Cohort 1 (NSCLC cohort) \r\n* Ability to undergo a fresh tumor biopsy for the purpose of screening for this clinical trial (including able and willing to give valid written consent) to ability or to provide an available archival tumor sample taken less than 3 months prior to study enrollment (and not obtained prior to progression on a PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor) if a fresh tumor biopsy is not feasible with an acceptable clinical risk; tumor lesions used for fresh biopsies should be the same lesions to be irradiated when possible and should not be the same lesions used as Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) target lesions, unless there are no other lesions accessible; additional, optional archival tumor tissue is also requested from before the prior PD-1 directed therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXAll subjects must have adequate archival tissue available prior to registration (i.e., at least 20 unstained slides or paraffin block); if acceptable archival tissue is not available, the subject must be willing to consent to providing a core or excisional biopsy for research prior to registration for protocol therapy; if archival tissue is not available and there are no sites amenable to biopsy, enrollment must be discussed with the sponsor-investigator on a case by case basisXx_NEWLINE_xXHave documented IDH1 gene-mutated disease (from a fresh tumor biopsy or the most recent banked tumor tissue available) based on central laboratory testing (R132C/L/G/H/S mutation variants tested).Xx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of BRAFV600E in tumor tissue as previously determined by a local assay at any time prior to Screening or by the central laboratoryXx_NEWLINE_xXTissue blocks or slides must be sent for all patients; if tissue blocks or slides are unavailable, the study chair must be notified prior to enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXWillingness to release archival tissue sample for research purposes, if availableXx_NEWLINE_xXFor patients enrolled via local molecular testing, an archival or fresh tumor tissue (unless medically contraindicated) is required to be submitted for independent central molecular testing at Ignyta's CLIA laboratory post-enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXTissue blocks or slides must be sent for all patients; if tissue blocks or slides are unavailable, the study chair must be notified prior to enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXTissue blocks or slides must be sent if available; if tissue blocks or slides are unavailable, the study chair must be notified prior to study enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXOptional tumor biopsies: Patients will be asked permission (consent) to provide tissue from a recent (within 6 weeks of study entry) archival tissue sample or newly obtained core or excisional biopsy of a tumor lesion; in addition, for on-study biopsies (after one week and after 7 weeks of initiating study therapy) and for baseline tumor biopsy if an archival tissue sample is not available: willingness to undergo biopsies will be asked; patients who consent to provide tumor biopsies for research should have tumors deemed relatively safely accessible for biopsies with low likelihood of complicationXx_NEWLINE_xXTissue blocks or slides must be sent if available, with exclusions; if tissue blocks or slides are unavailable, the study chair must be notified prior to study enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue samples must be available for submission to the sponsor prior to study treatment.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor tissue specimen from the residual disease on the definitive surgical specimen available for PAM50 analysis for stratification\r\n* Tumor tissue specimen from the definitive surgery has been collected and is ready to ship to the ECOG-American College of Radiology Imaging Network (ACRIN) Central Biorepository and Pathology Facility (CBPF) within 21 weeks post-surgery\r\n* The Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory (MDL) at MD Anderson Cancer Center will perform the PAM50 analysis and notify the ECOG-American College of Radiology Imaging Network (ACRIN) operations office within three (3) weeks of receipt of the tumor tissue specimen via secure electronic messaging to the ECOG-ACRIN database; results will not be reported to the submitting institution\r\n* NOTE: Tissue must and can be submitted any time during screening period, even if patient is getting radiation\r\n* NOTE: Every effort should be made to submit the tumor tissue specimen to the ECOG-ACRIN CBPF immediatelyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have adequate tissue available and must agree to have specimens submitted for germline BRCA deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing and other correlative studies\r\n* NOTE: Blood for BRCA mutation testing is to be collected and submitted after registration but before treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXTissue acquisition: patient must agree to provide the required research biopsies at baseline, week 4 and at surgery for integral and integrated biomarker and correlative studiesXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be given the opportunity to consent to the optional submission of tissue and blood for future researchXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with cutaneous or superficial lesions that do not require imaging guidance for biopsy must be willing to undergo biopsies for tissue submission and blood draws for translational medicineXx_NEWLINE_xXParaffin tissue samples obtained by transurethral resection of muscle-invasive bladder tumor, upper tract resection, cystectomy/nephrectomy/ureterectomy, or nephroureterectomy must be available; this specimen submission is mandatory prior to registration as results will be used for stratificationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be offered the opportunity to submit archival tissue for translational medicine; patients must also be willing to undergo biopsies and submit fresh tissue and blood for translational medicineXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have tissue available and be willing to submit for independent pathologic review in order to classify type I versus type II papillary diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXOne of the following chemosensitive histologies as defined in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of soft tissue tumors (with some evidence of good response to chemoradiation and of sufficient high risk of metastases, or clear evidence of metastases):\r\n* Unclassified soft tissue sarcomas that are too undifferentiated to be placed in a specific pathologic category in the WHO classification (often called “undifferentiated soft tissue sarcoma” or “soft tissue sarcoma not otherwise specified [NOS]”)\r\n* Synovial sarcoma\r\n* Angiosarcoma of soft tissue\r\n* Adult fibrosarcoma\r\n* Mesenchymal (extraskeletal) chondrosarcoma\r\n* Leiomyosarcoma\r\n* Liposarcoma (excluding myxoid liposarcoma)\r\n* Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma\r\n* Embryonal sarcoma of the liverXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with the following histologies are only eligible for the chemotherapy cohort and cannot enroll on the non-chemotherapy cohort:\r\n* Unclassified soft tissue sarcomas that are too undifferentiated to be placed in a specific pathologic category in the WHO classification (often called “undifferentiated soft tissue sarcoma” or “soft tissue sarcoma NOS”) in patients < 30 years of age\r\n* Synovial sarcoma\r\n* Embryonal sarcoma of the liverXx_NEWLINE_xXSufficient tissue and blood must be available to submit for required biology studiesXx_NEWLINE_xXSpecimen Submission: Patients must have sufficient tissue available for the required biology studyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have adequate tumor tissue to meet the minimum requirement for submissionXx_NEWLINE_xXEnrolling institutions are reminded that submission of pre-treatment serum, tumor tissue and whole blood is requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXAn EGFR exon 20 insertion mutation must be detected in the tumor tissue; patients may be enrolled in the study based on an exon 20 insertion EGFR mutation detected by any Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act (CLIA)-certified tissue assay\r\n* NOTE: Testing results are to be submitted via Medidata Rave and the study chair or delegate will review the reportsXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue must be available for submission for central pathology review\r\n* Timing requirements:\r\n** If MGMT has been assessed locally by LabCorps or MD Anderson Cancer Center Molecular Diagnostics Lab (MDACC-MDL):\r\n*** Tissue for central pathology review and central MGMT assessment and the official LabCorps or MDACC-MDL MGMT result must be received by the NRG Oncology Biospecimen Bank on or before postoperative calendar day 40\r\n*** The site’s local MGMT report from LabCorp or MDACC-MDL will then be used to stratify the patient; a post-stratification MGMT central review will be performed, but step 2 registration and protocol treatment can proceed without central review of MGMT\r\n*** Patients whose tissue for central pathology review and official LabCorps or MDACC-MDL MGMT result cannot be received by NRG Oncology Biospecimen Bank on or before 40 calendar days after surgery may NOT enroll on this trial\r\n** If MGMT has not been assessed locally by LabCorps or MDACC-MDL:\r\n*** Tissue for central pathology review and central MGMT assessment must be received by the NRG Oncology Biospecimen Bank on or before postoperative calendar day 30\r\n*** Central MGMT analysis will be performed at MDACC-MDL and used for patient stratification; results will be conveyed to NRG Oncology within 10 business days of receipt of the tissue\r\n*** Patients who have not had local MGMT assessment by LabCorps or MDACC-MDL and whose tissue for central pathology review cannot be received by NRG Oncology Biospecimen Bank on or before 30 calendar days after surgery may NOT enroll on this trial\r\n* Tissue Requirements:\r\n** Patients must have at least 1 block of tumor tissue; submission of 2 blocks is strongly encouraged to maximize the chances of eligibility; in total, at least 1 cubic centimeter of tissue composed primarily of tumor must be present\r\n** Submission of an accompanying hematoxylin and eosin H&E slide(s) is MANDATORY\r\n** Diagnosis must be made by surgical excision, either partial or complete; stereotactic biopsy and cavitronic ultrasonic surgical (CUSA) techniques are not allowedXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue that is determined by central pathology review prior to step 2 registration to be of sufficient quantity for central analysis of MGMT statusXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must be willing to have tissue specimens submitted for translational medicine studiesXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have undergone adequate (definitive) breast surgery for the current malignancy. FFPE tumor tissue block must be confirmed to be received at the central sample repository prior to randomization.Xx_NEWLINE_xXWilling and able to undergo a biopsy of at least one metastatic site or primary prostate; adequate archival metastatic tissue can be used if available in lieu of a biopsy if done when patient had CRPC; fresh or archival tissue must be obtained within 6 months of treatment start\r\n* RB positive as determined by local lab immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing (performed per lab manual) and if available, ship 10 slide (5 micron thickness) or alternatively the tissue block to Thomas Jefferson University (TJU) and 1 hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slideXx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tumor tissue or a newly obtained biopsy must be available prior to the first dose of study drug for biomarker analysis. In the case archival tissue cannot be provided, participants with inaccessible tumors for biopsy specimens can be enrolled without a biopsy upon consultation and agreement by the sponsor Note: In case of submitting unstained cut slides, freshly cut slides should be submitted to the testing laboratory within 14 days from when the slides are cutXx_NEWLINE_xXFor patients with solid tumors, either archival tumor tissue must be available or patient must consent to undergo on-study tumor biopsy before administration of first doseXx_NEWLINE_xXFor the expansion portion of the study: patients must have tissue that is amenable to biopsy and must be willing to undergo research biopsy; patients who undergo an attempted research biopsy procedure for the purpose of this protocol, and in whom inadequate tissue is obtained, are not required to undergo a repeat biopsy in order to continue on protocolXx_NEWLINE_xXProvide adequate tissue (core or incisional/excisional biopsy) prior to starting study treatment; this tissue will be used for PD-L1 analysis; fresh tissue or archival tissue sample can be used; if adequate tissue cannot be safely obtained than the patient may still be enrolled on the trial after discussion with the study principal investigator as long as fine-needle aspiration (FNA) was done to confirm recurrent/second primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)Xx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tissue must be procured if availableXx_NEWLINE_xXFresh tumor tissue available for cellular characterization and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-L1) status.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAbility to provide adequate tissue sampleXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with recurrent diffuse intrinsic brain stem glioma (DIPG) that has an atypical presentation must also submit the tumor tissue for Rb1 protein status confirmation or provide previous testing results from a CLIA certified laboratory; patients who have been biopsied for atypical DIPG but do not have sufficient tissue for Rb1 screening are not eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXWilling to undergo core needle or incisional biopsy to obtain fresh tumor tissue specimensXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients for whom the clinical pathology report includes only IHC as 3+ (does not reflex to ISH) may enroll without written report of ISH determined HER2 copy number, provided the investigational site confirms that archival tissue is available.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHave PD-L1 expression level determined from the subject's archival tissue or fresh tumor specimenXx_NEWLINE_xXProvide tumor tissue sample.Xx_NEWLINE_xXWillingness to provide archival tumor samples; if sample is not available, a biopsy should be considered in patients with safely accessible disease; participants who undergo an attempted research biopsy procedure for the purpose of this protocol, and in whom inadequate tissue is obtained, are not required to undergo repeat biopsy in order to continue on protocolXx_NEWLINE_xXHas a tissue sample adequate for programmed death-ligand 1 (PDL1) testing as determined by central laboratory testing prior to study allocation.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of archival or fresh tumor specimen that is suitable for analysis. Acceptable samples must have been acquired using core needle biopsy or excisional biopsy. Samples that were acquired using fine needle aspiration are not acceptable.Xx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue sample is required within 6 months prior to study enrollment; tissue sample may be fresh (core needle, excisional, or incisional biopsy), or archival if obtained within 6 months prior to enrollment; if a tissue sample is available but it has been > 6 months and there has been no intervening therapy, the principal investigator may approve the sample after discussion; PD-L1 IHC testing will be performed on the tumor tissue, but positivity on the PD-L1 IHC testing is not required to enroll in the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXHave a safely biopsiable tumor lesion and be willing to undergo a pre-treatment and on-treatment core biopsy\r\n* Pretreatment tissue should be collected via core biopsy, ideally of a non-target lesion\r\n* Patients may not have intervening systemic anti-cancer therapy between the time of pre-treatment biopsy/resection and initiating study treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a tumor tissue form indicating availability of archived tissue from a previous surgery for glioblastoma, completed and signed by a pathologistXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable and adequate baseline tumor tissue sampleXx_NEWLINE_xXDose Escalation Cohort: archived tumor tissue or fresh tumor biopsy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXExpanded Cohort: archived tumor tissue and fresh tumor biopsy.Xx_NEWLINE_xX1 cm^3 of available tissue for N=5 patients for correlative tissue studies; patients can enroll regardless of their tissue availability being checked beforehand but at least 5 patients will need to have sufficient tissue by study accrual completion; tissue availability will be checked after patients are successfully enrolledXx_NEWLINE_xXAll subjects must have archival tissue confirmed as available for enrollment; subjects who are TKI naive who do not have archival tissue may undergo a fresh tumor biopsy in lieu of the archival tissue requirement; the archival tissue requirement may be waived for subjects after discussion with the principal investigatorXx_NEWLINE_xXMust be willing to undergo an incisional, excisional, or core needle lymph node or tissue biopsy or provide a lymph node or tissue biopsy from the most recent available archival tissue.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHave available archival tumor or be willing to undergo diagnostic biopsy at screening. Sample must be of suitable quality and quantity to satisfy group assignment and biomarker endpoints.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of a cancerous lesion amenable to biopsy and willing to undergo a pre-treatment biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXAgreement to allow the use of archival tissue from pre-ASCT tumor biopsies\r\n* If unavailable, exceptions may be granted with study principal investigator (PI) approvalXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants enrolling in the dose expansion must have tissue that is amenable to biopsy and be willing to undergo a fresh tissue biopsy at baseline; participants who undergo an attempted research biopsy procedure for the purpose of this protocol, and in whom inadequate tissue is obtained, are not required to undergo a repeat biopsy in order to continue on protocolXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who do not have available tissue for immunohistochemistry and nucleic acids analysesXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with inadequate tissue for analysisXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient has received at least one prior line of systemic therapy in the recurrent/metastatic setting; the study chair may grant exceptions to the mandatory biopsy should the treating physician deem that a biopsy is not feasible or unsafe for the patient, and archival tissue is available and provided for study purposes; a conversation with the study chair is required to obtain an exceptionXx_NEWLINE_xXFor participants enrolling the phase IIa part of the study, accessible tumor lesion(s) for the purpose of research biopsy and willingness to undergo a research biopsy before treatment initiation and at the time of disease progression, as well as a single research blood sample before initiation of therapy; participants who undergo an attempted on-treatment research biopsy and in whom inadequate tissue is obtained are still eligible to receive protocol therapy; they will not be required to undergo a repeat research biopsy attemptXx_NEWLINE_xXFor participants enrolling the phase Ib part of the study, willingness to provide archival tumor samples when availableXx_NEWLINE_xXWilling to provide a tumor sample via biopsy from a metastatic site of disease to be collected at screening if safe and feasible per treating investigator discretion; adequate archival metastatic tissue can be used if available in lieu of baseline biopsy if done when patient had CRPCXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who are willing and able to comply with the protocol and study procedures including willingness to undergo tumor biopsy for tumor cells before therapy to assess for CD30 status (unless archival tumor tissue from orchiectomy or other previous sample is not obtainable despite efforts to do so and a fresh tumor biopsy is not feasible)Xx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tissue block or unstained slides (from primary or metastatic site) must be available, otherwise fresh tissue biopsy sample will be collected for patients with accessible tumorsXx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients should submit an archival tumor biopsy specimen (collected at diagnosis or relapse); patients who have no tumor tissue available may be permitted to participate after discussion with the principal investigatorXx_NEWLINE_xXKnown mutation of Rb in tumor tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects have archival tumor tissue available or are willing to undergo a baseline biopsy prior to treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPhase II subjects must be willing to provide a tissue biopsy prior to registration if archived HCC tumor tissue is not available for correlative studiesXx_NEWLINE_xXTissue blocks or slides must be sent if available, for patients who consent for the optional correlative pathology studies, with the exception of intrinsic brain stem tumors, optic pathway gliomas, or subjects with pineal tumors; for consenting patients, if tissue blocks or slides are unavailable, the study chair must be notified prior to study enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXCan provide either a newly obtained or archival tumor tissue sample for intra-tumoral immune-related testing and for anti-programmed cell death (PD)-1Xx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have accessible tumors and consent to repeated biopsy for performance of correlative tissue studiesXx_NEWLINE_xXA biopsy of the tumor tissue obtained at anytime from the initial diagnosis to study entry. Although a fresh biopsy obtained during screening is preferred, archival tumor specimen is acceptable if it is not feasible to obtain a fresh biopsy. For Part 1B and Part 2B, any archival tumor specimen must have been obtained within 3 months of starting study drug.Xx_NEWLINE_xXWilling to provide a tumor sample via biopsy from a metastatic site of disease to be collected at screening if safe and feasible per discretion of treating investigator; adequate archival metastatic tissue can be used, if available, in lieu of baseline biopsy if done when patient had CRPC; patients without a site amenable to biopsy and lack of archival tissue may still join the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of a tumor tissue specimen. If no archived tumor tissue is available, then a de novo biopsy is required for patient participation.Xx_NEWLINE_xXFor Part 1 only: subjects with a positive T790M mutation are preferred, but not required. Confirmation of T790M mutation status will be determined from an archived tumor tissue sample or fresh tumor tissue sample obtained via biopsy if archived tissue is not available. In Part 2, subjects must have a confirmed, positive T790M EGFR mutation (acquired T790M EGFR mutation or \de novo\ T790M EGFR mutation).Xx_NEWLINE_xXWilling to provide archival or fresh tumor biopsy at Screening and Week 10Xx_NEWLINE_xXFor subjects with melanoma, archived or freshly biopsied tumor tissue (preferred) must be obtained prior to enrollment; tissue shipment tracking information should be provided before administration of study treatment is initiated; however, if shipping will be delayed and tissue shipment tracking information is unavailable, study drug may be administered prior to tissue receipt pending discussion with principal investigatorXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of diagnostic tumor tissue specimens for correlative studiesXx_NEWLINE_xXPrior to initiation of study agents, study participants will be highly encouraged to undergo a baseline research core biopsy of their breast tumor; if this is not possible or the patient refuses, the pre-treatment tumor sample must be obtained from their archival diagnostic core biopsy; if definitive surgery is not performed at day 21-27 after study treatment, a second post-treatment research core biopsy will need to be obtained from their breast tumor; for patients undergoing surgery, the second biopsy will be removed from the breast tumor tissue excised during their operation; Note: In the event that the baseline breast tumor biopsy performed for research purposes does not yield adequate tumor tissue for analysis of the primary and secondary endpoints, tissue will be requested from the patient's archival clinical diagnostic core biopsy if it is available; the patient will still remain on study and complete protocol therapy as planned in this unlikely eventXx_NEWLINE_xXBiopsy of a primary or metastatic lesion must have been performed within the past two years; sufficient pathologic material must be available to enable whole exome sequencing at the time of study entry; patients with biopsy samples older than 2 years must undergo a fresh tumor biopsy or should receive approval for enrollment from the principal investigatorXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have an adequate tumor tissue sample prior to enrollment available for correlative studies as defined below: core needle biopsy or incisional biopsy samples that can provide >= 5 unstained sections of 5 micron thickness; fine needle aspiration (FNA) sample alone is not sufficientXx_NEWLINE_xX>= 3 weeks from protocol tissue procurement since treatment (surgery, chemo-, radiation-, hormone- therapy, check point blockade [e.g., anti-CTLA-4, PD-1, PDL-1]); (windows are in relation to the date of the protocol tissue procurement)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable tumor tissue for biomarker analysisXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have archival tumor tissue available. Participants without archival tissue may be enrolled at the discretion of the principal investigatorXx_NEWLINE_xXHave evidence of homozygous loss of CDKN2A or MTAP in the subject's tumor tissue.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPHASE II: Tumor tissue for correlative studies is required for all patients except those with NF1 and LGG (stratum 2) unless surgery was performed prior to enrollment or any patient with optic pathway glioma (stratum 2 or 3), for whom tumor tissue is optionalXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must be able and willing to undergo a pre-treatment tumor tissue biopsy; participants must also be willing to undergo an on-treatment tumor tissue biopsy if clinically feasibleXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have a tumor tissue sample available (formalin-fixed paraffin embedded [FFPE] tissue block or unstained slides); may be newly obtained or obtained within 6 months prior to enrollment (without systemic therapy given after the sample was obtained); participants without sufficient archival tissue may be enrolled following successful completion of the pre-treatment tumor tissue biopsy; tissue must be a core needle biopsy, excisional, or incisional biopsy; fine needle aspirates (FNA) or malignant effusions are not adequate; bone biopsies without a soft tissue component are not adequateXx_NEWLINE_xXWillingness and availability to submit formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue for central confirmation of HER2 positivity and central assessment of PD-L1 status. This can be from archival tissue from unresectable loco-regional or metastatic disease obtained =< 1 year prior to enrollment or new tissue material from a recently obtained surgical or diagnostic biopsy. Tissue obtained for the biopsy must not have been previously irradiated. If a patient does not have any available archival tissue =< 1 year old and the treating investigator does not feel that it would be safe to perform a fresh biopsy, the requirement for a fresh biopsy may be waived after discussion with the Principal Investigator.Xx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue for mandatory pre-treatment and on-treatment biopsies.Xx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have biopsy tissue at time of diagnosis available for targeted next-generation sequencing; the testing does not have to be completed prior to study enrollment; biopsy can be performed at an outside institution as long as sufficient tissue is availableXx_NEWLINE_xXWilling to provide archived tissue for correlative studies. If no archived sample is available the patient will still be eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXWilling to provide blood and tissue from diagnostic biopsy and at the time of surgeryXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with tumor tissue uptake during NETSPOT PET that is equal to or higher than that in normal hepatic tissue (grade >= 2) will be eligible; at the discretion of the principal investigator, patients with SCLC whose tumors have lower levels of uptake than liver during NETSPOT PET may be eligible for the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXPHASE II INCLUSION CRITERIA: Patients with tumor tissue uptake during NETSPOT PET that is equal to or higher than that in normal hepatic tissue (grade >= 2) will be eligible; it is recommended that NETSPOT PET be obtained before initiation of chemotherapy, but NETSPOT PET obtained during or after completion of chemotherapy could be used for screening purposeXx_NEWLINE_xXConfirmed availability of tumor tissue blocks or freshly cut tissue slides for NaPi2b testing.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHCC (unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma) histopathological diagnosis confirmation based on tumor tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXAll subjects must agree to pre- and on-treatment tumor biopsies; subjects in whom biopsy is technically not feasible or in whom would result in unacceptable risk, in the opinion of the investigator, may be exempted from the biopsy requirement with discussion with the principal investigator; use of outside archived tumor tissue for a\r\nbaseline biopsy is not permittedXx_NEWLINE_xXSufficient tissue from diagnostic tumor/ lymph node biopsy (from within 2 months prior to ICF signature) must be available for translational research purposes or subject is willing to undergo core needle or incisional/ excisional biopsy during Screening.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPreviously obtained archival tumor tissue, or tissue obtained by endoscopically guided core biopsy at screeningXx_NEWLINE_xXIf a fresh tissue sample is provided, a blood sample is required.Xx_NEWLINE_xXENROLLMENT TO THE DOSE ESCALATION, EXPANSION AND PART II: The availability of archival tissue to evaluate retrospectively the participant’s retinoblastoma (Rb) status; the requirement is a minimum of 5 unstained slides with each tissue cut measuring 4 microns in width; ideally 15 slides will be requested; patients without available archival tissue may be enrolled at the discretion of the principal investigatorXx_NEWLINE_xXMust agree to provide tumor tissue sample, either from a previous surgery or biopsy within 6 months or fresh, prior to the start of treatment in this studyXx_NEWLINE_xXPart 2, Cohort 4, Any histologically-confirmed metastatic or unresectable solid tumor for which standard curative or palliative measures do not exist or are no longer effective. Must have accessible tumor tissue and be willing to undergo tumor tissue sampling (biopsies/aspirates) pre- and post-treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have biopsy tissue at time of diagnosis available for next-generation sequencing testing at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; biopsy can be performed at an outside institution as long as sufficient tissue is availableXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with leiomyosarcoma must have tumors with intact Rb as documented by protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for study entry; patients without sufficient archival tissue for testing will not be eligible; in the event that a patient has prior sequencing information (i.e. through commercial testing) suggestive of intact Rb, the patient may be included into the study on a case by case basis as determined by the principle investigators; the patient will still be required to submit tissue for Rb determination by IHC, but will not need to wait for these results for study entryXx_NEWLINE_xXAgreement to allow the use of archival tissue from diagnostic tumor biopsies will be retrieved and submitted post-enrollment \r\n* If unavailable, exceptions may be granted with study principal investigator (PI) approval.Xx_NEWLINE_xXWilling to provide archived tissue, if available, from a previous diagnostic biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have archival tumor tissue available; participants without archival tissue may be enrolled at the discretion of the principal investigatorXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have provided tumor tissue sample, as follows:Xx_NEWLINE_xXFor participants entering Ph1a: have submitted, if available, an archival tumor tissue sample.Xx_NEWLINE_xXBe willing to provide tissue from an archival tissue specimen in selected patients, where availableXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must agree to undergo a research biopsy, if tumor is safely accessible, at baseline; participants can be exempt if archival tumor tissue has been collected within 12 months of study enrollment that the principal investigator deems it appropriate/sufficient for analysis on this protocol; biopsy of a lesion outside of the potential radiation treatment field is preferred to maintain consistency across cohortsXx_NEWLINE_xXMemorial Sloan Kettering (MSK) patient has tissue available from a previous biopsy for the evaluation of potential predictive biomarkers; if tissue is not available for MSK patient, a new tumor specimen will need to be obtained prior to the start of study treatment; if archived tissue is available, participating site patient will provide for the evaluation of potential predictive biomarkers; if tissue is not available for participating site patient, a new tumor specimen is optional prior to the start of study treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXConsent to provide an archival tumor tissue sample (if available) and to undergo baseline and on treatment tumor biopsies for pharmacodynamic biomarker analysisXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue from biopsy following progression on the most recent TKI available for mutation analysis; if tissue is inadequate for exploratory research testing, patient may enroll with permission of principal investigatorXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of an archival FFPE tissue specimen.Xx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tissue of tumors (slides or blocks [blocks preferred]) must be available for analysis; If tissue is not available, patients willing to undergo a pre-treatment biopsy may enrollXx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients with biopsy-accessible disease must be willing to undergo paired research biopsies; these biopsies will occur 5-48 hours after the cycle (C)1 day (D)1 cisplatin dose (i.e. C1D2 or C1D3) and 5-8 hours (hrs) (+/- 24 hrs) after the last dose of AZD1775 on C2D3; the exact timing of the biopsy relative to receipt of study treatment should be accurately recorded\r\n* Biopsies may be done with local anesthesia or intravenous conscious sedation, according to standard institutional guidelines\r\n* Research biopsies requiring general anesthesia are not allowed on this protocol unless a biopsy is being obtained simultaneously for clinical reasons, in the judgment of the patients’ treating physician\r\n* Patients who undergo an attempted on-treatment research biopsy and in whom inadequate tissue is obtained are still eligible to continue protocol therapy; they will not be required to undergo a repeat biopsy attempt\r\n* If dosing is delayed placing the biopsy outside of the allowable window, the biopsy should be rescheduled to be within the window; if not feasible, the biopsy should be obtained as close to within the window as possible\r\n* Fine needle aspirates (FNA) is not allowedXx_NEWLINE_xXTissue blocks or slides must be sent; if tissue blocks or slides are unavailable, the study chair must be notified prior to enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have archived tumor tissue from prior tumor biopsy or surgical resections available for submission that is sufficient to complete molecular profilingXx_NEWLINE_xXTissue blocks or slides must be sent; if tissue blocks or slides are unavailable, the study chair must be notified prior to enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of an archival or new pre-treatment tissue sample is required if molecular testing was not performed by Foundation Medicine. Any available tumor tissue sample can be submitted. The tissue sample must be submitted within 4 weeks after enrollment ErlotinibXx_NEWLINE_xXMolecular testing results from CLIA-certified laboratories (using tissue and/or blood) demonstrating BRAF V600 mutations a) For participants screened using a blood assay: obtain tissue-based testing result confirming study eligibility (within first 4 weeks after enrolment) VismodegibXx_NEWLINE_xXFor patients where molecular testing was not performed using Foundation Medicine, submission of an archival or new pretreatment tissue sample is mandatory. For patients where molecular testing was performed using Foundation Medicine, submission of an archival or new pretreatment tissue sample is required, if available. The tissue sample must be submitted within 4 weeks after enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXTissue from the initial diagnosis or recurrence must be made available for correlative testingXx_NEWLINE_xXTissue availability must be verified prior to registration; if tissue is unavailable, the study chair must be notified prior to enrollment; tissue blocks or slides will be sent to Dana Farber Cancer Institute; NF-1 patients, as well as those with optic pathway, including chiasmatic-hypothalamic lesions (with or without NF-1) are not required to have a biopsy; all others are, if deemed safe by their clinical team\r\n* Note: All patients who have tissue available must also have a pre-treatment blood sample collectedXx_NEWLINE_xXNewly obtained tumor tissue biopsy and archived tumor tissue, if available, must be collected for central pathology determination of LIV-1 expressionXx_NEWLINE_xXThe participant must be willing to undergo the three required research biopsies over the course of protocol therapy; participants who undergo an attempted research biopsy procedure for the purpose of this protocol, and in whom inadequate tissue is obtained, are not required to undergo a repeat biopsy in order to continue on protocolXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must consent to analysis on archival tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXThe subject is willing to undergo a core needle biopsy during screening and during Cycle 2, Study Week 5. Archival tumor samples are requested, but are not required for eligibility.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have adequate archival material from a previous biopsy to determine EGFR mutation status and Cripto-1 expression, or undergo a biopsy of fresh tissue of the primary cancer or a metastatic site in order to make these determinations, if archival material is not availableXx_NEWLINE_xXThe participant’s primary tumor is accessible to biopsy in the outpatient clinic setting and the participant is willing to have baseline and end of study (day 15-26) 4 mm punch biopsies of tumor and adjacent visually normal appearing tissue for biomarker analysis\r\n* If the participant has a biopsy-confirmed cancer, the baseline biopsy to collect tissue for biomarker analysis will be in addition to the pre-study diagnostic biopsy\r\n* If the participant is having surgical treatment, the end of study biopsies may be collected at the time of surgery unless surgery is delayed beyond day 26\r\n* If the participant is not having surgical treatment, the end of study biopsies will be collected prior to initiation of non-surgical treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants enrolled into Part 2 must have tumor tissue available for correlative studies. Fresh tumor biopsy is preferred. Archival tissue must meet the following criteria: archival sections within 4 months of sectioning that have been stored at 2 degree to 8 degree Celsius in the dark or archival tumor blocks within 5 years of collection. Participants without tissues meeting the aforementioned archived tissue criteria must undergo a fresh biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXDocumentation of BRAFv600 mutation-positive status in melanoma tumor tissue (archival or newly obtained) through use of a clinical mutation test approved by the local health authorityXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have tumor tissues from transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) that is within 120 days of registration and available for submission; tissue sample must be sufficient for IHC testing; that is, it must be sufficient tumor tissues for correlative science after pathologic diagnosis (i.e., enough tumor tissue to pass the staging criteria)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHas provided tumor tissue from locations not radiated prior to biopsy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient is able to provide tissue from diagnostic core biopsy of tumor lesion(s)\r\n* Notes:\r\n** 4 cores may be taken for lesions > 1.5 cm, otherwise 2 cores may be taken from recent biopsy\r\n** Patient can be registered, randomized, and start study treatment prior to specimen shipmentXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of an archival tumor tissue sample. If archival tumour tissue is not available, then tissue from a fresh biopsy can be used.Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects with a history of connective tissue disorders.Xx_NEWLINE_xXDisease that can be accessed by a bronchoscopic, surgical or percutaneous biopsy, eligible for biopsy from safety perspective, and agrees to biopsy prior to study; the pre-study biopsy can be waived if there is an archival biopsy specimen that was obtained after the most recent therapy or if the risks of biopsy are judged to be excessive by the study principal investigator (PI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tumor sample available; tissue from an fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is allowed but tumor tissue from a core needle biopsy is preferredXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have available tumor molecular profiling from Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-certified labs or have available archived tissue to be sent to such a laboratory in the context of this investigationXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue available if biopsy consent not provided, if no archival tumor tissue available and pt provides consent, pre-dose biopsy will be doneXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue receptive to Wnt signalling in biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXSubject’s archival prostate biopsy specimen is available, and subject consents to provide tissue for study endpoint analysis; the prostate biopsy slides or blocks must be available prior to starting any study treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must consent to the access, review and analysis of previous medical and cancer history, including tumor archival tissue (if available) and imaging data by the sponsor or a third party nominated by the sponsor.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPHASE I: Must be willing to provide tumor tissue biopsy samples (may be fresh or archival paraffin embedded) at baselineXx_NEWLINE_xXPHASE IB: Must be willing to provide tumor tissue biopsy samples (may be fresh or archival paraffin embedded) at baselineXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients enrolled in the escalation and expansion phases will be required to have archival tissue available for analysis.Xx_NEWLINE_xXINCLUSION CRITERIA FOR STRATUM C: Patients must have adequate pre-trial FFPE tumor material available and be willing to provide a blood sample for use in the genome wide sequencing studies; while tissue is required for genome-wide sequencing of tumor and germline samples, patients will be deemed eligible for the study with a minimum of approximately 10 unstained slides for the planned analysisXx_NEWLINE_xXLocally or centrally confirmed CEA expression in archival tumor tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXWillingness to undergo tumor biopsy if the patient does not have a known familial cancer syndrome (MEN1, VHL and NF1) or archival tissue availableXx_NEWLINE_xXTissue for correlative studies must be available (paraffinized or frozen), but confirmation at screening is not needed; archival tissue may be used instead of a fresh biopsy at baseline if it already existsXx_NEWLINE_xXDiagnostic primary tumor tissue must be available for ERCC1 stainingXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have tumor evidence of somatic genomic molecular alteration in EGFR, HER2, ERBB3, or ERBB4, from a test result generated in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-certified laboratory; the tumor tissue sample used to generate the qualifying report must be from a muscle-invasive or higher stage urinary tract cancer specimen (metastatic tissue is also acceptable); final determination about whether a specific tissue source or molecular genomic finding meets criteria as a qualifying result rests with the central study principal investigator (PI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with breast tumors that are AR+ (?10% staining by immunohisto-chemistry). Archived tumor tissue from a primary biopsy or metastatic lesion for centralized determination of AR expression is mandatory. If tissue is limited, the additional correlative testing is optional. If tissue is not available, a patient will not be eligible for enrollment into the study. Patients may enroll based on local laboratory AR assessment, but will need to submit tissue for confirmation at the central laboratory.Xx_NEWLINE_xXSurgical arm (Arm A) must be predicted pre-operatively to have sufficiently sized tumor to be resected and provide tissue samples for exploratory assessments.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease or evaluable disease for the escalation phase; for the 6 additional patients enrolled at maximum tolerated dose (MTD) for further evaluation of pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) endpoints (Expansion Arm A), for the 6-patient breast cancer gene (BRCA)-mutation expansion arm, patients must have measurable disease; however, tumor biopsies are optional; for Expansion Arm B, patients must have tumor amenable to biopsy (excisional or incision biopsies of skin or head and neck [H & N] lesions under visualization) and willingness to undergo a tumor biopsy or patient will be undergoing a procedure due to medical necessity during which the tissue may be collected, or tumor biopsy tissue from a previous research study or medical care is available for submission at registration; criteria for the submission of tissue are:\r\n* Tissue must have been collected within 3 months prior to registration\r\n* Patient has not received any intervening therapy for their cancer since the collection of the tumor sample\r\n* Tumor tissue must meet the minimum requirementsXx_NEWLINE_xXParts B2, B3 & B6 only: Must have adequate tumor tissue sample from archival biopsy available, or willingness to undergo a fresh tumor biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXMicrosatellite instability (MSI) phenotype of archival tissue biopsy determined by treating institution by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) assayXx_NEWLINE_xXAll pathologic diagnoses of subjects from all enrolling sites will be confirmed with tissue block review of previously obtained specimens by Scott VandenBerg, M.D., Ph.D; this will be done in order to assure uniformity in the above subtypes for these sometimes difficult to diagnose tumors; once consent is obtained, subjects’ tissue/slides and corresponding pathology report should be forwarded for central review at University of California at San Diego (UCSD)Xx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tissue block or unstained tumor tissue available for correlative studiesXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue from the resected site of disease must be provided for biomarker analyses; in order to be treated, a patient must have tissue available for PD-L1 expression analysis by immunohistochemistry (ICH) as determined by the New York University Langone Medical Center (NYULMC) Pathology lab; if insufficient tumor tissue content is provided for analysis, acquisition of additional archived tumor tissue (block and/or slides) for the biomarker analysis is requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have confirmation of folate receptor-a (FR-alpha) positivity by immunohistochemistry (IHC) (? 25% of tumor staining at ? 2 + intensity) on archival tissue or recent biopsy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be willing and able to undergo tissue biopsy for research\r\n* If tumor tissue obtained from the biopsy is deemed inadequate, and the patient is unwilling or unable to have another biopsy, the patient may be considered for enrollment if archival tumor tissue is provided and deemed of adequate quality; this must occur prior to any treatment with rucaparib or mirvetuximab soravtansine\r\n* If biopsy is deemed unsafe to attempt or to perform, and if archival tumor tissue is available and deemed of adequate quality, the patient may enroll on trial\r\n* Biopsy must be of solid tumor tissue; ascites is not acceptableXx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tumor samples must be available and sufficient for diagnostic and genetic testing; if archival sample insufficient for testing, subject must have lesions amenable to biopsy and be willing to undergo biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXBe willing to provide a tissue sample for pre-treatment intra-tumoral assessment of proinflammatory and immunosuppressive factors;Xx_NEWLINE_xXHave pre-resection tissue (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy [EGD] or EUS biopsy from the diagnosis) availableXx_NEWLINE_xXAgreement to access archival tissue or agreement for tumor biopsy prior to treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tissue for PD-L1 staining (alternatively a new biopsy [core] at baseline can be used); a minimum of 10 slides is required (unless approval from the principal investigator [PI] is obtained)Xx_NEWLINE_xXInsufficient tissue on diagnostic core breast biopsy for analysisXx_NEWLINE_xXOther bone and soft tissue sarcomas cohort only: Subjects with other soft tissue sarcomas who have received at least one line of therapy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAll subjects must have adequate archival tissue available prior to registration (i.e., at least 15 unstained slides or paraffin block). Archival tissue should represent invasive or metastatic urothelial cancer with a preference for metastatic tissue if available. Subjects without adequate tissue may be considered on a case by case basis after discussion with the sponsor-investigator.Xx_NEWLINE_xXUntreated/pretreatment archival tumor tissue must be available for correlative analysesXx_NEWLINE_xXConsent to provide mandatory paired tissue biopsies, obtained within 6 weeks prior to the first study dose of CORT125281 and/or enzalutamide and at Cycle 2 Day 1 (soft tissue biopsy is preferred, when possible)Xx_NEWLINE_xXArchival sample or fresh biopsy or tumor effusion must be available for confirmation of diagnosisXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable primary tumor tissue for CMS4 biomarker assessment.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must consent to a research biopsy of tumor tissue at baseline, for conduct of correlative studies; in cases where a fresh biopsy is not feasible (i.e., if an accessible site cannot be biopsied with acceptable clinical risk), archival tissue may be submitted instead, after discussion with and approval by the principal investigatorXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects are to have tumor tissue sample available at central lab for PD -L1 immunohistochemical (IHC) testing during the screening period; subjects can initiate therapy before the result of IHC testing; the tumor tissue sample must be a core needle biopsy, excisional or incisional biopsy; it may be fresh or archival if obtained within 6 months prior to enrollment, and there can have been no systemic therapy (e.g., adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy) given after the sample was obtainedXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must be willing to undergo 2 sets of core needle biopsies (pre-treatment and at 6-8 weeks on therapy) if there are lesions amenable to biopsy; subjects without a lesion amendable to biopsy will still be permitted to enroll provided they have an archival tumor sample for PD-L1 IHC testing; an optional core biopsy will be requested at progression (Stage 2 only)Xx_NEWLINE_xXArm A: Patients with glioma who are positive for the H3 K27M mutation (positive testing in CLIA laboratory) and have completed at least one line of prior therapy. Evidence of progression is not required so that ONC201 may be administered to patients in the maintenance setting or to patients with recurrent disease. No more than two prior episodes of recurrence from radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy are allowed. Use of bevacizumab solely for treatment of radiation necrosis, pseudoprogression, or treatment effect will not be considered a recurrence. Post-mortem biopsy is required if H3 K27M status of tumor is unknown and archival tumor tissue not available. Arm B: Patients with newly diagnosed diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), defined as tumors with a pontine epicenter and diffuse involvement of the pons, are eligible with or without histologic confirmation. Post-mortem biopsy is required if H3 K27M status of tumor is unknown and archival tumor tissue not available.Xx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tumor specimen: All subjects in Arm A must submit at least 5 unstained slides from a tumor specimen that harbors H3 K27M mutation. For subjects in Arm B, at least 5 unstained slides must be submitted if archival tissue is available from the DIPG. For subjects in any arm, if no archival tumor tissue is available, or if H3 K27M status of tumor is unknown, then subjects must agree to submit a post-mortem biopsy specimen.Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must consent to provide archival tumor tissue (initial and subsequent tumor biopsy samples, if possible) for correlative biomarker studiesXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have available and be willing to provide formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue sample from archival tissue (patients who can’t provide archival tissue will be offered an optional biopsy; lack of tissue will not be exclusionary)Xx_NEWLINE_xXTissue specimen available for B7-H3 and PD-L1 expression testingXx_NEWLINE_xXConsents to provide tumor tissue sample for the measurement of recent TROP2 levels by immunohistochemistry, which means archived sample following last treatment or pre-DS1062a treatment biopsy (there is no minimum TROP2 expression level required for inclusion)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMust have a tumor lesion safely accessible for biopsy per the investigator’s discretion; while a soft tissue metastasis is preferred for a biopsy, a bone metastasis is allowed for biopsy as long as enough cores can be obtained; a biopsied lesion cannot be used for target lesion for response assessmentXx_NEWLINE_xXDLL3-expressing malignancy based on central immunohistochemical (IHC) testing of representative baseline tumor tissue (archived tissue or on-study biopsy). Positive is defined as staining in ? 1% of tumor cells.Xx_NEWLINE_xXOvarian Expansion Cohort: Subjects must have tumor tissue positive (IHC H-score ?150) for Nectin-4 expressionXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have provided adequate tissue per the following: Nephrectomy only: tissue from nephrectomy (required); Synchronous M1 NED: tissue from nephrectomy (required) AND, metastasectomy tissue (if available); Metachronous M1 NED: tissue from metastasectomy (required) AND, nephrectomy tissue (if available).Xx_NEWLINE_xXHave tumor tissue for PD L1 expression testing, and for oropharyngeal cancer have results from testing of HPV p16 status.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAgreement to provide mandatory archival tissue or fresh biopsy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of archival tumor biopsy sample or willing to provide fresh biopsy if not available.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a tumor tissue form indicating availability of archived tissue from initial resection at diagnosis of glioblastoma completed and signed by a pathologist; availability of tissue is not a requirement for study participationXx_NEWLINE_xXFresh or archived tumor tissue sample available for target expression analysis. [Phase 1b only: Subjects' tumor tissue must test positive for target expression.]Xx_NEWLINE_xXAdequate archival tissue from a biopsy performed after progression of disease on previous EGFR TKI; or willing to undergo a new tumor biopsy prior to registration (for the dose escalation portion only this requirement can be waived if T790M status has already been determined using a local assay)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPHASE II: Tumor tissue for correlative studies is required for all patients except those with NF1 and LGG (stratum 2) or any patient with optic pathway glioma (stratum 2 or 3), for whom tumor tissue is optionalXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with sporadic (non NF-1 associated), histologically diagnosed progressive, recurrent or refractory non-optic pathway pilocytic astrocytoma who have pre- treatment tumor tissue available for BRAF analysisXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with progressive, recurrent or refractory optic pathway glioma, with or without pre-treatment tumor tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXHave archival tissue where availableXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor sample must be available for PD-L1 testing; archival tissue within 3 months of study enrollment will be used; if archival tissue is unavailable, a fresh biopsy will be takenXx_NEWLINE_xXAgreement to provide archival primary or metastatic tumor tissue if availableXx_NEWLINE_xXConsent to participate in the correlative studies and should have available tumor tissue for tumor biopsies; acceptable biopsies include surgical biopsy, core biopsy or punch/surgical tumor biopsies (of accessible lesions)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMandatory tumor tissue must be submittedXx_NEWLINE_xXBe willing to participate in the collection of blood and tissue for banking and future correlative studies.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAn EGFR sensitizing mutation must be detected in tumor tissue; specifically, patients harboring the most common mutations, deletions in exon 19 or the L858R mutation in exon 21 are eligible; other EGFR sensitizing mutations may be eligible after discussion with the principal investigator; patients may be enrolled in the study based on an activating EGFR mutation detected by a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act (CLIA) certified tissue or plasma-based assay, but will be required to undergo a mandatory tumor biopsy during study screeningXx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tissue from a previous biopsy will be requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must agree to tissue collection for correlative studies at the specified timepoints.Xx_NEWLINE_xXFor the Western safety cohort only: willingness to undergo serial skin tissue biopsies.Xx_NEWLINE_xXA formalin fixed tissue block or at least 15 slides of tumor sample (archival or fresh) must be available for performance of correlative studies; NOTE: Patient must be willing to have a pre-treatment tumor biopsy if adequate archival tissue is not availableXx_NEWLINE_xXIs willing to provide archival tumor tissue from a biopsy performed within 6 months of progression during treatment with erlotinib, gefitinib, or afatinib OR has at least one lesion, not previously irradiated, amenable to core biopsy and is willing to undergo screening tumor biopsy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAdequate tumor tissue (archival or fresh) must be available for correlative studies\r\n* NOTE: Tumor tissue may be from any previously collected tissue and adequacy is at the discretion of the Principal Investigator; if prior tissue is not available, patient must be willing to undergo baseline tumor biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXBe willing to consider providing fresh tissue for biomarker analysis, and, based on the adequacy of the tissue sample quality, for assessment of biomarker status. Repeat samples may be required if adequate tissue is not provided. Newly obtained biopsy specimens are preferred to archived samples and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded block specimens are preferred to slides. Note: Information on 1 tumor biopsy sample is mandatory and is as follows: (1) To determine eligibility, historical (diagnostic) tumor biopsy official pathology report +/- an archival sample. Additional biopsy samples, preferably obtained from the same localized region, are highly desirable when feasible at the following time points: (2) Sample before the first dose of study treatment, (3) Sample after completion of Cycle 2 but before the start of Cycle 3 dosing, and (4) Sample either at the time of response or at the End of Study Visit (if no response).Xx_NEWLINE_xXInstitutional confirmation of pathology on core biopsy (not cytology or fine needle aspiration) or laparoscopic biopsy performed at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) with sufficient tissue for analysis, and willingness to undergo repeat biopsy if diagnostic biopsy was performed at an outside hospitalXx_NEWLINE_xXAdequate archival tissue (metastatic tissue sample is preferable but primary tumor tissue will be acceptable) or willing to undergo pre-treatment biopsy (for central confirmation of molecular alteration and PTEN immunohistochemical assessment) if adequate archival tissue is unavailableXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of archival tumor tissue from the thyroid cancer primary or metastasis (a tissue block or a minimum of 30 unstained slides would be required; patients with less archival tissue available may still be eligible for the study after discussion with the Memorial Sloan-Kettering [MSK] principal investigator)Xx_NEWLINE_xXThe subject must have an archived tissue sample such as a prior surgical sample or biopsy sample that is adequate for testingXx_NEWLINE_xXBe willing to provide archival tissue (if available) for correlative studies\r\n* Note: The archived tumor tissue specimens may be from metastatic tumor specimen (first choice); in alternative, we can consider tissue from prior surgery or from prior diagnostic biopsy (second choice); unavailability of archived tissue will not render subject ineligible for studyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with breast tissue expanders must have those removed before enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically confirmed, metastatic or unresectable neuroendocrine carcinoma of non-pulmonary origin, high grade as indicated by Ki-67 > 20% and/or > 20 mitoses/10 hpf; patients must have existing Ki67 results from archival tissue or available tissue for Ki-67 testing; if no archival tissue is available the subject must agree to a fresh biopsy for testing to qualify for the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXProvision of suitable tumor tissue for the analysis of Axl kinase expression and PD-L1 expression.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable tumor tissue for pathologic review and correlative studies; tumor tissue (localized or metastatic) does not need to be received but rather identified and available (slides and/or blocks) to be sent to DukeXx_NEWLINE_xXHave archived tissue available or be willing to undergo a fresh biopsy during screening, if deemed feasible by the investigator/study principle investigator (PI); if neither available, the patients enrollment must be reviewed and approved by the PIXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must agree to allow use of any pre-treatment tissue remaining after definitive diagnosis is made (ie, archival and or fresh tissue) for research purposes; in addition, subjects must consent to allow use of their residual post-operative tissue for research purposesXx_NEWLINE_xXSTUDY TREATMENT: Tumor tissue from the most recently resected site of disease (preferable) or from the transurethral resection that yielded the initial muscle invasive diagnosis must be provided for biomarker correlative analyses; enrollment is permitted if adequate archived tissue is unavailableXx_NEWLINE_xXConfirmed availability of representative archival tumor specimens in paraffin blocks (preferred) or >= 10 unstained slides, with an associated pathology report\r\n* Acceptable samples include core needle biopsies for deep tumor tissue or excisional, incisional, or punch biopsies for cutaneous, subcutaneous, or mucosal lesions\r\n* Tumor tissue from bone metastases is not evaluable for PD-L1 expression and is therefore not acceptable\r\n* A subject with insufficient or unavailable archival tissue may be eligible, upon discussion with the principal investigator, if the subject is willing to consent to undergo a pretreatment core, punch, or excisional/incisional biopsy sample collection of the tumorXx_NEWLINE_xXSoft tissue disease progression as defined by RECIST 1.1.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable tissue from prior biopsy (minimum of 10 unstained slides), or willing to undergo core biopsy to obtain tumor material. Biopsy will be mandatory for patients with recurrent diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXEvaluable untreated tumor tissue for biomarker analysis (25 unstained slides or FFPE tissue block); subjects with < 25 slides may be enrolled after discussion with the sponsor-investigator or co-investigator; untreated tumor tissue is defined as no intervening intravesical or systemic therapy since acquisition; subjects without tissue available must be willing and safe to undergo biopsy repeat biopsy (core needle or excisional) prior to enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have histologically or cytologically confirmed malignant pleural mesothelioma; for phase 2 of this study only, the malignant tissue must show moderate or stronger mesothelin expression in 30% of tumor cells by a companion assay for the patient to be eligible for and registered to the study; for patients in pre-registration for phase 2, submit slides or a tissue block from an archived tissue sample or a fresh tissue sample from biopsy if archived tissue is not available to the central lab for the mesothelin expression assay; central review of pathology will not be performedXx_NEWLINE_xXConsent for use of available archived tissue and tumor obtained during a standard procedure, for research purposesXx_NEWLINE_xXSubject willing to undergo biopsy prior to treatment with investigational therapy for fresh tissue immune cell analysis and would consider biopsy at disease progression (progression biopsy is not mandated); biopsy should be obtained with core needle; fine needle aspirates are not sufficient; if prior archival tissue is available, it should be submittedXx_NEWLINE_xXRetroperitoneal soft tissue sarcomasXx_NEWLINE_xXEvaluable tumor tissue (archived or new biopsy) must be available for pre-treatment biomarker analysis and baseline immune monitoring studiesXx_NEWLINE_xX(For Cohort A) - Archived tissue available at pre-screening to confirm FR alpha+ breast cancerXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable archived tissue biopsies will be provided for correlative studiesXx_NEWLINE_xXInability to obtain Foundation One testing on archival tissue, or, lack of previous next generation sequencingXx_NEWLINE_xXTissue available for analysis at time of enrollment for biomarker analysis (may be obtained via biopsy prior to initiation of treatment, or submission of available archival tissue: 10-15 slides, or 5 slides with 3 sections per slideXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have a history scleroderma or other active connective tissue diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXMust agree to a fresh core or excisional biopsy from a metastatic site within a 12-week window prior to enrollment; if such a biopsy is already available, cell blocks must be provided; (Note: fine needle aspiration [FNA] and bone metastases samples are not acceptable for submission); specimens from the nephrectomy and fresh biopsy must be received and assessed for adequacy of tissue by the Data Coordinating Center (DCC) (University of Southern California [USC]) prior to randomizationXx_NEWLINE_xXPhase 2: archival tumor tissue or be willing to provide a pre-treatment biopsy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must agree to pre-treament and on-treatment biopsies\r\n* Patients that have available tissue that fulfills the pre-treatment biopsy requirement or other deviations in terms of the tissue requirement, may not need a fresh biopsy at baseline if discussed and approved by the medical monitorXx_NEWLINE_xXPositivity on CD44 assay as defined by strong (+++) or moderate (++) staining in 20% or more of the tumor tissue/stroma as obtained by biopsy or paracentesisXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue from the core biopsy or resected site of disease must be provided for biomarker analysesXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must have at least 1 injectable cutaneous, subcutaneous soft tissue or nodal lesion >= 10 mm in longest diameter; of note, bone lesions are not eligible for injection unless there is a soft tissue component that is amenable to injection; injectable lesions must not be chosen from a previously irradiated field unless there has been radiographically and/or pathologically documented tumor progression in that lesion prior to enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXAgrees to provide available archived tumor tissue specimen; (patients who do not have available archived tumor must agree to have core or excisional biopsy of a tumor lesion obtained up to 42 days prior to the first dose of study drug, if safely accessible; if archived tissue is not available and the tumor is not amenable to safe biopsy, subject is still eligible to participate)Xx_NEWLINE_xXTumor blocks available from previous surgery/biopsy, or if not available, patients willing to have biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have a confirmed diagnosis of metastatic melanoma (cutaneous, acral-lentiginous, uveal and mucosal in origin), based on histological analysis of metastatic tissue and/or cancer cells, archival tissue permittedXx_NEWLINE_xXPRE-SCREENING: Availability of archival or fresh tissue for testing of mesothelin expression level\r\n* Note: archival tissue is preferred and fresh biopsy should only be obtained if no archival tissue is available and if in the investigator’s judgement, there is no additional risk for the patient’s safety; patients with a sarcomatoid histology are not expected to have mesothelin overexpression and should not enter prescreeningXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of archival or freshly collected tumor tissue before study enrolmentXx_NEWLINE_xXAgreement to provide mandatory archival tissue or fresh biopsy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHave CMV tissue invasive disease as assessed by the investigator at the time of screening and randomization at Visit 2/Day 0.Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubject must consent to provide previously collected tumor tissue and a tumor biopsy during screening.Xx_NEWLINE_xXArchived tumor biopsy tissue available from the last relapse and corresponding pathology report available or, if at least one tumor-involved site is deemed accessible at time of screening, willing to undergo pre-treatment biopsy (excisional when possible) for disease confirmation. If a subject has never had a complete response, a sample from the most recent biopsy is acceptable.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of archival tissue for correlative analysisXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have disease amenable to biopsy and must agree to have one baseline biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXAble to provide an archival tumor tissue sample if no anticancer therapy was administered since the sample was collected; otherwise, a fresh tumor tissue sample is required prior to the first dose of study drug.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAgree to undergo a biopsy of at least one metastatic site (fresh biopsy of primary prostate only allowed if there is clear local disease and no other measurable disease site or biopsiable bone lesion) to determine DNA repair defects; however:\r\n* Adequate archival metastatic or primary disease tumor tissue can be used if available in lieu of a new biopsy; these patients will only be eligible for protocol therapy if the biopsy has tumor that is positive for DNA repair defects\r\n* Patients with known DNA damage repair defects based on prior appropriately validated metastatic or prostate tissue analysis may be used in lieu of new biopsy/analysis based on central site evaluation of quality of the biopsy and analysis\r\n* Patients with known germline DNA repair defects are eligible without a biopsy; however it will be highly desirable that they undergo a metastatic (or fresh prostate biopsy if there is clear local disease and no other measurable disease site or biopsiable bone lesion) disease biopsy to better define the scope of the DNA repair defects in the current disease contextXx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tumor tissue from diagnosis or, preferably, at relapseXx_NEWLINE_xXIf no archive tissue is available, the subject may elect to have a biopsy performed to obtain tissue.Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubject's tumor (either an archival specimen or a fresh biopsy if archival tissue is unavailable) has been pathologically reviewed by a designated central laboratory confirming MAGE-A10 expression.Xx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tumor tissue retinoblastoma-associated protein (pRb) positive by immunohistochemistry (IHC)Xx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tissue (paraffin block[s] or unstained slides from paraffin block[s]) from the primary tumor and/or a metastatic site judged reasonably available prior to initiating treatment, or willingness to undergo fresh pre-treatment tumor biopsy; (prior to initiating treatment, the screening team must have documentation that an archival or fresh tumor specimen has been requested from a local or outside facility; however, physical possession of requested tissue or waiting for histological analysis or confirmation that an acquired specimen contains tumor tissue sufficient for analysis is not a requirement prior to initiating treatment); if no archival tissue is available and patient consents to a fresh biopsy, but the patient’s lesion is deemed inaccessible to safe biopsy, the patient will be allowed to enroll if otherwise eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXAn archived tissue block with the subject’s renal cell carcinoma must be identified prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXBe willing to provide archival tissue from a tumor lesion or obtain a new biopsy if tissue unavailableXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor must have dysregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway; for the purposes of this study, patients must have either PTEN protein or genomic loss, or PIK3CA/PTEN mutation; patients must be willing to provide sufficient archival tissue; if this is not available fresh tumor for biopsy is required; in the event that a patient has had tumor analyzed for PTEN/PIK3CA status through commercial means, their eligibility and need for additional tissue will be determined on a case by case basis by the principal investigatorXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must be able to provide tissue from 2-3 separate biopsy procedures that will be completed throughout the course of the study; day 1 biopsy: required only if a pre-study biopsy is not available or if a subject has received prior radiation at a tumor site and will be re-radiated at that tumor site as part of the proposed study; the pre-study biopsy may be obtained up to 6 weeks prior to initiation of treatment on day 1; there should be no intervening treatment in between the pre-study biopsy and day 1; day 22 biopsy: required; day 43 biopsy: requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of KRAS or BRAF mutation in tumor tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXBe willing to provide tissue from a newly obtained or archival tissue, if availableXx_NEWLINE_xXWilling to donate tissue to research from the surgical specimenXx_NEWLINE_xXPhase II only: participant agrees to provide tumor biopsy tissue before treatment, blood samples at the start of treatment and at multiple times during the study and, a tumor biopsy at the end of the trial or after disease progressionXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor available for fresh biopsy (two biopsies – pretreatment as regards enzalutamide, and during treatment at 4 weeks); the patient will be asked if they would be willing to provide a third biopsy at time of progressionXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have archival tissue available for PD-L1 assessmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPhase II archived tissue collection: will be requested when available, but is not mandatory for inclusionXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue must be available for review to confirm histological diagnosisXx_NEWLINE_xXHaving archival paraffin tissue is ideal for the correlative study but it is not mandatoryXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of a diagnostic or pre-chemotherapy tissue biopsy is required (cytologic specimens or bone biopsies not accepted); this biopsy must be within 6 weeks of starting initial therapy; a minimum of 20 5um slides or block is requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXFor the neoadjuvant cohort, patients must have histopathological documentation of adenocarcinoma of the prostate prior to starting this study and evaluable biopsy tissue (e.g., unstained slides or blocks) available for analysis; if evaluable tissue is not available, the patient must agree to undergo a pre-vaccination prostate biopsy on study; for the CRPC lead in cohort, if histopathological documentation is unavailable, a rising PSA and a clinical course consistent with prostate cancer would be acceptableXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable tissue to perform protein and genomic analysisXx_NEWLINE_xXAdequate archival tissue (10-15 slides, or 5 slides with 3 sections per slide) for biomarker analysisXx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tissue from diagnostic/core biopsy must be available; patients who had a biopsy at an outside institution are eligible as long as it is confirmed that an archival tumor specimen, with an associated pathology report, is availableXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have confirmed availability of archival or freshly biopsied tumor tissue meeting protocol-defined specifications prior to study enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tumor tissue slides must be sent or availableXx_NEWLINE_xXBe willing to allow use of archival tissue from second-look surgery and primary surgery or biopsy for use in this studyXx_NEWLINE_xXAdequate archival tissue must be available from the prior 3 months to signing consent; if not, an adequate tumor specimen obtained by either excisional biopsy, incisional biopsy or core needle biopsy must be sent to the central pathology lab for evaluation; the material must measure at least 0.8 x 0.1 cm in size or contain at least 100 tumor cellsXx_NEWLINE_xXHave provided tissue for PD-L1 biomarker analysis from a newly obtained formalin fixed tumor tissue from a biopsy of a tumor lesion not previously irradiated; the tissue sample must be received and evaluated by the study site prior to start of treatment; fine needle aspirates are not acceptable; needle or excisional biopsies, or resected tissue is requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXTissue available (archived or fresh tumor biopsy) for the PD-L1 assayXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a pre-treatment tumor specimen available for correlative studies, either core needle biopsy or equivalent amount or via excisional specimen (cytology specimen not acceptable for this purpose); if an archival specimen is to be used then no interceding anticancer therapy (systemic therapy or radiation to the biopsied lesion) should have been administered since that specimen was obtained; patients with no available archived specimen must be willing to undergo a pre-treatment tumor biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXSufficient baseline tumor tissue available to perform tumor infiltrating CD8+ T-cell density assessment; (NOTE: The actual CD8+ T-cell density assessment does not need to be performed prior to registration, however the slides must be reviewed prior to registration to ensure that adequate tissue will be available for the pre-treatment tumor infiltrating CD8+ T-cell density assessment)Xx_NEWLINE_xXFresh or archived colorectal cancer tissue, preferably from a hepatic metastatic site; archival tissue is acceptable for enrollment into this study; subjects who have no archival tissue available do not need to undergo a new biopsy solely for the purpose of this studyXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must provide archived tumor specimens for correlative biomarker studies if sufficient tissue is available; a fresh biopsy is not requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXWilling to provide consent for an additional tissue biopsy for research purposes, to allow a part of their surgical tumor tissue to be utilized for research (in case tumor tissue has not already been saved in the tumor tissue bank), and to donate samples of blood and saliva collected weekly through the treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must consent to provide archived tumor specimens for correlative biomarker studies; tumor tissue must be identified and availability confirmed prior to initiation of study therapy; in the setting where archival material is unavailable or unsuitable for use, or there have been multiple intervening therapies subjects must consent and undergo fresh tumor biopsy; a tumor lesion planned for biopsy must not be an irRECIST target lesion unless there are no other lesions suitable for biopsy and lesion used for biopsy is >= 2 cm in longest diameterXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have tissue resected by transurethral resection of bladder tissue (TURBT) at the MD Anderson Cancer CenterXx_NEWLINE_xXArchival sample or fresh biopsy or tumor effusion must be available for confirmation of diagnosisXx_NEWLINE_xXHave submitted a tumor tissue sample, as follows:Xx_NEWLINE_xXFor participants entering the Phase 1a dose escalation: have submitted, if available, the most recent archival tumor tissue sample.Xx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tumor tissue must be available for enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have neuroblastoma lesion(s) amenable to non-significant risk biopsy for next generation sequencing (NGS) profiling at Foundation Medicine; biopsies of the brain; lung/mediastinum; pancreas; endoscopic procedures extending beyond the lung, stomach, or bowel; or other significant risk biopsies will not be performed as part of this study; if a subject has tumor tissue archived from a previous biopsy, that tissue may be sent to Foundation Medicine for NGS and an additional biopsy will not be requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXThe patient must consent to a research biopsy at baseline, and during week 2 of cisplatin-IMRT; all patients will be evaluated for the feasibility of research biopsy at the time of enrollment, as a condition of eligibility; the performing physician must agree that a cup forceps biopsy or an 18 to 14 gauge core needle biopsy can be safely performed; every effort will be made to couple the baseline research biopsy to a standard of care diagnostic or staging procedure; NOTE: patients who have had research tissue procured under an omnibus tissue consent, who are determined to have sufficient fresh, fresh-frozen, and paraffin tissue for analysis of immune-inflammatory biomarkers per the translational science co-chair, may substitute the archived tissue and do not need to undergo baseline research biopsy; such tissue must have been obtained within the prior 24 weeks and no interval anti-cancer therapy administeredXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable metastatic cancer that expresses NY ESO-1 as assessed by one of the following methods: reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on tumor tissue, or by immunohistochemistry of resected tissue, or serum antibody reactive with ESOXx_NEWLINE_xXUROTHELIAL CARCINOMA EXPANSION COHORT: Willingness to release archival tissue sample for research purposes, if availableXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be willing to undergo a biopsy of the cancerous tissue if one was not taken within the previous year, prior to drug initiation if tumor block is not available; biopsy must be done within 14 days of first planned drug doseXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipant must have archived tumor tissue available from initial diagnosis or subsequent relapse(s) of Grade IV GBM for submission for central review at Investigational sites local laboratories.Xx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tissue samples and/or fresh tumor biopsy samples:Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects should agree to provide archival and/or fresh tumor biopsy samplesXx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tumor samples should be collected for all enrolled subjects; if archival tissue samples are not available, a recent core needle biopsy should be collectedXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients at Washington University must be enrolled in HRPO# 201011766 (“Tissue Acquisition for Analysis of Genetic Progression Factors in Hematologic Diseases”); this is not a requirement for secondary sites; however, secondary sites must provide informed consent forms that document that permission for whole genome, whole exome, and/or genome wide sequencing, and data sharing among institutions, was obtained; because the study will also be sequencing non-diseased (normal) tissue, the informed consent forms must explicitly ask if patients wish to be informed, (or in the case of their death, their next-of-kin) if a deleterious mutation is identified in their non-diseased tissue, as this may be heritableXx_NEWLINE_xXBe willing to undergo tissue biopsies as mandatory as per protocol for patients with biopsy accessible diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXDose Escalation: Able and willing to give valid written consent to undergo a new tumour biopsy (prior to study treatment) or to provide an available archival tumour sample if taken <3 years prior to enrolment if a new tumour biopsy is not feasible with an acceptable clinical risk.Xx_NEWLINE_xXCohort Expansion: Able and willing to give valid written consent to undergo a new tumour biopsy (prior to study treatment). Able and willing to undergo a second tumour biopsy on treatment. Where possible, tumour lesions used for new biopsies should not be the same lesions used as RECIST target lesions, unless there are no other lesions suitable for biopsy. Archival samples may be required if there is inadequate tissue in the biopsy specimen.Xx_NEWLINE_xXCentral pathology review to determine evaluability of archived esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)/biopsy sample\r\n* NOTE: If archived sample was collected > 8 weeks prior to pre-registration (reg), is not available in a timely manner, or was collected outside of Mayo Clinic and considered unevaluable, then baseline EGD with primary tumor biopsy at Mayo Clinic must be performed unless clinically contraindicated; patient is allowed to enroll regardless of whether this Mayo Clinic tissue sample is evaluable; (only 1 EGD with primary tumor biopsy performed at Mayo Clinic =< 8 weeks prior to pre-reg is required)\r\n* NOTE: For both archival or newly obtained tissue, only biopsies are adequate (fine needle aspiration [FNA] is not adequate)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPre-treatment tumor tissue available for research purposes; this tissue can be collected from preoperative laparoscopy, other diagnostic biopsy, or a research-specific biopsy; this pre-treatment tumor must be amenable to repeat tissue sampling after induction therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXIf they have previously undergone a VATS, or they do not have a free pleural space to allow for a VATS procedure, then they must be able to undergo a computed tomography (CT) or ultrasound guided needle biopsy to obtain baseline tissue if it is feasible; if this is not anatomically feasible, then they must be able to provide at least 15 unstained slides or a tumor block from their prior biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXHistory and/or current evidence of tissue calcification including, but not limited to, the soft tissue, kidneys, intestine, myocardium and lung with the exception of calcified lymph nodes and asymptomatic coronary calcificationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have available tissue (archived formalin-fixed paraffin embedded blocks [FFPB] or fresh frozen tissue from original diagnosis or metastatic setting) for correlative studies; patients will not be able to start study drugs without tumor tissue availability; patients without available tumor tissue can still participate if willing to have a fresh biopsy of a metastatic lesion that is deemed to be medically safe (except for bone metastases)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPHASE II DOSE EXPANSION IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED GBM: Be willing to provide tissue from an archival tissue sampleXx_NEWLINE_xXHistory and/or current evidence of tissue calcification including, but not limited to, the soft tissue, kidneys, intestine, myocardium, and lung with the exception of calcified lymph nodes and asymptomatic vascular calcificationXx_NEWLINE_xXAt screening, must have tissue available for NY-ESO-1 testing (if not previously performed) or be willing and able to undergo a fresh tissue biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXEither enrolled in Human Research Protection Office (HRPO)# 201107221 (“Tissue and blood acquisition for genomic analysis and collection of health information for patients with gastrointestinal cancers”), which facilitates the collection of specimens for correlative studies, or consenting to collection of blood and tissue as part of this protocol for research testingXx_NEWLINE_xXHave archival tissue where available; those patients enrolled on the phase 1 escalation trial where archival tissue is not available will undergo a fresh biopsy where clinically feasible after discussion with the sponsorXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of fresh tumor tissue and/or archival tumor tissue at ScreeningXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have adequate fresh or frozen tissue available; if tissue is needed, then subjects may have had it collected previously under protocol PA15-0176Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo tissue is obtainable at thoracoscopyXx_NEWLINE_xXPathology consistent with EGFR-amplification of tumor (i.e. greater than 15% of cells exhibiting > 5 copies of EGFR loci); archival tissue may be tested for EGFR status in a separate consentXx_NEWLINE_xXBiopsy containing ? 10 tissue cores sampledXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor must have labeling index of greater than or equal to 5% of the nuclear Gli-1 (integral biomarker performed in the MD Anderson Cancer Center Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment [CLIA] laboratory) for patient to be eligible in this trial (if enough archival tissue is not available to determine labeling index, patient must agree to a biopsy to be eligible for the study)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients must be willing to provide research tumor tissue for biomarker studies at baseline (from archival tumor tissue or through endoscopy if sufficient archival tissue is not available); all patients must also allow biomarker studies on the tissue obtained through surgery to remove the primary cancerXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of archival tumor material, either as a block or slides (Phase Ia and Ib). If no archival material is available then a fresh biopsy should be takenXx_NEWLINE_xXHave archival tissue available or undergo a fresh biopsy where clinically feasible after discussion with the sponsorXx_NEWLINE_xXDocumented evidence of somatic activating mutation in EGFR (eg, G719X, exon 19 deletion, L858R, L861Q) in a tumor tissue sample. If a tissue sample is not available, then EGFR mutation status may be determined from circulating tumor DNA obtained from a blood sample using a validated or approved test kit.Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must have evidence of a T790M mutation in tumor tissue or plasma obtained after disease progression during or after treatment with an EGFR TKI. T790M mutation status from a local laboratory is acceptable; however, a tumor tissue sample or plasma sample suitable for centralized T790M mutation analysis must be available.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHas sufficient tumor tissue (slides or blocks) available for central confirmatory testing of IHC and/or cytogenetics/FISH and/or DNA mutation analysis (required for study entry but enrollment based on local results)Xx_NEWLINE_xXTissue submitted for HRG-biomarker testingXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have an available archival/pre-treatment block or fresh tumor biopsy for molecular profiling to be performedXx_NEWLINE_xXHistory of active connective tissue disease (scleroderma)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have archival tissue, 10-20 slides, available for review and testingXx_NEWLINE_xXNo archival or newly biopsied tissue available for analysisXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must agree to provide archival and/or fresh tissue biopsy samples, if available. Tumor biopsy will be done only if the subject has a lesion for which, in the opinion of the Investigator, a non- or minimally invasive tumor biopsy may be performed.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPhase II only: Biopsy of a metastatic lesion in patients with reasonably accessible metastatic lesions (chest wall, skin, subcutaneous tissue, lymph nodes, skin, breast, bones, lung, and liver metastases); if a reasonably accessible metastatic lesion is not available, the patient may go on study provided that archived tissue is available; however, if a reasonably accessible site is available for biopsy, the patient must agree to biopsy; any patients not undergoing biopsy must be approved for study enrollment by the Protocol Chair; biopsies may be done with local anesthesia or intravenous conscious sedation, according to institutional guidelines; if a biopsy requires general anesthesia, then it is only allowed if acquisition of tissue is clinically indicated, and excess tissue may be collected for research purposes; patients without sites available for biopsy must have available tissue (archived formalin-fixed paraffin embedded blocks [FFPB] or fresh frozen tissue from original diagnosis or metastatic setting) for correlative studies; tissue needs to be located and available at the time of registration (tissue needs to be submitted within 3 weeks of study initiation)Xx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tumor sample available, or be willing to undergo a fresh tumor biopsy, prior to studyXx_NEWLINE_xXSubject has appropriate tissue available from the cytoreductive surgery for tumor lysate preparationXx_NEWLINE_xXAgree to undergo a core biopsy of the pancreatic tumor for both research and diagnosis purposes if a prior core biopsy is not performed or the core biopsy specimen is not available for the research purpose of this studyXx_NEWLINE_xXThe subject must be expected to have an adequate amount of tumor burden to yield 2-4 pre-operative research core biopsy (14-gauge needle) specimens or the equivalent amount of tissue (4-6 mm punch biopsy), in addition, to the tissue required for diagnostic purposesXx_NEWLINE_xXThe subject must be expected to have an adequate amount of residual tumor after their pre-operative research tumor tissue collection, such that their operative research tumor collection will also yield at least 4-6 research core biopsy specimens or the equivalent amount of tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXThe subject must be willing to undergo the two paired tumor tissue biopsy procedures to obtain samples for biomarker analysis; tissue obtained must not be previously irradiatedXx_NEWLINE_xXConsented for genome sequencing and database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGAP)-based data sharing and has provided or will provide germline and tumor DNA samples of adequate quality for sequencing; fresh tissue is preferred (from biopsy at the time of port placement) but archival tissue is allowedXx_NEWLINE_xXThe subject must agree to undergo the pre- and post-treatment research biopsies if a non-osseous metastatic site is available for biopsy; the pre-treatment biopsy will be standard of care, and used for diagnostic purposes to assess ER/ progesterone receptor (PgR) / HER2 status and confirm the presence of breast tumor cells; the post-treatment (day 11) biopsy will be performed for research purposes; both the pre- and post-treatment biopsies will be assessed on-site by a pathologist by touch-prep to ensure that the biopsied tissue contains tumor cellsXx_NEWLINE_xXFresh or archived tumor specimen should be available for correlative studies as requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXPrior to registration, all subjects must have adequate archival tissue available prior (unstained slides are to be submitted as outlined in the study procedures manual); if no acceptable archival tissue is available, the subjects must be willing to consent to providing a mandatory pre-treatment core biopsy for research; phase II subjects must be willing to consent to providing a mandatory post-treatment core biopsy for research; fine needle aspiration and cytology samples will not be acceptableXx_NEWLINE_xXTissue available (either initial diagnostic or recurrent tissue specimen) for p16 testing (if p16 status is already known, this criterion may be waived)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of fresh tumor tissue and/or archival tumor tissue (obtained within 5 years of the consent date) at ScreeningXx_NEWLINE_xXAdequate archival tissue for determination of EGFR-mutation status and PD-L1 status with a leftover cell block (or equivalent) for additional immune correlates from a tumor lesion biopsied in the last 60 days that has not been previously irradiated occurring: 1) after progression on erlotinib and no intervening systemic treatment between biopsy and initiation of MK-3475 and afatinib or amenable to repeat biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXBe willing to consent for biopsy at baseline (if inadequate archival tissue per inclusion criteria above) and an on treatment biopsy; have a tumor in a location that in the opinion of the investigator that is amenable to biopsy or have provided tissue for PD-L1 and other biomarker analysis from a newly obtained (within 60 days) formalin fixed tumor tissue from a recent biopsy of a tumor lesion not previously irradiated; no systemic antineoplastic therapy may be administered between the PD- L1 biopsy and initiating study medication; fine needle aspirates are not acceptable; core needle or excisional biopsies, or resected tissue is requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have tumor deposit(s) that are easily accessible by ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) guidance will be eligible for study; this is the case even in the event that a qualifying archived tumor sample is already available for a particular patient?qualifying archived tumor tissue is tissue extracted while the patient was in the same untreated state as when screened (usually tissue taken within 8 weeks prior to screening)Xx_NEWLINE_xXTissue block of initial biopsy specimen is availableXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must:\r\n* Be scheduled to undergo a standard-of-care resection of tumor tissue as part of treatment plan prior to beginning study therapy OR pre-treatment biopsy; patients may not have intervening systemic anti-cancer therapy between the time of resection/biopsy and treatment with nivolumab\r\n* Have collection of adequate pre-treatment tissue for correlative analysis defined as sufficient material for 1) frozen tissue for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)/ribonucleic acid (RNA) extraction, 2) formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) material for immunohistochemistry (IHC); adequacy of collected material will be determined within 5 business days of each collected case\r\n* Have measurable by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version (v) 1.1 (those undergoing pre-treatment resection must have imaging assessment after resection to determine measurability)\r\n** Previously irradiated sites of tumor may be considered measurable if there is radiographic progression at that site subsequent to the time of completing radiation\r\n* Have a safely biopsiable tumor lesionXx_NEWLINE_xXConsented for genome sequencing and database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGAP)-based data sharing and has provided or will provide germline and tumor DNA samples of adequate quality for sequencing; fresh tissue is preferred (from biopsy at the time of port placement) but archival tissue is allowedXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor blocks available from previous surgery/biopsy, or if not available, patients willing to have biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXSubject has no tissue from UPCC19809 end of study (EOS) biopsy and unwilling to undergo screening biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have tumor suitable for biopsy (as assessed by trained specialists in interventional radiology) and medically fit to undergo a biopsy or surgical procedure OR if patients do not have a tumor suitable for biopsy but have another tissue (preferably progressive metastatic site) available for molecular evaluation (biopsy will be performed through Ohio State University [OSU]-13053 study or the University of Michigan [UM] Precision Cancer Study)Xx_NEWLINE_xXBiopsy-proven relapsed (response to last treatment > 6 months duration), refractory (no response to last treatment or response duration < 6 months) or residual Hodgkin lymphoma; NOTE: re-biopsy is necessary unless the patient has had a previous biopsy < 180 days prior to registration on this protocol with no intervening therapy and tissue is available for translational research studiesXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must consent to the use of their archival tumor tissue for protocol use if availableXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of archival tumor tissue from the thyroid cancer primary or metastasis (a tissue block or a minimum of 30 unstained slides would be required; patients with less archival tissue available may still be eligible for the study after discussion with the MSK principal investigator)Xx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tissue (10 unstained slides - 5 micron sections) from a core biopsy performed and received within 30 days before signing consent or ability to have a fresh core biopsy performed\r\n* Biopsy cannot be from cytology or bone specimen\r\n* Biopsy site must be amenable to re-biopsy at the end of study\r\n** In the event that the tumor resolves on treatment, another site amenable to biopsy will be selectedXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have histologically confirmed neuroblastoma or ganglioneuroblastoma or elevated urinary catecholamine metabolites; if tumor tissue was obtained, pathological review of surgical specimen at the Massachusetts General Hospital or other Dana-Farber (DF)/Harvard Cancer Center (HCC) institution is required, but preliminary report only required prior to enrollment; if no tumor tissue was obtained, urinary catecholamine metabolites are requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must consent to participate in the correlative studies and should have available tumor tissue for tumor biopsiesXx_NEWLINE_xXPaired pre-treatment and post-treatment biopsies are required for all patients on Part 1 and first 15 patients in Part 2; participants must have available archival tumor tissue (at least 20 unstained slides); if archival tissue is not available or is found not to contain tumor tissue, a fresh biopsy is required; if a patient is having a tumor biopsy, less than 20 unstained slides are acceptable with approval of the principal investigator (PI); biopsies will only be performed in a given patient if they are not deemed to involve unacceptable risk based on the sites of disease and other concurrent medical conditionsXx_NEWLINE_xX>= 5 mm by imaging/pathology of core to ensure enough pre- and post-treatment tissue for analysisXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor specimens must be available for immunological studies, either from a previous biopsy or a new biopsy obtained before the initiation day 1 of the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable metastatic cancer or locally advanced refractory/recurrent malignancy including melanoma that expresses ESO as assessed by one of the following methods: reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on tumor tissue, or by immunohistochemistry of resected tissue, or serum antibody reactive with ESOXx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tumor tissue sample must be requested and available prior to study entry; a copy of the local pathology report must be submitted along with the specimens; patients without available archival tissue are excludedXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have archival tissue sample (if available) or be willing to undergo a repeat biopsy (if feasible)Xx_NEWLINE_xXcMet expression in >= 30% tumor cells as demonstrated on immuno-histochemistry analysis of archival slides; punch biopsy or percutaneous core biopsy may be offered to Cohort 1 patientsXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of tumor tissue for mesothelin expression testing and for further biomarker analysisXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable tissue of primary lung tumorXx_NEWLINE_xXQualifying HRR mutation in tumor tissue.Xx_NEWLINE_xXWilling to provide mandatory archival tumor tissue (block or minimum of 30 unstained slides from a primary or recurrent/metastatic thyroid cancer) for correlative research purposes; NOTE: patients with less archival tumor tissue available may still be eligible for the study after discussion with Academic and Community Cancer Research United (ACCRU); receipt of archival tumor tissue is not required for study registration and initiation of therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXRepresentative baseline tumor tissue sample is availableXx_NEWLINE_xXAny patient with active connective tissue disease such as lupus, dermatomyositisXx_NEWLINE_xXAgreement to provide mandatory archival tissue or fresh biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXWilling to provide tumor tissue for biomarker analysis and/or archival tissue available from original diagnostic blockXx_NEWLINE_xXSufficient tumor tissue for planned analysisXx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tumor tissue obtained at any time from the initial diagnosis to study entry. Although a fresh biopsy obtained during screening is preferred, archival tumor specimen is acceptable if it is not feasible to obtain a fresh biopsy. Subjects enrolled in a PK/Pharmacodynamic Cohort must provide a fresh biopsy of a tumor lesion not previously irradiated during the screening period and must agree to provide at least one additional on-treatment biopsy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXExistence of archival or fresh biopsy for FGFR testingXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable tissue for PD-L1 staining (archival or new core needle biopsy at baseline if no archival tissue available); a minimum of 10 slides are required (unless approval from the PI is obtained)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPossibility of obtaining sufficient tissue sample, via a biopsy or surgical resection of the primary tumour or metastatic tumour tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXIt is preferable that patients have an adequate tissue sample available for correlative studies evaluating SAG expression, cullin neddylation, and KRAS^G12D mutation, but lack of availability of such a tissue sample is not a requirement for trial enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXConsent to provide archival tumor tissue and pre/on-treatment biopsiesXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must provide samples of tumor tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXConsent to tumor biopsy from accessible tissue (optional in part 1, mandatory in part 2)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAppropriate archival OR current tissue blocks or biopsy specimens to determine ER/PR and APR status.Xx_NEWLINE_xXFresh or archival biopsy tissue available to determine tumor mutation statusXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability a tumor tissue sample from a diagnostic biopsy/surgery or a metastatic tumor biopsy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXFor patients recruited in the expansion cohort only, provision of archival (block) or fresh tumor tissue samples at baseline is mandatory. If archival tumor tissue is not available, patients should be willing to undergo a biopsy for provision of fresh tumor samplesXx_NEWLINE_xXBe willing to provide tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have archival tissue available, be willing to undergo metastatic biopsy or have a sufficient plasma circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) concentration in order to perform next-generation DNA sequencingXx_NEWLINE_xXPlanned standard of care surgical procedure (e.g., tumor biopsy or palliative resection or thoracentesis) and expected availability of a cumulative soft-tissue mass of ~10-30 grams tissue (\grape\ to \golf-ball\ size) or pleural fluid estimated volume ? 500mL (from a primary or secondary thoracentesis, yielding in a high volume of tumor cells) for immunotherapy manufacture.Xx_NEWLINE_xXBRAF- or MEK-mutation melanoma tumor status will be established prior to entry based on previous BRAF-gene analysis or MEK pathway mutation reports from a CLIA qualified laboratory. If a report is not available, the mutation analysis will be performed at Screening on archival tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXAbility to provide adequate tissue from archival tumor specimen; confirmation of adequate tissue is required prior to enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXAdequate archived primary or metastatic tumor tissue collected before the prior PARP therapy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXWillingness to provide pre- and post-treatment tissue for translational studies. Pre-treatment fresh frozen tissue must be available for research purposes. This tissue can be collected from preoperative laparoscopy, other diagnostic biopsy, or a research-specific biopsy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMust have diagnostic biopsy tissue (pre-neoadjuvant chemo) available for genetic testing.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMust have surgical tissue (post-neoadjuvant chemo) available for genetic testing.Xx_NEWLINE_xXRENAL COHORT: Patients with an outside biopsy within 12 months is allowed for entry requirements; during the screening phase, patients without a tissue diagnosis may undergo a renal biopsy for histologic confirmation on PA13-0291Xx_NEWLINE_xXPRE REGISTRATION – INCLUSION CRITERIA: Patient has disease amenable to biopsy if the archival tissue sample is unavailable; note: Archive sample must not be older than 12 monthsXx_NEWLINE_xXInadequate tissue acquisition to allow for neoantigen screening.Xx_NEWLINE_xXConfirmed diagnosis of MCL with CD20 and cyclin D1 positivity in tissue biopsy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXFOR TISSUE COLLECTION TO ESTABLISH PDX (PART 1): Confirmed MCL tissue diagnosis.Xx_NEWLINE_xXFOR TISSUE COLLECTION TO ESTABLISH PDX (PART 1): Patients must be willing to allow residual tissue to be collected for both in vitro, in vivo (PDX) testing and molecular profiling.Xx_NEWLINE_xXTissue block of initial biopsy specimen is availableXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have adequate tissue (fresh or frozen) available or planned removal of adequate tissue for analysis; at least 250 mg of tumor are needed for peptide elution; there is no specific time limit on how long the tissue can remain frozen prior to useXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have an image guided biopsy performed to yield fresh tissue for the in vitro organoid bio-assay and two biomarker testing (western blot and immunohistochemistry)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have access to archival tumor tissue for proposed correlative studies; these may be derived from transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT), cystectomy, or biopsy; if archival tissue is not available for proposed correlatives, patients may be enrolled at the discretion of the study principal investigator (PI) (SKP)Xx_NEWLINE_xXStratum 2: Patients with DIPG who have pre-trial tumor tissue available are requested to submit tissue; however, this is not required for eligibilityXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the prostate: screening and on-treatment biopsy is mandatory. If adequate number of paired biopsy samples are collected (>=20 paired samples for each dose level in each Arm, unless an Arm is closed early), then further biopsy sampling will be considered based on available data; screening biopsy can be waived if patient had a recent biopsy after failure of ADT therapy (within 30 days) and the biopsy sample is secured to be sent as screening biopsy for this study.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPart 1 patients must have a tumor tissue form indicating availability of archived tissue from initial resection at diagnosis of glioblastoma completed and signed by a pathologistXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient has a PIK3CA mutation confirmed by Novartis designated central lab or patient has a pathology report confirming PIK3CA mutant status by certified laboratory (using validated PI3KCA mutation assay) either from tissue or blood and must (mandatory) send tumor tissue to Novartis designated central lab for confirmation of mutational statusXx_NEWLINE_xXThe subject must be willing to provide necessary samples (example [e.g,] biopsy) for the diagnosis of tissue invasive CMV disease at baseline as determined by the Investigator.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMPM tumor sample for determination of ASS1 status. ASS1-deficiency is not required for study entry at study start, but tumor sample for ASS1 status is required. This study will employ an adaptive biomarker-driven design with an interim analysis to be conducted at the end of the phase 2 portion. The interim analysis will evaluate the treatment effect of ADI PEG 20 in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin on overall survival (OS) in the overall population (biphasic and sarcomatoid histology patients) and pre-defined subpopulation of biomarker-positive patients (ASS1-deficient subpopulation). Thus ASS1 deficiency may be required for the phase 3 portion of the study, pending the interim analysis. ASS1-deficiency, demonstrated on tissue specimen (cytospin samples are not acceptable), will be defined in the laboratory manual. If archived tissue is not sufficient or not available, then tissue must be obtained by biopsy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue must be provided for biomarker analysisXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must consent to analysis on archival tissue; if archival sample is not available, a sufficient tumor biopsy can be performed a minimum of 28 days prior to start of treatment if felt to be clinically reasonableXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a tumor tissue form indicating availability of archived tissue from initial resection at diagnosis of GBM, completed and signed by a pathologistXx_NEWLINE_xXThe subject must have tumor tissue that is sufficient quantity and quality for sequencingXx_NEWLINE_xXWhenever available, archival tissue (block or minimum 10 slides) is requested for molecular characterization, e.g. detection of somatic mutations and/or candidate biomarkers of response; this is not mandatory and lack of available tissue would not be an exclusion criteriaXx_NEWLINE_xXIf no adequate archival tumor biopsy is available, patients must undergo a new biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXMANDATORY archival tumor tissue (prior to treatment with a PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor) must be identified during screening and confirmation of acquisition should occur prior to registration. Archival tissue should not be shipped until registration of patient to study. Unavailability of tissue will render the subject ineligible for study. Sample requirement is FFPE block + 2 haemotoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained slides or 17 unstained slides + 1 H&E stained slide.Xx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have archival tumor tissue available for analysis (minimum 20 5 um slide) or be able to undergo a baseline fresh tumor tissue biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXWilling to consent to allow access to known archival tumor tissue (NOTE: designated pathologist from participating site OR lead principal investigator must sign-off to ensure “sufficient” tumor should be available for support of tumor imaging studies [multi-color immunofluorescence])Xx_NEWLINE_xXIf archival tumor tissue from a metastatic melanoma lesion is unavailable OR designated pathologist from participating site cannot sign-off to ensure that “sufficient” tumor is available from existing archival tumor block for support of tumor imaging studies, patients must be willing to consent to undergo a biopsy to collect metastatic tumor tissue; collection of fresh biopsy tissue does not guarantee enrollment, unless the pathologist from the participating site signs-off that “sufficient” tumor has been collectedXx_NEWLINE_xXPhase II study: measurable disease by RECIST 1.1 criteria; if archival tumor sample is not available tumor sample from fresh biopsy is acceptableXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have confirmed viable archival prostate biopsy tissue available (only required for patients going on study after the MTD has been reached)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient is agreeable to allow tumor and normal tissue samples to be submitted for complete exome and transcriptome sequencingXx_NEWLINE_xXRelapsed/refractory primary vitreoretinal diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with a CNS lesion, with CSF relapse with positive CSF cytology, or with ocular relapse with positive ocular tissue biopsy; NOTE: tissue biopsy requirement of the CNS lesion is as outlined in bullet aboveXx_NEWLINE_xXPSTAT3 SCREENING: Availability of archival tissue specimen suitable for pStat3 testing; either paraffin-embedded or fresh frozen sample is allowed for screening; testing of either primary or recurrent specimen is allowed for screeningXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with \easily accessible disease\\r\n* Patients with skin or chest wall disease amenable to a punch biopsy under local anesthesia are required to undergo a baseline and cycle 2 biopsy as part of this protocol\r\n* Patients with a breast mass or axillary lymph node amenable to an image-guided core biopsy are also required to undergo a baseline and cycle 2 biopsy as part of this protocol\r\n* Patients with malignant ascites fluid or a malignant pleural effusion of sufficient volume to be amenable to tap (either in-office or image-guided) are also required to undergo a baseline and cycle 2 biopsy as part of this protocol\r\n* Patients who undergo a research biopsy procedure for the purpose of this protocol, and in whom inadequate tissue is obtained, are still eligible and are not required to undergo a repeat biopsy in order to enter the study\r\n* Patients will be approached at the time of progression about providing an optional tissue sample at that time; however, the time of progression biopsy will be optionalXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with \accessible disease\\r\n* Patients with sites felt to be accessible to an image-guided or incisional biopsy in the opinion of the patient's treating oncologist and physician performing the procedure, and not meeting the criteria for \easily accessible disease\ are required to undergo a baseline biopsy as part of this protocol; such sites may include, but are not limited to: liver, lymph nodes, soft tissue, lung, chest wall, and bone\r\n* Biopsies may be done with local anesthesia or intravenous conscious sedation, according to standard institutional guidelines\r\n* If a biopsy requires general anesthesia, then it is only allowed if acquisition of tissue is necessary for clinical reasons (i.e. is clinically indicated), and excess tissue that would otherwise have been discarded is then used for research purposes; if a biopsy requires general anesthesia, then a biopsy of that site for research purposes only, without a coexisting clinical indication is not allowed on this protocol\r\n* Patients who undergo a research biopsy procedure for the purpose of this protocol, and in whom inadequate tissue is obtained, are still eligible and are not required to undergo a repeat biopsy in order to enter the study\r\n* Some patients may have had a clinically indicated biopsy upon recent disease progression and agreed to submit tissue to their institution's frozen tumor bank; if the tissue was processed as specified in this protocol, no additional pre-treatment biopsy is required if that specimen can be used for the correlative studies described in this protocol\r\n* Patients will be approached at the time of progression about providing an optional tissue sample at that time; however, the time of progression biopsy will be optionalXx_NEWLINE_xXOther patients\r\n* Patients who do not have biopsy-accessible disease are not required to undergo a biopsy as part of study participation\r\n* In addition, patients who are being treated with therapeutic doses of anticoagulant(s), are not required to undergo a biopsy as part of study participation; if it is felt clinically appropriate despite anticoagulation (i.e. a skin punch biopsy, etc) by the treating physician, a biopsy is allowed, it is simply not required\r\n* The sites of metastatic disease and reason that the disease is not biopsy-accessible should be documented in the medical record and case report form(s)\r\n* Patients who do not undergo baseline biopsy must have their study participation approved by the overall primary investigator (PI) before start of protocol therapy; only patients who have biopsy inaccessible disease may enter the study without the requirement for baseline biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXAt the point when tumor biopsies become mandatory (expansion phase only), disease amenable to biopsy and willingness to undergo biopsies or patient will be undergoing a procedure due to medical necessity during which the tissue may be collected, or tumor biopsy tissue from a previous research study or medical care is available for submission at registration; criteria for the submission of tissue are:\r\n* Tissue must have been collected within 3 months prior to registration\r\n* Patient has not received any intervening therapy for their cancer since the collection of the tumor sample\r\n* Tumor tissue must meet the minimum requirements outlinedXx_NEWLINE_xXSoft tissue components of bone metastases >= 1.0 cm in longest axis\r\n* Soft tissue components of bone metastases < 1.0 cm that have been stable for > 6 months (must not have enlarged > 5 mm) are permittedXx_NEWLINE_xXSoft tissue lesions >= 1.0 cm in longest axis\r\n* Soft tissue lesions < 1.0 cm that have been stable for > 6 months (must not have enlarged > 5 mm) are permittedXx_NEWLINE_xXCentral laboratory confirmation of the presence of the T790M mutation in tumor tissue\n             in Cohort A and the presence or absence of the T790M mutation in tumor tissue in\n             Cohort B. Centrally indeterminate, unknown or invalid specimens are not acceptable.\n             Biopsy material obtained from either primary or metastatic tumor tissue and sent to\n             the central laboratory must be within 60 prior to dosing study drug but following\n             disease progression on the first EGFR TKIXx_NEWLINE_xXDose expansion cohort: the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the expansion cohort are the same as above, except for the expansion cohort also required to express AR (score 1+ or more) by IHC in archival bladder cancer samples or fresh biopsy specimens (if archival tissue not available)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a tumor tissue form indicating availability of archived tissue from initial resection at diagnosis of glioblastoma completed and signed by a pathologist; availability of tissue is not a requirement for study participationXx_NEWLINE_xXDiagnosis of CD-30 positive GCT; CD30 expression will be tested by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in archival or fresh tumor tissue as is routinely done for diagnosisXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who are willing to provide a specimen for genomic sequencing\r\n* Preferred method: tumor cell sample available and of sufficient quantity in the Tumor Tissue Shared Resource or patients who are willing to undergo additional tissue collection for tumor genomic sequencing through FoundationOne; available specimens must have been harvested within two years to be eligible\r\n* •\tAlternative method: patients who are unwilling or unable to provide a tumor tissue sample and who undergo liquid biopsy (Guardant360 or Foundation One) may be considered eligible by the treating physicianXx_NEWLINE_xXRepresentative tumor specimens in paraffin blocks (preferred) or at least 15 unstained slides, with an associated pathology report, requested at any time prior to study entry; only tissue from core needle, punch, or excisional biopsy sample collection will be accepted; fine-needle aspiration, brushing, and lavage samples are not acceptable; for all biopsy types, submitted blocks should have sufficient tissue to generate at least 15 sections, and tissue for which the pathology report specifies that the overall tumor content is low (e.g., “sparse” or “scant”) is not acceptable; tissue from separate time points (such as time of initial diagnosis and time of metastatic diagnosis) or from the multiple metastatic tumors may also be collected for a given patient, on the basis of availabilityXx_NEWLINE_xXIf archival tissue is either insufficient or unavailable, the patient may still be eligible if the patient can provide at least five unstained, serial slides or is willing to consent to and undergo a pre-treatment core or excisional biopsy sample collection of the tumor; fine-needle aspiration, brushing, and lavage samples are not acceptableXx_NEWLINE_xXDiagnostic primary tumor tissue must be available for biomarker correlatives, in both the dose-finding and expansion cohortsXx_NEWLINE_xXFor patients enrolling on Part B: tissue blocks or slides must be sent; if tissue blocks or slides are unavailable, the Study Chair must be notified prior to enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXOsteosarcoma, neuroblastoma and melanoma that have been treated with standard frontline therapy and are judged to be incurable with standard therapy, based upon the fact that they are unresectable, metastatic, progressive/persistent or recurrent; evaluable disease must be present\r\n* For all histologies except osteosarcoma and neuroblastoma, pathologic review of frozen tissue must document GD2+ expression; positive expression is defined as at least 2+ expression (0-4+ scale) in > 50% of the tumor cells using anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) 14G2a; if adequate archived frozen tissue is available, this may be utilized, or if not, patients may undergo biopsy following enrollment to obtain tissue to assess GD2 expression, with the following restrictions\r\n* Patients with histologies other than osteosarcoma or neuroblastoma must have adequate accessible tumor for biopsy (at least 1 cm diameter)\r\n* Procedures employed to acquire biopsies for tumor lysates will be limited to percutaneous needle or core biopsies, thoracoscopic excision or open biopsies of readily accessible lesions; pulmonary lesions may be biopsied but extensive surgery such as thoracotomy or laparotomy should not be employed\r\n* Patients who will require biopsy should not be enrolled if in the opinion of the principal investigator, the tumor site places the patient at substantial risk from the biopsy procedureXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be willing and able to undergo a pre-surgery biopsy and wait 2 weeks before their debulking surgery; NOTE: consented patients with subsequent inadequate biopsy material will not receive INCB024360 or be analyzed and will be replaced; the study will be stopped if adequate tissue is not obtained in more than 2/3 of paired samples with a maximum accrual of 18 patientsXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have measurable melanoma; measurable disease is defined as at least one lesion that can be measured accurately in at least one dimension (longest diameter to be recorded) as >= 20 mm with conventional techniques or as >= 10 mm with spiral computed tomography (CT) scan; cutaneous or subcutaneous lesions may be considered measurable if they can be measured reliably as >= 10 mm by direct physical exam measurement; in addition, participants must also have separate disease, which may or may not be measurable as defined by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), but must be readily accessible for core needle biopsy, excisional biopsy, and/or surgical resection; this disease may include one large tumor tissue deposit from which biopsies can be harvested multiple times or may include multiple deposits which can be biopsied, or excised individually, on different dates; please see below for suggested minimum size requirements of tumor tissue to be used for biopsy for research:\r\n* 1 lesion >= 5 cm^3 or\r\n* 2 lesions >= 3 cm^3 each\r\n* 3 lesions >= 2 cm^3each OR\r\n* >= 3 skin lesions, such that the surface area is approximately 1 cm^2 each (or in aggregate for several lesions) and the total volume of tumor is approximately 260-325 mm^3 or greater for each biopsy time point; these subjects will need >= 3 such epidermal/dermal tumor lesions; excisional tumor tissue biopsies will be performed on one or more lesions at each time point; it is acceptable to biopsy more than one lesion, that may be less than 1 cm^2 in surface area, as long as the total tissue removed has a surface area of approximately 1 cm^2 or greater\r\n* A combination of these may be acceptable, as long as there appears to be enough tumor tissue to remove approximately 325 mm^3 or more of tissue at each time pointXx_NEWLINE_xXUnresected disease that meets the following criteria:\r\n* Scheduled to undergo definitive surgery (lumpectomy or mastectomy)\r\n* Tumor size >= 1 cm (radiographically or clinically)\r\n* Grade 2 or 3 tumor or Ki-67 proliferation index of >= 10% (or both)\r\n* Any estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status; however, receptors must have been tested on a diagnostic specimen\r\n* NOTE: bilateral cancers are eligible as long as at least 1 tumor meets the eligibility criteria above; if possible, tissue should be collected from both cancers at the time of tissue collection\r\n* A patient planning to initiate preoperative therapy who would like to take part in the study may do so if she agrees to undergo a study biopsy at the completion of digoxin dosing and prior to start of treatment, or at any time prior to start of treatment in those patients randomized to receive no drug; in these patients, tissue from the definitive surgery may still be collected for study correlates at the discretion of the protocol chair and pathologistXx_NEWLINE_xXScleroderma or active connective tissue diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXAs GvHD is a clinical diagnosis, and patients will have already been initiated on steroid therapy at the discretion of the attending physician, tissue confirmation of refractory GvHD by biopsy is not required for entry to this study; it is anticipated that most, but not all, patients will have undergone tissue confirmation of the initial diagnosis of GvHD; however lack of tissue confirmation for this clinical syndrome is not exclusionaryXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue must be sent; if tumor tissue is unavailable, the study chair must be notified prior to enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of appropriate size and site of viable tumor tissue for safe tumor biopsy collection (the biopsy is optional and requirement is only applicable to subjects considered for the expansion cohort stage of the study)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient has diagnostic tissue available for correlative studiesXx_NEWLINE_xXActive connective tissue disorders, such as lupus or sclerodermaXx_NEWLINE_xXIntent to submit tissue for central HER2 testingXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients enrolled at sites participating in the Repeat Biopsy Study must agree to submission of tissue obtained by a repeat biopsy performed at the time of disease progressionXx_NEWLINE_xXHas sufficient tumor tissue (slides or blocks) available for central confirmatory testing of immunohistochemistry and/or cytogenetics/fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and/or deoxyribonucleic acid mutation analysis (required for study entry but enrollment based on local results) For Dose Escalation Only:Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable representative tissue from the most recent biopsy after the last therapy; if such tissue is not available, a fresh biopsy must be obtainedXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have tumor tissue available for biomarker analysis. Biopsy should be excisional, incisional, punch, or core needleXx_NEWLINE_xXNSCLC and gastric adenocarcinoma subjects must have tissue available for HA-selection and PD-L1 testing.Xx_NEWLINE_xXParticipant must consent to provide archived tissue or cytology sample of NSCLC lesion for analysis.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of skeletal, and/or soft-tissue/visceral/nodal metastasisXx_NEWLINE_xXPortion B: Histological confirmed relapsed or refractory CD20 positive NHL for which no curative therapy is available. Patients enrolled in the expansion cohort must have archival tissue available, sampled within 6 months of study entry. The Expansion cohort includes patients with FL or DLBCL with relapsed or refractory disease.Xx_NEWLINE_xXIs able to provide tumor tissue from a site not previously irradiated as follows: Cohort A must provide a core or excisional biopsy from soft tissue or bone biopsy within 1 year of screening and after developing mCRPC; Cohort B: must provide an archival tumor tissue sample or tumor tissue from a newly obtained core or excisional biopsy from soft tissue if the lesion is clinically accessible; and Cohort C with soft tissue disease must provide a core or excisional biopsy from a soft tissue lesion if clinically accessible within 1 year of screening and after developing mCRPC and an archival specimen if available. Participants with bone metastasis only must provide an archival tumor tissue specimenXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue must be available for prospective determination of FGFR2b overexpressionXx_NEWLINE_xXSubject must consent to provide previously collected tumor tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable archival tumor tissue should be submitted to MSKCC for integrated mutation profiling of actionable cancer targets (IMPACT) analysis, but will not be required prior to registration; note: if tissue is depleted, patient will still be eligible after discussion with the principal investigator (PI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXadequate tumor tissue available prior to randomizationXx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tumor tissue available or a fresh biopsy must be obtained prior to study treatment initiationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have archived tumor specimens available unless pre-treatment biopsy is being performed; if pre-treatment biopsy is being performed, availability of archived specimen must still be assessed and collected if availableXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants in Stage 2 (Expansion) receiving erlotinib: i) sensitizing mutation in the EGFR gene and ii) consent to collection of tumor tissue samples before, during, and after treatment for biopsy and PD biomarker analyses.Xx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tumor tissue specimen meeting protocol specifications or the participant will be offered the option of a pre-treatment biopsy to obtain adequate tissue sample.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable pretreatment biopsy, either fresh (optimal) or archival (acceptable)Xx_NEWLINE_xXGroup 2 patients should have archived or fresh tumor tissue available from the non-craniotomy site and will have fresh tumor tissue available from the planned craniotomyXx_NEWLINE_xXAdequate archival tissue from a biopsy performed after progression of disease on previous EGFR-TKI or willing to consent for a fresh tumor biopsy; (mandatory for Cohorts A, B, C; optional for dose escalation and Cohort D)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable archival tumor tissue for the proposed correlative studiesXx_NEWLINE_xXKRAS or NRAS mutation detected in tumor tissue specimenXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue (primary or cervical metastasis) available for human papilloma virus (HPV) and/or tumor protein (p) 16 (in situ hybridization [ISH], immunohistochemistry [IHC] or genotyping testing); if you do not have enough leftover tumor tissue available, you will have a tumor biopsy for tumor marker testingXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must agree to undergo a research biopsy, if tumor is safely accessible, at baseline; previously collected archival tissue will also be obtained on all participants; for participants for whom newly-obtained samples cannot be provided (e.g. inaccessible or participant safety concern) the archival tissue alone will be acceptable; tissue needs to be located and availability confirmed at time of registration; participants must agree to a mandatory repeat biopsy 3-6 weeks after starting treatment, if tumor is safely accessible; for patients randomized to carboplatin alone who decide to crossover to nivolumab monotherapy at time of progression, a mandatory biopsy will be required, if tumor is safely accessible, prior to initiating nivolumab; participants must also agree to undergo this biopsy, if applicableXx_NEWLINE_xXAble to provide biopsy tissue for biomarker analysisXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable archival tumor specimen of the soft tissue sarcoma that meets inclusion criterion #1, #2 or #3.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have tumor tissue available for submission to assess gene expression of ERCC1 and XRCC1; patients must also be offered participation in banking for future use of specimensXx_NEWLINE_xXWillingness to undergo a pretreatment and on-treatment tumor biopsy to obtain tumor tissue.Xx_NEWLINE_xXCan provide tumor tissue.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable archived tumor tissue for central analysisXx_NEWLINE_xXCan provide tissue for PD-L1 and mesothelin biomarker analysisXx_NEWLINE_xXAble to submit tumor tissue that is evaluable for programmed death- ligand 1 (PD-L1) expressionXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be willing and able to undergo a biopsy after signed consent and prior to registration; patients must have tumor tissue and blood samples available and be willing to submit tumor and blood samples; NOTE: core biopsy required; fine needle aspiration (FNA) is not an acceptable substitute for core biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of recent tumor tissue with 3 months prior to enrollment, when feasible.Xx_NEWLINE_xXWilling to provide tissue samples for ER and retinoblastoma (RB) stainingXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue available for programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) testingXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue sections must be available for biomarker evaluationXx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tumor tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXFresh Biopsy or Archival Tumor TissueXx_NEWLINE_xXFor Parts B, C, D, E and F: Have available tumor tissue.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of an archival or freshly biopsied tumor tissue sample must be confirmed for study enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXAgreement to mandatory archival tissue or fresh biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must be willing and able to have a fresh tumor biopsy prior to start of study treatment for research evaluations and cohort categorizing; Note: if insufficient fresh tissue is obtained to provide sub-classification for cohorts, then tissue material from a previous relapse biopsy and/or original diagnostic block may be requested to meet this criterionXx_NEWLINE_xXFor participants who will undergo serial biopsy in dose-escalation cohort, baseline tumor tissue samples should be of core needle biopsies for deep tumor tissue or organs or excisional or punch biopsies for cutaneous or subcutaneous lesions (>/=5 millimeter [mm] in diameter amenable to serial biopsy)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients must provide archival tissue block or paraffin sample from archival tissue block (approximately 10 sections) for use in pharmacodynamic correlative studies (NOT required for patients enrolled on the dose escalation for intermittent ABT-888 portion of the study)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable TNBC diagnostic tumor tissue (archived tissue allowed)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHas sufficient archival tumor tissue (a minimum of 10 slides or tumor block) available for central retrospective testing of BAP1 statusXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue available from most recent biopsy to determine cell of originXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have available tumor tissue for TIM-1 expression testingXx_NEWLINE_xXWilling to submit an evaluable tumor tissue sample, preferably from a liver metastasis, unless tumor is considered inaccessible or biopsy is otherwise considered not in the subject's best interestXx_NEWLINE_xXHave consented to undergo mandatory serial peripheral whole blood and tumor tissue sampling.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAn archived tumor block or punches instead block must be available for submission for PD-L1 analysis. If an archived tumor block sample cannot be shipped for this study, then two 3mm punches from the core needle biopsy blocks may be provided for analysis. NOTE: core or excisional biopsy is required for this study. Fine needle aspirates (FNA) and cytology specimens are not adequate for PD-L1 analysis.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHave sufficient tumor tissue available for central analysis.Xx_NEWLINE_xXLung cancer confirmed to express gpNMB, as assessed by immunohistochemistry at a central lab (using expression in ? 5% of tumor epithelial cells as a cut-off for positivity). This can be tested on archived tissue if available, although preferred tumor specimen is a biopsy after the most recent therapy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable evaluable archival tumor tissue for correlative studies including assessment of immune infiltration and Btk expression is required; if archival tissue is unavailable, patients must be willing to undergo repeat prostate biopsy; tissue is considered sufficient for correlative endpoint analyses if they are obtained from at least 2 prostate cores and consist of at least 15 unstained slides from the largest tumor volume and/or highest Gleason score; the availability of archival tissue or consent for repeat prostate biopsy is required for study eligibility; determination of tissue sufficiency is not required for study eligibilityXx_NEWLINE_xXSubject's tumor (either an archival specimen or a fresh biopsy if archival tissue is unavailable) has been pathologically reviewed by a designated central laboratory confirming NY-ESO-1 and/or LAGE-1a expression.Xx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tissue of carcinoid biopsy must be availableXx_NEWLINE_xXTumour tissue for central pathology review and correlative studies must be provided.Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects with archival tumor tissue suitable for proteasome activity and genetic testing must give permission to access and test the tissue; subjects without archival tumor tissue are eligible.Xx_NEWLINE_xXFFPE tumor tissue either fresh core needle biopsied or archived (two FFPE cores preferred whenever possible) is required for participation in the study. If fresh tissue is obtained, the core biopsy must be done at least ?7 days prior to Day 0.Xx_NEWLINE_xXSufficient tissue available for central pathology review and MGMT methylation status evaluationXx_NEWLINE_xXIf the patient is enrolled at Memorial Sloan-Kettering (MSK) he/she must consent to a pre and post treatment biopsy (or have archived tissue available for the pretreatment analysis); pretreatment archival tissue for patients enrolled outside of MSK should be submitted to MSK; if there is no archival tissue available, a repeat biopsy is not required for non-MSK patientsXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue for correlative studies is mandatoryXx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tumor tissue, preferably obtained from the most recent available biopsy; there must be adequate tissue for a PD-L1 stratification test, as assessed by central pathologistXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must provide samples of archival tumor tissue collected and submitted anytime during the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXHas provided a tumor tissue sample either collected from prior cytoreductive surgery or fresh newly obtained tumor tissue at screeningXx_NEWLINE_xXScreening for Rb applies to all patients with available tissue except for patients diagnosed with DIPG and bi-thalamic tumors.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with diffuse intrinsic brain stem glioma (DIPG) can be enrolled without the need for available tumor tissue for RB protein status confirmation.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMandatory tumor tissue availableXx_NEWLINE_xXInadequate tissue acquisition to allow for neoantigen screeningXx_NEWLINE_xXHas agreed to the collection of archival tumour tissue or recent tumour biopsy tissue, it taken for routine clinical purposes at baseline if archival tissue is not available, for molecular biomarker analyses. Inclusion Criteria Specific for Part B:Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of archival or freshly collected tumor tissue before study enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXNeuroendocrine archival tissue from a previous biopsy will be requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXHave tumor tissue available for biomarker analysis.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPreviously obtained archival tumor tissue or tissue obtained from biopsy at screeningXx_NEWLINE_xXCurrent treatment for active connective tissue disorders, such as lupus or sclerodermaXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must agree to provide tumor tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXArchive tumour tissue is available prior to recruitment for pharmacogenomic testsXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of tumor tissue sufficient for confirmatory testing of FGFR1 and 11q amplification statusXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must to have tumor tissue collected prior to enrolling on this trial; up to 10 patients will be accepted with no pre-treatment research tissue collection or tissue collection from an outside institution\r\n* If the tissue is from an outside institution, it must be reviewed at Indiana University Health Pathology DepartmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have additional tumor available and be willing to submit tissue and blood samplesXx_NEWLINE_xXBiopsy of a metastatic lesion is not required for protocol entry but all patients with reasonably accessible lesions (chest wall, breast, skin, subcutaneous, superficial lymph nodes, bones and liver metastases) must agree to biopsy (lung and brain metastasis will not be biopsied):\r\n* Biopsies may be done with local anesthesia or intravenous conscious sedation, according to standard institutional guidelines\r\n* If a biopsy requires general anesthesia, then it is only allowed if acquisition of tissue is necessary for clinical reasons (i.e. is clinically indicated), and excess tissue that would otherwise have been discarded is then used for research purposes; if a biopsy requires general anesthesia, then a biopsy of that site for research purposes only, without a coexisting clinical indication is not allowed on this protocol\r\n* Patients with reasonably accessible lesions as described above, who will not agree with the biopsy, will not be enrolled in the trial\r\n* Patients with NO reasonably accessible lesions as described above can be enrolled in the trialXx_NEWLINE_xXSubject on any line of treatment and has an EGFR exon 20 insertion mutation on examination of an NSCLC tissue or cellular specimen. Local testing may determine eligibility and a tumor sample should also be sent for central testing.Xx_NEWLINE_xXConfirmed availability of archival or freshly biopsied tumor tissue prior to study enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXHave sufficient archival tumor tissue for analysis.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must agree to provide tumor tissue from metastatic tissue at baselineXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have provided consent for tissue collection for the molecular testing through participation on study UPCC 22210 entitled; “PROTOCOL TO PERMIT THE ACQUISITION OF SAMPLES OF TUMOR AND NORMAL TISSUE FOR BIOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS IN PANCREATIC CANCER”Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must agree to provide tumor tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue is positive for EBVXx_NEWLINE_xXMust consent to allow submission of archived tumor tissue sample from definitive surgery.Xx_NEWLINE_xXTissue available for PD-L1 testing and for correlative science testingXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one site of disease must be accessible to provide repeat biopsies for tumor tissue for sequence and immunological analysis.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMust agree to provide tumor tissue sample, either from a previous surgery or biopsy within 6 months or fresh, prior to the start of treatment in this studyXx_NEWLINE_xXTissue acquisition: subject must agree to provide the required research biopsies at baseline, at day 14 (+7 days [d]) and at surgery for biomarker and correlative studiesXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must consent to allow for a baseline tumor biopsy. Tumor material from biopsies done before the screening period are acceptable if the biopsy was performed within 3 months prior to the planned treatment start and no other systemic cancer therapy was administered in the interim. If a biopsy is performed and the specimen is considered non-diagnostic or does not have enough tissue, this does not prevent the patient from proceeding with the treatment.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAn archival tumor sample from either a prior core needle biopsy or surgical specimen must be available to be submitted for correlative studies as an eligibility requirement prior to registration. The sample must be shipped within 6 weeks of enrollment. Participants without an available archival tumor sample are considered ineligible.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of archival (diagnostic) specimens and willing to undergo a pre-treatment biopsy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have biopsiable disease and be willing to undergo pre-treatment biopsy, or have an archival tumor sample obtained < 20 months prior to study entryXx_NEWLINE_xXHave confirmation of available tissue from an archived specimen of ovarian cancer; if there is no archival tissue available, the participant will be required to undergo a biopsy to obtain a fresh tumor sampleXx_NEWLINE_xXConsent for the use of any residual material from biopsy (archival tissue) and serial blood draws will be required for enrollment; fresh biopsy (pre and post dose) of tumor tissue will be optional; NOTE: Patients without adequate tissue for bio correlates will not be excluded or required to have a repeat biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXConsent for use of available archived tissue for research purposesXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of tumor tissue for biomarker analysisXx_NEWLINE_xXCan provide either a newly obtained or archival tumor tissue sample for intratumoral immune-related testing and for anti-programmed cell death (PD-1)Xx_NEWLINE_xXParticipant has had an allogenetic tissue/solid organ ransplant.Xx_NEWLINE_xXRepresentative tumor specimens in paraffin blocks (preferred) or at least 10 unstained slides, with an associated pathology report, requested at any time prior to study entry; only tissue from core needle, punch, or excisional biopsy sample collection will be accepted; fine-needle aspiration, brushing, and lavage samples are not acceptable; for all biopsy types, submitted blocks should have sufficient tissue to generate at least 10 sections, and tissue for which the pathology report specifies that the overall tumor content is low (e.g., \sparse\ or \scant\) is not acceptable; if archival tissue is either insufficient or unavailable, the patient will need to consent to and undergo a pre treatment core or excisional biopsy sample collection of the tumor; fine needle aspiration, brushing, and lavage samples are not acceptable; the immediate unavailability of tissue blocks or unstained slides aside from the slides needed for diagnostic confirmation of lung cancer does not exclude patients from this trial; if the patient chooses to not undergo a repeat biopsy aside from biopsy for diagnostic purposes, the patient will still be eligible to enroll on 2014-0722; however, availability of core or excisional biopsy samples must be ascertained prior to enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXTissue for correlative studies must be available (paraffinized or frozen), but confirmation at screening is not needed; archival tissue may be used instead of a fresh biopsy at baseline if it already existsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must all have available tumor tissue for biopsy and not have any bleeding diathesis and/or chronic anticoagulation that cannot be stopped for the biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXPART A: Patient has agreed to two newly obtained tumor biopsies and as required re-biopsies (that can be biopsied on investigator’s assessment) and to providing the acquired tissue for biomarker analysis; analysis of one of the fresh biopsy samples for PD-1hiCD8+CTLA4hi in the CD8+CD45+ gate based on flow cytometry will be done; a second fresh biopsy sample is required for further biomarker analysis and confirmation at a later date of low PD-L1 expression using an immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay for PD-L1 expression; a valid flow cytometry result is not required for study participation, but repeated biopsy for reanalysis is strongly recommended for patient with insufficient TILs in the first tissue sampleXx_NEWLINE_xXMandatory diagnostic biopsy and whole blood sample are required. The tumor biopsy tissue will be analyzed for the presence of immune cells and will also undergo genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic profiling.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients unwilling to consent to analysis of their tumor tissue.Xx_NEWLINE_xXActive connective tissue diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXThe participant has evaluable tumor tissue available for biomarker analyses.Xx_NEWLINE_xXWillingness to undergo research biopsy under the following circumstances:\r\n* Patients with “easily accessible disease”\r\n** Patients with skin or chest wall disease amenable to a punch biopsy under local anesthesia are required to undergo a baseline biopsy and a biopsy at the time of disease progression as part of this protocol\r\n** Patients with a breast mass or axillary lymph node amenable to an image-guided core biopsy are also required to undergo a baseline biopsy and a biopsy at the time of disease progression as part of this protocol\r\n** Patients with malignant ascites fluid or a malignant pleural effusion of sufficient volume to be amenable to tap (either in-office or image-guided) are also required to undergo a baseline tap and a tap at the time of disease progression as part of this protocol\r\n** Patients who undergo a research biopsy procedure for the purpose of this protocol, and in whom inadequate tissue is obtained, are still eligible and are not required to undergo a repeat biopsy in order to enter the study\r\n** Patients will be approached during cycle 1 about providing an optional tissue sample at that time; however, this biopsy will be optional\r\n* Patients with “accessible disease”\r\n** Patients with sites felt to be accessible to an image-guided or incisional biopsy in the opinion of the patient’s treating oncologist and physician performing the procedure, and not meeting the criteria for “easily accessible disease”, are required to undergo a baseline biopsy as part of this protocol; such sites may include, but are not limited to: liver, lymph nodes, soft tissue, lung, chest wall, and bone; cycle 1 biopsy and biopsy at time of disease progression are optional\r\n** Biopsies may be done with local anesthesia or intravenous conscious sedation, according to standard institutional guidelines\r\n** If a biopsy requires general anesthesia, then it is only allowed if acquisition of tissue is necessary for clinical reasons (i.e. is clinically indicated), and excess tissue that would otherwise have been discarded is then used for research purposes; if a biopsy requires general anesthesia, then a biopsy of that site for research purposes only, without a coexisting clinical indication is not allowed on this protocol\r\n** Patients who undergo a research biopsy procedure for the purpose of this protocol, and in whom inadequate tissue is obtained, are still eligible and are not required to undergo a repeat biopsy in order to enter the study\r\n** Some patients may have had a clinically indicated biopsy upon recent disease progression; no additional pre-treatment biopsy is required if that specimen can be used for the correlative studies described in this protocol\r\n** Patients will be approached at the time of progression about providing an optional tissue sample at that time; however, the time of progression biopsy will be optional\r\n* Other patients\r\n** Patients who do not have biopsy-accessible disease are not required to undergo a biopsy as part of study participation\r\n** In addition, patients who are being treated with therapeutic doses of anticoagulant(s), are not required to undergo a biopsy as part of study participation; if it is felt clinically appropriate despite anticoagulation (i.e. a skin punch biopsy, etc) by the treating physician, a biopsy is allowed, it is simply not required\r\n** The sites of metastatic disease and reason that the disease is not biopsy-accessible should be documented in the medical record and case report form(s)\r\n** Patients who do not undergo baseline biopsy must have their study participation approved by the overall principal investigator (PI) before start of protocol therapy; only patients who have biopsy inaccessible disease may enter the study without the requirement for baseline biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXIf patient has a clinically indicated surgery or biopsy at any time during treatment with Reolysin, a tissue sample will be collected for correlative research purposesXx_NEWLINE_xXConsent for use of available archived tissue for research purposesXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects in Phase 2 must have disease amenable to biopsy and must be willing to undergo pre- and post-treatment tumor biopsies. Optional for Phase 1. Note: archival tissue will be requested for all subjects preferably from primary tumor site prior to cancer treatment; however, archival tissue is not a requirement for study entry.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have sufficient tumor tissue available for submission.Xx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue available for evaluation of PD-L1 expressionXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of tissue if applicable (from the primary tumor or metastases) for correlative studies.Xx_NEWLINE_xXWillingness to release and confirmed availability of archival tissue sample for research purposesXx_NEWLINE_xXArchived or fresh tumor sample available; willingness to donate blood and tissue for mandatory correlative research studiesXx_NEWLINE_xXFor EGFR mutant cohort, patients must have: a) documented EGFR mutation by Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-certified test b) documented disease progression on treatment with erlotinib, gefitinib, afatinib, or other EGFR-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor c) tissue available from a biopsy or surgical procedure performed after progression on an EGFR targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor; if tissue is not available, the patient must have biopsy accessible disease and must be willing to undergo a biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXFor HER2 mutant cohort, patients must have: a) documented EGFR mutation by CLIA-certified test b) documented disease progression on treatment with erlotinib, gefitinib, afatinib, or other EGFR-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor c) tissue available following progression on most recent systemic therapy; if tissue is not available, the patient must have biopsy accessible disease and must be willing to undergo a biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXWritten consent to provide newly acquired tumor tissue (preferred) or archival tissue for the purpose of establishing PD-L1 status.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHave permission to access tissue from an archival tissue sample; (absence of archival tissue will not preclude trial participation)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMandatory provision of an unstained, archived tumour tissue sample in a quantity sufficient to allow for central analysis of EGFR mutation status.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must consent to a research biopsy of tumor tissue at baseline, for conduct of correlative studies; archived biopsy material may not be substitutedXx_NEWLINE_xXActive connective tissue disorders, such as lupus or sclerodermaXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have tissue available from the pre-treatment diagnostic biopsy (tissue blocks if possible; if not possible, 10 unstained slides from each positive core sample for a total of 30 slides whenever possible)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable tissue for biomarker analysisXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue available for PD-L1 biomarker analysisXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least 15 unstained slides or at least 1 tissue blocks must be collected from at least one prior surgery; frozen tissue is also requested if availableXx_NEWLINE_xXHistological confirmation of node positive (any T stage N1-3) proximal esophageal, distal esophagus or gastroesophageal (GE) junction adenocarcinoma (Siewert I, II, or III) after completing preoperative chemoradiation and surgery; supporting pathology report sufficient for registration; available tumor tissue from endoscopic biopsies prior to preoperative chemotherapy (chemo)/radiation therapy (RT), and tumor from surgical specimens will be submitted to Academic and Community Cancer Research United (ACCRU), but not be required prior registration; Note: if tissue is depleted, patient will still be eligible after discussion with the physicianXx_NEWLINE_xXWritten consent to provide newly acquired tumor tissue (preferred) or archival tissue for the purpose of establishing PD-L1 status.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have histopathological documentation of adenocarcinoma of the prostate prior to starting this study and evaluable biopsy tissue (e.g., unstained slides or blocks) available for analysis; if evaluable tissue is not available, the patient must agree to undergo a pre-vaccination prostate biopsy on study as an alternative to having available tissue availableXx_NEWLINE_xXThe patient has biopsy-accessible tumor; for patients who had no prior anticancer therapy and had surgical resection within a year and tumor tissue is immediately available, that tumor will be analyzed and no biopsy will be neededXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of archival tumor tissue from the thyroid cancer primary or metastasis (a tissue block or a minimum of 30 unstained slides would be required; patients with less archival tissue available may still be eligible for the study after discussion with the Memorial Sloan-Kettering [MSK] Principal Investigator)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of tumor tissue specimenXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must agree to undergo biopsy of a malignant lesion; biopsies do not need to be done if either the investigator or person performing the biopsy judges that no tumor is accessible for biopsy or that biopsy poses too great of a risk to the patient; patients may also be exempt if frozen tumor tissue has been collected within 12 months of study enrollment that the principal investigator deems is appropriate/sufficient for analysis on this protocolXx_NEWLINE_xXHave documented ALK positivity by a different test and tissue available for the Vysis® FISH test. Tissue should be derived preferably from a biopsy taken after progression with crizotinib. If such a sample is not available, testing may be performed with archived tumor tissue.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHER2-overexpression in the patient's tumor tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of tumor tissue sample that can be used for assessment of PrR levels with the use of immunohistochemistry;Xx_NEWLINE_xXAgree to undergo a biopsy of at least one metastatic site for RB status evaluation; adequate metastatic tissue from prior biopsy/resection can be used if available in lieu of a biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXCollection of archival tissue specimens – outside institution biopsies need to be reviewed by Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH) pathology department for confirmation of MCC; available slides and blocks from outside institutions will be requested by the patient coordinator and sent to the BWH pathology department for review; if unavailable, new tumor biopsy will be required prior entering in the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXASS1 deficiency (defined as ?50% ASS expression) demonstrated on tissue specimen (cytospin samples are acceptable) by immunohistochemistry (IHC). For subjects previously treated with chemotherapy, this specimen may have been obtained before that chemotherapy. A new tissue specimen obtained after most recent chemotherapy is not required. Thus ASS1 deficiency is required for entrance into the study. If tissue is not available to determine ASS1 deficiency, then tissue must be obtained by biopsy to determine ASS1 status.Xx_NEWLINE_xXThe availability of archival tissue to evaluate retrospectively the participant’s retinoblastoma protein (Rb) status as well as to perform next generation (NextGen) sequencing for tumor protein p53 (TP53) and liver kinase B1 (LKB1) status; the requirement is a minimum of 5 unstained slides with each tissue cut measuring 4 microns in width; ideally 15 slides will be requested; patients without available archival tissue may be enrolled at the discretion of the principal investigatorXx_NEWLINE_xXTissue is required prior to enrollment. If patient was diagnosed outside and tumor tissue is not available, a pleural biopsy for frozen tissue collection is required.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHistological tumor tissue specimenXx_NEWLINE_xXSoft tissue disease progression as defined by RECIST 1.1Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must consent to both a pretreatment and a post-treatment mandatory research biopsy prior to enrolling on trial, and therefore, must have tissue (excluding bone or brain) that is amenable to biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXMust be willing to provide and have available archival tissue for PD-L1 testing.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMust consent to allow submission of adequate archived tumor tissue sample from definitive surgery for genomic assessment of tumor.Xx_NEWLINE_xXWillingness to provide blood and urine samples, and biopsy samples if on the expansion phase of the study, for research purposes; for the expansion cohort, patients must have tumor amenable to biopsy (excisional or incision biopsies of skin or head and neck [H & N] lesions under visualization) and willingness to undergo a tumor biopsy or patient will be undergoing a procedure due to medical necessity during which the tissue may be collected, or archival tumor biopsy tissue from a previous research study or medical care is available for submission at registration; criteria for the submission of archival tissue are:\r\n* Tissue must have been collected within 3 months prior to registration\r\n* Patient has not received any intervening therapy for their cancer since the collection of the tumor sample\r\n* Tumor tissue must meet the minimum requirementsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who are unwilling to consent to mandatory tumor biopsy; patients with archival tissue permitted to enroll on study per Memorial Sloan-Kettering (MSK) principal investigator discretionXx_NEWLINE_xXAdequate archival tissue to perform molecular analysis through Memorial Sloan Kettering (MSK)-Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets (IMPACT) if MSK-IMPACT has not been performed previously on the participant's tumor; if MSK-IMACT has not been previously performed and adequate archival tissue is not available, a participant should be agreeable to a pre-treatment biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXMandatory primary or metastatic tumor biopsy. If archival tumor tissue is available from a biopsy/surgery the tumor tissue may be submitted without repeating a tumor biopsy during the screening period.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease according to the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria for pleural mesothelioma, or standard RECIST for peritoneal mesothelioma; patients must have adequate tissue sample available for molecular profiling with Memorial Sloan-Kettering (MSK)-IMPACT (archived tissue block or 15-20 unstained slides); patients will sign a separate informed document (Institutional Review Board [IRB] #12-245) to allow this to be performedXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must agree to undergo a research biopsy of a reasonably accessible metastatic lesion (chest wall, skin, subcutaneous tissue, lymph nodes, skin, breast, bones, lung, and liver metastases); if a reasonably accessible metastatic lesion is not available, the patient may go on study provided that archived tissue is available; however, if a reasonably accessible site is available for biopsy, the patient must agree to biopsy; any patients not undergoing biopsy must be approved for study enrollment by the overall principal investigator at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI); biopsies may be done with local anesthesia or intravenous conscious sedation, according to institutional guideline; if a biopsy requires general anesthesia, then it is only allowed if acquisition of tissue is clinically indicated, and excess tissue may be collected for research purposes; patients without sites available for biopsy must have available tissue (archived formalin-fixed paraffin embedded blocks [FFPB], blocks from which slides can be created, or fresh frozen tissue from original diagnosis or metastatic setting) for correlative studies; tissue needs to be located and available at the time of registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable archival tumor tissue or patient is willing to undergo new biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXArchived tumor tissue must be available for all subjects for biomarker analysis and confirmation of the diagnosis before or during treatment; samples must be provided within 4 weeks of enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXFor the phase 2 portion of the study; patients must have willingness to undergo research biopsy under the following circumstances:\r\n* Patients with “easily accessible disease”\r\n** Patients with skin or chest wall disease amenable to a punch biopsy under local anesthesia are required to undergo a baseline biopsy as part of this protocol\r\n** Patients with a breast mass or axillary lymph node amenable to an image-guided core biopsy are also required to undergo a baseline biopsy as part of this protocol\r\n** Patients with malignant ascites fluid or a malignant pleural effusion of sufficient volume to be amenable to tap (either in-office or image-guided) are also required to undergo a baseline biopsy as part of this protocol\r\n** Patients who undergo a research biopsy procedure for the purpose of this protocol, and in whom inadequate tissue is obtained, are still eligible and are not required to undergo a repeat biopsy in order to enter the study\r\n** Patients will be approached at the time of progression about providing an optional tissue sample at that time; however, the time of progression biopsy is optional\r\n* Patients with “accessible disease”\r\n** Patients with sites felt to be accessible to an image-guided or incisional biopsy in the opinion of the patient’s treating oncologist and physician performing the procedure, and not meeting the criteria for “easily accessible disease” are required to undergo a baseline biopsy as part of this protocol; such sites may include, but are not limited to: liver, lymph nodes, soft tissue, lung, chest wall, and bone; biopsies may be done with local anesthesia or intravenous conscious sedation, according to standard institutional guidelines\r\n** If a biopsy requires general anesthesia, then it is only allowed if acquisition of tissue is necessary for clinical reasons (i.e. is clinically indicated), and excess tissue that would otherwise have been discarded is then used for research purposes; if a biopsy requires general anesthesia, then a biopsy of that site for research purposes only, without a coexisting clinical indication is not allowed on this protocol\r\n** Patients who undergo a research biopsy procedure for the purpose of this protocol, and in whom inadequate tissue is obtained, are still eligible and are not required to undergo a repeat biopsy in order to enter the study\r\n** Some patients may have had a clinically indicated biopsy upon recent disease progression and agreed to submit tissue to their institution’s frozen tumor bank; if the tissue was processed as specified in this protocol, no additional pre-treatment biopsy is required, particularly if that specimen can be used for the correlative studies described in this protocol\r\n** Patients will be approached at the time of progression about providing an optional tissue sample at that time; however, the time of progression biopsy will be optional\r\n* Other patients\r\n** Patients who do not have biopsy-accessible disease according to above are not required to undergo a biopsy as part of study participation\r\n** In addition, patients who are being treated with therapeutic doses of anticoagulant(s), are not required to undergo a biopsy as part of study participation; if it is felt clinically appropriate despite anticoagulation (i.e. a skin punch biopsy, etc) by the treating physician, a biopsy is allowed, it is simply not required\r\n** The sites of metastatic disease and reason that the disease is not biopsy accessible should be documented in the medical record and case report form(s)\r\n** Patients who do not undergo baseline biopsy must have their study participation approved by the overall principal investigator (PI) before start of protocol therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of BRAF V600E or V600K mutation in tumor tissue prior to randomizationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have available and be willing to submit baseline tissue taken at the time of disease progression to prior BRAF inhibitor-based therapy (either fresh frozen [preferred], or paraffin-embedded tumor blocks) OR must have a site of disease that can be biopsied within this study for translational medicine studies; tissue may be from an archival biopsy or a new biopsy after the patient has been registered to the protocol; since patients are referred to this protocol after progression on prior BRAF inhibitor-based therapy, the biopsy taken at the time of progression will be used as the baseline biopsy for this study; patients must be willing to submit plasma and whole blood for translational medicine studiesXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable archival tumor sample (excisional or core biopsy) for confirmation of LGS carcinoma diagnosis. If adequate archival tumor sample is not available, willingness to consent to tissue biopsy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically confirmed Stage IV pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma w/ documented disseminated neoplasm to liver and /or lung. Must have archival or fresh tissue (block /slides) available pre-dose.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHistological documentation of adenocarcinoma of the prostate, with available biopsy pathology; biopsy material must be available for pathologic reviewXx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients must have adequate tumor tissue for the correlative analyses on study, or must undergo a biopsy to obtain adequate tissue; cases with limited tissue available should be reviewed with the primary investigator prior to enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXWillingness to undergo a research biopsy of the affected breast\r\n* Biopsies may be done with local anesthesia or intravenous conscious sedation, according to standard institutional guidelines\r\n* If a biopsy requires general anesthesia, then it is not allowed on this protocol\r\n* Patients who undergo a research biopsy procedure for the purpose of this protocol, and in whom inadequate tissue is obtained, are still eligible and are not required to undergo a repeat biopsy in order to enter the study\r\n* Some patients may have had a clinically indicated biopsy upon recent disease progression and agreed to submit tissue to their institution’s frozen tumor bank; if the tissue was processed as specified in this protocol, no additional pre-treatment biopsy is required as that specimen can be used for the purposes of participation in this clinical trialXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have available tissue (archived formalin-fixed paraffin embedded blocks [FFPB] or fresh frozen tissue from original diagnosis or metastatic setting) for correlative studies; tissue needs to be located and available at the time of registration (tissue needs to be submitted within 3 weeks of study initiation); patients will not be able to start study drugs without tissue availabilityXx_NEWLINE_xXArchival and/or fresh biopsy tissue samples must be available prior to the first dose of the study drugXx_NEWLINE_xXCandidate for and willingness to have a surgically placed intraperitoneal catheter and tissue acquisition at the time of port placement; note: if an intraperitoneal catheter is already in place, a tumor biopsy will still be required; a guided core-needle biopsy is sufficient in these casesXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have a primary soft tissue sarcoma or isolated local recurrent sarcoma without prior radiation; open incisional biopsy or core biopsy should be performed to establish the diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma; slides must be reviewed and assigned a histologic diagnosis and grade by an expert sarcoma pathologistXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient has consented for tissue banking and a research biopsy after the lead-in treatment of trametinib (required to enroll on this study); patient also consents to another pre-treatment biopsy if insufficient archival tissue is available (minimum of 5 unstained slides) for cohorts 2a, 3, and expansion existsXx_NEWLINE_xXIf archived tissue is unavailable for KRAS, NRAS, or BRAF mutation testing, or patient refuses a fresh biopsy for mutation analysisXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have histologically confirmed metastatic breast cancer; if available, tissue (a minimum of 3 slides) from the most recent biopsy should be submitted for review and confirmation of eligibility; NOTE: Material should ideally be from the metastatic disease, however material from the primary tumor is acceptable if that is all that is available; availability of tissue is not mandatory for confirmation of eligibility or enrollment to the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable archived tumor tissue sample.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must not have outside nodal tissue from previous neck biopsy/neck dissections in which ECS cannot be confirmed or deniedXx_NEWLINE_xXConsent to provide fresh tumor tissue during screeningXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of archival tumor tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of adequate tumor tissue for exploratory analysis and plan to obtain the materialXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor GANQ, GNA11, and BAP1 mutational status must be determined on all patients; if initial testing is performed locally or not available, MSKCC or Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC) patients must consent to provide a tumor block or unstained slides to MSKCC or CUMC for central review of mutational status; if tissue is not available, a pre-treatment biopsy will be necessary for eligibility \r\n* Patients enrolled at Vanderbilt University Medical Center may have GNAQ and GNA11 mutational status determined on a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act (CLIA)-approved assay at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, CUMC, or MSKCC; tissue must be sent to MSKCC for BAP1 mutational status determination\r\n* The determination of mutational status may be performed retrospectively and will not delay patient treatment on study as long as tissue is available for molecular analysisXx_NEWLINE_xXAgree to undergo a biopsy of at least 1 metastatic site for gene-fusion status analysis; adequate archival metastatic tissue can be used if available in lieu of a biopsy; patients will only be eligible for protocol therapy if the biopsy has tumor and the tissue is evaluable for ETS fusion statusXx_NEWLINE_xXFor patients with biopsy-accessible disease, patients must be willing to undergo a required on-treatment research biopsy; this biopsy will occur on cycle 2 day 9;\r\n* Biopsies may be done with local anesthesia or intravenous conscious sedation, according to standard institutional guidelines\r\n* Research biopsies requiring general anesthesia are not allowed on this protocol unless a biopsy is being obtained simultaneously for clinical reasons, in the judgment of the patients’ treating physician\r\n* Patients who undergo an attempted on-treatment research biopsy and in whom inadequate tissue is obtained are still eligible to continue protocol therapy; they will not be required to undergo a repeat biopsy attemptXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have archival prostate tumor block available for analysis of correlativesXx_NEWLINE_xXBaseline paraffin embedded tissue from the patient’s primary diagnosis is requested before study enrollment and should be forwarded to the designated central laboratory where central assessment of Rb and p16 expression will be performed by using immunohistochemistry; in patients with measurable disease a tissue biopsy may be obtained by core biopsy and submitted to the designated central laboratoryXx_NEWLINE_xXHave sufficient archival FFPE tumor tissue available for planned analyses. Archival tissue from the most recently collected biopsy or debulking surgery should be provided, if available.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable tumor tissue (archival or recent acquisition)Xx_NEWLINE_xXScleroderma or active connective tissue diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXArchival and screening tumor biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of a BRAF V600E mutation in lung cancer tissue. Mutation must be locally confirmed in a CLIA-certified laboratory (or equivalent). An adequate amount of tumor tissue (archived tumor tissue, or fresh biopsy if archived tissue is not available) must be available at the time of enrolment for central validation of BRAF mutation;Xx_NEWLINE_xXAdequate tumor tissue available for KRAS mutational analysis or known KRAS wild-type statusXx_NEWLINE_xXArchival paraffin-embedded invasive tumor tissue or newly obtained biopsy must be available prior to the first dose of study drug for biomarker analysis; patients must be offered sequential biopsies at baseline and 6 weeks unless in the opinion of the trial principal investigator (PI) this would be hazardousXx_NEWLINE_xXHave FGFR2 gene fusion documented by a local or central laboratory using standard protocols and approved by local IRB/EC, by CLIA or other similar agency. If the FGFR2 gene fusion is identified by a laboratory other than the Sponsor's central laboratory, then archival and/or recent tissue biopsy samples or a tissue block suitable for genetic testing must be available for confirmatory testing by FISH by the Sponsor's central laboratory. If a subject has documentation from the central laboratory indicating that they test negative for FGFR2 gene fusion, that subject may not be enrolled in the study.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with pathologically proven diagnosis of grade 2-3 (intermediate or high grade) soft tissue sarcoma with size >= 5 cm are eligible to enroll if the intention to treat is curative; they must have sufficient tissue to submit to central laboratory for review as well as for NGS sequencing (see submission requirement); availability of tumor tissue is mandatory for study eligibility; the patient must have consented to provide archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue for future central pathology review, NGS sequencing and/or translational researchXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must agree to undergo two research biopsies of (a) malignant lesion(s); tumor tissue obtained prior to study consent or treatment as part of standard care can also be submitted in lieu of performance of the first pre-treatment biopsy, if the principal investigator deems it to be of sufficient quantity/quality/timeliness; patients may be exempt from biopsy if 1) the investigator or person performing the biopsy judges that no tumor is accessible for biopsy, 2) the investigator or person performing the biopsy feels that the biopsy poses too great of a risk to the patient, or 3) the patient's platelet count is < 100,000/mcl or he/she cannot be safely removed from anti-coagulation therapy (if the anti-coagulation therapy needs to be temporarily held for the biopsy procedure); if the only tumor accessible for biopsy is also the only lesion that can be used for RECIST v1.1 response evaluation, then the patient may be exempt from biopsy; if the investigator deems a second research biopsy to be high risk after a patient has completed the first research biopsy, the patient may be exempt from the second biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue material available (archival or recent tumor biopsy)Xx_NEWLINE_xXKi67 index by central analysis of ?20% on untreated breast tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must be willing to undergo an incisional or excisional lymph node or tissue biopsy or provide a lymph node or tissue biopsy from the most recent available archival tissue.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMust have undergone biopsy after development of acquired resistance to erlotinib with available archived tissue (equivalent of >= 10 unstained slides)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHas a documented new diagnosis of SCLC by histology or cytology from brushing, washing, or needle aspiration of a defined lesion. Participants who do not have histology samples (defined as core or excisional biopsy, or resections) will need to undergo a new biopsy to provide a tissue sample.Xx_NEWLINE_xXBe willing to consider providing fresh tissue for biomarker analysis, and, based on the adequacy of the tissue sample quality, for assessment of biomarker status. Repeat samples may be required if adequate tissue is not provided. Newly obtained biopsy specimens are preferred to archived samples and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded block specimens are preferred to slides. Note: Information on 1 tumor biopsy sample is mandatory and is as follows: (1) To determine eligibility, historical (diagnostic) tumor biopsy official pathology report +/- an archival sample. Additional biopsy samples, preferably obtained from the same localized region, are highly desirable when feasible at the following time points: (2) Sample before the first dose of study treatment, (3) Sample after completion of Cycle 2 but before the start of Cycle 3 dosing, and (4) Sample either at the time of response or at the End of Study Visit (if no response).Xx_NEWLINE_xXAdditional available archival tumor tissue in the form of 15-20 unstained slides should be submitted to MSKCC for future correlative analysis, but will not be required prior registration; Note: if tissue is depleted, patient will still be eligible after discussion with the MSK principal investigator (PI)Xx_NEWLINE_xX(For expansion cohort only): Tissue must be available to confirm positive expression of AG7 antigen, defined as proportional score ?2, via slides or tumor block from either original diagnostic biopsy material or biopsy of relapsed diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue from surgery or biopsy must be available to determine MAGE-A3 expression for correlative studies.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of tumor tissue for HER2 status confirmationXx_NEWLINE_xXMethylated or hypermethylated MGMT promoter status within tumor tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXGroup B: Primary sarcoma of bone or soft tissue of the lower extremity.Xx_NEWLINE_xXGroup B: Radical resection of tumor, which may necessitate major bone or soft tissue reconstruction.Xx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue available and adequate for analysis at screeningXx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients must provide a baseline tumor sample at registration. If an archival sample is not available, patients must have a metastatic biopsy collected at the screening visit.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMust have available tumor tissue and consent to biopsy while on study.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHas an archived, diagnostic tumor tissue available for analysis.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMust consent to provide an archival tumor biopsy sample at any time point from screening to study exitXx_NEWLINE_xXMust consent to allow the acquisition of new tissue biopsy samples during the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXSatisfactory archival tumor biopsy tissue is retrieved, or new tumor biopsy is performed, prior to starting Cycle 1Xx_NEWLINE_xXHave undergone a biopsy or surgical resection of either primary or metastatic tumor tissue within 60 days of the first day of study treatment, C1D1, and have tissue available to send to sponsor laboratories or are able to undergo a biopsy during screening and provide tissue to sponsor laboratoriesXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue requirements: Availability of archival tissue, or willingness to undergo fresh biopsy at baseline; Enrollment in PK/PD cohort may be limited to subjects with disease amenable to pre- and post-dose biopsies, and willingness to undergo biopsy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must have archival tumor tissue available for mutational analysis. A study specific biopsy can be performed if archival tissue is not available.Xx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue available at time of screening for molecular profiling.Xx_NEWLINE_xXA core tumor biopsy obtained after progression on the last treatment must be available at study entry for the phase II portion of the study; any available archival tissue (for both phase I and II) will also be collectedXx_NEWLINE_xXMust submit tumor tissue for correlative analysesXx_NEWLINE_xXThe participant is willing to consent to provide a tumor tissue sample (fresh biopsy) before (Parts 2 and 3) and after (Part 2 only) receiving the study drugXx_NEWLINE_xXExtended RAS and BRAF wild type status documented on archival tumor tissue or on fresh biopsy if no archival tissue presentXx_NEWLINE_xXSubject has a NSCLC tissue sample obtained after subject developed resistance to EGFR TKI therapy that is available for central testing.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of fresh tumor tissue at screeningXx_NEWLINE_xXKnown KRAS and NRAS mutation status (if unknown status for either of these genes, and no archival tissues is available, a fresh tumor biopsy will be made)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of tumor tissue for central laboratory analyses.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMust have available tumor tissue and consent to biopsy while on study.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of fresh or archived tumor tissue.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMust have archival tumor tissue available for biomarker analysis. A study-specific tumor core biopsy, pleural effusion or ascites sample must be obtained prior to treatment if archival tissue is not available.Xx_NEWLINE_xXCohort Expansion: Available archival tumor tissue block or 5-10 unstained, consecutive core biopsy slides from one archival tumor block that meet specific tissue requirements.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have agreed to a new biopsy of tumor (deemed accessible and safe for biopsy by the investigator's assessment) and allowing acquired tissue to be used for biomarker analysis. If the biopsied lesions were previously irradiated, they must demonstrate either radiographic or pathological evidence of recurrent or residual disease.Xx_NEWLINE_xXArchival sample or fresh biopsy or tumor effusion must be available for retrospective mesothelin analysis Inclusion Criteria Part A: MAD and Extension Phase (Group 1 and Group 2)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of an original diagnostic tumor tissue or the most recent metastatic tumor biopsies (archival biopsy or de novo biopsy) and a peripheral blood sample for Notch receptors genomic profilingXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor specimens must be available for immunological studies either from a previous biopsy or a new biopsy obtained before the initiation of the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXBaseline tumor tissue to conduct molecular and / or genetic studies should be available from all study patients enrolled in this study. (optional in Phase 1b)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMust have available recent (before treatment start) or archival tumor specimen.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMen with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), with accessible metastatic soft-tissue lesions for tumor biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXMandatory availability of tumour tissue (archival or fresh if archival is not available) for TP53 determination.Xx_NEWLINE_xXFor all subjects: Availability of archival tissue, or willingness to undergo fresh biopsy if archival tissue is not available.Xx_NEWLINE_xXLymphoma subjects will be required to undergo EZH2 mutation testing. This will require availability of archival tissue, or willingness to undergo fresh biopsy, for central testing of EZH2 mutation status.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable metastatic melanoma that expresses ESO as assessed by one of the following methods: reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on tumor tissue, or by immunohistochemistry of resected tissue, or serum antibody reactive with ESOXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologic documentation of invasive breast cancer by core needle or incisional biopsy; excess baseline biopsy tumor tissue sufficient to make three 5-micron sections must be available for molecular analyses as part of this studyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have histologically or cytologically proven non-small cell lung cancer; tumor tissue must be available from all patients prior to initiation of protocol therapy, either from original diagnostic biopsy, or biopsy performed prior to initiation of protocol therapyXx_NEWLINE_xX2. Histologically proven diagnosis of MPM. All subjects must have biopsy material (archival tissue is acceptable) available for immunohistochemistry determination of Merlin status prior to enrollment.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAdequate tumour tissue (greater than 0.5cm3 preferred, 3 X core biopsy acceptable) available and agreement from subjects that this tissue from their primary and/or metastatic tumour be made available for assessment of potential biomarkers.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient has archival or fresh tumor tissue for the analysis of PI3K-related biomarkers. One tumor block (preferred) or a minimum of 12 unstained slides to be provided. Enrollment in the study is contingent on confirmation of an adequate amount of tumor tissue.Xx_NEWLINE_xXDisease amenable to biopsy and agree to undergo biopsy for molecular analysisXx_NEWLINE_xXAdequate amount and quality of tumor tissue from first surgical resection available for genetic profilingXx_NEWLINE_xXLUNG ADENOCARCINOMA COHORT (COHORT 3 ONLY): Mesothelin expression in at least 5% of cells as assessed in archival tumor tissue samples, determined by the immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay performed at Laboratory of Pathology/CCR/NCI; archival samples must be available for eligibilityXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue biopsy within 60 days prior to study entry or availability of an archival specimen obtained within 60 days of study screeningXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have archival tissue sample available, collected either at the time of diagnosis or any time since; if archival tissue is unavailable, patient must be eligible and willing to undergo a fresh tissue biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable tissue for AR testing for research purposesXx_NEWLINE_xXmTNBC (confirmed from most recent tissue sample) meeting the following criteria:Xx_NEWLINE_xXArchived tissue sample or new biopsy sample.Xx_NEWLINE_xXFor Part 1, willing to provide archived tumor tissue (if available) and willing to undergo pre- and on-treatment tumor biopsy (if considered safe and medically feasible by the treating investigator)Xx_NEWLINE_xXTissue availability for programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression is mandatory for enrollment; however if archived tissue is unavailable the patient will be given the option to consent to pre and post treatment tissue biopsies; tissue biopsies will be collected pretreatment (prior to the first dose of therapy) and post treatment (after at least 1 dose, preferably 2 doses of nivolumab)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient willing to comply to provide tumor tissue (archival or fresh biopsy specimen)Xx_NEWLINE_xX-  Availability of tumor tissue from any time since diagnosis of prostate cancer disease. If no tumor samples are available the participant might still be eligible following discussion between the investigator and the medical monitor.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of FFPE tumor tissue, either archival or obtained at study entry through fresh biopsy o Tumor tissue from fine needle aspiration is not acceptable.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMust have available archival or recently acquired bone marrow biopsy/aspiration or tumor tissue for central review to be eligible.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of FFPE tumor tissue, either fresh core-needle-biopsied or archivedXx_NEWLINE_xXConfirmed positive CD70 expression on tumor tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXDocumented MUC16 expression from archival or fresh tissue by IHC central reviewXx_NEWLINE_xXSufficient tissue (block or slides) from diagnostic biopsy to undergo testing for FRaXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have archival tumor specimen available for submissionXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, as determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay of archival tumor tissue or tissue obtained at screeningXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects for whom the clinical pathology report includes only IHC as 3+ (does not reflex to ISH) may enroll without a written report of ISH determined HER2 copy number, provided the investigative site confirms that archival tissue is available.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of FFPE tumor tissue, either archival or obtained at study entry through fresh biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue from fine needle aspiration is not acceptable.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of tumor tissue, either archival FFPE or obtained at study entry through fresh biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have access to archival tumor tissue sample or agree to undergo biopsy after study eligibility has been confirmed to obtain fresh sample for evaluation of WT1 expression. In place of archival tumor tissue samples, subjects with AML should have available a bone marrow aspirate and/or, bone marrow biopsy, with PCR for WT1 transcript performed before the first dose of study drug. Note: The archived tumor tissue sample does not need to be delivered to the clinical site prior to enrollment of the patient, however its availability should be confirmed through provision of the accession number or other identification number. Patient Inclusion Criteria - Part 2:Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have access to archival tumor tissue sample or agree to undergo biopsy after study eligibility has been confirmed to obtain fresh sample for evaluation of WT1 expression. In place of archival tumor tissue samples, patients with AML should have available a bone marrow aspirate and/or bone marrow biopsy with PCR for WT1 transcript performed before the first dose of study drug.Xx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue (archived acceptable) available for biomarker studies. For Phase 2 Part 2Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable archived tissue to perform molecular analysis\r\n* Patients without available archived tissue can have repeat biopsies to determine EGFR status as per standard clinical care guidelinesXx_NEWLINE_xXSufficient archived tumor samples (if taken within 6 months prior to treatment may be submitted) available for PD assessments, or willingness to undergo a pre-treatment core needle biopsy, preferably of the primary tumor, in order to obtain such tissue;Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable archival tumor tissue or willingness to undergo repeat biopsy is required at trial initiationXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of FFPE tumor tissue (from either the primary tumor, locoregional disease or a metastatic site), either fresh core-needle-biopsied or archived (two FFPE cores preferred whenever possible). If fresh tissue is obtained, the core biopsy must be done at least 7 days prior to randomization.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHistological documentation of soft tissue sarcoma (biopsy may be historical and may have been obtained from primary tumor or a metastatic site).Xx_NEWLINE_xXEwing sarcoma of soft tissue or boneXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of archival tumour tissue sample. If archival sample is not available, a fresh tumour biopsy must be provided.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must provide tissue from a punch biopsy of the skin at baseline, at the time of a clinical event (at the time of response, progression or appearance of a new lesion) and at the end of treatment; additional punch biopsies every 3 cycles are optional; an archival tissue sample is optionalXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue submitted for molecular and genetic analysis through the companion Stand-up 2 Cancer (SU2C) radiologically guided biopsy of abiraterone and/or enzalutamide refractory mCRPC protocol\r\n* Patients who consent to participate in the companion biopsy protocol and are subsequently determined to be ineligible for biopsy are eligible to participate in the current protocolXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have adequate fresh or archival tumour tissue at the late disease progression immediately prior to the study entryXx_NEWLINE_xXConfirmed availability of archival or freshly biopsied tumor tissue meeting protocol-defined specifications prior to study enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have undergone biopsy after development of acquired resistance to erlotinib (which is performed as standard of care) with adequate tissue to determine EGFR T790M and tumor histology; slides from an outside institution may be usedXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of tumor tissue sample suitable for the central confirmation of the genetic alteration and exploratory analysesXx_NEWLINE_xXHCC tissue either from an archived specimen or from a new biopsy of sufficient amount and quality should be available for IHC determination of ASS status, and other biomarkers, to be performed retrospectively. Subjects with no tissue available would require a biopsy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXIf available, patient must agree to provide archival tissue for research purposes (either archival paraffin tissue block or 10 unstained slides of a primary or metastatic melanoma lesion) prior to enrollment; samples should be shipped within 1 month after enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of FFPE tumor tissue, either archival or obtained at study entry through fresh biopsy o Tumor tissue from fine needle aspiration is not acceptable.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHistological confirmation of intermediate or high grade soft-tissue sarcoma. Tissue must be sent to a central pathology lab for review but will not preclude entry onto the study. Final assignment of tumor grade and histology will be based on the designation provided by the central pathology review.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMust have submitted a diagnostic FFPE tumor tissue sample to confirm tumor GR positivity. Tumor tissue may be from primary or metastatic lesion. In the absence of sufficient tissue to complete IHC, a tumor biopsy will be required.Xx_NEWLINE_xXConsent to provide archival tumor tissue for biomarker testingXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of tumor tissue, either archival FFPE or obtained at study entry through fresh biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXSufficient archival tumor specimen is available for HER3 immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis, or subject is willing to undergo a fresh tumor biopsy for HER3 IHC analysis.Xx_NEWLINE_xXNeedle biopsy or incisional biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of tissue from the initial diagnosis and the recurrent tumor that is estimated to be of sufficient quality and quantity for both genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and total ribonucleic acid (RNA) isolation; preferably some of the tissue would be snap frozen for high quality RNA preparationXx_NEWLINE_xXMolecular characterization of the tumor demonstrating a KRAS mutation by a CLIA-certified assay. Adequate archival tissue, tissue core biopsy specimen, or DNA samples must be available for central testing of INK4a/Arf and p53 if not previously performed by a CLIA certified lab.Xx_NEWLINE_xXThe pathologic tissue is available to determine FGFR1 amplification statusXx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tumor tissue to conduct molecular and / or genetic studies must be collected from all study subjects enrolled in this study.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient has tumor tissues available (archival or fresh).Xx_NEWLINE_xXConsent to provide archival tumor tissue for biomarker testingXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of archival tumor tissue required for assessment of deregulated FGF pathway signalling, but not limited to, FGFR1 amplification or FGF2 or FGFR1 expression. If archival tissue is not available, a fresh biopsy is required. In Arms A and B, subjects will be prospectively screened for FGFR1 gene amplification using a Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay for the dose expansion and the MTD/MFD cohorts only. For inclusion in this study, based on the central laboratory testing, FGFR1 gene amplification must meet one of the following criteria: a ratio of FGFR1/CEN 8 of >=2; or average number of FGFR1 signals per tumor nucleus of >=6; or the percentage of tumor nuclei containing >=5 FGFR1 signals is >=50%. In Arm C, FGF2 expression by IHC will be evaluated retrospectively in tissue samples by a central laboratory and is not a requirement for study entry.Xx_NEWLINE_xXA representative FFPE tumor sample must be available for molecular testing along with a corresponding pathology report. An archival tumor sample may be submitted. However, if not available, a new tumor biopsy obtained for the purpose of this study must be submitted instead.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who do not have an archival or fresh tumor sample (or sections of it) available or readily obtainable.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPrimary prostate cancer tissue available for analysis is not required for inclusion onto this study but is strongly encouragedXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of fresh or archival FFPE tumor specimens for analysis of LHRH receptor expression.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMET Diagnostic-High tissue reported by the central authorized laboratory using archival or recent biopsy tumor samplesXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects have available tumor tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXAdequate diagnostic prostate core biopsy specimen for pharmacodynamics evaluation (tissue block, or at least 15 unstained sections), or willingness to consent to and undergo a pretreatment ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostateXx_NEWLINE_xXOvarian cancer, or HCC, or HCC with coexistent BCT, or BCT only tissue either from an archived specimen or from a new biopsy of sufficient amount and quality should be available for IHC determination of ASS status to be performed retrospectively for the ovarian cancer, or HCC, or HCC with coexistent BCT, or BCT only cohorts. Subjects with no tissue available would require a biopsy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable archival tumor sample (excisional or core biopsy) that can be acquired and provide consent to biomarker testing of the tumor.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of archival tumor tissue (core biopsy or surgical tumor blocks) for analysis. Sites will be asked to submit archival tissue (subjects may start the study if tissue is available at an outside hospital, but not yet requested or received).Xx_NEWLINE_xXConfirmed availability of archival or freshly collected tumor tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXPTEN deficient tumor as documented from archival or fresh (from biopsy) tumor tissue analyzed by GlaxoSmithKline selected laboratoryXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue (archived or fresh) is required and must be available to be shipped to GSK or site specific laboratory.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of an existing tumor biopsy sample (or consent to allow pre-treatment tumor biopsy if sample not available)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a tumor tissue form indicating availability of archived tissue from initial resection at diagnosis of glioblastoma completed and signed by a pathologistXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must agree to undergo tumor HRD testing at screening. The tumor sample must be submitted for HRD testing during the Screening Period. Patients do not have to wait for the HRD test result to be enrolled. If archival tumor tissue is not available for testing, the patient must agree to undergo a fresh biopsy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXProvision of (archival or fresh) FFPE tumor tissue. (For Cohort 3 only: if diagnosis was made by cytology and archival tissue is not available, patient will not need to provide tumor tissue)Xx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have accessible lesion(s) that permit a total of two to three biopsies (pretreatment and on-treatment) or one biopsy (on-treatment, if archival tissue can be submitted in place of a pre-treatment biopsy) without unacceptable risk of a significant procedural complication. RECIST lesions should not be biopsied.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who do not have an archival tumor sample (or sections of it) available or readily obtainable.Xx_NEWLINE_xXEGFR-mutation negative tumor tissue as determined by sequencing; if an individual tissue test result is inconclusive (unable to be determined), it will be considered negative for study eligibility purposesXx_NEWLINE_xXConsent to provide archival tumor tissue for biomarker testingXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable paraffin-embedded tissue should have been collected no longer than 6 months prior to first administration of SAR3419. Cryo-preserved tissue cannot be used. If archival material is not available, a Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) must be obtained.Xx_NEWLINE_xXavailability of tissue sample for diagnostic testing is requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability and willingness to provide an adequate archival sample of tumorXx_NEWLINE_xXWillingness to provide archival tissue from the primary diagnosis (original lymphoma lymph node tissue biopsy)Xx_NEWLINE_xXTumor verified to be CD20+ (based on local evaluation), from a current or previous tissue biopsy. Tissue biopsy should be repeated if no report or specimen is available, CD20 staining was not previously performed, or there is clinical suspicion that the indolent lymphoma has transformed to aggressive lymphoma/higher malignancy grade.Xx_NEWLINE_xXFor participants in Part B, C, D, E, and F, a tumor tissue sample is mandatory, when safe and feasible, for biomarker analysisXx_NEWLINE_xXThe participant has archived tumor tissue available for analysis (can be either primary tumor or metastases).Xx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability and willingness to provide sufficient tumor tissue sample for testingXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable soft tissue plasmacytomaXx_NEWLINE_xXConsent to research use of their BCC tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a signed tissue acquisition consent and have at minimum, adequate samples of primary fresh tissue or blood available for use in this study.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHistopathologic confirmation of one of the following cluster of differentiation antigen 20 positive (CD20+) B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (tissue diagnostic procedures must be performed within 6 months of study entry and with biopsy material available for review):Xx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically-confirmed CD30-positive disease; tissue from the most recent post diagnostic biopsy of relapsed/refractory disease must be available for confirmation of CD30 expression via slides or tumor block.Xx_NEWLINE_xXNewly diagnosed de novo GBM with documented EGFRvIII expression in tumor tissue.Xx_NEWLINE_xXDocumentation of disease: \r\n* Histologic documentation: histologically proven mucosal melanoma by local pathology\r\n* Tumor tissue: tumor tissue from the primary site of disease must be available for PD-L1 testing (stratification factor)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHCC diagnosed by tissue or imaging studyXx_NEWLINE_xXConsent to collection of a pre-treatment tumor sample, on-treatment biopsy, and, if applicable, a tumor tissue sample at the time of progressive disease (PD) Inclusion Criteria Specific to Obinutuzumab-Containing CohortsXx_NEWLINE_xXSufficient tumor tissue must be available for histologic assessment of PD-L1 expression and whole exome sequencingXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients only: must have a tumor in extremity muscle tissue or in the pelvisXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have biopsy accessible disease and must be willing and able to undergo a biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXHave pre-resection tissue (esophagogastroduodenoscopy [EGD] or EUS biopsy from the diagnosis) availableXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue available and deemed adequate for genomic studiesXx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tissue available for Foundation One analysisXx_NEWLINE_xXInability to obtain Foundation One testing on archival tissue, or, lack of previous Next Generation Sequencing incorporating testing for NOTCH -1, -2, -3, and -4Xx_NEWLINE_xXUnresectable thyroid cancer expressing TG as assessed by one of the following methods: real-time (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on tumor tissue, or by immunohistochemistry of resected tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must have existing tissue available for correlative studies; if availability of tissue has been confirmed the study drug can be started prior to the tissue being obtainedXx_NEWLINE_xXAny patient with active connective tissue disease such as lupus, dermatomyositisXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of BRAF V600E mutation in tumor tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue must be available for submission for central pathology reviewXx_NEWLINE_xXRecurrent soft tissue sarcomaXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of archived tumor tissue sample that can be used for assessment of PrR status by the central laboratory;Xx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have an archival tumor sample available (1 block or 20 unstained slides); if no archival tissue is available, participants must be willing to undergo a research biopsy of their disease if it is safely accessibleXx_NEWLINE_xXAll participants must provide tumor tissue from the primary or metastatic tumor site obtained from a prior or new biopsy or surgical procedure for detection of PIK3CA mutation by central laboratory test. Confirmation of adequate tissue is required prior to enrollment. For participants enrolled to biopsy cohorts or who consent to optional tumor biopsies, the pretreatment tumor biopsy may be usedXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be willing to submit blood and tissue specimens for translational medicineXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of archived tumor tissue for bankingXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of tumor tissue (>= 10 slides) for PD-L1, gene expression profiling (GEP), and additional testingXx_NEWLINE_xXPrimary breast reconstruction in women at least 18 years old with surgically absent breast tissue (two-stage reconstruction [tissue expanders utilized with or without the use of human acellular dermal matrices (ADM), limited to AlloDerm® and FlexHD® PLIABLE, utilized in a prior surgery to expand tissue for study device placement] to replace breast tissue post-mastectomy)Xx_NEWLINE_xXDemonstrates tissue characteristics that are clinically incompatible with successful use of a breast implant (e.g. inadequate tissue or compromised vascularity)Xx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tumor tissue obtained at any time from the initial diagnosis to study entry; a fresh tumor biopsy using a procedure that is safe for the subject on a lesion not previously irradiated unless lesion progressed will be required if archival tissue is unavailable.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients receiving osseocutaneous free tissue transfer regardless of the indication for free tissue transfer; this includes osseocutaneous tissue from fibula and scapulaXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients undergoing reconstruction after mastectomy (either implant or tissue based)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo use will be made of fetal tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXNON-RANDOMIZED OBSERVATIONAL COMPONENT ELIGIBILITY:\r\nBiopsy prior to study enrollment that is obtainable AND has sufficient residual tumor tissue from such biopsy is obtainable and donated for the researchXx_NEWLINE_xXPreviously cryopreserved and stored cortical ovarian tissue available for autologous transplantationXx_NEWLINE_xXPassage through non-aerated lung or tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXWilling to undergo fresh liver biopsy if provided archival tissue was taken greater than (>) 6 months from Cycle 1 Day 1Xx_NEWLINE_xXWilling to undergo biopsy if archival tissue is not available or if archival tissue was taken >6 months from Cycle 1, Day 1Xx_NEWLINE_xXAbsence of HER2 expression documented as ISH-negative on previously collected and assessed tumor tissue upon initial diagnosis of diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXWilling to undergo biopsy if archival tissue is not available or if archival tissue was taken >6 months from Cycle 1 Day 1Xx_NEWLINE_xXTissue available for the evaluation of AR by IHC on pretreatment HCC samples; if tissue is not available, a pretreatment biopsy will not be necessary for eligibilityXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailability of tumor tissue at study enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXAdequate archival or fresh tumor tissue (from biopsy, bone marrow, or peripheral blood) for analysis of potential predictive biomarkers.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPre-treatment fresh frozen tissue available for research purposes; this tissue can be collected from preoperative laparoscopy, other diagnostic biopsy, or a research-specific biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXGroup 2: Patients must have a confirmed diagnosis of unresectable GIST with a D842V mutation in the PDGFR? gene. The PDGFR? mutation will be identified by local or central assessment, either in an archival tissue sample or a new tumor biopsy obtained prior to treatment with avapritinib.Xx_NEWLINE_xXGroups 1 and 2: A tumor sample (archival tissue or a new tumor biopsy) has been submitted for mutational testing.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAdequate archival tissue from a biopsy performed after progression of disease on previous EGFR-TKI or willing to consent to a fresh tumor biopsy (mandatory for dose expansion cohort only; optional for dose escalation)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have an accessible non-bone tumor lesion from which serial core biopsy specimen can be obtained; NOTE: if baseline biopsy is attempted and is unsuccessful (e.g., patient intolerance, inadequate tissue), the patient will still be considered eligible for the study; if core biopsy is not possible, other methods may be approved in advance by the protocol chair/designeeXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor PD-L1 expression as determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay of archival tumor tissue or tissue obtained at screeningXx_NEWLINE_xXAvailable tissue that was obtained at or after the time the usbject was found to have muscle invasive disease and is of suitable quality and quantity and to assess the FGFR3 status by genetic testing. For subjects participating in the Randomized Phase only, if suitable archival tissue is unavailable, then a core biopsy of tumor tissue (metastatic or primary) must be obtained prior to randomization even if a blood sample sample was used to determine FGFR3 genetic statusXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have a history of breast tissue expander or implant placementXx_NEWLINE_xXTissue available for the required analyses (either clinical tissue block or slides and scrolls)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNon-surgical cohort only: positive phospho-EGFR assessment (>= 100 stained pixels) from tissue obtained from previous clinical liver biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXWillingness to provide blood and tissue samples for safety/toxicity monitoring and biomarker analysesXx_NEWLINE_xXConsent to the tissue Cancer Therapy and Research Center (CTRC) biorepositoryXx_NEWLINE_xXPre-intervention biopsy tissue (most proximal to enrollment) with sufficient tumor tissue to cut 5-10 unstained slides confirmed to be available upon requestXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with a known connective tissue diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXMust be willing to undergo fine needle aspiration of breast adipose tissue at 0 and 3 months of the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXBiopsy of tumor tissue for central evaluation, within 60 days prior to the first day of study treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXAgree to undergo a biopsy of at least one metastatic site or primary prostate for determination of the RB status; adequate archival metastatic tissue can be used if available in lieu of a biopsy if done when patient had CRPC (within 6 months of treatment start)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients enrolled in Part 2 must have at least 20 (preferably 40) slides of archival tumor tissue from a prior surgery demonstrating GBM; patients enrolled in Part 1 will not be required to have archival tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXHER2-overexpression in the patient's tumor tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients must agree to provide an archival tissue block or paraffin sample from archival tissue block (approximately 10 sections) for use in pharmacodynamic correlative studies; however, patients are not considered ineligible if archival tumor is not availableXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue EBV positiveXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be willing to provide a core tissue biopsy at baseline and with repeat tissue collection after 12 cycles of protocol therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have an ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document; the patient is still eligible for this study even if she declines consent for her tissue to be used for any (or all) of the correlative studies described in this document and/or if she declines consent for her tissue to go into a tissue bank for future unspecified researchXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must document their willingness to be followed for up to 24 months after recruitment by signing informed consent documenting their agreement to have clinical endpoints and the results of histopathologic tissue analysis (when tissue becomes available from routine care) entered into a research databaseXx_NEWLINE_xXArchived tissue from the CRC primary tumor in sufficient amounts to allow advanced quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis; specimen from metastatic sites are not required but highly preferredXx_NEWLINE_xXBe willing to undergo fresh tumor tissue biopsy of an accessible tumor lesion prior to pembrolizumab; a mandatory fresh biopsy will be collected following C11-AMT PET imaging; subjects for whom fresh samples cannot be provided (e.g. inaccessible or subject safety concern) or do not agree to this fresh tumor research biopsy of accessible tumor will be deemed ineligible for study participation; exception to the mandatory tumor tissue collection are patients with metastatic lung lesions as the only site of metastatic disease; fresh biopsy collection from these subjects will be optional, due to high risk of pneumothoraxXx_NEWLINE_xXBe willing to allow for investigators to collect archival tumor tissues from surgical procedures that may have been performed before or after enrollment into this trial for research purposes (in-house cases and/or outside cases). These samples will be obtained by study staff as long as subject continues on follow-up. Blocks of tissue will be requested, and if blocks are not able to be obtained, 5 micron slides (10-15) will be sufficientXx_NEWLINE_xXWilling to allow use or collection of pathology tissue for the purposes of research from either clinical biopsy or surgical procedure (if adequate tissue is available) or research only biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXArchival tumor tissue from biopsy or resection will be required for all patients; archival tissue should be of good quality based on total and viable tumor contents; fine needle aspiration, brushing, and cytologic cell pellets are not acceptableXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must be undergoing a surgical procedure with the intention of removing more tissue than what would be taken for a biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXHas undergone an invasive procedure on kidney lesion (e.g. tissue biopsy, surgery, nonsurgical cytoreductive procedure) since identification of lesion via US without contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXWillingness to undergo biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXThe patients will be asked to consent to provide access to data obtained from molecular analysis that has been done on archived tumor tissue that will be correlated with 89Zr-DFO-trastuzumab imaging resultsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must document their willingness to be followed for at least 24 months after recruitment by signing informed consent documenting their agreement to have clinical endpoints and the results of histopathologic tissue analysis (when tissue becomes available from routine care) entered into a research databaseXx_NEWLINE_xXSubject with normal oral tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXExpected to undergo tumor tissue biopsy for known or suspected prostate cancer (in the primary, recurrent or metastatic disease setting)Xx_NEWLINE_xXProstate biopsy within 6 weeks (unless biopsy is planned from extraprostatic tissue)Xx_NEWLINE_xXSufficient fresh or frozen tissue remaining from pre-treatment core biopsy/incisional biopsy or willing to undergo biopsy (at University of North Carolina [UNC] via LCCC9819) for research purposes only (approximately 10 mg or one core's worth of tissue needed)Xx_NEWLINE_xXUNC patients must co-enroll into LCCC9819 for collection of tissue samplesXx_NEWLINE_xXIs willing to provide archival tumor tissue from a biopsy performed within 6 months of progression during treatment with erlotinib, gefitinib, afatinib, or osimertinib OR has at least one lesion, not previously irradiated, amenable to core biopsy and is willing to undergo screening tumor biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXWillingness to undergo a tumor biopsy prior to starting treatment (or if biopsy is not feasible, provide archival tissue).Xx_NEWLINE_xXIs willing to provide tissue from a tumor lesion at baseline and at time of surgery.Xx_NEWLINE_xXSTEAP1 antigen positive tissue known from prior IHC testing or if STEAP1 status is not known archival sample will be sent to Genentech for IHC; samples needed to be positive, when feasible metastatic lesions will be tested preferentially rather than primaryXx_NEWLINE_xXTissue analysis demonstrating pathology other than glioblastomaXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects, for whom tissue is not available, must have a soft tissue or metastatic bone lesion that can be biopsied and be willing to undergo percutaneous biopsy to obtain tissue for OATP1B3 expressionXx_NEWLINE_xXTissue specimen is inadequate for sampling and analysisXx_NEWLINE_xXHave tissue block available from core biopsy for correlative biomarkers and genomic assayXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients younger than 18 years of age with a histologically or cytologically confirmed diagnosis of cancer who are being treated for cancer at the NIH Clinical Center and who will already be undergoing a clinically necessary medical procedure during which tumor tissue will be resected or needle biopsy tissue collectedXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor tissue:Xx_NEWLINE_xXPart 1, Dose Escalation: tumor tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXPart 2, Expansion: tumor tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXDYNAMIC COHORT: Willing to consent to collection of pathology tissue for the purposes of research at the time of clinical biopsy or surgical procedureXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be agreeable to provide tissue prior to enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXSoft tissue progressionXx_NEWLINE_xXTissue confirmation.Xx_NEWLINE_xXSufficient fresh or frozen tissue remaining from pre-treatment core biopsy/incisional biopsy or willing to undergo biopsy for research purposes only (approximately 10mg or one core’s worth of tissue needed)Xx_NEWLINE_xXWilling to undergo two mandatory core biopsies after diagnosis to obtain tissue for correlative studies; the third biopsy time point is optionalXx_NEWLINE_xXArchive tumor tissue (obtained from a biopsy or surgical resection of a metastatic lesion done within 4 months from study enrollment) availability is required for patient participation. If the available tissue is insufficient for the required baseline analysis, the patients are given the option to repeat the biopsy for the purpose of study participation as long as they have not already started palbociclib or ribociclib.Xx_NEWLINE_xXLack of archive tumor tissue from a biopsy or surgical resection of a metastatic lesion done within 4 months of study enrollment. Patients will be given an option to have a repeated biopsy of a metastatic lesion if they had a diagnostic tumor biopsy intended for use in the current study that was performed more than 4 months prior to analysis, or there is insufficient tissue from the initial biopsy to complete the analysis, as long as they have not started treatment with a CDK 4/6 inhibitor. Otherwise, the patient will be excluded from the study participation.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients without either fresh or archival tumor tissue accessible.Xx_NEWLINE_xXConsent to provide archival tissueXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with archival tumor tissue suitable for measurement of proteasome activity and biomarker status must give permission to access and test the tissue. Patients without archival tumor tissue are eligible for the Dose-Escalation stage, but not the Dose-Expansion stage of the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXAre amenable to provide tumor tissue prior to treatment and provide tumor tissue after treatment initiation (both mandatory).Xx_NEWLINE_xXTissue must be available for genotyping or biopsy planned to obtain tissue for genotyping; biopsy requirement may be waived if not technically feasible and plasma genotyping reveals an eligible EGFR mutation (exon 19 del/L858R); determination of technical feasibility must be made independently of plasma genotyping resultsXx_NEWLINE_xXConsent for the use of any residual material from biopsy (archival tissue) and serial blood draws will be required for enrollment; patients without adequate tissue for bio-correlates will not be excluded or required to have a repeat biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xX