is adequate to document any N2 node as positive at the time of registration; for left sided lesions, the following nodal levels should be biopsied: 2L, 4L, 2R, 4R and 7 or stations 5 and 6 whenever possible to rule out microscopically involved lymph nodes; for right sided lesions levels 2R, 4R, 2L, 4L and 7 should be sampled whenever possible to rule out microscopically involved lymph nodes; investigators are strongly encouraged to biopsy multiple stations of mediastinal lymph nodes at the time of invasive staging in addition to those nodes that are abnormal on PET/CT or CT scan; PET/CT positivity in the ipsilateral mediastinal lymph nodes will not be sufficient to establish N2 nodal status; ipsilateral mediastinal lymph nodes associated with right sided tumors must be biopsied; the mediastinal nodal biopsy or aspiration can only be omitted in the special circumstance in which ALL of the following are true:\r\n* The tumor is left sided\r\n* Paralyzed left true vocal cord documented by bronchoscopy or indirect laryngoscopy; note: bronchoscopy is not required but is at the discretion of the patient’s surgeon; it is recommended in patients who have central tumors or disease near the carina or in another position that may impact resectability, or to document paralyzed recurrent laryngeal nerve, in cases of aortopulmonary (AP) nodal involvement\r\n* Nodes visible in the AP (level 5) region on CT scan\r\n* Distinct primary tumor separate from the nodes is visible on CT scan\r\n* Histologic (biopsy) or cytologic (needle aspiration or sputum) proof of non-small cell histology from the primary tumor\r\nRegardless of method of documentation of N2 disease, the following must be documented:\r\n* From the Operative and Pathology reports, all mediastinal nodes shown to be both positive and negative (including contralateral nodes) must be designated on the I1 form according to the Lymph Node Map\r\n* If the procedures to document N2 eligibility were done at a non-member facility, the patient is still eligible if the institution principal investigator (PI) reviews the outside pathology slides and report with the institution's pathologist in conjunction with the outside operative report, and generates a report that verifies the original diagnosis and lymph node mapping, as consistent with the staging requirements of the protocolXx_NEWLINE_xXPalpable lymph nodes present in the supraclavicular areas or higher in the neck, unless proven to be benign on fine needle aspiration or biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable liver confined disease with bi-dimensional measurements, required within 4 weeks of screening; lesions reported on imaging as “too small to characterize”, abdominal lymph nodes < 2.0 cm or ascites in the setting of cirrhosis are not considered metastatic disease unless cytology provenXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor or lymph node masses > 4 cmXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients will have undergone axillary staging by sentinel node biopsy or axillary lymph nodes dissection (ALND); patients must have at least one, but no more than three known positive lymph nodes (pN1a, pN1b or pN1c); patients with micrometastases as the only nodal involvement (pN1mi) are not eligible; patients with positive sentinel node are not required to undergo full axillary lymph node dissection; this is at the discretion of the treating physician; axillary node evaluation is to be performed per the standard of care at each institutionXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with local lymph node metastases\r\n* However, patients with high risk HCC who have been down-staged prior to OLT and show 100% necrosis on explant are eligible as long as there is biopsy proven HCCXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease with at least one extranodal tumor mass >1.0 cm in the greatest transverse diameter (GTD) or in the case of malignant lymph nodes >1.5 cm in the GTD.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient who received adjuvant chemotherapy and have AJCC 8th edition Prognostic Stage Group III tumor; or patient who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and have 1 or more ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes with residual tumor metastases greater than 2.0 mm in lymph node(-s) and residual tumor greater than 10.0 mm in breast tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXDistant metastases of breast cancer beyond regional lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXBreast imaging should include imaging of the ipsilateral axilla; for subjects with a clinically negative axilla, a sentinel lymph node biopsy will be performed either before or after preoperative therapy at the discretion of the subject’s physicians; for subjects with a clinically positive axilla, a needle aspiration, core biopsy or sentinel lymph node (SLN) procedure will be performed to determine the presence of metastatic disease in the lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXStage:\r\n* any T, N1 (i.e. a palpable mobile unilateral inguinal lymph node), M0, or;\r\n* any T, N2 (i.e. palpable mobile multiple or bilateral inguinal lymph nodes), M0, or;\r\n* any T, N3 (i.e. fixed inguinal nodal mass or any pelvic lymphadenopathy), M0Xx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of clinically apparent or suspected metastasis to sites other than lymph nodes or peritoneal surfacesXx_NEWLINE_xXconfirmed extra-hepatic metastases. Limited indeterminate extra-hepatic lesions in the lung and/or lymph nodes are permitted (up to 5 lesions in the lung, with each individual lesion <1 cm; any number of lymph nodes with each individual nodes <1.5 cm)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAt least 1 tumor 10mm in diameter or greater OR lymph node of at least 15 mm in short axisXx_NEWLINE_xXAdequate surgical treatment including resection of all clinically evident disease and ipsilateral axillary lymph node dissection. Histologically complete resection (R0) of the invasive and ductal in situ tumor is required in case of breast conserving surgery as the final treatment. No evidence of gross residual disease (R2) is required after total mastectomy (R1 resection is acceptable). Axillary dissection is not required in patients with a negative sentinel-node biopsy before (pN0, pN+(mic)) or after (ypN0, ypN+(mic) neoadjuvant chemotherapy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence (including Baseline MRI and bone scan) of extracapsular extension, sphincter involvement, seminal vesicle invasion, lymph node invasion or metastasesXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least 1 lesion of ? 10 millimeters (mm) in the longest diameter for a non-lymph node or ? 15 mm in the short-axis diameter for a lymph node which is serially measurable according to Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 using computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Xx_NEWLINE_xXClinical or pathological lymph node involvement (N1)Xx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of bone, brain, visceral or soft tissue metastasis, including lymph nodes on pelvic computed tomography (CT) (>= 2 cm in longest diameter)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNode positive disease (N1 or N2) as designated in American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) version 7; either at least one pathologically confirmed positive lymph node or N1C (defined as tumor deposit(s) in the subserosa, mesentery, or nonperitonealized pericolic or perirectal tissues without regional lymph node metastases); patients with resected stage IV disease are not eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of residual involved lymph node disease or metastatic disease at the time of registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have tumors determined to be easily accessible for biopsy (e.g. pleural-based lesions, peripheral lymph nodes, soft tissue metastases, large liver metastases, etc)Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must be willing to undergo an incisional or excisional lymph node biopsy of accessible adenopathy or provide the most recent, available archived tumor biopsy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAllowed prior treatments for localized prostate cancer (all treatments must have been completed >= 1 year prior to randomization) a) <= 3 years total of ADT; b) All other forms of prior therapies including radiation therapy, prostatectomy,lymph node dissection, and systemic therapiesXx_NEWLINE_xXLymph nodes as only sites of metastasesXx_NEWLINE_xXConfirmed presence of extra-hepatic disease except lung nodules and mesenteric or portal lymph nodes ? 2.0 cm eachXx_NEWLINE_xXOne of the following pathologic N-classifications: pN0, pNX\r\n* If a lymph node dissection is performed, the number of lymph nodes removed per side of the pelvis and the extent of the pelvic lymph node dissection (obturator versus (vs.) extended lymph node dissection) should be noted whenever possibleXx_NEWLINE_xXNo clinical evidence of regional lymph node metastasis\r\n* Computed tomography (CT) (with contrast if renal function is acceptable; a noncontrast CT is permitted if the patient is not a candidate for contrast), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nodal sampling, or dissection of the pelvis within 120 days prior to step 1 registration\r\n* Patients with pelvic lymph nodes equivocal or questionable by imaging are eligible if the nodes are =< 1 cm in the short axisXx_NEWLINE_xXMore than three lesions per organ for visceral metastases except for lung or lymph node sitesXx_NEWLINE_xXPrior axillary dissection.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPositive lymph-nodes or metastatic disease from prostate cancer on imaging studiesXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have no evidence of metastatic disease or clinically enlarged lymph nodes on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen and pelvis and CT chest obtained within 28 days of registration (a negative biopsy is required for lymph nodes >= 1 cm in size to confirm lack of involvement); patients with lymph nodes >= 1 cm in whom a biopsy is deemed not feasible are not eligible; patients with elevated alkaline phosphatase or suspicious bone pain should also undergo baseline bone scans to evaluate for bone metastasisXx_NEWLINE_xXA PET/computed tomography (CT) scan is required; patients with hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes with short axis diameter =< 1 cm and no abnormal hilar or mediastinal uptake on PET will be considered N0; patients with > 1 cm short axis diameter of hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes on CT or abnormal PET (including suspicious but non-diagnostic uptake) may still be eligible if directed tissue biopsy of all abnormally identified areas are negative for cancer; solitary pulmonary lesions =< 6 mm will not be considered significantXx_NEWLINE_xXMediastinoscopy or endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) guided biopsy of mediastinal lymph nodes is required for all patients; must be done within 10 weeks of study entryXx_NEWLINE_xXInvasive mediastinal staging - all patients with CT and/or PET evidence of hilar (level 10) or mediastinal lymph nodes > 1.0 cm in the shortest diameter must be staged by either cervical mediastinoscopy, esophageal endoscopic ultrasound guided biopsy, or endobronchial ultrasound guided biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXHave measurable disease at Screening by computed tomography (CT) (or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) as defined by at least 1 lesion of greater than or equal to 1.5 cm in the longest diameter for a non-lymph node or greater than or equal to 1.5 cm in the short-axis diameter for a lymph node that is serially measurable according to the modified RECIST criteriaXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of radiographically measurable disease (defined as the presence of ? 1 lesion that measures ? 10 mm [? 15 mm for lymph nodes]Xx_NEWLINE_xXFor Cohort A: include patients who have undergone sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) without completion axillary lymph nodal dissection (ALND)Xx_NEWLINE_xXStatus post segmental mastectomy or mastectomy and axillary node dissection with removal of at least 8 nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXOne to 5 involved lymph nodes identified at axillary stagingXx_NEWLINE_xXMore than 5 involved nodes identified at axillary stagingXx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients must have lymph node evaluation of contralateral stations 2 and/or 4 to exclude N3 diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants who have undergone incisional and/or excisional biopsy of primary tumor and/or axillary lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXAxillary lymph node dissection or positive sentinel lymph node prior to start of neoadjuvant therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXAmerican Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 7th edition stage 0 or I (Tis N0 =< 2 cm or T1 N0) histologically confirmed carcinoma of the breast, treated with partial mastectomy; axillary sampling is required only for cases of invasive cancers; tumor size is determined by the pathologist; clinical size may be used if the pathologic size is indeterminate; patients with invasive cancer must have no positive axillary lymph nodes with at least 6 axillary lymph nodes sampled or a negative sentinel nodeXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically confirmed positive axillary nodes in the ipsilateral axilla; palpable or radiographically suspicious contralateral axillary, supraclavicular, infraclavicular, or internal mammary nodes, unless there is histologic confirmation that these nodes are negative for tumorXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients should have at least 2 subcutaneous, intracutaneous, and accessible tumor deposits, lymph node or other site available for biopsy purposesXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient requires regional lymph node irradiation therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXBRAF V600 mutation status of the current primary tumor or involved lymph node determined to be positive using the cobas BRAF V600 mutation testXx_NEWLINE_xXHistory of or current clinical, radiographic, or pathologic evidence of recurrent lymph node involvement after resection of a primary melanoma with lymph node involvement at any time in the pastXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects with metastatic breast cancer who have achieved stable disease (SD), partial response (PR), or complete response (CR) after at least 1 regimen of anticancer therapy (i.e. chemotherapy or target therapy, either alone or in any combination). Involvement of supraclavicular lymph node is considered metastasis.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAny node-negative tumorXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence for seminal vesicle/lymph node involvement of cancer.Xx_NEWLINE_xXResidual carcinoma in one or more regional lymph nodes that would meet AJCC 6th edition criteria for N1 - N3 disease.Xx_NEWLINE_xXIf radiologic evaluation of a lymph node is interpreted as “positive”, this must be evaluated further either by lymphadenectomy or by percutaneous needle biopsy; patients with histologically or cytologically confirmed node metastases will not be eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of distant metastases or histologically or cytologically proven lymph node metastasesXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease per RECIST version (v)1.1 criteria: at least 1 lesion of > 10 mm in long axis diameter for non-lymph nodes or > 15 mm in short axis diameter for lymph nodes that is serially measurable according to RECIST 1.1 using computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or panoramic and close-up color photographyXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of measurable disease meeting the following criteria: at least 1 lesion of > 10 mm in long axis diameter for non-lymph nodes or > 15 mm in short axis diameter for lymph nodes that is serially measurable according to RECIST version 1.1 using computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or panoramic and close-up color photographyXx_NEWLINE_xXArchived tumor tissue (block or 15-20 unstained slides) available, or be willing to undergo an incisional or excisional lymph node biopsy of accessible adenopathy (or, in less accessible lymph nodes, 4 to 8 core biopsies).Xx_NEWLINE_xXSurgical axillary staging procedure prior to study entry \r\n* Note: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or core needle biopsy of axillary node is permittedXx_NEWLINE_xXStaging studies must identify patient as American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage I or II based on only 1 of the following combinations of primary tumor, regional lymph nodes, and distant metastases (TNM) staging:\r\n* T1, N0, M0\r\n* T2 (=< 7 cm), N0, M0\r\n* T3 (=< 7 cm), N0, M0Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes =< 1 cm and no abnormal hilar or mediastinal uptake on positron emission tomography (PET) will be considered N0; patients with > 1 cm hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes on CT or abnormal PET (including suspicious but non-diagnostic uptake) may be eligible if directed tissue biopsy of all abnormal identified areas are negative for cancerXx_NEWLINE_xXLymph Node Cancer Stage: N2Xx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have measurable disease, including at least one of the following: an absolute B cell count > 5000/uL, OR lymphadenopathy with at least one lymph node > 2 cm in long axis, OR palpable splenomegaly, OR cytopenias (hemoglobin [Hb] < 11 g/dL or platelets < 100 K) together with bone marrow infiltrationXx_NEWLINE_xXDLBCL participants must have the following malignancy criteria: measurable and evaluable disease per tumor response criteria and ? 1 tumor mass that is ? 15 mm (long axis of lymph node) or ? 10 mm (short axis of lymph node or extra nodal lesions) on spiral CT scan; failed 2 standard lines of therapy (at least one containing an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody), or for whom such treatment is contraindicated.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAny evidence of lymph node or distant metastasis.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with DCIS do not require an axillary staging procedure; for patients with invasive breast cancer (except T1mi), an axillary staging procedure should be performed (either sentinel lymph node biopsy alone or axillary dissection and the axillary node must be pathologically negative) and they should be pathologically node negative; Note: Patients with N0 (i+) tumors on sentinel lymph node mapping or dissection (i.e., if the tumor deposit is 0.2 mm or less as determined by immunohistochemistry or hematoxylin and eosin staining) will also be eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXStage I-III breast cancer with the following criteria met:\r\n* If node-negative or if node status unknown (because it was not assessed), tumor must be > 5 mm (T1b) of any hormone receptor subtype (document estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor [ER/PR] status: if some ER/PR staining is present, ER and PR negative are defined as being positive in < 10% cells [per local pathology read])\r\n* If node-positive (N1-N3), T1mi, T1a, T1b, T1c, T2, or T3 tumors are eligible\r\n** Definition of node-negative disease (when node status known): If the patient has had a negative sentinel node biopsy and/or a negative axillary dissection, then the patient is determined to be node-negative; axillary nodes with single cells or tumor clusters =< 0.2 mm by either hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or IHC will be considered node-negative; any axillary lymph node with tumor clusters between 0.02 and 0.2 cm is considered a micrometastasis; patients with a micrometastasis are eligible; an axillary dissection is not required to be performed in patients with a positive sentinel node and management of the axilla will be left up to the treating provider; in cases where the specific pathologic size of lymph node involvement is subject to interpretation, the principal investigator will make the final determination as to eligibility; in these special situations, the investigator must document this approval in the patient medical recordXx_NEWLINE_xXRandomisation and the primary study intervention, including staging sentinel node biopsy, must be completed by 120 days of original diagnosis.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient unable or ineligible to undergo staging sentinel lymph node biopsy of the primary index lesion.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient has undergone surgery on a separate occasion to clear the lymph nodes of the probable draining lymphatic field, including sentinel lymph node biopsy, of the index melanoma.Xx_NEWLINE_xXBulky disease - Lymph nodes or tumor mass (except spleen) >= 7cm LD (longest diameter)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients are not permitted to have had any other conventional therapeutic intervention other than steroids prior to enrollment outside of standard of care chemotherapy and radiation therapy; patients who receive previous inguinal lymph node dissection, radiosurgery, brachytherapy, or radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies will be excludedXx_NEWLINE_xXNo prior therapy for melanoma except surgery for primary melanoma lesions (or previously treated with interferon for thick primary melanomas without evidence of lymph node involvement are eligible)Xx_NEWLINE_xXThe primary and nodal involvement must be assessable on clinical exam (mucosal and lymph node exam)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo surgical resection for a head and neck cancer within 8 weeks of enrollment (although lymph node biopsy including excision of an individual node with presence of residual nodal disease, or surgical biopsy of the tumor is acceptable)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease as documented by technetium-99m (99mTc) bone scan or metastatic lesions by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans (visceral or lymph node disease). If lymph node metastasis is the only evidence of metastasis, it must be greater than or equal to (>=) 2 centimeter (cm) in the longest diameterXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients to be included are those with measurable, localized amyloid deposits (larynx, subcutaneous tissue, muscle, lung, lymph nodes, etc) or clinically evident systemic disease (liver, kidney, heart, etc)Xx_NEWLINE_xXDiagnosis of CLL including:\r\n* Monoclonal B-cells co-expressing >= one B-cell marker (cluster of differentiation [CD]19, CD20, or CD23) and CD5 in peripheral blood or lymph nodeXx_NEWLINE_xXPalpable lymph node ?1.5 cm in diameter (unless the lymph node has been biopsied and designated as Stage IA-IIA disease)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with metastatic disease invading the esophagus, stomach, intestines, or mesenteric lymph nodes will not be eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXMalignant lymphadenopathy with lymph nodes exceeding 3 cm in short axis diameterXx_NEWLINE_xXLymphadenopathy with lymph nodes exceeding 3 cm in short axis diameterXx_NEWLINE_xXCOHORT A: History or presence of distant metastatic lymph node(s) (e.g., retroperitoneal or non-regional pelvic lymph nodes) are allowedXx_NEWLINE_xXCOHORT A: History or presence of regional pelvic lymph nodes (as per American Joint Committee on Cancer [AJCC] Cancer Staging [7th edition]) will be considered a metastatic site if greater than 1.5 cm in shortest dimensionXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease with a lymph node or tumor mass > 1.5 cm in at least one dimension as assessed by computed tomography (CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXLocalized disease. The malignancy is confined to one affected hemithorax. Mediastinal N2 lymph nodes via cervical mediastinoscopy or EBUS (endobronchial ultrasound) must be negative in order to be eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have had node negative (pN0) disease found at the time of surgery; if a nodal dissection was not performed at the original surgery then patients must be N0, as defined by a lack of radiographic or clinical evidence of local-regional tumor recurrence, including pelvic lymph nodes >= 2 cm in short-axis diameterXx_NEWLINE_xXRadiographic or clinical evidence of regional tumor nodal recurrence, including pathological pelvic lymph nodes >= 2 cm in short-axis diameter; radiographic evidence of distant metastases is also an exclusionXx_NEWLINE_xXResidual invasive disease in the breast measuring at least 1cm with any lymph node involvement (does not include metastases in lymph node which are only detected by immunohistochemistry).Xx_NEWLINE_xXAny lymph node involvement that results in 20% cellularity or greater regardless of primary tumor site involvement (includes no residual disease in the breast).Xx_NEWLINE_xXPost-mastectomy radiotherapy is required for all participants with a primary tumor ? 5 cm or involvement of ? 4 lymph nodes. For participants with primary tumors < 5 cm or with < 4 involved lymph nodes, provision of post-mastectomy radiotherapy is at the discretion of the treating physician. Study registration must occur within 84 days of completion of radiation.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPrimary tumor =< 4 cm and 0-3 positive axillary lymph nodes (T1-2, N0-1, M0)Xx_NEWLINE_xXDefinitive surgical treatment with breast-conserving surgery or mastectomy and axillary lymph node evaluation.Xx_NEWLINE_xXResidual disease in the breast or lymph nodes at the time of definitive surgical treatment.Xx_NEWLINE_xXClinical stage T1-2, N1-2c (American Joint Committee on Cancer [AJCC], seventh [7th] edition [ed.]) without evidence of distant metastasis based on fludeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT\r\n* Patients who have squamous cell carcinoma of the neck of unknown primary, and thus, are T0, are allowed with excision biopsy of a lymph node (or core biopsy) and consent from the principal investigator (PI) or coorperative (co)-PIs (Dr. Nancy Lee, Dr. Eric Sherman, or Dr. Nadeem Riaz)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with node only disease (i.e. no presence of visceral, extra nodal lesions or bone lesions) must have node(s) that measure >= 15 mm in short axisXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have one of the following risk factors:\r\n* Lymph node > 3 cm\r\n* 2 or more positive lymph nodes\r\n* Perineural invasion\r\n* Lymphovascular space invasion\r\n* T3 or microscopic T4a primary disease\r\n* Lymph node extracapsular extensionXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have biopsy-proven cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16)+ oropharynx cancer; the histologic evidence of invasive squamous cell carcinoma may have been obtained from the primary tumor or metastatic lymph node; it is required that patients have a positive p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC) (as surrogate for HPV) status from either the primary tumor or metastatic lymph nodeXx_NEWLINE_xXHistopathologic assessment of surgical pathology must include examination for perineural invasion (PNI) and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and reported as absent or present; the absence or presence of extracapsular extension (ECE) requires gross and microscopic assessment and is defined to be:\r\n* Absent (negative or nodal metastasis with smooth/rounded leading edge confined to thickened capsule/pseudocapsule),\r\n* Present - minimal (tumor extends =< 1 mm beyond the lymph node capsule), or\r\n* Present - extensive (gross, tumor extends > 1 mm beyond the lymph node capsule [includes soft tissue metastasis])Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must be stratified/classified into one of the following risk categories:\r\n* The highest risk feature assessed pathologically will determine the patient's category/treatment arm assignment\r\n** Low risk: T1-T2, N0-N1 AND clear (> 3 mm) margins, AND no ECE or PNI/LVI\r\n** High risk: any of the following features: one or more positive margin(s) with any T stage, OR “extensive” (> 1 mm) ECE, OR >= 5 metastatic lymph nodes (regardless of primary tumor margin status)\r\n* Intermediate risk: any of the following features: one or more “close” (< 3 mm) margin(s), OR “minimal” (=< 1 mm) ECE, OR N2a (1 or more lymph node > 3 cm in diameter), OR N2b (2-4 lymph nodes positive, any diameter < 6 cm), OR with perineural invasion or lymphovascular invasion\r\n** Unknown risk: patients found to have N2C or N3 disease on final pathologic analysis are at unknown risk for recurrence, but are not candidates for deintensified adjuvant therapy in this trial; these patients will be treated on Arm C\r\n** Patients not categorized into the appropriate risk category will be considered ineligible for the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one lesion of at least 1.0 cm in the long-axis diameter for a non-lymph node or at least 1.5 cm in the short-axis diameter for a lymph node which is serially measurable according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors 1.1 (RECIST 1.1) using either computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). If there is only one target lesion and it is a non-lymph node, it should have a longest diameter of at least 1.5 cm.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who underwent partial excisional biopsy, lumpectomy, segmental mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy or sentinel node biopsy and, therefore cannot be assessed for pathologic response accuratelyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have HER2-positive stage I histologically confirmed invasive carcinoma of the breast; patients must have node-negative (N0) or micrometastases (N1mi) breast cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 7th edition\r\n* If the patient has had a negative sentinel node biopsy, then no further axillary dissection is required, and the patient is determined to be node-negative; if an axillary dissection, without sentinel lymph node biopsy is performed to determine nodal status, at least 6 axillary lymph nodes must be removed and analyzed and negative for the patient to be considered node-negative; axillary nodes with single cells or tumor clusters =< 0.2 mm by either hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or immunohistochemistry (IHC) will be considered node-negative\r\n* Any axillary lymph node with tumor clusters between 0.02 and 0.2 cm is considered a micrometastasis; patients with a micrometastasis are eligible; an axillary dissection is not required to be performed in patients with a micrometastasis found by sentinel node evaluation; in cases where the specific pathologic size of lymph node involvement is subject to interpretation, the principal investigator will make the final determination as to eligibility; the investigator must document approval in the patient medical record\r\n* Patients who have an area of a T1aN0, estrogen receptor positive (ER+), HER2 negative cancer in addition to their primary Her2 positive tumor are eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXInclusion Criteria:\n\n        Differentiated thyroid cancer Tumor >4 cm, or Gross extra-thyroid extension, or 1 lymph\n        node >1 cm, or 5 or more lymph nodes of any size Previous thyroidectomy Must be able to\n        receive radioactive iodine therapy Must be able to receive Thyroid Stimulating Hormone\n        suppression\n\n        Exclusion criteria:\n\n        Metastaic disease Anaplastic thyroid cancer, medullary thyroid cancer or Hurthle cell\n        carcinoma Presence of anti-Tg antibodies Previous treatment with any radiation Unresolved\n        toxicity ? common terminology criteria for adverse event Grade 2Xx_NEWLINE_xXNodal status: Involvement of lymph nodes beyond the field of resection should be considered unresectable due to distant spread and therefore not eligible for this protocol.Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo clinical evidence of metastatic prostate cancer, or enlarged pelvic lymph nodes in the imaging studiesXx_NEWLINE_xXResected lymph nodes must be provided for all subjects for biomarker analysis immediately (same day) after surgery (radical prostatectomy)Xx_NEWLINE_xXComplete radiology or tumor assessment within 28 days of randomization\r\n* Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)\r\n* Unilateral breast ultrasound\r\n* Distant metastatic work-up completed with positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) or CT chest, abdomen, pelvis and bone scan\r\n* If enlarged axillary lymph nodes are found during staging scans, fine needle aspiration (FNA) must be performed to determine whether the node is involved with cancer\r\n* If axillary lymph nodes are clinically negative during initial work-up, sentinel node biopsy may be performed prior to initiation of chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXAdequate excision: surgical removal of all clinically evident disease in the breast and lymph nodes as specified in protocolXx_NEWLINE_xXPathological evidence of residual invasive carcinoma in the breast or axillary lymph nodes following completion of preoperative therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with pelvic and/or retroperitoneal nodes < 2 cm in short axis are eligible as they are not considered to have definitive metastasesXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have metastasis at one or more of the following sites: bone, liver, lymph node and/or lung; no more than five lesions will be treatedXx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease on imaging (e.g., bone scan, computed tomography [CT], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]); patients whose disease spread is limited to regional pelvic lymph nodes are not eligible; if lymph node metastasis is the only evidence of metastasis, it must be >= 2 cm in diameterXx_NEWLINE_xXInvolved pelvic or para-aortic lymph nodes by imaging or pathologyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients should have at least 2 subcutaneous, intracutaneous, and accessible tumor deposits, lymph node or other site available for biopsy purposesXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor 1 lymph node 0 (T1N0) disease or T2N0 diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologic diagnosis of melanoma belonging to the following American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) primary tumor, lymph node, metastasis (TNM) stages:\r\n* Tx or T1-4 and\r\n* N1b, or N2b, or N2c, or N3 and\r\n* M 0 \r\n* That may present as any of the following groups:\r\n** Primary melanoma with clinically apparent (overt) regional lymph node metastases, confirmed by pathological diagnosis (biopsy)\r\n** Clinically detected recurrence of melanoma at the proximal regional lymph node(s) basin, confirmed by pathological diagnosis (biopsy)\r\n** Clinically or histologically detected primary melanoma involving multiple regional nodal groups, confirmed by pathological diagnosis (biopsy)\r\n** Clinically detected single site of nodal metastatic melanoma arising from an unknown primary, confirmed by pathological diagnosis (biopsy)\r\n** Patients with intransit or satellite metastases with or without lymph node involvement are allowed if they are considered surgically resectable at baseline by the treating medical oncologist and surgical oncologist\r\n* NOTE: all patients must be determined to be surgically resectable at baseline to be eligible for this neoadjuvant studyXx_NEWLINE_xXPelvic lymph node dissection for the diagnosis of seminomaXx_NEWLINE_xXIndication for lymph node radiation (i.e. evidence of lymph node [LN] metastases)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with renal abnormalities, such as pelvic kidney, horseshoe kidney, or renal transplantation, that would require modification of surgical lymph node assessmentsXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects with or without palpable lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXWomen with fludeoxyglucose F-18 (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) positive or indeterminate pelvic lymph nodes and negative paraaortic nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXWomen with FDG PET positive high common or paraaortic lymph node metastasis confirmed by biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have histologically confirmed, unresected cancer of the pancreas or ampulla; the cancer may include any invasive histology (e.g. adenocarcinoma, neuroendocrine carcinoma); patients with lymph node involvement or distant metastasis may be included if it is felt that local control of the primary site of disease would help reduce, or prevent the development of, local symptomsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have completed local therapy by surgery and/or ablative radiation therapy at least 3 months prior to entry, with removal or ablation of all visible disease, including seminal vesical and/or local lymph node involvementXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have histologically confirmed invasive breast cancer confined to the breast and regional lymphatics (supraclavicular, axillary, internal mammary lymph nodes)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically documented melanoma with local lymph node stage III metastasesXx_NEWLINE_xXLocally advanced or metastatic Her2/Neu positive breast cancer (defined as immunohistochemistry [IHC] 3+ or a fluorescence in situ hybridization [FISH] ratio of >= 2.0); this may be on either a primary tumor or a metastatic site, and there is no time limit from the time the specimen was obtained; locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) includes breast cancers with advanced primary tumors, i.e., large diameter (at least 5 cm) or those with skin and/or chest wall involvement, and advanced regional lymph node involvement; it also includes a rare subgroup, inflammatory breast cancer; in the 2010 American Joint Committee on Cancer and the International Union for Cancer Control (AJCC-UICC) TNM breast cancer staging system, locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) includes patients with stage III disease; this comprises:\r\n* Advanced primary tumors (tumors > 5 cm in greatest dimension [T3]; direct extension to the chest wall and/or to the skin [T4]: ulceration, skin nodules, and/or edema (including peau d'orange) confined to the same breast, inflammatory breast cancer [IBC, T4d])\r\n* Advanced regional lymph nodes (ipsilateral level I, II axillary lymph nodes that are clinically fixed or matted or clinically detected internal mammary lymph nodes in the absence of axillary lymph node metastases [N2], ipsilateral infraclavicular [level III axillary] lymph nodes, ipsilateral internal mammary lymph node[s] with axillary lymph nodes, or ipsilateral supraclavicular lymph nodes [N3])Xx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease according to RECIST 1.1; at least one lesion of at least 1.0 cm in the long-axis diameter for a non-lymph node or at least 1.5 cm in the short-axis diameter for a lymph node which is serially measurable according to RECIST 1.1 using either computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); if there is only one target lesion and it is a non-lymph node, it should have a longest diameter of at least 1.5 cmXx_NEWLINE_xXThere must be plans for the cystectomy and lymph node dissection (LND) to be performed within 28 calendar days following registration; laparoscopic surgery is not allowedXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must not have intra-operative evidence of pelvic lymph node involvement (confirmed by frozen section) at or above the bifurcation of the common iliac vessels in any of the extended templateXx_NEWLINE_xXSites of metastatic disease to be treated on protocol are limited to bone, spine, soft-tissue, and lymph nodes onlyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must provide a lymph node sample of at least 1.5 cm in the long axis, or a bone marrow aspiration sample providing at least 5 million cluster of differentiation (CD)20 and/or CD38+ (approximately 10 ml)Xx_NEWLINE_xXCumulative diameter of lung lesions must be =< 7 cm (excluding lymph nodes)Xx_NEWLINE_xXEligible patients must have appropriate staging studies identifying them as American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage T0 , T1 or T2 (=< 3 cm) treated with lumpectomy and axillary node dissection with at least 6 nodes sampled or sentinel node biopsy; patients with up to 3 positive nodes without microscopic or macroscopic evidence of extracapsular extension are eligible; patients with DCIS are not required to have axillary stagingXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with 4 or more histologically positive axillary nodes if axillary dissection is performedXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must not have any palpable or radiographically suspicious ipsilateral or contralateral axillary, supraclavicular, infraclavicular, or internal mammary nodes unless there is histologic confirmation that these nodes are negative for tumorXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of measurable disease meeting the following criteria:\r\n* At least one lesion of >= 1.0 cm in long axis diameter for non-lymph nodes or >= 1.5 cm in short axis diameter for lymph nodes that is serially measurable according to RECIST 1.1 using either computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging or panoramic and close-up color photography with caliper measurement; if there is only one target lesion and it is a not a lymph node, it should have a long-axis diameter of at least 1.5 cm\r\n* Lesions that have had radiotherapy must show radiographic evidence of disease progression based on RECIST 1.1 may be deemed a target lesionXx_NEWLINE_xXThe participant must have tumor tissue from breast (preferred) or lymph node for exploratory biomarker analysis available prior to randomization.Xx_NEWLINE_xXThe participant must have axillary lymph node involvement by tumor and have one of the following indicating a higher risk of relapse:Xx_NEWLINE_xX4 or more axillary lymph nodes involved with cancerXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with one or more positive lymph nodes considered suspicious as determined by clinical assessment on MRI or CTXx_NEWLINE_xXHas previously untreated locally advanced non-metastatic (M0) TNBC defined as the following combined primary tumor (T) and regional lymph node (N) staging per current American Joint Committee of Cancer (AJCC) staging criteria for breast cancer as assessed by the investigator based on radiological and/or clinical assessment:Xx_NEWLINE_xXHistologic involvement of 2 or more regional lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXAny lymph node with histologic extracapsular extension (ECS)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMajor surgery (not including minor diagnostic procedures such as lymph node biopsy) within 2 weeks of start of study drug; or not fully recovered from any side effects of previous proceduresXx_NEWLINE_xXAny N stage but resectable; lymph nodes in both sides of the neck are at risk of metastatic disease, according to clinical judgment, and require irradiation; pre-treatment surgery in the neck in the forms of incisional/excisional biopsy or a multilevel neck dissection is allowed only if there is gross tumor left at the primary siteXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with contralateral mediastinal disease (N3) are eligible if all gross disease can be encompassed in the radiation boost field in accordance with the heterogeneity criteria; patients with superior sulcus tumors, or scalene, supraclavicular, or contralateral hilar node involvement, will be eligible if the RT treatment plan allows the dose to the critical structures to be within the tolerance limits (e.g. the dose per fraction can be changed to 1.8Gy for the lymph nodes and 2 Gy per fraction for the primary tumor) while keeping total dose to 60 GyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with pancoast tumors, supraclavicular, or contralateral hilar lymph node involvement will be excluded if normal tissue constraints within the tolerance limits cannot be achieved at a dose per fraction of 1.8-2 Gy to a total dose of 60 GyXx_NEWLINE_xXDistant metastasis to organs (local recurrence and regional lymph node recurrence are not considered as distant metastasis) other than boneXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one of the following indications for therapy:\r\n* Pulmonary involvement\r\n* Visceral involvement\r\n* Pain\r\n* Edema\r\n* Substantial lymph node involvement\r\n* Ulcerating lesions\r\n* Decreased range of joint motion due to KS\r\n* Multiple lesions not amenable to local therapy\r\n* Significant psychological impact leading to social withdrawalXx_NEWLINE_xXComplete and adequate resection of Stage III melanoma with histologically confirmed melanoma metastatic to lymph nodeXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be women with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of breast cancer that is more than 1 cm and or lymph node positiveXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with evidence of metastatic disease by conventional imaging studies, enlarged pelvic or aortic lymph nodes > 2cm; or histologically positive lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXTIER I SUBJECTS: Patients with relapsed follicular lymphoma with stable disease and no lymph node mass greater than 5 cm (in any one dimension) following at least two systemic chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy regimens; stable disease from pre-study regimen may be either a clinically determined response by the principal investigator or physician co-investigator member of the study team, or a measured response as per the response criteria of this protocolXx_NEWLINE_xXTIER II SUBJECTS: Patients with follicular lymphoma who have stable disease and no lymph node mass greater than 5 cm (in any one dimension) following an initial chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy regimen; response from pre-study regimen may be either a clinically determined response by the principal investigator or physician co-investigator member of the study team, or a measured response as per the response criteria of this protocolXx_NEWLINE_xXHigh risk of breast cancer recurrence, defined as documented evidence of one or more of the following criteria: i) Biopsy evidence of breast cancer in regional lymph node(s) LN (node- positive disease) Nodal micrometastases only are not considered node positive ii) Tumor size > 5cm (T3) or locally advanced disease (T4)Xx_NEWLINE_xXFor subjects receiving adjuvant therapy only, subjects with node positive disease must have undergone treatment of axillary LN with curative intent, or subjects must be scheduled for further treatment of regional lymph nodes with curative intent. Definitive treatment must be planned to be completed within approximately 9 months of randomizationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient should have a responsive skin disease including complete remission (CR) and partial remission (PR) (close to CR; 75%-99% clearance of skin disease from baseline without new tumors (T3) in patients with T1, T2 or T4 only skin disease) and should not have visceral organ or lymph node involvement prior to transplantationXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically confirmed intermediate- to high-risk prostate adenocarcinoma (T1c-T3b, PSA > 10, and/or Gleason score >= 7) who have a greater than 15% risk of lymph node involvement as determined by the Roach equationXx_NEWLINE_xXRegional lymph node involvementXx_NEWLINE_xXPre-treatment clinical stage of primary tumor (T)3-4 lymph nodes (N) any metastasis (M) 0 or T any N positive M0 as determined by laparoscopy, CT scan (or PET/CT), or endoscopic ultrasound (histologic confirmation of lymph involvement is not required); therefore, patients can have measurable or non-measurable disease\r\n* Patients with T1-2N0M0 tumors or patients with metastatic disease are NOT eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXAny of the following as the only site(s) of disease: palpable lymph nodes not visible on imaging studies, skin lesions, or bone marrow involvement onlyXx_NEWLINE_xXNodal status: Involvement of lymph nodes beyond the field of resection should be considered unresectable due to distant spread and therefore not eligible for this protocol.Xx_NEWLINE_xXThe patient must have imaging documenting a primary tumor, or involved lymph node, >= 2.5 cm in greatest dimensionXx_NEWLINE_xXGross disease in the retrostyloid (high level II) or retropharyngeal lymph node regions by CT or PET/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease with a lymph node or tumor mass >1.5 cm in at least one dimension as assessed by computed tomography (CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have 1 lesion with a maximum AXIAL diameter of 12 cm; up to 3 satellite lesions are permitted; satellite lesions, are defined as lesions less than 2 cm that are within 1 cm of the periphery of the dominant lesion (GTV) are permitted; the satellite lesions are NOT included in the AXIAL diameter measurement; regional lymph node involvement within the porta hepatis (as medial as superior mesenteric vein [SMV] portal vein confluence) is permitted if nodes are deemed clinically positive (i.e. fludeoxyglucose F 18 [FDG] avid)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAt least 1 measurable breast cancer lesion that is ? 10mm in one dimension (or ?15mm in shortest axis for lymph nodes) by spiral CT scan or by brain MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologic or cytologic diagnosis of stage III non-small cell lung cancer; patients will need to meet the following criteria for stage IIIA or IIIB diagnosis:\r\n* IIIA\r\n** Histologic or cytologic diagnosis of ipsilateral mediastinal lymph node involvement, or\r\n** Tumors greater than 7 cm or with chest wall invasion, or involvement of one of the following diaphragm, phrenic nerve, mediastinal pleura or parietal pericardium with hilar or mediastinal lymph node involvement\r\n** More than one mediastinal lymph node enlarged on computed tomography (CT) scan and the same lymph nodes positive on positron emission tomography (PET) scans or\r\n** Paralyzed left vocal cord with separate lung primary distinct from the aorto-pulmonary lymph nodes on the CT scan\r\n* IIIB\r\n** Histologic or cytologic diagnosis of N3 lymph node involvement; or\r\n** Enlarged N3 lymph nodes on CT scan that are positive on PET scan as well; patient must not have extension of lymph node involvement to cervical lymph nodes other than supraclavicular lymph nodes; or\r\n** Right sided primary with left vocal cord paralysis; or\r\n** Evidence of tumor extension into the mediastinum and/or mediastinal structures either at the time of mediastinoscopy, bronchoscopy or on CT scans\r\n** Patients with a nodules in the same lung but no other areas of involvement\r\n** Patients with prior surgically resected stage I NSCLC who did not receive any adjuvant therapy, who now have stage IIIA or B NSCLC will be eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXStage IAX (bulk defined as single lymph node mass >10 cm in diameter), IB-IV diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXConfirmed extra hepatic metastases. Patients with indeterminate hepatic hilar lymph nodes up to 2.5 cm in greatest dimension, or with indeterminate lung nodules (single lesion between 1-1.5 cm, or multiple smaller lesions with a total diameter ? 2 cm) may be included if metastatic disease is deemed unlikelyXx_NEWLINE_xXContralateral hilar node involvementXx_NEWLINE_xXPrior axillary lymph node sampling (sentinel lymph node biopsy or axillary lymph node dissection); NOTE: fine needle aspiration (FNA) of axillary lymph node is acceptableXx_NEWLINE_xXAxillary lymph nodes negative by pre-operative physical examination in all cases and pathologic examination from surgery for invasive diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXClinically or pathologically positive axillary lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXFor subjects with measurable nodal disease, the increase in the sum of diameters of the largest lymph nodes (up to 3 nodes) exceeds 1 cm per day OR the diameter of the largest lymph node exceeds 5 cm during the 5 day wash out. 2. For subjects with lymphocytosis, the increase in the ALC exceeds 2x109/L per day OR the ALC exceeds 100,000 x109/L during the 5-day wash out; b. Arm C: No minimum washout is required after discontinuation of ibrutinib (or other BTK inhibitors) c. Approved PI3 kinase inhibitors: Subjects may start study treatment within 3 days of discontinuation of approved PI3 kinase inhibitors.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients may have lymph node positive or negative disease, as long as they have clinical or pathologic stage II or III breast cancer; patients may have the lymph nodes assessed by any method deemed appropriate by the treating physicians, including pre-neoadjuvant therapy sentinel lymph node biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXDefinitive evidence of metastatic disease with exception of axillary lymph nodes or mammary nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of at least ONE single accessible AND palpable lymph node in the cervical, supraclavicular, axillary, inguinal, or femoral regions; the size of the lymph nodes must be larger than 2x2 cm in the horizontal and perpendicular axesXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of at least ONE single accessible AND palpable lymph node in the cervical, supraclavicular, axillary, inguinal, or femoral regions; the size of the lymph nodes must be larger than 2 x 2 cm in the horizontal and perpendicular axesXx_NEWLINE_xXPalpable lymph nodes > 3 cm in maximal dimensionXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologic diagnosis of melanoma belonging to the following American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM stages:\r\n* Tx or T1-4 and\r\n* N1b, or N2b, or N2c, or N3 and/or\r\n* M 0 or M1 (if considered surgically operable)\r\n** Patients are eligible for this trial either at presentation for primary melanoma with concurrent regional nodal and/or in-transit metastasis and/or distant metastasis, or at the time of clinically detected nodal and/or in-transit recurrence and/or distant metastasis and may belong to any of the following groups: \r\n** Primary melanoma with clinically apparent (overt) regional lymph node metastases\r\n** Clinically detected recurrence of melanoma at the proximal regional lymph node(s) basin\r\n** Clinically detected primary melanoma involving multiple regional nodal groups\r\n** Clinically detected site of nodal metastatic melanoma arising from an unknown primary\r\n** Patients with intransit or satellite metastases with or without lymph node involvement are allowed if they are considered surgically resectable at baseline\r\n** Patients with distant metastases with or without intransit or lymph node involvement are allowed if they are considered potentially surgically resectable at baseline\r\n** NOTE: All patients must be determined to be surgically resectable at baseline to be eligible for this neoadjuvant studyXx_NEWLINE_xXPRE-REGISTRATION INCLUSION CRITERIA: Diagnosis or clinical signs of urothelial carcinoma with clinical stage T2 or greater disease without lymph node involvement where neoadjuvant chemotherapy of cisplatin and gemcitabine are indicatedXx_NEWLINE_xXDiagnosis of urothelial carcinoma with stage T2 or greater disease without lymph node involvement where neoadjuvant chemotherapy of cisplatin and gemcitabine are indicatedXx_NEWLINE_xXLymph node positive urothelial carcinomaXx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic breast cancer (local spread to axillary lymph nodes is permitted).Xx_NEWLINE_xXPrimary surgical treatment is planned to be a mastectomy or lumpectomy. Sentinel lymph node (LN) biopsy or axillary LN dissection (ALND) is planned as part of the subject's therapy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants who have undergone excisional biopsy of primary tumor and/or axillary lymph nodes or sentinel lymph node biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects with FIGO Clinical Stage I endometrial cancer undergoing minimally invasive hysterectomy with lymph node mapping.Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects with FIGO Clinical Stage IA cervical cancer ? 2 cm in size undergoing minimally invasive hysterectomy, trachelectomy, or conization with lymph node mapping. Subjects with clinical Stage IA1 cervical cancer without lympho vascular space involvement (LVSI) and negative margins on cone biopsy are not to be included.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAt least 6 months postop from axillary lymph node dissectionXx_NEWLINE_xXBilateral lymphedema or history of bilateral axillary lymph node dissectionXx_NEWLINE_xXAny lymph node > 3 cm or multistation N2 lymphadenopathyXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically or cytologically confirmed diagnosis of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) with measurable disease per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) Version 1.1; ES-SCLC is defined as: small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) that has spread beyond one hemithorax and regional lymph nodes on the same side (e.g., supraclavicular) to the contralateral hemithorax, lymph nodes, or more distant locations in the bodyXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least two extracranial lesions that are easily accessible for biopsy, in the judgment of the treating physician. Easily accessible tumors may include cutaneous, subcutaneous, and superficial lymph node metastases.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with bulky lymph nodes (LNs) (?10 cm) or marked splenomegaly (i.e. extending into pelvis or crossing the midline).Xx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one enlarged lymph node that is considered accessible for percutaneous injection by the investigator and that is at least 2 cm in longest dimensionXx_NEWLINE_xXLymphoma patients in which the delay of surgery until the lymph node resection date or other factors associated with the study are not feasibleXx_NEWLINE_xXNote: Skin, lymph node, or soft tissue involvement; carpal tunnel syndrome; or bone marrow amyloid as the sole clinical manifestations of amyloidosis are not sufficient for inclusion.Xx_NEWLINE_xXN2-3 lymph node involvement based on positron emission tomography (PET)/endobronchial ultrasound-fine needle aspiration (EBUS-FNA)/mediastinoscopy (any N2 disease that is more than just minimal single station involvement is excluded)Xx_NEWLINE_xXClinical or radiographic evidence of metastatic disease to regional lymph nodes will be allowed, provided it is amenable to resectionXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients treated by BCS and sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) alone must have only 1-2 positive axillary nodes (macrometastases, > 2 mm)\r\n* Note patients with additional nodal micrometastases (> 0.2-2 mm) or isolated tumor cells (=< 0.2 mm) are eligible; patients with nodal disease limited only to micrometastases or isolated tumor cells are not eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants with enlarged para-aortic lymph node involvement on imaging that is suspicious for metastasisXx_NEWLINE_xXCentrally located, defined as located within 2 cm of the central bronchial tree (carina, right and left main bronchi, right and left upper lobe bronchi, bronchus intermedius, right middle lobe bronchus, lingular bronchus, right and left lower lobe bronchi), major vessels (aorta, pulmonary artery trunk, left/right pulmonary artery/vein main branches, superior/inferior vena cava, brachiocephalic artery trunk or left/right brachiocephalic vein, left/right subclavian artery/vein), esophagus, heart, tracheal, pericardium, mediastinal pleural and brachial plexus, chest wall and vertebral body, but no direct invasion, stage I (T1-T2a =< 5 cm without main bronchus involvement), selective stage II (selective T3 with involvement of mediastinal pleura, parietal pericardium), based upon the following minimum diagnostic workup:\r\n* History/physical examination including weight and assessment of Zubrod performance status within 2 months prior to registration\r\n* Evaluation by an experienced thoracic cancer clinician within 2 months prior to registration\r\n* Computed tomography (CT) scan with intravenous contrast (unless medically contraindicated) of the entirety of both lungs and the mediastinum, most part of liver, and adrenal glands acquired within 2 months prior to registration must be available; the primary tumor dimension will be measured on the CT in lung window; if positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan is performed within 2 months prior to registration, CT of chest is recommended but not required; whole body fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET within 3 months prior to registration with adequate visualization of the primary tumor and draining lymph node basins in the hilar and mediastinal regions and adrenal glands; pulmonary function tests (PFTs): routine spirometry, lung volumes, diffusion capacity (within 3 months prior to registration)\r\n* Patients with hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes =< 1 cm and no abnormal hilar or mediastinal uptake on PET will be considered N0; patients with > 1 cm hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes on CT or abnormal PET (including suspicious but non-diagnostic uptake) may still be eligible if directed tissue biopsy of all abnormally identified areas are negative for cancer; the primary tumor should be considered medically inoperable by an experienced thoracic cancer clinician for a standard lobectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection/sampling procedure or patient refuses surgery; the patient may have underlying physiological medical problems that would prohibit a surgery due to a low probability of tolerating general anesthesia, the operation, the postoperative recovery period, or the removal of adjacent functioning lung; these types of patients with severe underlying health problems are deemed \medically inoperable;\ standard justification for deeming a patient medically inoperable based on pulmonary function for surgical resection of NSCLC may include any of the following: Baseline forced expiratory volume of the lung in 1 second (FEV1) < 50% predicted, postoperative FEV1 < 30% predicted, severely reduced diffusion capacity, baseline hypoxemia and/or hypercapnia, exercise oxygen consumption < 50% predicted, severe pulmonary hypertension, diabetes mellitus with severe end organ damage, severe cerebral, cardiac, or peripheral vascular disease, or severe chronic heart disease; if the patient has medically resectable/operable disease but declines surgery after consulting with a thoracic surgeon, he/she will be considered eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXHistory of NSCLC treated with surgery and/or radiotherapy previously and disease has been cured or clinically no disease progression for more than 6 months, now isolated recurrent disease in lung parenchyma and without involvement of main bronchus, chest wall, hilar/mediastinal lymph nodes and critical mediastinal structures; biopsy of recurrent disease is recommendedXx_NEWLINE_xXDirect evidence of hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes or distant metastases after appropriate staging studiesXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasureable disease, defined as at least one bi-dimensionally measurable non-lymph node lesion greater than or equal to (>/=) 1 centimeter (cm) in long-axis diameter on spiral computed tomography (CT) scan or at least one bi-dimensionally measurable lymph node measuring >/= 1.5 cm in short-axis diameter on spiral CT scanXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one lesion of greater than or equal to 1.0 cm in long-axis diameter for non lymph nodes or greater than or equal to 1.5 cm in short-axis diameter for lymph nodes which is serially measurable according to RECIST 1.1 using either computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging or panoramic and close-up color photography.Xx_NEWLINE_xXRadiographically measurable disease, defined as: 2 or more clearly demarcated lesions/nodes with a long axis >1.5 cm and short axis ?1.0cm. OR 1 clearly demarcated lesion/node with a long axis >2.0 cm and short axis ?1.0cm.Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of disease outside the breast or chest wall, except ipsilateral axillary lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXCD20+ B cells in lymph node biopsy or other lymphoma pathology specimen.Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must have provided written, informed consent prior to any study procedures: collection of blood and lymph node (LN) tissue specimens for this protocolXx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of disease outside the breast or chest wall, except ipsilateral axillary or internal mammary lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXLimited extra-hepatic metastases in the lung and/or lymph nodes are permitted (Lung: 5 lesions total, < 1 cm, or 1 single lesion of up to 1.7 cm; Lymph nodules in one single anatomic area (pelvis, abdomen or chest): any number, < 2 cm).Xx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients must have CTCL diagnosed by morphologic, histochemical or cell surface marker criteria with stage never exceeding IB / IIB disease and mSWAT < 50%. CTCL patients with stage IA disease are not eligible for enrollment. CTCL patients with stage IB disease are eligible provided that they have failed a systemic treatment (this includes radiation). CTCL patients with bone marrow involvement but without lymph node involvement are eligible. Patients with a diagnosis of angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma are eligible, even with lymph node involvement. Age ? 18 years. Patients must have a performance status of < 2 on Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group scale (see Appendix). Patients must have fully recovered from toxicity of prior chemotherapy or radiation therapy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have histologically or cytologically confirmed prostate cancer with EXTENSIVE metastatic disease and have been on androgen deprivation therapy for < 90 days; hormonal therapy must not have commenced more than 90 days prior to study\r\n* Definition of extensive disease: Metastases involving at least one lesion in any bony structures beyond the vertebral column and pelvic bone or any involvement with viscera; in the absence of visceral lesion, there must be four or more bone lesions; patients with disease limited to vertebral column and/or pelvis alone with or without lymph mode or lymph node only disease involvement are not eligible for this trialXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with extrahepatic disease or whose HCC involves the local vasculature, regional lymph nodes or distant metastatic sitesXx_NEWLINE_xXAbsence of the following:\r\n* Malignant ascites\r\n* Extensive carcinomatosis (in the opinion of the investigator)\r\n* Bulky, diffuse adenopathy (> 5 lymph nodes > 2 cm each)\r\n* Extensive metastatic disease to the lungs (> 5 tumors > 2 cm each)Xx_NEWLINE_xXDistant metastases of breast cancer beyond regional lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXLocalized or locally advanced disease deemed by the surgeon to be resectable; patients must be appropriate candidates for radical prostatectomy plus pelvic lymph node dissectionXx_NEWLINE_xXNo prior treatment for prostate cancer including prior surgery (excluding transurethral resection of the prostate [TURP]), cryoablation, pelvic lymph node dissection, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy or chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXRadiation oncologist is planning to treat regional lymph nodes including internal mammary nodes and meet acceptable protocol dosimetric requirementsXx_NEWLINE_xXIs a candidate for unilateral post?mastectomy radiation therapy as per National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines (post?mastectomy radiation therapy is indicated for most patients with positive lymph nodes at time of surgery and infrequently for selected node?negative patients)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients undergoing unilateral mastectomy with or without sentinel node biopsy or axillary dissectionXx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease, including lymph nodes or distant metastasisXx_NEWLINE_xXDefinite evidence of metastatic prostate cancer, in the opinion of the treating physician; pelvic and retroperitoneal lymph nodes < 2.0 cm in short axis are allowedXx_NEWLINE_xXHas provided tissue for Programmed Cell Death Receptor Ligand 1 (PD-L1) biomarker analysis from a core or excisional biopsy. If an excisional or incisional biopsy has been performed, participants remain eligible for the study provided the residual disease meets the staging criteria required for the trial (e.g., excisional biopsy of a lymph node with residual T4 primary). Prior surgical debulking, including tonsillectomy, for the head and neck cancer under study is not allowed.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with evidence of metastatic disease, including:\r\n* Positive malignant cytology of the pleural, pericardium or peritoneum\r\n* Radiographic evidence of distant organ involvement\r\n* Non-regional lymph nodes that cannot be contained within a radiation fieldXx_NEWLINE_xXDisease criteria:\r\n* Cohort A\r\n** CLL\r\n*** Disease burden: lymph node size < 5 cm and/or extra-nodal involvement < 5 cm AND\r\n*** 17 p deletion (detected by any assay) (>= 20% of cells involved if assay is conventional cytogenetics or fluorescence in situ hybridization [FISH]) or NOTCH mutation at any time point during disease course; patient should have received at least 1 line of therapy; prior ibrutinib therapy is permitted OR\r\n*** Relapsed/refractory CLL >= 2 lines of therapy; prior ibrutinib therapy is permitted\r\n** MCL\r\n*** Disease burden: lymph node size < 5 cm and/or extra-nodal involvement < 5 cm\r\n*** Relapsed/refractory MCL >= 1 line of therapy; prior ibrutinib therapy is permitted; prior autologous HCT is permitted\r\n*** MCL blastoid variant in first complete response (CR1) or high risk MCL being considered for allo HCT in CR1\r\n* Cohort B\r\n** FL\r\n*** Disease burden: lymph node size < 5 cm and/or extra-nodal involvement < 5 cm AND\r\n*** Relapsed/refractory FL >= 2 lines of therapy; prior ibrutinib therapy is permitted\r\n** HD\r\n*** Disease burden: lymph node size < 5 cm and/or extra-nodal involvement < 5 cm AND\r\n*** Relapsed/refractory HD >= 2 lines of therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically confirmed locally advanced cancer of mucosa of the head and neck.\r\n* Eligible subsites will include nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, oropharynx, oral cavity, major salivary glands, oropharynx, larynx, hypopharynx, cervical esophagus, or unknown primary site with lymph node metastases.\r\n* Clinical or pathologic stage III-IVXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who are required because of their disease to see primarily oncologists for follow-up will be excluded (i.e., those diagnosed with lymph node or distant metastasis, those with a new primary cancer)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPrior surgery including lumpectomy or mastectomy and sentinel node biopsy or axillary lymph node dissectionXx_NEWLINE_xXScheduled to undergo one of the following elective breast cancer surgery at Barnes-Jewish Hospital: axillary dissection, modified radical mastectomy, mastectomy with same day reconstruction, sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), partial mastectomy with SLNB, or simple mastectomy with SLNBXx_NEWLINE_xXPrevious surgery other than lumpectomy or sentinel lymph node biopsy on the surgical breast or axillaXx_NEWLINE_xXFemale clinical stage 0/1 breast cancers patients scheduled to undergo a unilateral, segmental mastectomy +/- sentinel lymph node dissectionXx_NEWLINE_xXMastectomy type: skin-sparing or nipple-sparing mastectomy with or without sentinel lymph node biopsy; may be unilateral or bilateral mastectomyXx_NEWLINE_xXWomen with local (i.e., same breast, surgical scar, chest wall) or regional (i.e., lymph nodes) recurrent diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXWill be two weeks post-breast conserving surgery or three weeks post-breast conserving surgery with sentinel lymph node biopsy or four weeks post-mastectomy at the start of participationXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable metastasis to liver with at least one dimension >= 1.0 cm; known extrahepatic disease should be limited to lymph nodes of less than 2 cm and/or bone metastasesXx_NEWLINE_xXExtensive extrahepatic tumor (not just confined to lymph nodes/bone metastases)Xx_NEWLINE_xXClinically N0 or pN0 including sentinel node negativeXx_NEWLINE_xXUnilateral breast cancer with ipsilateral lumpectomy or mastectomy and lymph node dissection (sentinel biopsy or axillary dissection)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients with a history of breast cancer surgery either lumpectomy, mastectomy, axillary node dissection or sentinel node biopsy at least one year ago and received either radiation therapy or chemotherapy or bothXx_NEWLINE_xXHave received a diagnosis of localized disease confined to the prostate, with no regional lymph node or distant metastasis (stages T1, T1a, T1b, T2, T2a, T2b)Xx_NEWLINE_xXReceived a diagnosis of localized disease confined to the prostate, with no regional lymph node or distant metastasis (stages T1, T1a, T1b, T2, T2a, T2b)Xx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants are eligible if they received a diagnosis of localized disease confined to the prostate, with no regional lymph node or distant metastasis (stages T1, T1a, T1b, T2, T2a, T2b)Xx_NEWLINE_xXReceived a diagnosis of localized disease confined to the prostate, with no regional lymph node or distant metastasis (stages T1, T1a, T1b, T2, T2a, T2b, T2c, T3, T3a, T3b, T3c)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHistological proof of muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (stage II-III). Subjects with evidence of metastatic nodal disease to the obuturator or presacral lymph nodes only may be included (N1 M0). Subjects with any degree of fixation of the pelvic sidewall are not eligible.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with involved lymph nodes are candidates for the study as long as regional nodal radiation is not required by the treating physicianXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects with clinically/radiologically abnormal axillary lymph nodes should have pathological confirmation of disease with image guided biopsy/fine needle aspirationXx_NEWLINE_xXThe patient has clinical or radiological evidence of metastatic cancer including palpably abnormal or enlarged lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXStatus post mastectomy with axillary exploration (sentinel node biopsy and/or axillary lymph node dissection) to receive PMRTXx_NEWLINE_xXCurrent or prior metastases beyond regional lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXCompleted neoadjuvant therapy with an approved regimen that includes trastuzumab and at least four cycles (12 weeks) of taxane-containing chemotherapy and underwent surgery with final pathology showing evidence of residual disease in the breast or axilla (residual ductal carcinoma in situ or microinvasive disease not eligible) or underwent surgery as a first intervention and was found to be pathologically node-positive: ? 4 positive lymph nodes (pN2 or pN3) regardless of hormone receptor status or 1-3 positive lymph nodes (pN1) if hormone receptor negative. Patients with micrometastases (pN1mi) are not eligible.Xx_NEWLINE_xXTotal mastectomy and axillary staging with sentinel lymph node dissection or axillary lymph node dissection (level I/II). Patients with a positive sentinel lymph node must have undergone a completion axillary lymph node dissection.Xx_NEWLINE_xXBreast conserving surgery (BCS) and axillary staging with sentinel lymph node dissection or axillary lymph node dissection. Patients undergoing surgery as a first intervention with a positive sentinel lymph node must have undergone a completion axillary dissection level I/II unless they had clinically node negative T1-T2 tumors and fewer than 3 involved lymph nodes. Patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy that have a positive sentinel lymph node must have undergone a completion axillary lymph node dissection.Xx_NEWLINE_xXFor patients undergoing breast conserving surgery (BCS) as a first intervention, whole breast irradiation with or without a boost, and radiation to the infraclavicular and supraclavicular areas is required for patients with ? 4 positive lymph nodes. Radiation to the internal mammary lymph nodes is not required but is allowed at the discretion of the patient's treating radiation oncologist. For patients with 1-3 positive lymph nodes, whole breast irradiation with or without a boost is required. Radiation to the infraclavicular, supraclavicular, and internal mammary areas is not required per protocol but is allowed at the discretion of the patient's treating medical oncologist.Xx_NEWLINE_xXFor patient's undergoing mastectomy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy post-mastectomy radiation to the chest wall, infraclavicular and supraclavicular areas is required for patients presenting with clinical N2 or N3 disease or with ? 4 positive lymph nodes identified pathologically at the time of surgery. Radiation to the internal mammary lymph nodes is not required per protocol but is allowed at the discretion of the patient's treating radiation oncologist. For patients with 0-3 positive lymph nodes identified pathologically, post-mastectomy radiation to the chest wall, infraclavicular, supraclavicular and internal mammary areas is not required per protocol but is allowed at the discretion of the patient's treating radiation oncologist.Xx_NEWLINE_xXFor patient's undergoing BCS after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, whole breast irradiation with or without a boost is required. For patients with clinical N2 or N3 disease or with ? 4 positive lymph nodes identified pathologically at the time of surgery, radiation to the infraclavicular and supraclavicular areas is required. Radiation to the internal mammary lymph nodes is not required per protocol but is allowed at the discretion of the patient's treating radiation oncologist. For patients with 0-3 positive lymph nodes identified pathologically, radiation to the infraclavicular, supraclavicular and internal mammary areas is not required per protocol but is allowed at the discretion of the patient's treating radiation oncologist.Xx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants undergoing preoperative systemic therapy must have residual invasive disease in the breast or axillary lymph nodes at the time of definitive surgeryXx_NEWLINE_xXSurgical axillary staging procedure prior to first definitive breast operation; Note: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or core needle biopsy of axillary node is permittedXx_NEWLINE_xXLymph node-positive breast cancer or high-risk lymph node-negative breast cancer. The latter is defined by any one of the following criteria:Xx_NEWLINE_xXOne of these 2 surgical treatments and axillary staging with sentinel lymph node dissection or axillary dissection level I/II:Xx_NEWLINE_xXTotal mastectomy-patients with a positive sentinel lymph node must have undergone a completion axillary dissection level I/IIXx_NEWLINE_xXBCS (lumpectomy)-patients with a positive sentinel lymph node must have undergone a completion axillary dissection level I/II unless they had clinically node negative T1-T2 tumors and fewer than 3 involved lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXNode-positive diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients not consenting to axillary lymph node dissection (ALND)Xx_NEWLINE_xXThe patient is a candidate for surgical intervention, with lymph node dissection being a part of the surgical planXx_NEWLINE_xXThe patient has a clinical negative node status at the time of study entry (i.e., Tis-4, N0, M0)Xx_NEWLINE_xXThe patient has clinical or radiological evidence of metastatic cancer including palpably abnormal or enlarged lymph nodes (i.e., all patients should be any T, N0, M0)Xx_NEWLINE_xXN2 lymph nodes negative on positron emission tomography (PET) scan or mediastinoscopyXx_NEWLINE_xXStaging at the time of enrollment indicates NO/N1 (does not involve lymph nodes or includes involvement in nodes within ipsilateral hilum),Xx_NEWLINE_xXScheduled to undergo a thyroid biopsy, thyroidectomy, or cervical node biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXDiagnosis\r\n* Arm 1: subject must have a documented diagnosis of prostate cancer with evidence of lymph node involvement (with a short axis diameter of >= 1.5 cm on a conventional computed tomography [CT] or MRI obtained within 8 weeks of the ferumoxytol imaging procedure)\r\n* Arm 2: subject must have a documented diagnosis of bladder cancer (transitional cell carcinoma) with evidence of lymph node involvement (with a short axis diameter of >= 1.5 cm on a conventional CT or MRI obtained within 8 weeks of the ferumoxytol imaging procedure)\r\n* Arm 3: subject must have a documented diagnosis of kidney cancer (all renal cell cancer types) with evidence of lymph node involvement (with a short axis diameter of >= 1.5 cm on a conventional CT or MRI obtained within 8 weeks of the ferumoxytol imaging procedure)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHealthy adult patients who are undergoing LEFT modified radical or selective (including zone IV) lymph node dissection for any indication; this includes patients who have had prior neck surgeryXx_NEWLINE_xXNo prior salvage therapies (including salvage radiotherapy and/or salvage lymph node dissection)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPlanned prostatectomy with lymph node dissectionXx_NEWLINE_xXPlanned prostatectomy with lymph node dissectionXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with head and neck malignancies, such as melanoma, non-melanoma cutaneous malignancies, or oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, that are candidates for sentinel lymph node biopsy\r\n* Newly diagnosed with clinically node negative head and neck cancer being staged with sentinel lymph node biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects with known or suspected lung cancer with mediastinal adenopathy as defined by a mediastinal lymph node > 0.5 cm in short axis on EBUS or any lymph node with uptake on fludeoxyglucose F-18 (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) scan that is higher than background PET activityXx_NEWLINE_xXFewer than five lesions in total and more than 25 lesions/organ detected by the previous somatostatin receptor scan in key organs: liver, lymph nodes, bone or lungsXx_NEWLINE_xXPlanned prostatectomy with lymph node dissectionXx_NEWLINE_xXRadiographic evidence of at least one bone, lymph node, or liver metastasis, that is amenable to iodinated contrast injection, as judged by the study radiologistXx_NEWLINE_xXAxillary lymph node metastasis with pathologic confirmation by needle biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXClip placed in the sampled axillary lymph node at the time of the biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXScheduled for targeted axillary dissection (defined as selective localization and removal of the clipped node and sentinel lymph node dissection [SLND])Xx_NEWLINE_xXPrior surgical axillary procedure including SLND or axillary node excisionXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient with indications for mediastinal lymph node (LN) sampling per 13th American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) guidelinesXx_NEWLINE_xXPlanned prostatectomy with lymph node dissectionXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipant must be eligible for a groin sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXSentinel lymph node is deemed inaccessible to microscopic observation during the operative procedure (i.e. sentinel node maps to a deep location or area outside of the groin)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNode positiveXx_NEWLINE_xXPlanned prostatectomy with lymph node dissectionXx_NEWLINE_xXHistory of ER+ pathology (ER+ may be confirmed from surgery or biopsy of primary breast cancer or lymph nodes, and/or surgery or biopsy of a metastatic site, metastatic biopsy is not required)Xx_NEWLINE_xXSinus node dysfunctionXx_NEWLINE_xXUltrasound showing accessible abnormal ipsilateral axillary lymph node (cortical thickness >= 3 mm, eccentric cortical thickening, or rounded morphology with effacement of fatty hilum)Xx_NEWLINE_xXLymph node not amenable to core biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient is unlikely to undergo lymph node excision (i.e. elderly patient)Xx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have undergone sentinel node mapping or axillary dissectionXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants who have evidence that axillary lymph node malignancy is causing lymphedema due to recurrence as per physician discretionXx_NEWLINE_xXAny patient who has bilateral lymph node mapping or dissectionXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient is scheduled for radical cystectomy and lymph node dissectionXx_NEWLINE_xXSubject has been diagnosed with melanoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, or other tumor where tumor resection or biopsy is planned and lymph node mapping is appropriateXx_NEWLINE_xXThe subject is clinically node negative (cN0) at the time of screeningXx_NEWLINE_xXHas had previous surgery or radiation to node basins that would be involved in the intraoperative lymph node mapping (ILM) procedureXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have histologically confirmed melanoma and be deemed an appropriate surgical candidate with consent for a sentinel lymph node biopsy by their oncologic surgeonXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipant must have stage of disease conducive to sentinel lymph node biopsy as determined by his or her oncologic surgeonXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants who choose not to proceed with sentinel lymph node biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXBe scheduled for staging endoscopic ultrasound with the intent for lymph node evaluation.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHas had previous sentinel lymph node biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipant must have histologically confirmed lung cancer and be deemed an appropriate surgical candidate for thoracoscopic lung resection and will have consent for a sentinel lymph node mapping by their oncologic surgeon; these patients will have invasive non-small cell lung cancers for which thoracoscopic mediastinal lymph node dissection at the time of thoracoscopic lung resection is standard of care; the extent of lung resections in potential trial patients could span from sublobar resection (i.e. wedge resection) to pneumonectomy, though it is anticipated that most patients will be undergoing the most common anatomic operation for lung cancer which is lobectomy; all stages of lung cancer that would otherwise be undergoing thoracoscopic lung resection and mediastinal lymph node dissection would be eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of distant disease outside of regional lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects with known or suspected lung cancer with mediastinal adenopathy as defined by a mediastinal lymph node > 1 cm in short axis or a normal sized lymph node with uptake on fludeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) scan that is higher than background PET activityXx_NEWLINE_xXADVANCED RCC TREATED WITH RADICAL NEPHRECTOMY:\r\nScheduled for radical nephrectomy and lymph node dissectionXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have a negative (normal) axillary ultrasound performed at Siteman Cancer Center; lymph nodes will be evaluated based on morphologic features; axillary ultrasound (AUS) will be considered positive (abnormal) if lymph nodes are noted to be completely hypoechoic (absent hilum) or to have focal hypoechoic cortical thickening/lobulation greater than 4 mmXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient has had previous ipsilateral axillary surgery such as excisional biopsy of lymph node(s), treatment of hidradenitisXx_NEWLINE_xXIndication for EBUS-guided needle biopsy based on suspicion of either benign or malignant disease in mediastinal or hilar lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients in which only one lymph node station is expected to be sampled by the performing clinicianXx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease on standard staging imaging (beyond regional lymph node involvement)\r\n* Absence of metastatic disease (beyond regional lymph node involvement) as defined by a negative bone scan, NaF PET, CT chest/abdomen/pelvis, or total body MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXHas previously untreated localized gastric or GEJ adenocarcinoma as defined by T3 or greater primary lesion or the presence of any positive nodes - N+ (clinical nodes) without evidence of metastatic disease.Xx_NEWLINE_xXWilling to undergo biopsy of a metastatic lesion (in patients with reasonably accessible metastatic lesions such as chest wall, skin, subcutaneous tissue, lymph nodes, bones, peripheral lung, and liver metastases)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease meeting the following criteria:\r\n* At least 1 lesion of >= 1.0 cm in the longest diameter for a non-lymph node or >= 1.5 cm in the short-axis diameter for a lymph node which is serially measurable according to RECIST 1.1 using computerized tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI); if there is only one target lesion and it is a non-lymph node, it should have a longest diameter of >= 1.5 cm\r\n* Lesions that have had external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or loco-regional therapies such as radiofrequency (RF) ablation must show evidence of progressive disease based on RECIST 1.1 to be deemed a target lesionXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have had their primary site tumor removed by surgery but still present with grossly enlarged lymph nodes are eligible for this studyXx_NEWLINE_xXHas cervical cancer and is a candidate for surgical intervention, with lymph node dissection being a part of the surgical plan.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHas had previous surgery or radiation to node basins that would be involved in the ILM procedureXx_NEWLINE_xXHave had a previous ipsilateral axillary dissection or lymph node biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXPlanned to undergo radical prostatectomy and extended pelvic lymph node dissectionXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients referred for EUS-guided tissue acquisition because of a (I) pancreatic mass lesion or (II) lymph nodeXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes < 1 cm and no abnormal hilar or mediastinal uptake on PET will be considered N0; patients with > 1 cm hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes on CT or abnormal PET/CT (including suspicious but non-diagnostic uptake) may still be eligible if directed tissue biopsy of all abnormally identified areas are negative for cancerXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with biopsy-proven breast cancer and biopsy-proven axillary lymph node metastases at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) who are candidates for neoadjuvant chemotherapy or neoadjuvant endocrine therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXA core needle biopsy or fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is acceptable for diagnosis of metastatic disease in lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects scheduled for surgical intervention, with a sentinel lymph node biopsy procedure being a part of the surgical plan.Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubject has a clinical negative node status (i.e. T0-3, N0, M0).Xx_NEWLINE_xXThe subject has clinical or radiological evidence of metastatic cancer including palpably abnormal or enlarged lymph nodes.Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo abnormal axillary nodes identified on grayscale axillary ultrasound (AUS), or abnormal nodes with benign subsequent FNA biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXPrior axillary lymph node surgeryXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have had pathologic lymph nodes in the neck, axillary or inguinal area (do not need to be biopsy proven) from either leukemias, lymphomas; head and neck cancers (e.g. tonsillar, nasopharynx, tongue carcinoma), breast cancer or melanoma; or thyroid cancer for thyroid ablation therapy; any other more infrequent cancer with nodal metastasis in the neck, axilla, and inguinal regions is eligible as well as the primary goal is to image pathological (i.e. hypermetabolic) lymph nodesXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with a new diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma, with a clinically palpable or radiographically concerning node (> 10 mm, positron emission tomography [PET] avid, or of unusual shape on any imaging modality) who will undergo lymph node biopsy (sentinel node biopsy, dissection, lymph node sampling etc); these patients can be pediatric or adult patientsXx_NEWLINE_xXPrior chemotherapy or radiotherapy (to the lymph node basin)Xx_NEWLINE_xXLymph node (LN) lesion that measures at least one dimension as ?1.5 cm in the short axis, except for porta hepatis LN that measures ?2.0 cm in the short axisXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least 1 lesion of ?1.0 cm in the longest diameter for a non-lymph node or ?1.5 cm in the short-axis diameter for a lymph node that is serially measurable according to RECIST 1.1 using CT/MRI.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPrimary papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), which appears to be stage T3 or T4 on imaging or with macroscopic lymph node involvement AND requires surgical resectionXx_NEWLINE_xXPersistent or locally recurrent PTC with macroscopic lymph node involvement which requires surgical resectionXx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of distant metastatic disease; patients with regional lymph node involvement are eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXWill have administration of methylene blue or any blue dye for sentinel lymph node mapping on the day of the surgery prior to imaging the lumpectomy cavity with the LUM Imaging Device.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMedical conditions and/or prior surgical procedures that have the potential to substantially alter the lymphatic drainage pattern from the primary tumor to the lymph node basin.Xx_NEWLINE_xXInability to localize 1 or 2 lymph node drainage basin(s) via lymphatic mapping.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically or cytologically confirmed solid tumors at any stage with at least one lesion (primary, metastatic, or recurrent) ? 1.5 cm in diameter documented by CT. If the lesion is located in a lymph node, the shortest diameter of the lymph node must be ? 1.5 cm as defined by RECIST 1.1. (Note: See Exclusion Criteria #1.)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes must be negative on CT-scan or MRI of the abdomen and pelvis performed within 12 weeks prior to enrollment into the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least 1 lesion of ?1.0 cm in the longest diameter for a non-lymph node or ?1.5 cm in the short-axis diameter for a lymph node that is serially measurable according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST 1.1) using computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI). If there is only 1 target lesion and it is a non-lymph node, it should have a longest diameter of ?1.5 cm.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have undergone either a total mastectomy or a lumpectomy are eligible; acceptable procedures for assessment of axillary nodal status at the time of surgery include:\r\n* Axillary node dissection;\r\n* Sentinel node biopsy alone; or\r\n* Sentinel node biopsy followed by axillary node dissectionXx_NEWLINE_xXWomen with node negative diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with clinically detected or suspicious lymph node involvement not readily amenable to surgical treatment (>= cN2 disease)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have progressive disease on single agent ibrutinib therapy (but not within the first 2 months of initiating ibrutinib therapy); progression is based on 2008 iwCLL definition, but excluding patients who have treatment-related lymphocytosis as the sole progressive factor; therefore, patients must have at least one of the following:\r\n* >= 50% increase in the products of at least two lymph nodes on two consecutive determinations two weeks apart (at least one lymph node must be >= 2 cm); appearance of new palpable lymph nodes\r\n* >= 50% increase in the size of the liver and/or spleen as determined by measurement below the respective costal margin; appearance of palpable hepatomegaly or splenomegaly, which was not previously present\r\n* Decrease in hemoglobin >= 2 gm/dL, or decrease >= 50% in platelet or granulocyte count with a bone marrow biopsy showing CLL cell infiltrate\r\n* Progressive lymphocytosis, >= 50% higher than lowest absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) on single agent ibrutinib therapy, excluding ibrutinib treatment-related lymphocytosis\r\n* If receiving ibrutinib as part of a clinical trial: meets criteria for disease progression based on trial defined criteriaXx_NEWLINE_xX