Children must commence Induction chemotherapy within 28 days of the most recent definitive surgical procedure and within 21 days of the most recent neuro-imaging studies (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] of brain, performed with and without gadolinium contrast, and MRI of total spine, performed with gadolinium contrast) and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytological examination; the required eligibility observations must be done within 21 days of the start date of treatment; the date protocol therapy is projected to start must be no later than 7 calendar days after the date of study enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) identified on the pretreatment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAbsence of brain metastasis, as confirmed by a negative CT with contrast or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the brain, no more than 4 weeks prior to randomization. Applicable only to metastasectomy participantsXx_NEWLINE_xXCorticosteroid dose must be stable or decreasing for at least 5 days prior to the baseline MRI scanXx_NEWLINE_xXRecurrence must be confirmed by diagnostic biopsy with local pathology review or contrast-enhanced MRI. If first recurrence of GBM is documented by MRI, an interval of at least 12 weeks after the end of prior radiation therapy is required unless there is either: i) histopathologic confirmation of recurrent tumor, or ii) new enhancement on MRI outside of the radiotherapy treatment fieldXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who are unable to undergo MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXMulticentric cancer in the same breast as diagnosed by clinical examination, mammography, ultrasound; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or pathologic assessment, not amenable to excision with negative margins with a single lumpectomyXx_NEWLINE_xXBaseline imaging:Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with known optic nerve and/or retinal involvement are not eligible; patients who are presenting with visual disturbances should have an ophthalmologic exam and, if indicated, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine optic nerve or retinal involvementXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have eligibility confirmed by rapid central imaging review on APEC14B1; standard whole brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with and without contrast (gadolinium) and spine MRI with contrast (gadolinium) must be performed at the following time points:\r\n* Pre-operative to include an MRI of the brain with and without contrast (including post-contrast three-dimensional [3D] T1-weighted image [T1WI] and post-contrast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery [FLAIR])\r\n* Pre-operative spinal MRI with gadolinium; post-operative staging spinal MRI may be obtained if pre-operative imaging is not possible or is suboptimal; pre-operative spine imaging is strongly preferred, due to the potential of post-operative sequelae, which could affect metastasis detection\r\n* Post-operative brain MRI within 72 hours of surgeryXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with metastatic disease by either MRI evaluation (brain and spine) or lumbar CSF cytology are not eligible; patients who are unable to undergo a lumbar puncture for assessment of CSF cytology are ineligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXA diagnostic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (no other scan type allowed) of the brain must be performed postoperatively; the residual enhancing tumor and/or resection cavity must have a maximal diameter of 5 cm or less; the tumor diameter will be the greatest diameter as measured on the contrast-enhanced postoperative MRI and will include residual disease and/or the postoperative surgical cavity as appropriate\r\n* The postoperative brain MRI should be obtained within 72 hours of resection; if it is not obtained within 72 hours post-resection, then an MRI obtained 2 weeks or longer after surgery is required and can be utilized to ensure maximal diameter of residual tumor and/or resection cavity is 5 cm or less\r\n* For cases where a gross total resection of enhancing tumor is performed, but postoperative surgical cavity is NOT identifiable, the patient will be excluded from the trialXx_NEWLINE_xXInability to undergo MRI (e.g., due to safety reasons, such as presence of a pacemaker, or severe claustrophobia)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMRI of pelvis within 90 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXDefinitive T3 disease on MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to MRI\r\n* Cardiac pacemaker or defibrillator\r\n* Surgically implanted electrical devices such as spinal stimulation devices or intracranial stimulation devices, cochlear implants, the presence of metallic foreign bodies in the orbits, and incompatible old mechanical heart valves and aneurysm clipsXx_NEWLINE_xXGross total resection (GTR) will be interpreted as modified Simpson grade 1-3 without gross residual dural-based or extradural tumor; GTR must be confirmed both by modified Simpson grade and by post-operative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findingsXx_NEWLINE_xXGTR must be confirmed on post-operative imaging following the most recent surgery; submission of both pre-operative and post-operative MRIs is required for patients; if a second surgery is performed, submission of post-operative MRI is required and pre-operative MRI is required only if obtained; all sequences obtained in the pre- and post-operative MR imaging are to be submitted to National Radiology Group (NRG) Oncology for study registration; imaging subsequent to enrollment must include pre and post gadolinium contrast-enhanced three-dimensional spoiled gradient (SPGR), magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo (MP-RAGE), or turbo field echo (TFE) MRI scan and an axial T2 fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence; to yield acceptable image quality, the gadolinium contrast-enhanced three-dimensional SPGR, MP-RAGE, or TFE axial MRI scan should use the smallest possible axial slice thickness not exceeding 1.5 mm; the post-operative MRI must be completed within sufficient time to permit step 1 registration within 180 days of the initial resection; these same conditions apply in the setting of a second surgical procedure, although if a second surgery is completed, step 1 registration must still occur with 180 days of initial surgery; computed tomography (CT) imaging is not required, but may be obtained if desired clinically, for instance to assess calcifications or hyperostosisXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable PVNS/dt-TGCT by RECIST 1.1 on MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindications to MRI and use of intravenous gadolinium-based contrast agentsXx_NEWLINE_xXSubject has progressive disease with at least one measureable lesion on MRI.Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubject has a metal implant, including a programmable shunt, in the head or neck that is incompatible with MRI.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one lesion that can be accurately measured in two dimensions utilizing mammogram, ultrasound, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images to define specific size and validate complete clinical and pathologic responseXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have shown unequivocal radiographic evidence for tumor progression by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan; if an MRI is being obtained to verify eligibility, it is recommended that the MRI parameters follow the specifications detailed in the protocol so that the patient will not require a repeat MRI prior to treatment startXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have T3/4 or N+ disease by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or endoscopic ultrasoundXx_NEWLINE_xXMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the brain and spine must be completed within 21 days prior to patient registration; all MRI scans should be with and without gadoliniumXx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients who do not have surgery performed must have MRI scans obtained prior to inductionXx_NEWLINE_xXAbility to tolerate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Xx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to undergo brain MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients not able to have a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (due to pacemaker, claustrophobia, etc.)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable (defined by at least 1 cm x 1 cm) contrast-enhancing disease by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging within 21 days of starting treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be able to undergo MRI of the brain with gadolinium; patients must be maintained on a stable or decreasing dose of corticosteroid regimen (no increase for 5 days) prior to this baseline MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXAble to undergo a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan and receive gadolinium-based contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be able to have MRI scansXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with pacemakers, aneurysm clips, neurostimulators, cochlear implants, metal in ocular structures, history of being a steel worker, or other incompatible implants which makes MRI safety an issue are excludedXx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to undergo MRI scansXx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to undergo brain MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXIf patients are on corticosteroids, they must have been on a stable or decreasing dose >= 5 days prior to obtaining their baseline gadolinium (Gd)-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain; this MRI is to be obtained within 28 days of registration; NOTE: If patient needs escalation of steroids prior to therapy, or are on unstable doses of steroids they are not eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of intratumoral or peritumoral hemorrhage on baseline MRI scan other than those that are grade =< 1 and either post-operative or stable on at least 2 consecutive MRI scansXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients whose screening MRI scan demonstrates intratumoral hemorrhage or peritumoral hemorrhage are not eligible for treatment if deemed significant by the treating physicianXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXLack of adequate (>= 2 mm) separation between the spinal cord and the tumor on post-operative CT myelogram or MRI perfusionXx_NEWLINE_xXBrain metastasis, unless previously treated with surgery or stereotactic radiosurgery and the disease has been confirmed stable (i.e., no increase in lesion size) for at least 6 weeks with two consecutive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans using contrast prior to study day 1; enzyme inducing anticonvulsants are not allowed while patients are on study treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXFor patients who have received prior cranial radiation, no increase in corticosteroid dose in the week prior to the baseline brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXKnown contraindication to MRI with gadolinium contrast, such as cardiac pacemaker, shrapnel, or ocular foreign bodyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a baseline evaluation including history and physical examination with neurological evaluation and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain (with and without gadolinium-based contrast), all completed within 30 days prior to initiation of treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXBrain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium within 4 weeks of study enrollment demonstrating the absence of brain metastases; if an MRI is medically contraindicated or if the patient refuses, a head CT with IV contrast is acceptableXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants with known spinal or distant metastases; patients with ependymoma, medulloblastoma or germinoma must have metastatic workup including spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to rule out metastasesXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of disease activity as outlined (e.g. gadolinium enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging of the brain or clinical progression)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients unable to undergo gadolinium contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or receive IV contrast for any reason (e.g., due to pacemaker, ferromagnetic implants, claustrophobia, extreme obesity, hypersensitivity)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients unable to undergo gadolinium contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or receive IV contrast for any reason (e.g., due to pacemaker, ferromagnetic implants, claustrophobia, extreme obesity, hypersensitivity)Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubject who cannot undergo MRI.Xx_NEWLINE_xX1-6 definitive intracranial lesions must be present on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brainXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipant is deemed to be an appropriate candidate for MRI-guided brachytherapy by the radiation oncologist and the patient elects to be treated with MRI-guided brachytherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to MRI identified by the MR procedure screening form, such as a pacemaker, aneurysm clip, inner ear implant, neurostimulator, or other non-MR compatible implant or deviceXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients not capable of getting PET study due to weight, claustrophobia, or inability to lie still for the duration of the exam\r\n* For patients in the imaging correlate sub-study: An MRI will not be performed if there is contraindication for undergoing MRI based on University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Radiology guidelinesXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to MRI (metal implants)Xx_NEWLINE_xXRecurrent lesion must be >= 1.0 cm in diameter as determined by MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXAbility to undergo MRI scanning with contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXLocally advanced HCC as defined by: 1) tissue diagnosis OR 2) alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) > 400 ng/mL with compatible mass on contrast-enhanced imaging OR 3) compatible mass on dual phase computed tomography (CT) or dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrating both arterial hypervascularity and delayed washoutXx_NEWLINE_xXCytologically-confirmed LMD or radiologically detectable LMD defined as either/or:\r\n* A measurable lesion on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of either the brain or total-spine > 3 mm that has not been radiated within the last 3 months prior to commencement of study therapy\r\n* Positive CSF cytologyXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXCT or MRI of the neck to confirm stagingXx_NEWLINE_xXFive-twenty intracranial lesions must be present on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brainXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants who cannot undergo a brain MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXExperienced first unequivocal progression of tumor by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [as assessed via Radiologic Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria within 3 months from the last dose of TMZ.Xx_NEWLINE_xX1 inoperable brain metastasis or 2- 10 brain lesions per screening MRI, confirmed by contrast enhanced MRI amenable to SRS according to the following criteria:Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease, defined as at least one lesion that can be accurately measured in at least two dimensions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXOptic pathway tumors, including chiasmatic-hypothalamic, tumor without histologic confirmation; patients with chiasmatic lesions with or without contiguous extension of tumor into other regions of the visual pathways demonstrated on contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will be eligible for study without histopathologic confirmation with or without NF-1Xx_NEWLINE_xXAll subjects must have MRI scans of the brain within 28 days prior to registration; an MRI of the spine should be performed if clinically indicatedXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirming progressive diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXWilling to undergo and able to tolerate frequent MRI or CT assessments during the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of T1 gadolinium (Gd)–enhancing lesions (on magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) suggestive of high-grade gliomaXx_NEWLINE_xXInability to undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation for treatment planning and follow-upXx_NEWLINE_xXHistory of anaphylactic allergic reactions attributed to agents used in study (i.e. doxirubicin, epirubicin, MRI contrast agents or iodinated contrast agents)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPrior MRI results dated within 120 days prior to ablation.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient is unable to tolerate MRI (foreign body; i.e. pacemaker or other implanted device; claustrophobia; inability to tolerate rectal coil, etc…)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with renal insufficiency with an estimated glomerular filtration (EGF) <= 30 are excluded, due to they will not be able to undergo gadolinium enhance MRI.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a gadolinium contrast-enhanced three-dimensional (3D), spoiled gradient (SPGR), magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo (MP-RAGE), or turbo field echo (TFE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan and an axial T2/fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence; to yield acceptable image quality, the gadolinium contrast-enhanced three-dimensional SPGR, MP-RAGE or TFE axial MRI scan should use the smallest possible axial slice thickness not exceeding 1.5 mm; sites may contact the Imaging Co-Chairs for further information or assistance if needed\r\n* This MRI must be obtained within 56 days of Step 1 registration.\r\n* Note: the MRI study is mandatory irrespective of randomization to the experimental or control arm of this studyXx_NEWLINE_xXNote: the MRI study is mandatory irrespective of randomization to the experimental or control arm of this studyXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to MR imaging, such as implanted metal devices or foreign bodies or severe claustrophobiaXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of T1 gadolinium (Gd) –enhancing lesions (on MRI) suggestive of high-grade gliomaXx_NEWLINE_xXMust be able to undergo serial MRI scans for response evaluationXx_NEWLINE_xXInability to undergo MRI and/or contraindication for MRI examinations following the MRI protocol; prosthesis or orthopedic or dental braces that would interfere with volumetric analysis of target PN on MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXAll subjects must have measurable disease in 2-dimensions on MRI scan of the brain; disease should be consistently measured with the two largest perpendicular dimensionsXx_NEWLINE_xXINCLUSION CRITERIA FOR STRATUM C: All subjects must have measurable disease in 2-dimensions on MRI scan of the brain and/or spine; disease should be consistently measured with the two largest perpendicular dimensionsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have active brain metastases from NSCLC, confirmed by Gadolinium-enhanced MRI without concomitant leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. Dose of steroids must be stable for 5 days before the baseline brain MRI. Patients in Arm 5 must also meet the following inclusion criteria:Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease (in 2-dimensions) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of brain and/or spine to assess preliminary evidence of responseXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be able to have magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scansXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with pacemakers, non-titanium aneurysm clips, neurostimulators, cochlear implants, non-titanium metal in ocular structures, history of being a steel worker, or other incompatible implants which makes MRI safety an issue are excludedXx_NEWLINE_xXMRI evidence of progression (either as > 2 mm increase in maximum linear diameter on conventional MRI, or a > 20% volume increase by 3-dimensional [3D] volumetrics) over the past =< 18 months OR progressive hearing loss, defined as a decline in word recognition score below the 95% critical difference interval from baseline score related to VS (i.e., not due to prior interventions such as surgery or radiation)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMRI-guided cryoablation criteria-cohort 1: \r\n* Participants must have a mass that is well-visualized under MRI; since PET-CT guidance requires the nuclear medicine department to administer a radionuclide material, either fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) or a somatostatin analog (DOTATATE), the default will be to try to use MRI guidance which will be simplerXx_NEWLINE_xXMyometrial invasion > 50% or evidence of nodal or metastatic disease on baseline magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (MRI only to be done for EC patients) or tumor size > 2 cm on MRI or pelvic ultrasoundXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients should have no contraindications to having a contrast enhanced MRI scan; these contraindications will be assessed at the time of enrollment using the guidelines set up and in clinical use by the Institutional Standard PracticeXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must be able to undergo MRI and PET scansXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who are not suitable to undergo MRI or use gadolinium contrast due to:\r\n* Claustrophobia\r\n* Presence of metallic objects or implanted medical devices in body (i.e. cardiac pacemaker, aneurysm clips, surgical clips, prostheses, artificial hearts, valves with steel parts, metal fragments, shrapnel, tattoos near the eye, or steel implants)\r\n* Sickle cell disease\r\n* Renal failure\r\n* Reduced renal function, as determined by creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min based on a serum creatinine level obtained within 28 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients enrolling in the medical arm (Arms C and D) must be on a stable or decreasing dose of corticosteroids (or none) for at least 5 days prior to the baseline MRI;Xx_NEWLINE_xXPhase I/II: CSF sampling required to document LM if not documented by MRI; NOTE: patients are still eligible if CSF is negative but LM disease is documented on MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of in-transit, nodal or distant metastases as determined by clinical examination, CT or MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXClinical and/or MRI evidence of a named cranial or cervical nerve involvement by tumourXx_NEWLINE_xXHas imminent or established cord compression based on clinical findings and/or MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with newly diagnosed DIPG by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); defined as patients with a pontine location and diffuse involvement of at least 2/3 of the pons are eligible without histologic diagnosis. For lesions with typical imaging features, biopsy is neither encouraged nor required for eligibility. Tumors that are biopsied will be eligible if proven to be supportive of the diagnosis of a DIPG. Consensus of diagnosis by the study team must be met.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically proven adenocarcinoma of the lower rectum (lower border =< 6 cm from anal verge as assessed by pelvic magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]).Xx_NEWLINE_xXNewly diagnosed brain metastases (metastases on post-contract magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] obtained within six weeks of study entry) deemed to be amenable to SRS\r\n* Tumor size limited to largest volume < 10 cc\r\n* Longest diameter < 3 cm\r\n* Cumulative volume of all tumors =< 15 ccXx_NEWLINE_xXIs able to have magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast of the brainXx_NEWLINE_xXINCLUSION - ENROLLMENT: cT1-2N0 on clinical staging (verified to have no suspicious axillary or internal mammary nodes on magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] or ultrasound)Xx_NEWLINE_xXDocumented first or second recurrence of glioblastoma (GBM) by diagnostic biopsy or contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed within 21 days of randomization per Response Assessment for NeuroOncology (RANO) criteria.Xx_NEWLINE_xXIf first recurrence of GBM is documented by MRI, an interval of at least 12 weeks after the end of prior radiation therapy is required unless there is either:\r\n* histopathologic confirmation of recurrent tumor, or\r\n* new enhancement on MRI outside of the radiotherapy treatment fieldXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects unable (due to existent medical condition, e.g., pacemaker or implantable cardioverter defibrillator [ICD] device) or unwilling to have a head contrast enhanced MRI.Xx_NEWLINE_xXBrain MRI completed within 6 weeks of Screening.Xx_NEWLINE_xXCohort A (M0)\r\n* Clinically localized disease with a minimum of 3 or more cores involved with cancer on diagnostic biopsy (if T3 by magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] can have < 3 positive cores), or < 3 positive cores if there is > 1 cm tumor on prostate MRI:\r\n** With Gleason score 8 – 10 Or\r\n** Gleason 4+3 with one of the following features:\r\n*** PSA >= 20 ng/mL within 2 months prior to diagnostic biopsy\r\n*** MRI suspicious for radiographic T3 disease; defined as > 75% probability of extracapsular extension or seminal vesicle invasion in the opinion of the reading radiologist Or\r\n** Gleason 3+4 or 4+3 and Oncotype DX genomic prostate score of > 40\r\n* With or without clinical N1 (size > 1.5cm in the short axis) ORXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients that cannot tolerate MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXBrain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (or CT if contraindication to MRI) within the last 60 days showing no evidence of metastatic diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXIs unable (due to existent medical condition) or unwilling to have a contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brainXx_NEWLINE_xXCorticosteroid dose must be stable or decreasing for at least 3 days prior to the baseline MRI scan.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAt least 2 measurable lesions as defined per modified RECIST 1.1 by CT or MRI performed after the last line of anti-cancer therapy within 28 days of enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of CNS metastasis by MRI or CT of the brain performed within 28 days of enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPhase I patients must have measurable contrast-enhancing disease (defined as at least 1 cm x 1 cm) by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging within 21 days prior to starting treatment (patients may have gross total resection, but should have measurable disease post-operatively); patients must be able to undergo MRI of the brain with gadoliniumXx_NEWLINE_xXPhase I patients must be maintained on a stable corticosteroid regimen (no increase for 5 days) prior to the baseline MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXNo ferromagnetic prostheses. Patients who have metallic surgical implants that are not compatible with an MRI machine are not eligible.Xx_NEWLINE_xXA contrast-enhanced MRI must be obtained within 7 days of the first dose of study treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with > 1 cm midline shift on postoperative, baseline brain MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXUnable tolerate an MRI, or have a contraindication to MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects who have a contraindication for 3T MRI: metal in their bodies (a cardiac pacemaker or other incompatible device), are severely agitated, or have an allergy to gadolinium containing contrast materialXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to IV contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXUnicentric American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 7th edition T1N0M0 tumor measuring no greater than 2.0 cm in longest dimension on initial imaging with either breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or mammogramXx_NEWLINE_xXAny contraindication to MRI including but not limited to the presence of a pacemaker/defibrillator or other implanted ferromagnetic device or an inability to lie proneXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients consent to MRI studies at 3-4 week intervals until evidence of tumor regression on at least 2 imaging studies. In no case, will the interval between MRI studies be longer than 3 months. MRI study may be introduced at any time should the patients develop new or clearly worsening symptoms and/or introduction of steroidsXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects who have a contraindication for 3 tesla (3T) MRI: metal in their bodies (a cardiac pacemaker or other incompatible device), are severely agitated, or have an allergy to gadolinium containing contrast materialXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have had a multiparametric MRI of the prostate performed and have undergone transrectal systematic biopsy plus biopsy of any volumes considered suspicious per the MRI (PIRADS version 2 score of 4 or 5) within 6 months before signing consent.Xx_NEWLINE_xXBrain MRI within one month prior to enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXContrast-enhanced CT or MRI within 14 days prior to start of study drugXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be able to undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan with gadolinium contrast for treatment planningXx_NEWLINE_xXMeet eligibility requirements for SRS: able to get magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), lesion must not be abutting optic apparatus or brainstem, and must be able to be secured and positioned in a stereotactic U-frame maskXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who cannot safely undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) due to non-MRI compatible pacemaker, or other reasonXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor visible on multiparametric MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients should have measurable disease by contrast CT or contrast-enhanced MRI.Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubject has histological verification of tumor either at the time of diagnosis or recurrence. Subjects with DIPG are exempt from histologic verification if they have typical Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of DIPGXx_NEWLINE_xXTo document the degree of tumor at study baseline, the following scan(s) must be obtained: • A brain MRI with and without contrast (ie, gadolinium) and a spine MRI with contrast within 21 days prior to first dose of study treatment. For subjects on steroids, baseline MRI scans must be performed while on stable or decreasing dose of steroids for at least 5 days.Xx_NEWLINE_xXStenosis or occlusion in intended artery for treatment that precludes IA therapy as determined by CT or MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXInability to exclude major side branches in the area of the intended RenovoCath™ occlusion as determined by CT or MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient can’t have magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to undergo MRI scans with contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with absolute contraindication to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging are not eligible for the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXDiabetes\r\n* In addition, patients with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 15 ml/min/1.73 m^2 or who are on dialysis will not have dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI scan; these patients will have conventional anatomical MRI without contrast and diffusion weighted (DW)-MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXHave an enhancing mass on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) amenable to > 90% resection of contrast-enhancing tumor (as determined by the neurosurgeon pre-operatively) and histological diagnosis of glioblastoma from a prior stereotactic biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with inability to complete brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies with contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXInability to undergo MRI secondary to: a) metal b) claustrophobia c) gadolinium contrast allergyXx_NEWLINE_xXA magnetic resonance (MR) scan must be obtained within 30 days of enrollment and must demonstrate an enhancing mass without significant mass effect; tumors must be less than approximately 32 cc in total volume, as assessed by the principal investigator (PI) based on pre-enrollment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); the lesion must be stereotactically accessibleXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who are not able to receive an MRI scanXx_NEWLINE_xXAny contraindications to MRI (eg, participants with pacemakers, claustrophobia, excessive weight, etc).Xx_NEWLINE_xXUnifocal tumor =< 2 cm based on contrast-enhanced prone-breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAs defined on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), target lesion must be at least 10 mm distance from skin (defined as volume encompassing first 3 mm from breast surface)Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must not have a tumor > 2 cm as measured on prone contrast-enhanced breast MRIXx_NEWLINE_xX(For cohort B): Primary tumor size of at least 1.0 cm by imaging (ultrasound or MRI) or evidence of continued lymph node involvement by imaging (ultrasound or MRI) after adriamycin-based neoadjuvant therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with newly diagnosed DIPG by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); defined as patients with a pontine location and diffuse involvement of at least 2/3 of the pons are eligible without histologic diagnosis; for lesions with typical imaging features, biopsy is neither encouraged nor required for eligibility; tumors that are biopsied will be eligible if proven to be supportive for the diagnosis of a DIPG; consensus of diagnosis by the study team must be metXx_NEWLINE_xXBe able to undergo a brain magnetic resonance imaging scanXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients consent to MRI studies at 3-4 week intervals until evidence of tumor regression on at least 2 imaging studies. In no case, will the interval between MRI studies be longer than 3 months. MRI study may be introduced at any time should the patients develop new or clearly worsening symptoms and/or introduction of steroidsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with untreated/active brain metastases as documented by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 2 months of study enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXAble to undergo brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with and without contrast without requiring general anesthesiaXx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to undergo MRI scan (e.g., pacemaker)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients unable to undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spineXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients unable to undergo MRI are not eligible.Xx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to undergo MRI of the brain (i.e. pacemaker or any other contraindication for MRIs)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings consistent or with a histologically confirmed newly diagnosed GBM that has not been treated and would benefit from further surgical resectionXx_NEWLINE_xXPathology must be a GBM, MGMT promoter region determined to be unmethylated and IDH wild type; >= 80% resection of contrast enhanced tumor on post operative MRI is required for randomization, otherwise treatment will occur on the ancillary armXx_NEWLINE_xXCreatinine within normal institutional limits OR according to institutional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) policyXx_NEWLINE_xXAble to undergo brain MRI with and without contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must have suspected high grade glioma by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients not eligible to obtain MRI with and without contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXMedical contraindication to undergoing magnetic resonance (MR) imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXFor patients with localized prostate cancer contraindication to MRI:\r\n* Patients weighing > 136 kilograms (weight limit for the scanner tables)\r\n* Allergy to MR contrast agent\r\n* Patients with pacemakers, cerebral aneurysm clips, shrapnel injury or implantable electronic devicesXx_NEWLINE_xXA contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan showing >= 4 treatable brain metastasesXx_NEWLINE_xXMust be a candidate for MRI imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who are unable to obtain MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to intravenous (IV) contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXAn image-guided biopsy (via Artemis Ultrasound with MRI co-registration) is encouraged but not required if not performed as standard of care biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXThe primary tumor must be >= 2.0 cm in size and/or have biopsy proven axillary nodes that are >= 2.0 cm in size by mammography, ultrasound, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients unable to undergo MRI exams (i.e. patients with non-compatible devices such as cardiac pacemakers, other implanted electronic devices, metallic prostheses, or ferromagnetic prostheses [e.g. pins in artificial joints and surgical pins/clips], or unable to receive gadolinium for MRI, as per the standard UM Department of Radiology MRI screening criteria)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMultifocal disease (> 1 lobe of involvement) of discontiguous contrast enhancing disease as seen on conventional MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must be able have a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain for treatment planningXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient unable to have an MRI of the brainXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who fail MRI screeningXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with evidence of metastatic spinal disease by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are NOT eligible for either StratumXx_NEWLINE_xXAbility to undergo MRI evaluation.Xx_NEWLINE_xXParticipant has ? 1 site of bi-dimensionally measurable disease measured using contrast enhanced MRI.Xx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to magnetic resonance (MR) imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically confirmed systemic malignancy with gadolinium contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan demonstrating 1-5 newly diagnosed intraparenchymal brain metastasesXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindications to gadolinium contrast-enhanced MRI (e.g., non-compatible pacemaker, estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] < 30, gadolinium allergy)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must ? 12 weeks from radiotherapy, to minimize the potential for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes related to treatment (pseudo progression) that might be misdiagnosed as true progression of disease, unless the patient fulfills criteria for early progressive disease by RANO.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients unable to undergo MRI of the brainXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable lesion in the brain or spine that is >= 3 mm seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast; NOTE: contrasted pre-treatment MRI scan must be obtained =< 21 days prior to stereotactic radiosurgery treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXCreatinine within normal institutional limits OR according to Johns Hopkins MRI policyXx_NEWLINE_xXQuantification of the degree of epidural spinal cord compression as grade 1C, 2, or 3 by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with and without contrast sequences; axial T2 sequence is encouraged but not requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to undergo MRI of the spineXx_NEWLINE_xXStage IV metastatic disease with intracranial disease visible with magnetic resonance image (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAny contraindication to MRI (i.e. patients with pacemakers or other metal implanted medical devices); an MRI safety questionnaire is required prior to magnetic resonance (MR) imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who cannot undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for any reason including due to obesity or to having certain metal in their bodies (specifically pacemakers, infusion pumps, metal aneurysm clips, metal prostheses, joints, rods, or plates)Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must have had a definitive resection with residual radiographic contrast enhancement on post-resection CT or MRI of less than or equal to 2 cm in any two perpendicular planes on any imagesXx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of extraprostatic disease on 3T multiparametric pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXRecurrence of glioblastoma (GBM) since completion of most recent therapy; recurrence must be documented by diagnostic biopsy or contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed within 21 days prior to entering the study per Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteriaXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects unable (due to existent medical condition, e.g., pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator [ICD] device) or unwilling to have a head contrast enhanced MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXRadiographic evidence by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain metastasis (if patient is unstable to tolerate contrast, an MRI without contrast is acceptable)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with a contraindication to MRI such as implanted metal devices or foreign bodies or severe claustrophobiaXx_NEWLINE_xXDiagnosis of biopsy proven stage I-IIIB (cT1-3, N0-2, M0) adenocarcinoma of the rectum; staging must also be based on multidisciplinary evaluation including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or endorectal ultrasoundXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who are allergic to MRI contrast medium or unable to undergo MRI for any other reason.Xx_NEWLINE_xXThe subject must agree to 4 months (120 days) of neoadjuvant treatment with TAK-228 and letrozole, have blood draws and urine samples obtained, have research tumor biopsies performed at baseline and after 10 days of TAK-228 treatment, and have a repeat MRI performed prior to surgery (MRI is part of routine clinical care)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of any contraindications to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanningXx_NEWLINE_xXCurrently on dialysis (if receiving contrast for MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPrior allergic reaction to gadolinium-based contrast agents (if receiving contrast for MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHas imminent or established spinal cord compression based on clinical findings and/or MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXAll participants are screened before MR examination using a MRI safety screening questionnaire as part of Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian (CUMC/NYP) MRI safety policy; any patient who would normally be excluded by this screening process would also be excluded from this studyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with GBM or anaplastic astrocytoma must be at first or second recurrence (including this recurrence) or have progressed following initial definitive multimodal therapy with surgery, temozolomide, and radiation (confirmed by diagnostic biopsy with local pathology review or contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]). If first recurrence is documented by MRI, an interval of at least 12 weeks after the end of prior radiation therapy is required, unless there is either histopathologic confirmation of recurrent tumor or new enhancement on MRI outside the radiotherapy treatment field.Xx_NEWLINE_xXProstate volume: =< 80 cc on transrectal ultrasound\r\n* Measured from ultrasound, CT, or MRI within 3 monthsXx_NEWLINE_xXMRI (contrast is not required but strongly recommended) or CT myelogram of the involved spine within 1 week prior to registration to determine the extent of the spine involvementXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who cannot obtain a contrast-enhanced MRI or CT myelogram due to allergy, renal failure or other medical contraindicationXx_NEWLINE_xXPHASE II: No contraindications to MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have disease that can be measured and followed by mammogram and/or breast ultrasound (in special cases a dedicated breast magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] may be clinically indicated); the target lesion must not have been previously irradiatedXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient has no contraindications to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning with intravenous contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXMRI scan consistent with brain metastasis as per radiology reportXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to MRI scans or intravenous contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindications to MRI, including claustrophobia, metallic implants, and pacemakersXx_NEWLINE_xXRectal cancer staged as T4 by pelvic MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXMust be willing and able to undergo two research MRI scans, one before study treatment begins and another shortly after SBRTXx_NEWLINE_xXMedical contraindication to MR imaging (e.g. pacemakers, metallic implants, aneurysm clips, known contrast allergy to gadolinium contrast, pregnancy, nursing mothers, weight greater than 350 pounds)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMRI demonstration of an enhancing mass of more than 1 cm^3 and less than 100 cm^3Xx_NEWLINE_xXEligible for contrasted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on initial evaluation with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) >= 60 ml/min; a diagnostic MRI ordered within 60 days of diagnosis will be considered an acceptable alternative and will not be repeatedXx_NEWLINE_xXMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is required for radiation treatment planning on this study; a diagnostic MRI performed within 60 days of obtaining consent is acceptable and will not be repeated; subjects who have not had a diagnostic MRI will be required to have a research treatment planning MRI with contrast ordered by a radiation oncologist; these subjects must have a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) >= 60 ml/minXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication for contrast-enhanced MRI as defined by the standard operating procedures of the Department of Radiology at University of Texas (UT) Southwestern; briefly, these include medically unstable; cardiac pacemaker; intracranial clips, metal implants; metal in the eyes; pregnant or nursing; claustrophobia; and impairment of the renal function with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m^2; patients with one or more of these contraindications but eligible to undergo contrast-enhanced CT can participate in this study and will not receive an MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXFOR ARM A: Inability to obtain a planning MRI or a planning MRI of sufficient quality to allow identification of the peripheral zone and urethra, or inability to adequately fuse the MRI to the planning CT scanXx_NEWLINE_xXA diagnostic contrast?enhanced MRI of the brain must be performed within 60 days prior to registration; the contrast?enhancing intraparenchymal brain tumor must be well circumscribed and must have a maximum diameter of =< 4.0 cm in any direction on the enhanced scan; if multiple lesions are present and one lesion is at the maximum diameter, the other(s) must not exceed 3.0 cm in maximum diameterXx_NEWLINE_xXInability to undergo MRI or SRS (e.g. due to safety reasons such as presence of a pacemaker)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMRI MONITORING SUB-STUDY: Implanted prosthetic heart valves, pacemaker, neuro-stimulation devices, surgical clips (hemostatic clips) or other metallic implantsXx_NEWLINE_xXMRI MONITORING SUB-STUDY: Received orthodontic work involving ferromagnetic materialsXx_NEWLINE_xXMRI MONITORING SUB-STUDY: Claustrophobia (a fear of enclosed spaces)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMRI MONITORING SUB-STUDY: Previously had an allergic response to MR contrast agents (gadolinium)Xx_NEWLINE_xXEquivalent tumor diameter =< 40 mm by CT or MRI measurement, at the time of consultation/screening (for each metastatic lesion present in the brain)Xx_NEWLINE_xXBrain lesions with an equivalent diameter of > 40 mm in size on MRI imaging at the time of consultation/screening for protocol eligibilityXx_NEWLINE_xXSurgery: at least 2 weeks following surgery including brain and spine provided post-operative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows no active bleedingXx_NEWLINE_xXUnequivocal evidence of tumor progression by MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXImaging studies can include but is not limited to the following: ultrasound, CT of pelvis and abdomen and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of pelvis/prostate and abdomen\r\n* The ultrasound, MRI or CT based volume estimation of the patient’s prostate gland should not be greater than 80 grams (Repeat measurement after hormone downsizing allowed)\r\n* Clinically negative lymph nodes, within 90 days of study enrollment, established by imaging (abdominal and pelvic CT or MRI) OR by nodal sampling OR by dissection; nodes > 2.0 cm should be biopsied; patients with lymph nodes equivocal or questionable by imaging are eligible if the nodes are < 2.0 cm in the short axis\t\r\n* MRI pelvis/prostate feasible for staging and planning\r\n* Patients with contraindications to MRI are not eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXImminent spinal cord compression based on clinical findings and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); treatment should be completed for spinal cord compressionXx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients must have a brain MRI with and without contrast (gadolinium) within 30 days prior to study enrollment; all patients with history of spinal or leptomeningeal disease and those patients with symptoms suspicious of spinal disease, must have a spine MRI with contrast (gadolinium) performed within 30 days prior to study enrollment; lumbar puncture is necessary if there is evidence of tumor dissemination on the MRI of spineXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with brain metastases. However, if radiation therapy and/or surgery has been completed and serial evaluation by CT (with contrast enhancement) or MRI over a minimum of one month demonstrates the disease to be stable and if the patient remains must have no need for treatment with steroidsXx_NEWLINE_xXImaging by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound and/or mammogram and physical exam to document lesions size must be performed within 30 days of study entryXx_NEWLINE_xXAble to undergo brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with and without contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXCentrally located tumors with radiographic evidence (CT or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) of local invasion of major blood vesselsXx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to undergo either a myelogram or MRI of spinal cord/cauda equina and/or exiting spinal nervesXx_NEWLINE_xXMust be able and willing to undergo two MRI scans, before study treatment begins and shortly after first dose of radiation (only mandatory for first 10 patients who have no contra-indications for MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXMedical contraindication to MR imaging (e.g. pacemakers, metallic implants, aneurysm clips, known contrast allergy to gadolinium contrast, pregnancy, nursing mothers, weight greater than 350 pounds) or severe anxiety/claustrophobia related to MR imaging despite medications to relieve anxiety/claustrophobia (first 10 patients only; however, an investigator can still choose to enroll patients onto the trial who have these contra- indications to MRI; these patients will not receive the two research MRIs at the Wright Center)Xx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXProspective participant is unable to undergo a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast agentXx_NEWLINE_xXGross disease must be unifocal on mammogram (mammo)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXMust be able to tolerate MRI scan with contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXCOHORT II: Gross disease must be unifocal on Mammo/ MRI imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXCOHORT II: Must be able to tolerate MRI scan with contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be able to undergo an MRI with contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients unable to undergo an MRI with contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with one or more of the following contraindications for MRI and/or MRI contrast agents such as:\r\n* Severe claustrophobia\r\n* Aversion to MRI\r\n* Metallic fragments, clips or devices in the brain, eye, and/or spinal canal in which movement in the bore of the magnet may damage sensitive tissues, unless deemed to be safe by the manufacturer; note: metallic fragments, clips or devices outside the brain, eye, and/or spinal canal may be safe if deemed by the manufacturer; caution is needed to determine safety for each patient that may have the following conditions: cardiac pacemaker; heart valve replacement, venous umbrella, being a sheet-metal worker or welder; aneurysm surgery, renal or aortic clips, prosthetic devices such as middle ear, eye, joint, or penile implants, joint replacement, hearing aid, neurostimulator, insulin pump, intrauterine devices (IUD), shunts/stents/metal mesh/coil implants, metal plate/pin/screw/wires, or any other metal implants, and permanent eyeliner and/or eyebrowsXx_NEWLINE_xXSubject is able to undergo either an MRI or administration of contrast agent for CTXx_NEWLINE_xXThe subject must have a baseline brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan or CT scan of the head (in patients unable to obtain an MRI) within 14 days prior to first dose of cabozantinib\r\n* Patients receiving glucocorticoids must be on a stable dose of glucocorticoids during the 5 days prior to the baseline brain imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXIf consenting to participate in the optional PET/MR imaging sub-study, the patient must be able to tolerate PET/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with intravenous contrast administration and must complete the applicable MRI screening evaluation formXx_NEWLINE_xXEligibility for stereotactic radiosurgery using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) targeting: The decision to treat with stereotactic radiosurgery will be made by a consensus of the radiation oncology, neurosurgery and neuro-oncology providers or their alternates at the weekly Brain Tumor or Stereotactic Radiosurgery Tumor Conferences; all patients must have no restrictions to obtaining MRI with and without paramagnetic contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXInability to undergo MRI with and without contrast administrationXx_NEWLINE_xXDocumented (signed) informed consent; the patient, family member and transplant staff physician (physician, nurse, and social worker) meet at least once prior to starting the transplant procedure; during this meeting all pertinent information with respect to risks and benefits to donor and recipient will be presented; alternative treatment modalities will be discussed:\r\n* A. No Research Imaging – for patients for whom one or more of the following applies:\r\n** Is a minor (< 18 years of age)\r\n** Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) diagnosis\r\n** Does not agree to optional imaging (WF-MRI, DECT)\r\n* B. With Research Imaging – all of the following must apply:\r\n** Adult (>= 18 years of age)\r\n** Acute myeloid leukemia AML diagnosis\r\n** Agree to optional imaging: WF-MRI and DECT\r\n** Do not agree to optional FLT-PET, or there are no FLT-PET slots available\r\n* C. With Research Imaging plus FLT-PET\r\n** Adult (>= 18 years of age)\r\n** AML diagnosis\r\n** Agrees to optional imaging: WF-MRI and DECT\r\n** Agrees to optional FLT-PET\r\n** FLT-PET accrual remains openXx_NEWLINE_xXAny contraindication to MRI (i.e. patients with pacemakers or other metal implanted medical devices); an MRI safety questionnaire is required prior to magnetic resonance (MR) imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXStandard contraindications to MRI: for example, MRI non-compatible cardiac pacemakers, intracranial clips, foreign metal objects in the body and others as defined in the University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Institutional MRI Safety PolicyXx_NEWLINE_xXResidual lesion must be >= 1.0 cm in diameter as determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with radiographically proven recurrent, intracranial high grade glioma will be eligible for this protocol; patients must have evidence of tumor progression as determined by RANO criteria following standard therapy\r\n* High grade glioma includes glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), gliosarcoma (GS), anaplastic astrocytoma (AA), anaplastic oligodendroglioma (AO), anaplastic mixed oligoastrocytoma (AMO), or malignant astrocytoma NOS (not otherwise specified)\r\n* Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) must be performed within 21 days prior to enrollment, and patients who are receiving steroids must be on a stable or decreasing dose for at least 5 days prior to imaging; if the steroid dose is increased between the date of imaging and enrollment, a new baseline MRI is required\r\n* Patients must have completed only 1 prior course of radiation therapy and must have experienced an interval of greater than 12 weeks from the completion of radiation therapy to study entryXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be able to have MRI brain imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to contrast enhanced MRI (i.e. unable to undergo follow-up imaging)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXBrain MRI with contrast demonstrates an enhancing tumor =< 8 cm in largest diameter within 30 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXAny significant CNS hemorrhage defined as > 1 cm diameter of blood seen on the pre-registration brain MRI with contrast scan; if > 1 cm of acute blood is detected, the patient will be ineligible for this trialXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to both contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT) (i.e. unable to undergo follow-up imaging or SBRT treatment planning)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHistory of prior allergic reactions attributed to compounds of CT/MRI contrast that cannot be managed with appropriate pre-medication prophylaxis and thereby preclude use of baseline/ follow-up or radiation planning imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXHistory of having MRI non-compatible metal (injury- or treatment-related) in the body will be an exclusion criteria specific to the MRI sub-studyXx_NEWLINE_xXThe subject is unable to undergo MRI scan (e.g., has pacemaker)Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects unable to undergo an MRI with contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have had a bilateral diagnostic mammogram within 6 months of registration, and may also have a targeted sonography of the breast and/or ipsilateral axilla and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) if clinically indicatedXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient with contraindication for imaging with MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXAbility to have CT and/or MRI imaging with or without contrast and must be performed within 120 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXInability to have contrast CT or MRI to help define tumor volume for radiation planningXx_NEWLINE_xXA diagnostic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain must be performed preoperatively and postoperatively prior to the initiation of radiotherapy; the postoperative scan must be performed within 28 days prior to registration; (contrast enhanced brain computed tomography [CT] is allowed if MRI is contraindicated)Xx_NEWLINE_xXInability to undergo MRI (e.g., due to safety reasons, such as presence of a pacemaker)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAny contraindication for undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients deemed as resectable by pancreatic protocol CT or MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with histologically proven intracranial glioblastoma, gliosarcoma or anaplastic astrocytoma will be eligible. Patients must have shown unequivocal radiographic evidence for tumor progression by MRI scan. A scan should be performed within 14 days prior to registration and on a steroid dose that has been stable for at least 5 days. If the steroid dose is increased between the date of imaging and registration, a new baseline MRI is required.Xx_NEWLINE_xXKnown contraindication to enhanced MRI and computed tomography (CT), including but not limited to:\r\n* Presence of metal objects within the body such as a cardiac pacemaker, implanted cardiac defibrillator, brain aneurysm clips, cochlear implant, ocular foreign body, or shrapnel\r\n* History of immediate or delayed hypersensitivity reaction or other contraindication to contrast agents including but not limited to gadolinium and iodineXx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients must have greater than 3 but less than or equal to 15 metastatic lesions seen on a contrast enhancing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan obtained not less than one month prior to study enrollment; patients who are found to have up to 20 metastatic lesions at the time of treatment planning (on volumetric MRI once the head frame is in place) may still participate in the trialXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients will be excluded if they are unable to obtain an MRI scanXx_NEWLINE_xXExclusion criteria (MRI specific):\r\n* Patients who are ineligible to undergo an MRI scan for reasons such as claustrophobia or the presence of implanted devices or metallic foreign bodies that are not magnetic resonance (MR) compatible; patients with a known history of allergic reaction to gadolinium contrast agents; patients with a history of a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 60 or acute renal diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXBaseline imaging in the form of CT chest, abdomen, pelvis with oral and intravenous contrast within 28 days of study entry; for patients with a contrast allergy, choice of alternative body imaging will be at the discretion of the investigator or his designee; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain is only needed if clinically indicatedXx_NEWLINE_xXConsensus of diagnosis must be reached by a multidisciplinary pediatric neuro-oncology team by considering both clinical evidence and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) presentation; tissue diagnosis is not requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor(s) are clearly defined on pre-therapy contrast enhanced MRI scans.Xx_NEWLINE_xXSymptomatic systemic vascular disease is defined as cardiovascular disease which prevents any procedure in MRI where ECG cannot be obtained (i.e. coronary disease). These patients must be excludedXx_NEWLINE_xXThere must be measurable disease on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to both CT and MRI contrast agentsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients for who clinical suspicion is present of metastatic disease in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or spine must have magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of spine and CSF obtained (lumbar puncture or through Ommaya, external ventricular drain [EVD] or shunt) with negative cytology; patients with CSF that is positive for tumor cells or metastatic disease found on MRI are ineligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium should be obtained within 21 days prior to beginning treatment; patients without measurable disease are eligible; participants must be able to undergo MRIs (computed tomography scans [CTs] are not allowed for response assessment on study)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAny contraindication to MRI (i.e. patients with pacemakers or other metal implanted medical devices)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHave at least one target (ie, measurable) intracranial CNS lesion (?10 mm in longest diameter by contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]). Lesions previously treated by stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) or surgical resection should not be included as a target lesion. Lesions previously treated with whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) may be included as a target lesion if (1) the last administration of WBRT was >3 months prior to the first dose of AP32788 and (2) unequivocal radiological progression of the lesion has been observed. Expansion Cohort 4 Specific Inclusion Criteria:Xx_NEWLINE_xXIf receiving concomitant corticosteroids, must be on a stable or decreasing dose for at least 7 days prior to the baseline Gd-MRI.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHave known contraindication to Gd-MRI.Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of metastatic disease in the brain, spine or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); assessments must include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging of the brain and spine with and without contrast and a lumbar puncture for CSF cytologyXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of a new intracranial or intratumoral hemorrhage that is larger than a punctuate size on baseline magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) obtained within 14 days prior to study registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXImaging studies: brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before start of protocol therapy; images must include T1, T1 with gadolinium, T2, and fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequencesXx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to undergo MRI scans (e.g., embedded ferromagnetic metal or pacemakers)Xx_NEWLINE_xXInability to tolerate periodic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans or gadolinium contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the brain and spine must be completed within 14 days of patient registration; all MRI scans should be with and without gadoliniumXx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients who do not have surgery performed must have MRI scans obtained prior to inductionXx_NEWLINE_xXNewly diagnosed brain metastases (four or fewer by postcontrast magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] obtained within six weeks of study entry)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMore than four metastases by baseline post-contrast MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXAllergy to acyclovir or inability to receive contrast for CT and MRI scansXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient with epidural, spinal nerve, and/or cord compression on MRI may be includedXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with MRI evidence of LMD, with or without evidence of malignant cells in CSF (“positive cytology”), or; patients with evidence of malignant cells in the CSF (positive cytology), with or without MRI evidence of LMD, or; patients with surgically-proven LMD (leptomeningeal involvement on pathology review) +/- MRI or CSF evidence by MRI or CSF cytology (Cohort D)Xx_NEWLINE_xXOther Requirements\r\n* Patients must be able to give informed consent\r\n* Patients must have ECOG performance status 0, 1 or 2 and/or Karnofsky performance status (KPS) > 50\r\n* Patients must be able to swallow\r\n* Patients must be able to sit up with or without assistance\r\n* Patients must be able to undergo contrast-enhanced MRI (Cohort D)Xx_NEWLINE_xXTumour stage cT1-T3abN0 based on pelvic MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXAny contra-indications to undergo MRI imaging.Xx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agentsXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication for MRI scanning (as assessed by local MRI safety questionnaire), which includes but is not limited to:Xx_NEWLINE_xXPalpable breast tumour of any size, or tumour with an ultrasound or MRI size of at least 1.0 cmXx_NEWLINE_xXThere must be measurable contrast-enhancing progressive or recurrent GBM (single or multiple lesions) by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging with an interval of greater than or equal to 6 months between recurrence and completion of prior radiotherapy; while there is no defined maximum tumor volume for eligibility in this study, patients with diffuse, multifocal recurrences may be excluded at the discretion of the study principle investigator (PI); there must be an MRI performed within 4 weeks prior to any therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXBaseline LIC >7 mg/g dw (measured by MRI);Xx_NEWLINE_xXBaseline LIC >30 mg/g dw (measured by MRI);Xx_NEWLINE_xXCardiac MRI T2* <10ms;Xx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to undergo MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of metallic objects such as artificial joints, inner ear (cochlear) implants, brain aneurysm clips, pacemakers, and metallic foreign bodies in the eye or other body areas that would prevent use of MRI imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXRANO defined tumor progression by MRI in comparison to a prior scanXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients are excluded if they are unable to obtain a Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan for any other reason.Xx_NEWLINE_xXlesions assessed by follow-up scan (or MRI if MRI performed before brain therapy) ? 1 month after brain therapy are considered under control at baselineXx_NEWLINE_xXTargeted (most painful) tumors clearly visible by non-contrast MRI, and ExAblate MRgFUS device accessibleXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with standard contraindications for MR imaging such as non-MRI compatible implanted metallic devices including cardiac pacemakers, size limitations, etc.Xx_NEWLINE_xXKnown intolerance or allergies to the MRI contrast agent (e.g. Gadolinium or Magnevist) including advanced kidney diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXNOT visible by non-contrast MRI, ORXx_NEWLINE_xXPost-operative imaging (thoracic and whole abdominal CT with contrast medium or MRI) demonstrating no evidence of disease within 4 weeks from randomizationXx_NEWLINE_xXCranial MRI or contrast CT performed 14 days prior to study entry. Subjects without measurable or assessable disease are eligible.Xx_NEWLINE_xXTumor(s) are clearly defined on pre-therapy contrast enhanced MRI scans.Xx_NEWLINE_xXContraindications to MRI such as non-MRI-compatible implanted devicesXx_NEWLINE_xXLarge subjects not fitting comfortably into the MRI scannerXx_NEWLINE_xXDifficulty laying supine and still for up to 4 hours in the MRI unit or claustrophobiaXx_NEWLINE_xXPre-operative and post-operative brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with and without contrast must be obtained. The requirement for a post-operative MRI is waived for patients who undergo biopsy only. A spine MRI is not required, but may be obtained if clinically indicated. If the spine MRI is positive, the patient would be considered to have M+ disease (defined as neuraxis dissemination) and would be ineligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXMRI of the brain (or contrast CT scan of the brain if patients are unable to undergo MRI) must be obtained in patients with symptoms suggesting possible central nervous system (CNS) metastatic disease; neuroimaging is recommended but not required in asymptomatic patientsXx_NEWLINE_xXEach patient entered on the study must have disease that is evaluable for response using RECIST 1.1 criteria with a minimum size of 1 cm by CT/MRI or physical examinationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be willing to undergo HIFU, CEUS, MRI and prostate biopsy pre-RP for research purposesXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who are unable to undergo MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXMaximal contiguous volume of tumor based on high b-value diffusion MRI and perfusion MRI < 1/3 volume of brain.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMultifocal disease (> 1 lobe of involvement) of discontiguous, contrast enhancing disease as seen on conventional MRI.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients unable to undergo MRI exams.Xx_NEWLINE_xXStable or decreasing dose of steroids for at least 5 days at the time of baseline brain MRI.Xx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication for undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs)Xx_NEWLINE_xXSickle cell disease (SCD)\r\n* If diagnosis of SCD must meet one or more of the following disease characteristics:\r\n** Stroke, central nervous system (CNS) hemorrhage or a neurologic event lasting longer than 24 hours, or abnormal cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or cerebral arteriogram or MRI angiographic study and impaired neuropsychological testing\r\n** Acute chest syndrome with a history of recurrent hospitalizations or exchange transfusions\r\n** Recurrent vaso-occlusive pain 3 or more episodes per year for 3 years or more years or recurrent priapism,\r\n** Impaired neuropsychological function and abnormal cerebral MRI scan\r\n** Stage I or II sickle lung disease,\r\n** Sickle nephropathy (moderate or severe proteinuria or a glomerular filtration rate [GFR] 30-50% of the predicted normal value)\r\n** Bilateral proliferative retinopathy and major visual impairment in at least one eye\r\n** Osteonecrosis of multiple joints with documented destructive changes\r\n** Requirement for chronic transfusions\r\n** Red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunizationXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including presence of a pacemaker or aneurysm clip, severe claustrophobia, a known reaction to gadolinium contrast, or body weight exceeding 300 pounds (lbs)Xx_NEWLINE_xXInability or unwillingness to have magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans performed (e.g. cardiac pacemaker-dependent)Xx_NEWLINE_xXImminent spinal cord compression based on clinical findings and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); treatment should be completed for spinal cord compressionXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease in the brain, defined as at least one lesion that can be accurately measured in at least one dimension as >= 10 mm by brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); MRI of the brain (with and without gadolinium enhancement) is to be performed using standard 5-mm slices with 2.5-mm spacing for comparison to subsequent MRI scansXx_NEWLINE_xXWilling and able to tolerate brain MRI's with contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects should have < 1 cm3 disease by MRI within the previous 4 weeks (by central read)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 21 days of starting treatment; patients must be able to tolerate MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be maintained on a stable corticosteroid regimen (no increase for 5 days) prior to the baseline MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants having undergone recent resection or open biopsy or stereotactic biopsy of recurrent or progressive tumor will be eligible for Cohort 2 as long as the following conditions apply:\r\n* They have recovered from the effects of surgery\r\n* Residual disease following resection of recurrent tumor is not mandated for eligibility; to best assess the extent of residual disease post-operatively, an MRI or CT scan should ideally have been performed no later than 96 hours following surgery, or at least 28 days post-operatively, but scans performed outside of this window are considered acceptable if no alternative is available; in either case, the baseline/screening MRI must be performed within 14 days prior to registration; if the participant is taking corticosteroids, the dose must be stable or decreasing for at least 5 days prior to the scan; if steroids are added or the steroid dose is increased between the date of the screening MRI or CT scan and the start of treatment, a new baseline MRI or CT is requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXBrain tumor that is not measurable on MRI or persons who are unable to have MRIsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients that cannot tolerate MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be able to undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain with gadoliniumXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have baseline MRI performed within the 21 days prior to starting treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be maintained on a stable corticosteroid regimen (no increase for 5 days) prior to the baseline MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with active optic nerve and/or retinal involvement are not eligible; patients who are presenting with visual disturbances should have an ophthalmologic exam and, if indicated, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess optic nerve or retinal involvementXx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients must have a cranial MRI with and without gadolinium at diagnosis/prior to enrollment; if surgical resection is performed, patients must have pre-operative and post-operative cranial MRI with and without gadolinium; the post-operative brain MRI should be obtained within 72 hours of surgery; if patient has a biopsy only, post-operative cranial MRI is recommended but not required; all patients must have a spine MRI with gadolinium obtained at diagnosis/prior to enrollment; Note: if the spine study is performed for the first time after surgical resection or biopsy, it is recommended to be obtained with and without gadoliniumXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with metastatic disease by cranial or spinal MRI evaluation or CSF cytology (unless medically contraindicated) are not eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must meet both of the first two conditions, OR the third:\r\n* Clinical findings consistent with a presumed new diagnosis of diffuse midline glioma (DMG) in the opinion of the treating neuro-oncologist, AND\r\n* Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings consistent with a new diagnosis of DMG based on multidisciplinary consensus after review of imaging \r\n* OR, recurrent DMG requiring tumor resection or biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXDocumented recurrence by diagnostic biopsy or contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed within 28 days of entry in to the trial as per Response Assessment Criteria for High-Grade Gliomas (RANO) criteriaXx_NEWLINE_xXIs unable (due to existent medical condition) or unwilling to have a contrast enhanced MRI of brainXx_NEWLINE_xXIMAGING CORRELATIVE STUDY: Patients will be eligible to participate in the FMX imaging study if the participating study center offers this test and they do not meet any of the following criteria:\r\n* Evidence of iron overload as determined by:\r\n** Fasting transferrin saturation of > 45% and/or\r\n** Serum ferritin levels > 1000 ng/ml\r\n* A history of allergic reactions to any of the following:\r\n** Compounds similar to ferumoxytol or any of its components as described in full prescribing information for ferumoxytol injection\r\n** Any IV iron replacement product (e.g. parenteral iron, dextran, iron-dextran, or parenteral iron polysaccharide preparations)\r\n** Multiple drugs\r\n* Unable to undergo MRI or for whom MRI is otherwise contraindicated (e.g. presence of errant metal, cardiac pacemakers, pain pumps or other MRI incompatible devices; or history claustrophobia or anxiety related to undergoing MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) site and other selected centers who are willing to undergo an optional pre-treatment ferumoxytol MRI must not have evidence of iron overload, a known hypersensitivity to ferumoxytol or any other IV iron product, a documented history of multiple drug allergies, or those for whom MRI is otherwise contraindicated, including claustrophobia or anxiety related to undergoing MRI; this exclusion criterion applies only to patients enrolling at NCI and other selected sites; of note, the principal investigator (PI) will allow other centers to offer FMX MRI scans if the site in question is willing and the site PI can identify the necessary resources and expertise at their centerXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with a contraindication to contrast-enhanced MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPositive indication of disease on mammogram or MRI scanXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have histologically or cytologically confirmed malignancy (not leukemia or lymphoma); there must be metastatic brain disease apparent on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which offers a medical indication for brain radiationXx_NEWLINE_xXMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed within 4 weeks of trial enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of a medical device (pacemaker, stent) or allergy that precludes contrast enhanced MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of leptomeningeal disease by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytologyXx_NEWLINE_xXA pre-operative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the brain with and without contrast is required; NOTE: computed tomography (CT) scans are NOT sufficient for study eligibility\r\n* Post-operative head MRI scan with and without contrast (preferably within 72 hours post-surgery); for patients who undergo stereotactic biopsy only, either a pre or post-operative MRI is sufficient; for patients with M2 and M3 disease, a post-op MRI is strongly encouraged, but not mandatory\r\n* Spinal MRI imaging with and without gadolinium is required within 10 days of surgery if done pre-operatively or within 28 days of surgery if done post-operatively; for posterior fossa tumors, pre-operative MRI scans are preferredXx_NEWLINE_xXHigh-risk medulloblastoma defined by any of the following:\r\n* > 1.5 cm^2 residual disease for any medulloblastoma histology, or\r\n* Lumbar cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) cytology positive for tumor cells by analysis of fluid collected either before definitive surgery or at least 10 days after definitive surgery unless contraindicated, or\r\n* Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence of M2 or M3 metastatic disease, or\r\n* M4 diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXCranial MRI (with and without gadolinium) must be done pre-operatively; post-operatively, cranial MRI (with and without gadolinium) must be done, preferably within 48 hours of surgery; entire spinal MRI must be obtained either pre-operatively (with gadolinium) or post-operatively (at least 10 days following surgery) prior to study enrollment (with and without gadolinium); patients with MRI evidence of spinal disease are eligible for this studyXx_NEWLINE_xXArm 1 patients must have measurable (defined by at least 1 cm x 1 cm) contrast-enhancing disease by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging within 21 days of starting treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be able to undergo MRI of the brain with gadolinium; patients must be maintained on a stable or decreasing dose of corticosteroid regimen (no increase for 5 days) prior to this baseline MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who cannot undergo brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs)Xx_NEWLINE_xXIf applicable, patients must be off bevacizumab therapy for 30 days before the baseline magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is obtainedXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have been off bevacizumab for < 30 days prior to baseline MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXRadiologically confirmed metastatic brain lesion by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAble to undergo MRI evaluation with gadolinium contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXMulti-parametric MRI at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) within 6 months of study treatment, demonstrating a\r\n* Region of interest (ROI) of MRI suspicion level 3 or higher \r\n* MRI-calculated prostate volume 25 cc to 100 ccXx_NEWLINE_xXTransrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy with >= 10 systematic biopsy cores and >= 2 MRI-ultrasound fusion targeted biopsy cores from above MRI-derived ROI\r\n* Histologically-confirmed adenocarcinoma from targeted biopsy cores \r\n* Overall Gleason score not to exceed 3 + 4Xx_NEWLINE_xXAny significant cancer outside of MRI target (ROI) area, defined as Gleason score >= 3 + 4Xx_NEWLINE_xXAny current 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (history of use >= 3 months prior to MRI is acceptable)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAny contraindication to MRI (contrast allergy severe claustrophobia, MRI-incompatible prosthesis)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPHASE II: Patients must be able to tolerate CT, MRI or PET imaging including contrast agentsXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of any significant intracranial hemorrhage, as determined by the treating investigator, within 6 weeks from registration or as seen on most recent MRI prior to screening/baseline MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXHighly suspicious magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) evidence of leptomeningeal metastases, unless all measurable disease is localized and SRS is considered the treatment of choiceXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients unable to undergo or tolerate MRI scans (presence of cardiac pacemaker, implanted cardiac defibrillator, aneurysm clips, history of allergic reaction/hypersensitivity to gadolinium)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have:\r\n* Pre-operative cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (recommended with gadolinium) or pre-operative computed tomography (CT) (recommended with contrast)\r\n* Post-operative cranial MRI with and without gadolinium within 72 hours of surgery\r\n* Spinal MRI pre-op with and without gadolinium or post-op with and without gadolinium preferably within 72 hours of surgeryXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with metastatic disease by either MRI evaluation (brain and spine) or lumbar CSF cytology are not eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient is unable to undergo a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXCT scan of the brain (contrast is recommended unless medically contraindicated) or MRI of the brain within 6 weeks prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXNo contraindications to breast MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of leptomeningeal disease by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytologyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have clear residual disease, defined as tumor that is measurable in two perpendicular diameters on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) OR diffuse leptomeningeal disease OR clear MRI evidence of disease that may not be measurable in two perpendicular diametersXx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients must have a brain MRI with and without gadolinium and a spine MRI with gadolinium performed within 2 weeks prior to study enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXSpinal compression or structurally unstable bone lesions suggesting impending pathologic fractures based on clinical findings and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of urethral or upper tract transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) within the past 2 years. Subjects with T1 disease must have no evidence of upper or lower tract disease or a more advanced stage of disease by CT urogram or MRI urogram of the abdomen and pelvis performed within 8 weeks of the first dose of study treatment. If intravenous contrast is contraindicated, retrograde ureteropyelography, or CT or MRI without intravenous contrast may be performed.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients must have a CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain within 90 days prior to registration; the brain CT or MRI should be performed with intravenous contrast (unless contraindicated)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with glioma must have a baseline brain MRI scanXx_NEWLINE_xXGlioma patients with evidence of intracranial or intratumoral hemorrhage either by MRI or CT scanXx_NEWLINE_xX>= 90% surgical resection of recurrent GBM confirmed by central radiology review by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with or without gadolinium per institutional guidelines; a computed tomography (CT) scan is allowable in place of MRI only in situations where an MRI is contraindicated (e.g., patient has a heart pacemaker, metallic devices in the eye, brain or spine, severe claustrophobia)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo new bleeding on day 28 (D28) (+/-3) MRI (or CT if MRI is contraindicated)Xx_NEWLINE_xXKnown contraindication to MRI, such as cardiac pacemaker, shrapnel or ocular foreign body.Xx_NEWLINE_xXEligible for MRI [Form GCP-10131]Xx_NEWLINE_xXProstate volume ? 90 cc, on Baseline MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXProstate size ? 5.0 cm in sagittal length, and ? 6.0 cm in axial diameter, on Baseline MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXSuspected tumour on Baseline MRI within 3 mm of the prostatic urethra, or in the prostate apex within 3 mm from the sphincter planeXx_NEWLINE_xXCysts > 1 cm in largest diameter, on Baseline MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindications to administration of gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent (e.g. Magnevist), such as chronic, severe kidney disease, acute kidney injury, history of Sickle Cell Disease, history of anemia, or intolerance/allergy to the contrast agentXx_NEWLINE_xXRadiographic demonstration of disease progression by MRI following prior therapy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of sphincter invasion on MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication for safe MRI, implants, or other conditions that interfere with imaging required for the study (e.g., pacemaker or non-MRI compatible hip prostheses); Note: subjects with bilateral hip implants are not eligible for the study; subjects with a unilateral hip implant may be eligible assuming the implant is MRI compatible and does not present artifact on MRI in the areas of interestXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients whose physical dimensions cannot be accommodated in the MRI scanner or patients with contraindications to MRI imaging such as pacemakers, non-compatible aneurysm clips, shrapnel and other internal ferromagnetic objectsXx_NEWLINE_xXKnown contraindication to MRI, such as cardiac pacemaker, shrapnel, or ocular foreign bodyXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one lesion that can be accurately assessed at baseline by CT/MRI and is suitable for repeated assessment.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMRI of the brain with contrast (or CT with contrast if MRI is medically contraindicated) within 60 days prior to registration; note: the use of intravenous contrast is required for the MRI or CT (unless medically contra-indicated).Xx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to have pelvic MRI scanning (severe claustrophobia, permanent cardiac pacemaker, metallic implant, etc., likely to contribute significant artifact to images).Xx_NEWLINE_xXCohort A: Histologically confirmed metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (all histologic subtypes allowed) with radiographic evidence by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of at least one measurable brain lesion as defined by Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria that does not require corticosteroids for symptomatic controlXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have epidural metastasis to be treated with MRI-guided laser ablationXx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to undergo MRI of the spineXx_NEWLINE_xXIf resection occurred at an outside institution, eligibility and treatment MRI evaluations in addition to Rb testing must be completed at CCHMC.Xx_NEWLINE_xXTumour Clinical stage T3 or T4 on MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXRadiographic stability should be determined by comparing contrast-enhanced CT or MRI scans at screening to scans obtained by the same method at least 4 weeks earlierXx_NEWLINE_xXDocumented recurrence by diagnostic biopsy or contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed within 28 days of entry in to the trial as per Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteriaXx_NEWLINE_xXIs unable (due to existent medical condition) or unwilling to have a contrast enhanced MRI of brainXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have undergone an evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 35 days of completing radiation and must also be within 7 days prior to registration; MRI must NOT demonstrate tumor progression, but patients with imaging changes consistent with pseudo-progression, stable neurologic function and not needing corticosteroid treatment are eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically confirmed primary invasive adenocarcinoma of the breast with the size of the primary tumor being at least 1 cm on imaging by either mammography, ultrasound or breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAbility to have MRI as part of post-implant assessmentXx_NEWLINE_xXMetallic implants, claustrophobia not amenable to medication, or known contraindications to undergoing magnetic resonance (MR) scanningXx_NEWLINE_xXCentrally located tumors with radiographic evidence (CT or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) of local invasion of major blood vesselsXx_NEWLINE_xXAny subject who cannot be evaluated by either triphasic liver CT or triphasic liver MRI because of allergy or other contraindication to both CT and MRI contrast agentsXx_NEWLINE_xXLow grade tumors may or may not be visible by multi-parametric MRI. Thus, in case of MRI-visible tumor, tumor should be in capsular contact of less than 5 mm, on axial images.Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo definite evidence of extracapsular extension or seminal invasion by MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindications to MRI 2.1. Claustrophobia 2.2. Implanted ferromagnetic materials or foreign objects 2.3. Known intolerance to the MRI contrast agent (e.g. Gadolinium or Magnevist) 2.4. Known contraindication to utilization of MRI contrast agentXx_NEWLINE_xXMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) echocardiogram (ECHO) gradient sequences are required to evaluate for the presence or absence of central nervous system (CNS) hemorrhage; patients with intra-tumoral and/or CNS hemorrhage are not eligible for study entry except:\r\n* Patients with asymptomatic intra-tumoral hemorrhage of punctate size, at the time of diagnosis, after surgery, and/or any time during protocol therapy\r\n* Patients with asymptomatic post-operative hemorrhage in and/or around the surgical cavity are eligible for study entry; additional imaging studies are not required, but in the event a repeat MRI is performed for clinical reasons the post-operative hemorrhage must not have progressedXx_NEWLINE_xXMRI of the brain with contrast (or CT with contrast if MRI is medically contraindicated)Xx_NEWLINE_xXDocumentation of mammogram, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the ipsilateral breast all performed within 42 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of recent hemorrhage on baseline MRI of the brain with the following exceptions:Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients unable to undergo an MRI of the brain with contrast.Xx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must be willing and able to undergo regular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the brainXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease, defined as at least one meningioma >= 1.0 ml (on volumetric analysis performed by the Tumor Imaging Metric Core at Dana Farber [DF]/Harvard Cancer Center [HCC]) that can be accurately measured by contrast-enhanced cranial MRI scan, performed within 28 days of study registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXAbsence > 1 focal lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studiesXx_NEWLINE_xXNo centrally located tumors with radiographic evidence (CT or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) of local invasion of major blood vesselsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients unable to obtain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for any reason (e.g., due to pacemaker, ferromagnetic implants, claustrophobia, extreme obesity)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAbsolute contraindication to MRI, including presence of implanted electrical device (pacemaker or neurostimulator), aneurysm clip, or metallic foreign body in or near eyesXx_NEWLINE_xXPost surgery:\r\n* Must be a minimum of 14 days from surgery before treatment may be initiated\r\n* Craniotomy site must be adequately healed and free of drainage or cellulitis, and the underlying cranioplasty must appear intact at the time of registration\r\n* Post tumor resection, all patients must have a post-operative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) done no more than 72 hours after surgery; if post-op MRI was not completed within this time frame, a MRI must be completed > 4 weeks (+/- 7 days) after surgery, but before initiation of radiation treatment in order for an accurate assessment to be done post-radiationXx_NEWLINE_xXBiliary stents (plastic or metallic) are allowed; however, those patients with metallic stents will not undergo the functional MRI correlative component of this studyXx_NEWLINE_xXClinical stage T3 or less (pelvic MRI shows no rectal and ureteral invasion)Xx_NEWLINE_xXRefuses or is unable to have pelvic MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXClinical stage T4 (pelvic MRI shows rectal and/or ureteral invasion)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have contraindication to MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXAbsolute contraindication for MRI imaging such as intracorporeal metal or pacemakerXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one recurrent or progressive brain metastasis(es) from any solid primary tumor that is visible on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as assessed by the patient’s treating physicianXx_NEWLINE_xXInability to get brain MRI +/- contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of a primary CNS tumor that is recurrent, progressive or refractory to standard therapy; refractory disease will be defined as the presence of persistent abnormality on conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging that is further distinguished by histology (biopsy or sample of lesion) or advanced imaging, OR as determined by the treating physician and discussed with the primary investigator prior to enrollment; all tumors must have histological verification at either the time of diagnosis or recurrence except for patients with diffuse intrinsic brain stem tumors or optic pathway gliomas; patients with neurofibromatosis type-I (NF-1) associated CNS tumors are eligible if they meet all other eligibility criteriaXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have evaluable disease on MRI imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients should undergo a repeat MRI prior to enrollment if there is a significant worsening or new neurologic symptoms in the interval between the eligibility scan and start of protocol therapy\r\n* The repeat scan will act as a new baseline and the eligibility scan for these patientsXx_NEWLINE_xXMRI contraindications.Xx_NEWLINE_xXThe subject is unable to undergo MRI scan (eg, has pacemaker)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHas evidence of intratumoral or peritumoral hemorrhage on baseline MRI scan other than those that are grade =< 1 and either post-operative or stable on at least 2 consecutive MRI scansXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be able to tolerate MRI scansXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with newly diagnosed DIPG, who undergo a biopsy are eligible; patients with disseminated disease are not eligible, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine must be performed if disseminated disease is suspected by the treating physicianXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients unable to undergo MR imaging because of non-compatible devices can be enrolled, provided pre- and post-operative contrast-enhanced CT scans are obtained and are of sufficient qualityXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have 3 core biopsies involved with cancer (a minimum of 6 core biopsies must be obtained); prostate biopsy must be within seven months from screening; this includes prostate biopsy from men previously followed by active surveillance; less than 3 core biopsies is allowed if the patient has > 1 cm or T3 disease on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be able to undergo contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans (or contrast enhanced computed tomography [CT] scans for patients unable to tolerate MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have shown unequivocal evidence for contrast enhancing tumor progression by MRI (or CT for patients who cannot tolerate MRI) in comparison to a prior scan; the same type of scan, i.e., MRI (or CT for patients who cannot undergo MRI) must be used throughout the period of protocol treatment for tumor measurement; criteria defined for progression on this study are not mandatory for eligibility if the disease progression is obvious in the opinion of the investigator and the SponsorXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be on a stable or decreasing dose of corticosteroids for a minimum of 5 days before the baseline MRI/CT; if the corticosteroid dose is increased between the date of imaging and the initiation of study treatment, a new baseline MRI/CT is required; definition of stable steroids includes patients on no steroidsXx_NEWLINE_xXThe baseline brain MRI/CT must be performed less than 15 days prior to initiation of study treatment; otherwise it must be repeatedXx_NEWLINE_xXA brain MRI/CT must be performed less than 15 days prior to initiation of study treatment; otherwise it must be repeatedXx_NEWLINE_xXClinical stage II-IIIC (T2-4 N0-3 M0) by mammogram, ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXCurrent or imminent spinal cord compression based on clinical findings and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); treatment should be completed for spinal cord compressionXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must have progressive glioma that is solely non-enhancing on MRI.Xx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXImminent spinal cord compression based on clinical findings and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Subjects with history of spinal cord compression should have completely recoveredXx_NEWLINE_xXThere must be documented progression or recurrence of disease by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies since completion of last tumor-directed medical therapy; patients may have had surgical resection or radiation of tumor, and need not have measurable or evaluable disease at study entryXx_NEWLINE_xXPhase Ib and II: surgical candidates, with moderate to high-risk pathologically-confirmed rectal cancer (stage cT3-4N0 or cT1-4N+); clinical staging by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is permittedXx_NEWLINE_xXInability or unwillingness to have magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans performed (e.g. cardiac pacemaker-dependent)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient who is unable to undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain and spine with gadolinium contrast.Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo increase in corticosteroid dose in the week prior to the baseline brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXKnown contraindication to MRI with gadolinium contrast, such as cardiac pacemaker, shrapnel, or ocular foreign bodyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have been on a stable dose of corticosteroids >= 5 days prior to obtaining their baseline gadolinium (Gd)-MRI of brainXx_NEWLINE_xXUnequivocal evidence of tumor progression by MRI scanXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must be willing and able to undergo MRI as outlined in protocolXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients unable to undergo MR imaging because of non-compatible devices can be enrolled, provided pre- and post-operative contrast-enhanced CT scans are obtained and are of sufficient quality.Xx_NEWLINE_xXUnresectable, locally advanced measurable (at least bidirectional) adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (regardless of site) proven by biopsy or cytology and confirmed by surgical consultation\r\n* Unresectability is defined as dual phase CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence of direct extension to the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and/or celiac axis with absence of a fat plane between the low-density tumor and these arterial structures, or loss of patent and/or thrombosed superior mesenteric-portal vein confluence; if CT or MRI performed at the outside hospital is not of acceptable quality according to review of study radiologist (i.e. if it is not a triple phase contrast-enhanced CT with isotropic reformations in all three orthogonal planes, or a contrast-enhanced MRI with at least two post-contrast three-dimensional T1-weighted phases), it will be repeated at Indiana University Simon Cancer Center (IUSCC); if the CT or MRI is of sufficient quality for the study radiologist, a repeat interpretation will be done by the study radiologist to ensure accurate staging; CT scan will be preferred over MRI for study entry when possible, but either is permissible; the same study modality used for entry will be used to follow patients throughout the study\r\n* Patient has not received previous treatment for PC\r\n* Patients who have been surgically explored and deemed unresectable on that basis are eligible, provided other entry criteria are met\r\n* The tumor must be measurable (bidirectional) and measure between 25 mm and 70 mm in maximal diameter\r\n* All patients with a dilated bile duct or elevated total bilirubin will have a biliary stent or transhepatic stent placed before consideration for the trial; when possible, a metal biliary stent will be placed before study treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease, defined as at least one vestibular schwannoma (VS) > 0.4 ml (on volumetric analysis) that can be accurately measured by contrast-enhanced cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan with fine cuts through the internal auditory canal (3 mm slices, no skip)Xx_NEWLINE_xXInability to tolerate periodic MRI scans or gadolinium contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXCohort 1: Patients must have undergone surgery or biopsy alone (no postoperative radiation or chemotherapy) and have a baseline MRI scan (within 4 weeks of the first vaccine) that shows stable disease or regression (no progression from the initial surgery/biopsy)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have unequivocal evidence of tumor progression by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed no longer than 28 days prior to study registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be on a stable or decreasing dexamethasone dosage for at least 1 week prior to baseline MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with pacemakers or any metallic objects as exclusion for MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must have liver iron value of < 15 mg/g/dry weight; iron quantitation may be performed by imaging such as T2*magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or by biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXT2*MRI cardiac evaluation with T2* >= 20 millisecondsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient with known incompatibility to CT Scans with I.V. contrast due to allergic reaction or renal insufficiency. If such a patient can be imaged with MRI, then the patient would not be excluded.Xx_NEWLINE_xXTo document the degree of residual tumor, the following must be obtained:\r\n* All patients must have a brain MRI with and without contrast (gadolinium) within 1 week prior to study enrollment; for patients on steroids, baseline MRI scans must be performed after at least 1 week at a stable or decreasing dose of steroids\r\n* All patients with a history of spinal or leptomeningeal disease, and those patients with symptoms suspicious of spinal disease, must have a spine MRI with and without contrast (gadolinium) performed within 2 weeks prior to study enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with known contraindication to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), such as cardiac pacemaker, shrapnel, or ocular foreign body; however, head computed tomography (CT) with contrast is allowed in place of MRI at baseline and throughout the study if MRI is contraindicated and a participant’s CNS lesions are clearly measurable on the head CTXx_NEWLINE_xXAble to undergo brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with and without contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor must be well visualized (as defined above) on MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXCardiac pacemaker or other metallic implants which would prevent patient from safely undergoing MRI scanXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a baseline evaluation including history and physical examination with neurological evaluation and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain (with and without gadolinium-based contrast), all completed within 30 days prior to initiation of treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXClinical progression of symptoms with any radiographic progression on MRI within 21 days prior to registration (any progression in size or enhancement on MRI along with worsening symptoms, will be defined as progression prior to enrollment); radiographic progression is defined as any increase in tumor size (in axial or sagittal images) or progressive contrast enhancement and abnormal T2/FLAIR signal by MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with greater than 9 discrete metastases on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to magnetic resonance (MR) imaging such as implanted metal devices or foreign bodies, severe claustrophobia AND patients unable to receive gadolinium contrast agentsXx_NEWLINE_xXAble to undergo brain MRI scansXx_NEWLINE_xXMRI scan with gadolinium contrast showing geographically-circumscribed tumor =< 40 cc incorporating both enhancing and non-enhancing volume; this is calculated by the product of maximum measurements in 3 dimensions divided by 2; tumors exceeding this limit may be eligible and any question should be directed to a radiation oncology investigatory and the MSK principal investigator (PI); (the MRI must be performed on a steroid dosage that has been stable or decreasing for at least 5 days; patients on no steroids are eligible; if the steroid dose is increased between date of imaging and registration, a new baseline MRI is required)Xx_NEWLINE_xXInability to complete a MRI or CT scan with contrast of the headXx_NEWLINE_xXFor patients enrolled in Part 2 (surgical substudy), CT or MRI should be performed ideally within 14 days prior to study registration, but because the screening MRI for this subset of subjects will not be used for evaluation of response, it is acceptable for this MRI/CT to have been performed greater than 14 days prior to registration if unavoidable; furthermore, for this same reason, fluctuation in corticosteroid dose around this MRI does not warrant repeat scan so long as there is documented unequivocal evidence of tumor progression availableXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients whose MRI scan demonstrates intratumoral hemorrhage or peritumoral hemorrhage are not eligible for treatment if deemed significant by the treating physicianXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to gadolinium-enhanced MRI imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXAll active liver lesions must be discrete on CT or MRI imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with disseminated intrinsic diffuse brainstem gliomas in either brain or spine; spine MRI should be performed prior to biopsy if clinically indicatedXx_NEWLINE_xXCranial MRI or contrast CT must have been performed within 21 days of study entry; the use of MRI rather than CT is preferred; the same type of scan, i.e., MRI or CT, must be used throughout the period of protocol treatment for tumor measurement; if the surgical procedure was a resection, cranial MRI or contrast CT performed within 96 hours of resection is preferred, but not required; patients without measureable or assessable disease are eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXProgressive disease on contrast-enhanced brain computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as defined by MacDonald Criteria, or have documented recurrent glioblastoma on diagnostic biopsy; patients who have been previously treated with bevacizumab therapy that have T2-weighted or fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI sequences considered to be progressive disease by the study investigator but have no contrast-enhancing areas of recurrent disease are eligible for Arm C; Arm A patients may continue treatment in the post-operative period even if there is no residual contrast-enhancing tumor after surgeryXx_NEWLINE_xXDiagnostic imaging: Baseline magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spinal axis with gadolinium and prior to any chemotherapy is required; if surgical resection is performed, a post operative MRI is required; if the patient receives chemotherapy prior to radiation, a post-chemotherapy MRI of the brain is required; if spinal involvement was seen on initial MRI and prior to chemotherapy, a MRI of the spine is required after chemotherapy and prior to radiationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must be able to undergo MRI with and without contrast; patients who are unable to undergo MRI are ineligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXMRI and chest x-ray within 6 weeks prior to pre-registration; a postoperative MRI is required for all patients who underwent open biopsy, or resection, but is not mandatory following stereotactic biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be able to undergo an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have MS using McDonald criteria supported by characteristic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changesXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must agree to undergo repeat clinical neurological examinations and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with appropriate contrast after every other cycle of chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXThe patient must have a histopathologic diagnosis of a World Health Organization (WHO) grade IV GBM as confirmed by the study pathologist, Roger McLendon, or his designate; the patient must undergo leukapheresis after definitive resection; residual radiographic contrast enhancement on post-resection computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) must not exceed 1 cm in diameter in two perpendicular axial planes; patients with evidence of contrast-enhancement exceeding 1 cm in diameter in two perpendicular axial planes after radiation will not be a candidate for the vaccine despite being previously enrolled and will be removed from the study and replaced; those that have transformed to a grade IV GBM from a lower grade glioma will be eligible so long as they are treatment naïve other than steroids, radiation therapy (RT), or TMZXx_NEWLINE_xXThe baseline on-study MRI should be performed within 14 days (+ 3 working days) prior to registration and on a steroid dosage that has been stable or decreasing for at least 5 days. If the steroid dose is increased between the date of imaging and the initiation of therapy (or at that time), a new baseline MRI is required. The same type of scan, i.e., MRI, must be used throughout the period of protocol treatment for tumor measurement.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMust be able to undergo MRI of abdomen (spleen and liver). Patients who are contra indicated for MRI may be enrolled and evaluated by CT scan at the discretion of the Sponsor.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be able to undergo a pre-surgical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brainXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients meeting the following exclusion criteria will be excluded from the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) portion only: \r\n* Metallic implant, e.g. pacemaker, defibrillator \r\n* Unmanageable claustrophobia \r\n* High risk for nephrogenic systemic fibrosisXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have borderline resectable pancreatic cancer with no metastatic spread as determined by a baseline diagnostic CT scan with intravenous contrast (or MRI). CT should be performed according to a defined pancreas protocol such as triphasic cross-sectional imaging with thin slices. Optimal multi-phase technique including a non-contrast phase plus arterial, pancreatic parenchymal and portal venous phase of contrast enhancement with thin cuts (3mm) throughout the abdomen is preferred. Studies must be evaluated by a radiologist and/or surgeon and deemed borderline resectable as defined below:Xx_NEWLINE_xXResult from a post-operative contrast-enhanced brain MRI within 72 hours after surgery or biopsy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of recent hemorrhage on post-operative contrast enhanced brain MRI (except hemosiderin, resolving hemorrhage changes related to surgery, presence of punctuate hemorrhage in tumor).Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo increase in steroid dose during the week prior to screening brain MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable contrast-enhancing disease by MRI of brain and or spine (with gadolinium contrast).Xx_NEWLINE_xXAble and willing to undergo frequent MRI or CT assessments and complete symptom assessments using a patient-reported outcome instrumentXx_NEWLINE_xXAble to safely undergo MRI exam and receive mild sedation for the treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient is able to tolerate being in the MRI scanner for the duration of the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXTargeted tumor is clearly visible by non-contrast MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with contraindication for MR imaging such as implanted metallic devices that are not MRI-safe, size limitations, etc.Xx_NEWLINE_xXTargeted tumors:\r\n* NOT visible by non-contrast MRI,\r\nOR\r\n* NOT accessible to ExAblate deviceXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one uni-dimensional HCC target lesion assessable by CT or MRI according to RECIST 1.1Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with >= 5 measurable brain metastases on a diagnostic-quality contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) obtained within 30 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, such as implanted metal devices or foreign bodies, severe claustrophobia, or contraindications to contrast agent administrationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease as defined by palpable lesion with both diameters >= 1 cm measurable with caliper and/or a positive mammogram or ultrasound with at least one dimension >= 1 cm; bilateral mammogram and clip placement is required for study entry; baseline measurements of the indicator lesions must be recorded on the Patient Registration Form; to be valid for baseline, the measurements must have been made within the 14 days if palpable; if not palpable, a mammogram or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) must be done within 14 days; if palpable, a mammogram or MRI must be done within 2 months prior to study entry; if clinically indicated, x-rays and scans must be done within 28 days of study entryXx_NEWLINE_xXNo brain metastases detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that has progressed after prior therapy; progressive disease (PD) will be defined as a >= 25% increase in the sum of the products of greatest perpendicular diameters of all measurable disease over the smallest sum observed (since treatment started) on gadolinium magnetic resonance imaging (Gd-MRI), the appearance of new lesions on scan, or clinical or neurologic worsening despite stable disease on the last 2 scansXx_NEWLINE_xXHas a prior history or current evidence of intracranial (CNS) metastatic RCC, except for ?3 lesions treated by CyberKnife or excisional surgery, clinically stable for at least 4 weeks, and without evidence of recurrence on MRI imaging at screening.Xx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to magnetic resonance imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable contrast-enhancing disease by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging within 21 days of starting treatment; patient must be able to undergo MRI of the brain with gadoliniumXx_NEWLINE_xXBrain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) documenting CR must be obtained within 30 days of study enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXMRI with a contrast-enhancing tumor of at least 1 cm (10 mm) in the longest diameter.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients unable to undergo contrast-enhanced MRI.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAny contraindication to MRI examinationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with extraocular disease evident on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (extension into the optic nerve), massive choroidal/uveal invasion (grade IIC or IID per ARET0332) or disease outside the globe evident on MRI or physical examination would also be excludedXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient willing and able to provide written informed consent, including willingness to undergo both endorectal multiparametric MRI and transrectal MRI-guided biopsy at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU)Xx_NEWLINE_xXKnown contraindication to MRI (e.g., severe claustrophobia, intracranial aneurysm clips, intraocular metallic foreign body, cardiac pacemaker); an extensive screening questionnaire will be completed by the subject as part of standard OHSU MRI safety measuresXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to placement of endorectal MRI coil, biopsy device or ultrasound probe (e.g., severe hemorrhoids, anal fissure, recent rectal surgery, or prior abdominoperineal resection)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPrevious inclusion in the study (e.g., a patient who has had negative TRUS and MRI-guided biopsies but continues to have a rising PSA)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMedical contraindication to undergoing magnetic resonance (MR) imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have abnormal enhancement on contrast enhanced MRI of the brain; they must be patients for whom bevacizumab is indicated and appropriate, as drug will be charged to insuranceXx_NEWLINE_xXPeople who progress with only nonenhancing tumor on MRI are ineligible; patients must have some component of abnormal enhancement on contrast enhanced MRI of the brain; combinations of nonenhancing and enhancing tumor are eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have no contraindication for CT with iodinated contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXUneqivocal evidence of a first tumor recurrence or progression on the initial treatment regimen (prior to enrollment on this study), consisting of surgical intervention (biopsy and/or resection), radiation, and temozolomide chemotherapy, as assessed by MRI or CT scan of the brain with or without contrast within 14 days prior to the start of SL-701. If receiving corticosteroids, the dose must be stable or decreasing for at least 5 days prior to the scan. Patients unable to undergo MRI because of non-compatible devices can be enrolled, provided CT scans are obtained and are of sufficient quality. For each patient, the same imaging technique should be performed throughout the study, for purposes of assessing tumor response or PD.Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of hemorrhage on the baseline MRI or CT scan other than those that are Grade ? 1 and either post-operative or stable on at least two consecutive scans.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHas evidence of intratumoral or peritumoral hemorrhage on baseline MRI scan other than those that are ?Grade 1 and either post-operative or stable on at least 2 consecutive MRI scansXx_NEWLINE_xXMust be able to undergo MRI and have at least one measurable intracranial lesion for which specific criteria have to be met.Xx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of CNS hemorrhage CTCAE ? grade 2 on baseline MRI.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHas the subject had histologically proven HGG with recurrence or progression following initial definitive therapy(s) such as surgery with or without adjuvant radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy (confirmed by diagnostic biopsy or contrast-enhanced MRI and evaluable by Macdonald criteria)? Note, if first recurrence of HGG is documented by MRI, an interval of at least 12 weeks after the end of prior radiation therapy is required unless there is either: i) histopathologic confirmation of recurrent tumor, or ii) new enhancement on MRI outside of the radiotherapy treatment field.Xx_NEWLINE_xXKnown allergies against contrast agents required for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of intracranial lesions, or other contraindications for MRI, i.e., pacemakerXx_NEWLINE_xXFor patients who have undergone or will undergo stereotactic biopsy of recurrent or progressive tumor, a post-operative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is not required, provided that the pre-biopsy MRI is within 21 days of registration; if the preoperative scan is more than 21 days before registration, the scan needs to be repeated; if the steroid dose is increased more than 50% between the date of biopsy and registration, a new baseline MRI is required on a stable or decreasing steroid dosage for at least 3 days even if the previous MRI was within 21 days of registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to undergo brain MRI due to medical or personal reasonsXx_NEWLINE_xXA cardiac T2* <10 ms by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Xx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one measurable lesion defined as lesion(s) that can be accurately measured in at least two dimensions and is ? 10 mm in each dimension by Gadolinium (Gd)-MRI, irrespective of slice thickness/reconstruction interval, for CNS lesions and CT or MRI (with or without contrast) for non-CNS lesions. All patients with CNS lesions must have a brain MRI with and without gadolinium and a spine MRI with gadolinium within 2 weeks prior to first dose of study treatment.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 21 days of starting treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable contrast-enhancing progressive or recurrent glioblastoma by MRI within 21 days of starting treatment; patient must be able to tolerate MRIsXx_NEWLINE_xXInability to undergo MRI and/or contraindication for MRI examinations following the MRI protocol; prosthesis or orthopedic or dental braces that would interfere with volumetric analysis of target PN on MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXThe presence of at least one lesion that can be accurately assessed at baseline by CT, MRI or plain X-ray and is suitable for repeated assessment. Estimated life expectancy of more than 12 weeks.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be able to undergo brain or spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans with intravenous gadolinium, based on tumor location(s) within 14 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be on a steroid dose that has been stable or decreasing for at least 5 days; if the steroid dose is increased between the date of imaging and registration, a new baseline MRI is requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXAdditionally, patients will be required to meet the following criteria:\r\n* Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) >= 80\r\n* Prostate size =< 60 cc\r\n* Presence of a prostatic lesion with maximum dimension of >= 0.5 cm and no more than two additional disease foci, each with a maximum dimension less than that of the dominant lesion\r\n* International Prostate Symptom Score =< 15\r\n* Subjects must fill out the standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) screening form and satisfy all MRI screening criteria.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMRI ineligibility due to the presence of a cardiac pacemaker, defibrillator or other implanted metallic or electronic device which is considered MR unsafe, severe claustrophobia or inability to lie flat for the duration of the study, etc.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMetallic hip implant, metallic implant or device in the pelvis that might distort the local magnetic field and compromise quality of multiparametric (MP)-MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPelvic MRI or CT (MRI preferred) evidence of radiographic T3, T4 or N1 diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXAbility to receive intravenous contrast for the purpose of imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of recent hemorrhage on baseline MRI of the brain.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient is able to be assessed by periodic dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable progressive or recurrent disease by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 2 weeks of starting treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to undergo brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease as defined by palpable lesion with both diameters >= 1 cm measurable with caliper and/or a positive mammogram or ultrasound with at least one dimension >= 1 cm; screening mammogram of the contralateral breast must be performed within past 12 months per standard practice guidelines; clip placement is required for study entry; baseline measurements of the indicator lesions must be recorded on the Patient Registration form; to be valid for baseline, the measurements on clinical exam must have been made within the 14 days if the mass is palpable; if the mass is not palpable, a mammogram or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) must be done within 14 days; if the mass is palpable, a diagnostic mammogram of the affected breast or MRI must be done within 2 months prior to study entryXx_NEWLINE_xXHistory or evidence of brain metastases on MRI or head CT if MRI is not able to be performed.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease as defined by palpable lesion with both diameters >= 1 cm measurable with caliper and/or a positive mammogram or ultrasound with at least one dimension >= 1 cm; bilateral mammogram and clip placement is required for study entry; baseline measurements of the indicator lesions must be recorded on the patient registration form; to be valid for baseline, the measurements must have been made within the 14 days if palpable; if not palpable, a mammogram or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) must be done within 14 days; if palpable, a mammogram or MRI must be done within 2 months prior to study entry; if clinically indicated, x-rays and scans must be done within 28 days of study entryXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan performed within 14 days prior to initial protocol treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXIf the steroid dose is increased between the date of the MRI and registration on the trial, a new baseline MRI is required; this MRI must be performed after >= 5 days on a stable dose of steroidsXx_NEWLINE_xXAn MRI must be used throughout the period of protocol treatment for tumor measurementXx_NEWLINE_xXHistory of immediate or delayed hypersensitivity reaction to gadolinium contrast agents, or other contraindication to gadolinium contrast and other known contraindication to MRI;Xx_NEWLINE_xXCentrally located tumors with radiographic evidence (CT or MRI) of local invasion of major blood vesselsXx_NEWLINE_xXMust be able to tolerate MRI scan procedureXx_NEWLINE_xXNo contraindications for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (e.g., unsafe MRI implanted devices, shrapnel, history of metal fragments in eyes, neurostimulators, excessive size and weight, claustrophobia)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of extraprostatic extension or seminal vesicle invasion by MRI,Xx_NEWLINE_xXA diagnostic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain must be performed within 28 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXInability to undergo MRI (e.g., due to safety reasons, such as presence of a pacemaker)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients at institutions that elect to utilize central imaging review to confirm eligibility must be pre-registered prior to submission of these images; images should be submitted as soon as possible after the pre-registration magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is obtained; turnaround time for this review will be =< 72 business hours after receipt of images by the Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core (IROC)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMust have been taking a stable dose of corticosteroids for symptom management for at least 1 week before baseline MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXAppropriate stage for study entry based on the following diagnostic workup:\r\n* History/physical examination within 60 days prior to registration\r\n* Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain with contrast within 30 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXPost-operative MRI imaging with contrast is mandatory obtained for radiation therapy planning and must be 30 days prior to the start of radiation therapy; enrolling sites are not mandated although highly encouraged to obtain thin-slice (< 1.5 mm) 3 dimensional (D) axial T2/FLAIR and T1 pre and post contrast sequences for planning purposesXx_NEWLINE_xXInability to undergo MRI with and without contrast (e.g. claustrophobia, non-MRI compatible implant or foreign body, gadolinium allergy or renal dysfunction preventing the patient from receiving gadolinium- institutional guidelines should be used to determine if patients are at risk for renal dysfunction); note that patients with severe claustrophobia are permitted on this study if they are willing and able to undergo MRI with adequate sedation or anesthesiaXx_NEWLINE_xXImminent spinal cord compression based on clinical findings and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); treatment should be completed for spinal cord compressionXx_NEWLINE_xXTargeted (treated) tumor clearly visible by non-contrast MRI, and ExAblate MRgFUS device accessibleXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with standard contraindications for MR imaging such as non-MRI compatible implanted metallic devices including cardiac pacemakers, size limitations, etc.Xx_NEWLINE_xXKnown intolerance or allergies to the MRI contrast agent (e.g. Gadolinium or Magnevist) including advanced kidney diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXTargeted (most painful) tumor NOT visible by non-contrast MRI,Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be receiving magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans at University of California San Francisco (UCSF)Xx_NEWLINE_xXStable dose of corticosteroids for >= 5 days prior to baseline magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be able to undergo contrast enhanced MRI scans (or contrast enhanced computed tomography [CT] scans for patients unable to tolerate MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have shown unequivocal evidence for tumor progression by MRI (or CT for patients who cannot tolerate MRI) in comparison to a prior scan; the same type of scan, i.e., MRI (or CT for patients who cannot undergo MRI) must be used throughout the period of protocol treatment for tumor measurementXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients may have brain metastases if all lesions have been treated with stereotactic radiation therapy, craniotomy, or gamma knife therapy with no evidence of progression (demonstrated by identical imaging modality for 2 consecutive assessments/scans [magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or CT scans], at least 4 weeks apart) and have not required steroids for at least 14 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXConfirmation of tumor recurrence or progression on contrast MRI (with and without gadolinium contrast) as determined by RANO criteria within 14 days prior to registration for patients who did not have recent resection of their glioblastoma or only had a stereotactic biopsy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXResidual disease of recurrent glioblastoma is not mandated for eligibility into the study. To best assess the extent of residual disease post-operatively, a post-operative MRI scan must be performed prior to registration and is recommended to be within 96 hours post-surgery (although 24-48 hours would be optimum). Note: Patients who did have surgery with a post-operative contrast-enhanced scan falling outside the 5-week window prior to registration, must have a repeat MRI scan within 14 days prior to registration.Xx_NEWLINE_xX> 1 cm diameter of blood seen on contrast MRI (with and without gadolinium contrast)Xx_NEWLINE_xXImplanted metal or metal devices that make a MRI scan prohibitive, history of claustrophobia or other condition that would make a MRI scan prohibitiveXx_NEWLINE_xXConfirmed primary brain tumor diagnosis via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and their neuro-oncologistXx_NEWLINE_xXMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-incompatible head or neck tattoosXx_NEWLINE_xXEver been told not to get an MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXMRI-incompatible metal implant\r\n* If a potential participant reports implanted metal objects, which might be affected by MRI magnets, the study personnel or MRI technologist will screen over the phone or in person to determine whether the potential participant would be safe during the MRI scan; a current list of implants compatible with MRI will be consultedXx_NEWLINE_xXAdditional exclusion criteria include participation in a scheduled resistance exercise program within 1 month of study entry; metal implants or other contraindications for the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); history of diabetes, chronic renal disease characterized by a creatinine clearance of less than 30, uncontrolled hypertension; and a vitamin D status (25(OH)D) of > 32ng/mLXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients unable to undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spineXx_NEWLINE_xXMRI (contrast is not required but strongly recommended) of the involved spine within 4 weeks prior to registration to determine the extent of the spine involvement; an MRI is required as it is superior to a CT scan in delineating the spinal cord as well as identifying an epidural or paraspinal soft tissue component; note: if an MRI was done as a screening imaging study for eligibility, the MRI can be used as the required MRI for treatment planningXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients for whom an MRI of the spine is medically contraindicatedXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with known claustrophobia, presence of pacemaker and/or ferromagnetic material in their body that would prohibit MRI imaging (ex. tissue expanders)Xx_NEWLINE_xXConditions that would preclude from successfully scanning subjects in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):\r\n* Claustrophobia (this would make lying in the scanner very uncomfortable)\r\n* Having a pacemaker, aneurysm clips, neurostimulators, cochlear implants, metal in eyes, steel worker, or other implants\r\n* History of seizures\r\n* History of head injuries resulting in loss of consciousness > 10 minutesXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a post-gadolinium contrast-enhanced three-dimensional spoiled gradient (SPGR), magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo (MP-RAGE), or turbo field echo (TFE) MRI scan and an axial T2/FLAIR sequence; to yield acceptable image quality, the gadolinium contrast-enhanced three-dimensional SPGR, MP-RAGE, or TFE axial MRI scan should use the smallest possible axial slice thickness not exceeding 1.5 mm; this MRI must be obtained =< 21 days prior to step 1 registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to magnetic resonance (MR) imaging such as implanted metal devices or foreign bodiesXx_NEWLINE_xXFor the subset of participants who will undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ability to withstand lying down in small area (MRI scanner) for 50 minutesXx_NEWLINE_xXFor the subset of participants undergoing neuroimaging:\r\n* Medical history or devices which make an MRI unsafe or uncomfortable (e.g., magnetic rods or pins, metal plates or screws, pacemaker)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAbsence of tumors:\r\n* Patients must undergo thorough physical examination of the leg undergoing surgery; if physical exam is equivocal for presence of tumors, then a normal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lower extremity will be required before eligibility is met\r\n* If there is evidence of plexiform neurofibroma or nodular neurofibroma of > 3 cm diameter on the ipsilateral leg, then they are ineligible for the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be able to tolerate MRI/CT scansXx_NEWLINE_xXAcute ischemic stroke within the prior four weeks, defined as a new neurologic deficit(s) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence of acute ischemia in a referable location, and no clinical or radiologic indication of a non-cerebrovascular mimic, such as a brain metastasis, as the etiology of the deficit(s)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with 1-10 measurable brain metastases on a diagnostic-quality contrast-enhanced MRI obtained within 30 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, such as implanted metal devices or foreign bodies, severe claustrophobia, or contraindications to contrast agent administrationXx_NEWLINE_xXImmediate need for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPain from the reported one or two metastatic sites must correlate with an identifiable tumor on CT, MRI, or ultrasound (US) imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXHave not had both a breast MRI and mammogram in the previous 24 monthsXx_NEWLINE_xXDo not have a contraindication to MRI (i.e., pacemaker)Xx_NEWLINE_xXParticipant had a breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that was performed after the diagnosis of ADH but before surgical excision.Xx_NEWLINE_xXINCLUSION - RADIOLOGIST READER: Must have clinical experience in interpreting breast MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXINCLUSION - RADIOLOGIST READER: Must have interpreted at least 10 breast MRI exams with RSI interpretationXx_NEWLINE_xXEXCLUSION - PATIENT: Known or suspected renal insufficiency, rendering the participant unable to safely receive intravenous contrast based on institutional clinical protocol; renal insufficiency for the purposes of exclusion includes any of the following:\r\n* Known history of end stage renal disease with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m^2\r\n* Point of care (POC) measure of creatinine clearance (eGFR) prior to obtaining the MRI < 35; we will perform this POC test as needed per institutional policy for routine MRI if: (a) answered yes to any of the Choyke question AND no creatinine result is available in the optical mark recognition (OMR) software within 30 days of the MRI exam, regardless of patient age, or (b) the patient is > 60 years old, or (c) the patient is on hydroxyureaXx_NEWLINE_xXEXCLUSION - PATIENT: History of adverse or allergic-like reaction to gadolinium MRI intravenous contrast, rendering the participant unable to safely receive intravenous contrast based on institutional clinical protocolXx_NEWLINE_xXEXCLUSION - PATIENT: Presence of MRI unsafe devices or objects which would make having an MRI unsafe, as per institutional clinical protocol. MRI unsafe devices or objects for the purposes of exclusion include but are not limited to certain intracranial aneurysm clips, cardiac pacemaker, and implantable defibrillator devices, metallic heart valve, or coronary artery stents, breast tissue expanders, bio or neurostimulators, pellets and bullets, ocular implants and devices, otologic and cochlear implants; other devices or metallic objects may be deemed unsafe for MRI at the radiologist’s discretionXx_NEWLINE_xXEXCLUSION - PATIENT: Body weight exceeds that allowable by the MRI tableXx_NEWLINE_xXRecommendation for biopsy will result from an imaging work-up originating with a screening exam (mammogram, tomosynthesis, ultrasound, or MRI) that was within 3 months of biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants with non- magnetic resonance (MR) compatible objects or implants that would make MRI a contraindicationXx_NEWLINE_xXCESM and MRI exam performed within 3 months of one anotherXx_NEWLINE_xXCESM and breast MRI exams must be performed as part of imaging work-up based on a screening exam of any type (mammography, tomosynthesis, ultrasound, and MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXImaging sets in which a biopsy or surgical intervention was performed since the most recent screening exam, prior to acquisition of the study MRI or CESMXx_NEWLINE_xXScreening contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or 99mTc-sestamibi based imaging of the breast(s) within the prior 12 months or planned within the next two yearsXx_NEWLINE_xXNo contraindications to undergo MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to gadolinium (Gd) contrast agentsXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindications to MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients scheduled to undergo screening breast MRI with contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients unable to complete their scheduled breast MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who are thought to have a breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 1 year prior to the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients should have no contraindications to having a contrast enhanced MRI scan; these contraindications will be assessed at the time of enrollment using the guidelines set up and in clinical use by the Radiology DepartmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must not have previously had a breast MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must be able to undergo breast MRI with contrast enhancement; patients unable to undergo breast MRI with contrast enhancement for any reason are ineligible\r\n* No history of untreatable claustrophobia\r\n* No presence of non MR compatible metallic objects or metallic objects that, in the opinion of the radiologist, would make MRI a contraindication\r\n* No history of sickle cell disease\r\n* No contraindication to intravenous contrast administration\r\n* No known allergy-like reaction to gadolinium or moderate or severe allergic reactions to one or more allergens as defined by the American College of Radiology (ACR); patient may be eligible if willing to undergo pre-treatment as defined by the institution's policy and/or ACR guidance\r\n* No known or suspected renal impairment; requirements for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) prior to MRI as determined by local site standard practice\r\n* Weight less than or equal to the MRI table limit\r\n* No women who have had prior contrast enhanced mammography (contrast enhanced spectral mammography [CESM] or contrast enhanced digital mammography [CEDM])\r\n* No women who have breast prosthetic implants (silicone or saline)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo patients will be enrolled that require sedation for the MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with contraindications to MRI will not be enrolledXx_NEWLINE_xXWomen with aneurysm clips that don't allow for MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXWomen too claustrophobic to undergo MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXThose with ferromagnetic cerebral aneurysm clips or other intraorbital/intracranial metal; pacemakers, defibrillators, functioning neurostimulator devices, non-compatible MRI tissue expanders or breast implants, or other implanted non-compatible MRI devicesXx_NEWLINE_xXCONTROL (HEALTHY) GROUP: Those with ferromagnetic cerebral aneurysm clips or other intraorbital/intracranial metal; pacemakers, defibrillators, functioning neurostimulator devices or other implanted non-compatible MRI devicesXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to a cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) (metallic object, severe claustrophobia, pacemaker, vascular clip)Xx_NEWLINE_xXEnrollment in National Cancer Institute (NCI) protocol #: WF 98213; patients must receive fast MRI and 3D ECHO along with baseline (98213) MRI prior to first chemotherapy treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXMost breast tissue expanders are not allowed; (if uncertain, inform the MRI tech to confirm eligibility status)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHave had an abdominal imaging test (CT, MRI, or ultrasound) within the past 7 monthsXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have a negative mammogram or negative breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 1 year of protocol-required baseline core biopsy\r\n* Patients positive for BRCA mutations must have a negative breast MRI within 1 year of protocol-required baseline core biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have an unaffected, non-irradiated contralateral breast with a baseline breast density score of > 25% as measured by standard digital mammography (BIRADs score > 2) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed within 12 months of randomization to the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipant is able to undergo radiographic evaluation with CT or MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXClaustrophobia and/or inability to lie flat in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machineXx_NEWLINE_xXMetal medical implantable device or other MRI incompatible materialsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with breast implants are usually permitted to have an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); check with the MRI technician to confirmXx_NEWLINE_xXBreast patients with tissue expanders are not allowed with the exception of tissue expanders made of material that are MRI compatible; check with the MRI technician to confirmXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable, supratentorial contrast-enhancing progressive or recurrent glioblastoma or gliosarcoma by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging within 21 days of starting treatment; patient must be able to tolerate MRIsXx_NEWLINE_xXAble to undergo standard MRI scans with contrast agentXx_NEWLINE_xXSingle hemilateral index Gleason 7 lesion, identified in the prostate based on biopsy mapping with supporting MRI; may have secondary Gleason 6 lesion on ipsilateral or contralateral side confirmed with biopsy and/or MRI.Xx_NEWLINE_xXGleason 7 tumors must be MRI visible:Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo definite evidence of extracapsular extension or seminal invasion by MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindications to MRI 2.1 Claustrophobia 2.2 Implanted ferromagnetic materials or foreign objects 2.3 Known intolerance to the MRI contrast agentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient not eligible for sequential MRI evaluations are not eligible for this study.Xx_NEWLINE_xXArm 1: Evidence of recurrent or progressive supratentorial tumor, which has shown a > 25% increase in bi dimensional measurements by MRI or is refractory with significant neuro deterioration that is not otherwise explained with no known curative therapy. Arm 2: Clinical presentation of DIPG and compatible MRI with approximately 2/3 of the pons included. Subject should be ? 2 weeks and ? 10 weeks post standard focal radiotherapy (ie, dose of 5400 to 5960 cGy and maximum dexamethasone of 1 mg/m2/day)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAble to undergo standard MRI scans with contrast agent before enrollment and after treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXMore than 1 focal lesion >=5 millimeter (mm) in diameter by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a biopsy marker placed within the tumor bed with imaging confirmation (preferably mammogram but ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] is acceptable) of marker placement prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have achieved a complete or near complete radiologic tumor response on breast imaging with mammogram, ultrasound, and MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who did not undergo trimodality imaging after completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (breast ultrasound, MRI, and mammography)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with one or more of the following imaging criteria from any of the 3 imaging modalities after completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) are not eligible:\r\n* Mammogram with malignant appearing calcifications or mass > 1 cm; or\r\n* Ultrasound with a hypoechoic area > 2 cm; or\r\n* Breast MRI demonstrating a residual mass with rapid rise and washout type III kinetics.Xx_NEWLINE_xXSuitable to undergo MRI and receive the contrast agent gadolinium (exclusions follow):\r\n* No history of untreatable claustrophobia\r\n* No presence of metallic objects or implanted medical devices in body (i.e., cardiac pacemaker, aneurysm clips, surgical clips, prostheses, artificial hearts, valves with steel parts, metal fragments, shrapnel, tattoos near the eye, or steel implants)\r\n* No history of sickle cell disease\r\n* No contraindication to intravenous contrast administration\r\n* No known allergy-like reaction to gadolinium or moderate or severe allergic reactions to one or more allergens as defined by the American College of Radiology (ACR); patient may be eligible if willing to undergo pre-treatment as defined by the institution's policy and/or ACR guidance\r\n* No findings consistent with renal failure, as determined by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 30\r\nmL/min/1.73 m^2 based on a serum creatinine level obtained within 28 days prior to registration\r\n* Weight lower than that allowable by the MRI tableXx_NEWLINE_xXNo prior MRI of study breast within the 12 months prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be able to tolerate brain MRI scans with dynamic intravenous gadolinium-based contrast agent injections\r\n* Ability to withstand 22-gauge intravenous (IV) placement\r\n* No history of untreatable claustrophobia\r\n* No magnetic resonance (MR) incompatible implants/devices or metallic foreign bodies\r\n* No contraindication to intravenous contrast administration\r\n** Adequate organ function, including adequate renal function defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) >= 40 mL/min/1.73 m^2 as calculated per institution standard of care, and meeting local site requirements for intravenous administration of gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents\r\n* No known allergy-like reaction to gadolinium or moderate or severe allergic reactions to one or more allergens as defined by the American College of Radiology (ACR); patient may be eligible if willing to undergo pre-treatment as defined by the institution's policy and/or ACR guidance\r\n* Weight compatible with limits imposed by the MRI scanner tableXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with contraindications to both CT and MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXHas known contraindications to MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXHas contraindication to MRI contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXBaseline MP-MRI, which is obtained at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) main campus on the 3-tesla Philips MRI unit as part of the standard (clinical) staging assessment demonstrates at least one dominant or visible lesion which measures >= 0.5 cm in maximum axial diameter as assessed on T2-weighted imagesXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who are unwilling or unable to undergo MRI including patients with contraindications to MRI such as the presence of cardiac pacemakers or non-compatible intracranial vascular clips, claustrophobia, inability to lie flat for the duration of the study etcXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with a metallic hip implant, metallic implant or device in the pelvis or ferromagnetic fiducial beacons (Calypso) that might distort local magnetic field and compromise quality of MP-MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXClinical stage I grade 1-2 endometrial cancer also eligible with deep myoinvasion >= 50% shown on preoperative (preop) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or elevated preop cancer antigen (CA)-125 > 35 U/mlXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who are unwilling or unable to undergo MRI including patients with contraindications to MRI such as the presence of cardiac pacemakers or non-compatible intracranial vascular clips, claustrophobia, inability to lie flat for the duration of the study etcXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with a metallic hip implant or any other metallic implant or device in the pelvis that might distort local magnetic field and compromise quality of MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXAny contraindication to MRI (e.g., pacemaker, aneurysm clip, tissue expander)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with no contra-indications to magnetic resonance (MR) imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXMedical contraindication to MR imaging (e.g. pacemakers, metallic implants, aneurysm clips, known contrast allergy to gadolinium contrast, pregnancy, nursing mothers, weight greater than 350 pounds, GFR < 30)Xx_NEWLINE_xXKnown allergic reaction to gadolinium; patient may be eligible if the referring physician determines that the MRI is medically necessary and if the patient is willing to undergo pre-medication for contrast allergyXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of non magnetic resonance (MR) compatible metallic objects or metallic objects that, in the opinion of the radiologist, would make MRI a contraindicationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with a metal heart valve, surgical clips, a pacemaker or any other indwelling metal device that might interfere with MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with a metal heart valve, surgical clips, a pacemaker or any other indwelling metal device that might interfere with MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient is not able to undergo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging due to any contraindication to MRI based on departmental MR questionnaire (e.g. past gadolinium allergies, failure of metallic screening, claustrophobia, inability to lay flat for duration of the study, inability to hold breath, etc.)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must be able to undergo MRI and PET scansXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who are not suitable to undergo MRI or PET or use gadolinium contrast due to:\r\n* Claustrophobia\r\n* Presence of metallic objects or implanted medical devices in body (i.e. cardiac pacemaker, aneurysm clips, surgical clips, prostheses, artificial hearts, valves with steel parts, metal fragments, shrapnel, tattoos near the eye, or steel implants); the craniotomy patients will all have titanium but this is MRI compatible\r\n* Sickle cell disease\r\n* Renal failure\r\n* Reduced renal function, as determined by creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min based on a serum creatinine level obtained within 28 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXNo contraindications to the performance of a magnetic resonance study:\r\n* The presence of an implanted metallic object such as a cardiac pacemaker or implantable\r\ndefibrillator\r\n* An implanted neural stimulator\r\n* Any ferromagnetic implants not deemed MRI-safe\r\n* Intra-ocular metallic foreign bodies\r\n* Severe claustrophobia\r\n* Pregnancy\r\n* Inability to perform an exercise testXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must meet standard MRI guidelines and be able and willing to undergo MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants who are unable to undergo MRI because of documented contra-indications for contrast-enhanced MRI, including but not limited to renal failureXx_NEWLINE_xXAbility to remain motionless in MRI scanner for approximately 40 minutesXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with contra-indications for contrast enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) exam, including:\r\n* Cardiac pacemaker or pacemaker wiring in situ\r\n* Cerebral clips or metal artificial cardiac valves\r\n* Ossicle prosthesis\r\n* Conditions that could produce a dangerous situation in the presence of a strong magnetic field: line metallic implants, shrapnel, inability to lie still, and conditions that can worsen inside confined spaces (severe claustrophobia, psychosis)\r\n* Acute or chronic severe renal disease as determined by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 30 ml/min/1.73 m^2\r\n* Pregnancy or breastfeedingXx_NEWLINE_xXNo contra-indications to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including permanent pacemaker, implantable device, aneurysm clip, or severe claustrophobia (for patients planning to be imaged on PET/magnetic resonance [MR] scanner)Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects who have a contraindication for 3 tesla (T) MRI: metal in their bodies (a cardiac pacemaker or other incompatible device), are severely agitated, or have an allergy to gadolinium containing contrast materialXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must meet standard MRI guidelines and be able and willing to undergo MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants who have documented contra-indications for contrast-enhanced MRI, including but not limited to renal failureXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants who exceed the weight limit for the surgical table at Advanced Multimodality Image Guided Operating (AMIGO), 350 lbs or who will not fit into the 70 cm diameter bore of the MRI scanner at AMIGO or the 60 cm diameter bore of the pre-procedure imaging MRI scannerXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects with contraindications to MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects with any type of pacemaker, cerebral aneurysm clips, shrapnel injury, or other implanted electronic devices or metal not compatible with MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must be able to undergo MRI and PET scansXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who are not suitable to undergo MRI or use gadolinium contrast due to:\r\n* Claustrophobia\r\n* Presence of metallic objects or implanted medical devices in body (i.e. cardiac pacemaker, aneurysm clips, surgical clips, prostheses, artificial hearts, valves with steel parts, metal fragments, shrapnel, tattoos near the eye, or steel implants)\r\n* Sickle cell disease\r\n* Renal failure\r\n* Reduced renal function, as determined by creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min based on a serum creatinine level obtained within 28 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXAbility to lie still during DCE-MRI which may last for up to 60 minutesXx_NEWLINE_xXAny contraindication to undergoing MRI (e.g., pacemakers, cochlear implants, shrapnel injuries, or other types of metal or electric devices in the body, severe claustrophobia, cataract surgery with certain ocular implants [the following ocular implant models from Bausch & Lomb are considered unsafe for MRI: intraocular lens, models 12A, 12P, 12S, 24P, 31P, 42P, 61P, 71, 71B, 71M, 71P, 71PC, 71R, 75M, 75P, EXP D])Xx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with evidence of iron overload, hemosiderosis/hemochromatosis will be excluded for the bone sarcoma study; however, they can undergo MRI exam without ferumoxytol enhancement for the ON studyXx_NEWLINE_xX(Part 3, suspected recurrent GBM patients ONLY): Any patient with histopathologically proven GBM who, on a standard of care surveillance brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), has an imaging change suspicious for GBM recurrence, and whose treatment plan for the recurrence does not include surgeryXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have implantable devices that are contraindicated for MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXHistory of allergic reactions to gadolinium-based MRI contrast agentXx_NEWLINE_xXWith contraindications to MRI examinations as per standard screening guidelines used in the Department of Radiology (i.e., ferromagnetic material or implants, pacemakers or defibrillators, stents, claustrophobia)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have presence of a known contradiction to MRI\r\n* Pacemaker\r\n* Aneurysm clips\r\n* Patients with implants that are contradicted for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging will be excluded\r\n* Pregnant\r\n* Age and mental status wherein he/she is unable to cooperate for MRI studyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient agrees to undergo, prior to the procedure, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, within 14 days and preferably with 3 days of the planned procedure) with perfusion, diffusion and spectroscopic imaging.Xx_NEWLINE_xXSuccessful completion of MRI screening formXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to MRI (i.e. pacemakers, aneurysm clips, or shrapnel fragments)Xx_NEWLINE_xXBe able to undergo magnetic resonance (MR) imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXHave non-MRI compatible metallic objects on/in bodyXx_NEWLINE_xXAny contraindication to the use of contrast and/or general guidelines for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging as per standard Department of Radiology imaging guidelinesXx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to cooperate for MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient can be reliably reached for post-MRI follow up adverse event (AE) checkXx_NEWLINE_xXAny condition including, metallic implants or cardiac pacemakers that makes the candidate ineligible for MR imaging; (MRI research screening form will be completed prior to each MRI scan)Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must be able to undergo MRI imaging without anesthesiaXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects who have a contraindication for MRI: metal in their bodies (a cardiac pacemaker or other incompatible device), are severely agitated, or have an allergy to gadolinium containing contrast materialXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects who have a contraindication for 3Tesla (3T) MRI, or have an allergy to gadolinium containing contrast materialXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication for magnetic resonance imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXUndergoing diagnostic breast MRI ordered by the referring clinician for staging and extent of diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient girth exceeds the bore of the PET/MRI scannerXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with standard contraindications to MRI, including claustrophobia and metallic implants incompatible with MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXRadioiodine (RAI)-refractory and/or metastatic disease on structural imaging (CT, MRI) with RAS or RET mutations or BRAF-wild type thyroid cancerXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be able to tolerate magnetic resonance (MR) imaging required by protocolXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of MRI-incompatible metallic objects or implanted medical devices in the body (including but not limited to: non-MRI compatible metal objects, cardiac pacemaker, aneurysm clips, artificial heart valves with steel parts, metal fragments in the eye or central nervous system)Xx_NEWLINE_xXWeight greater than that allowable by the MRI tableXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with ferromagnetic or otherwise non-MRI compatible aneurysm clipsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with contraindications for MRI due to embedded foreign metallic objects. Bullets, shrapnel, metalwork fragments, or other metallic material adds unnecessary risk to the patientXx_NEWLINE_xXImplanted medical device not described above that is not MRI-compatibleXx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to tolerate MRI without anesthesiaXx_NEWLINE_xXImplanted devices, metallic hazards or other conditions presenting a contraindication to 3Tesla cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient with suspected intracranial neoplasm scheduled for routine MRI with GBCA (gadolinium naive patients)Xx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Xx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to magnetic resonance (MRI) imaging, as determined through review of the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) MRI screening form by study investigatorXx_NEWLINE_xXScheduled for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) fusion/transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) biopsy, followed by histologyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients able to tolerate PET/MRI scansXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who are unable to undergo MRI scanning due to exclusion by University Hospitals Case Medical Center (UHCMC) MRI restriction policies as mentioned in the standard UHCMC MRI informed consent formXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with a known allergy against any component of the contrast enhancing MR agent will not receive MR contrast agents; (exclusion criterion only for contrast enhanced MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects with contraindications for receiving HIDA scans and MRI scans will not be eligible to participate in this studyXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to MRI scan (i.e. due to cardiac pacemaker)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients unwilling or unable to undergo MR imaging, including patients with contraindications to MRI, such as cardiac pacemakers or non-compatible intracranial vascular clipsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients unwilling or unable to undergo MR imaging, including patients with contraindications to MRI, such as cardiac pacemakers or non-compatible intracranial vascular clipsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with a pacemaker, stainless steel aneurysm clip or any other magnetic resonance (MR) contraindicated implant or foreign body would warrant exclusion from this study; pacemakers may be reprogrammed or turned off by the strong MRI magnetic field; radio-frequency (RF) fields in MR can also cause severe heating of pacemaker lead tips. Steel aneurysm clips are prone to torque in the strong MR field which can displace the clips and may damage the vessel, resulting in hemorrhage, and/or deathXx_NEWLINE_xXStandard gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes that are considered indeterminate for tumor progression versus (vs.) treatment-related changes by the neuroradiologist or clinician within 24 weeks of completion of radiationXx_NEWLINE_xXInability to undergo or cooperate with an MRI or PET scan (e.g., claustrophobia, metal implant)Xx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must be able to undergo MRI scanXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who are no suitable to undergo MRI or use gadolinium contrast due to:\r\n* Claustrophobia\r\n* Presence of metallic objects or implanted medical devices in body (i.e. cardiac pacemaker, aneurysm clips, surgical clips, prostheses, artificial hearts, valves with steel parts, metal fragments, shrapnel, tattoos near the eye, or steel implants)\r\n* Sickle cell disease\r\n* Renal failure\r\n* Reduced renal function, as determined by creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min based on a serum creatinine level obtained within 28 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to undergo MR imaging (e.g. cardiac device, metals, claustrophobia, etc.)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAn MRI performed within 72 hours after surgery is neededXx_NEWLINE_xXImage quality acceptable for comparison with later MRI as read by a neuroradiologistXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients, whose MRI at post operative 48-72 hours are not readable due to artifacts or disease process shall not be included in the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient not able to tolerate MRI scan due to claustrophobia or severe pain or allergic reaction to contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXHave any contra-indications to magnetic resonance (MR) examination such as allergy to MRI contrast media (gadolinium-DTPA [gadopentetate dimeglumine]), metallic foreign objects within the body, orbital metal, cerebral aneurysm clip, pacemaker, defibrillator, neurostimulator, any other medical metallic implant, claustrophobia, inability to lie flat for 30 minutes, and weight exceeding 300 pounds; if an MR contraindication is discovered during scanning that was overlooked during the screening process, the procedure will be stopped immediately and the subject will be removed from the scannerXx_NEWLINE_xXAny condition for which a MRI procedure is contraindicated including presence of metallic material in the body, such as pacemakers, non-MRI compatible surgical clips, shrapnel; pregnant or breast-feeding women are excludedXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with non-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compatible implanted metallic foreign bodies are excluded from this studyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who due to severe claustrophobia cannot tolerate MRI scanningXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to CT or MRI contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have MRI findings reporting intraprostatic lesions suspicious for malignancyXx_NEWLINE_xXMetallic implants (contraindicated for MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMust have an MRI scan ordered by a treating physicianXx_NEWLINE_xXAble to undergo contrast enhanced MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects who are unable to tolerate or are not eligible for MR imaging (claustrophobia, metal implantable devices such as pacemaker, aneurysm clips, etc)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients unwilling or unable to undergo MR imaging, including patients with contra-indications to MRI, such as cardiac pacemakers or non-compatible intracranial vascular clipsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with a contraindication to contrast-enhanced MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXMRI is contraindicated based on responses to MRI screening questionnaireXx_NEWLINE_xXRespiratory illness of a bacterial or viral etiology within 30 days of MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXSubject does not fit into 129-Xe vest coil used for MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXAbility to detect lesions within prostate on MRI for biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to MRI:\r\n* Patients weighing more than weight limit for the scanner tables\r\n* Allergy to magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agent\r\n* Patients with pacemakers, cerebral aneurysm clips, shrapnel injury or implantable electronic deviceXx_NEWLINE_xXAble to tolerate MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXAny contraindication to MRI (contrast allergy, severe claustrophobia, MRI-incompatible prosthesis)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAnyone who would be normally excluded from undergoing an MRI examination as per Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied Diseases Screening QuestionnaireXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants/volunteers who are unable to comply or complete the MRI exam due to claustrophobia or high levels of anxietyXx_NEWLINE_xXStandard MRI exclusion criteria will also be applied, including pacemakers and metal clips located in the patientXx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to lie flat during or tolerate PET/MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXSubject does not meet institutional MRI safety screening requirementsXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects who require sedation for WB MRI will be excluded if they have: \r\n* An acute cardiopulmonary process including, but not limited to, croup, reactive airways disease, pneumonia, clinical or radiological evidence of pericardial effusion or other cardiopulmonary disease\r\n* Vomiting within 24 hours of the MRI or substantial nausea that may preclude sedation as determined by the anesthesiologist or certified registered nurse anesthetistXx_NEWLINE_xXDiagnosis of HCC with one or more of the following:\r\n* Liver mass (>= 1 cm) with arterial phase contrast enhancement and early washout on subsequent phases by CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)\r\n* Suggestive imaging findings plus alpha-feto protein (AFP) > 200 mg/dL; or\r\n* Tumor confirmed by arteriographyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who would be normally excluded from undergoing an MRI examination as per Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied Disease Screening Questionnaire for MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients undergoing PET/MRI: contraindication to gadolinium contrast enhanced brain MRI (i.e., allergy to gadolinium contrast, MRI-incompatible implantable devices, GFR =< 30 mL/min/1.73, and severe claustrophobia); at the discretion of the responsible physician, FDOPA-PET/CT may be performed if PET/MRI is contraindicated or unavailable; if FDOPA-PET/CT is performed, the patient must have undergone a contrast-enhanced MRI for fusion with FDOPA-PET no more than 4 weeks before the FDOPA-PET/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who are too claustrophobic to undergo MRI or PET imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXWomen who will receive or have already received a breast MRI within one month of the CESMXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must agree to undergo serial multiparametric MRI and MRI-guided biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXExtracapsular extension suspected on digital rectal exam with confirmation on MRI; suspicion of extracapsular extension on MRI alone is not an exclusion for study enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXSubject is not a candidate for multiparametric MRI with contrast; some reasons may include (but are not limited to): renal insufficiency, foreign body or pacemakersXx_NEWLINE_xXAllergy or relative contraindications to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agentsXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to MRI scanning, such as surgery that involves metal clips or wires or metal prostheses which might be expected to cause tissue damage or produce image artifactsXx_NEWLINE_xXStudy Note: a patient with a contraindication to MRI will be excluded from the MRI portion of the study, but will still be asked to continue with the biopsy and C13 glucose infusion portion of the trialXx_NEWLINE_xXNo contraindications to getting contrast enhanced MRI examinationsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with ferromagnetic or otherwise non-MRI compatible aneurysm clipsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with contraindications for MRI due to embedded foreign metallic objects; bullets, shrapnel, metalwork fragments, or other metallic material adds unnecessary risk to the patientXx_NEWLINE_xXImplanted medical device not described above that is not MRI-compatibleXx_NEWLINE_xXKnown history of allergic reaction to magnetic resonance (MR) contrast materialXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindications to undergo MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXCardiac pacemaker and metal devices (as specified in a separate MRI Informed consent)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPreviously known allergies against MRI contrast agents (exclusion criterion only for contrast enhanced MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAdult patients who require monitored anesthesia for MRI scanningXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants who have a contraindication for MRI (e.g. metal in their bodies, a cardiac pacemaker, or other incompatible device), or are severely agitated or claustrophobicXx_NEWLINE_xX3Tesla (T) multiparametric MRI of the prostate performed at City of Hope (COH) within 6 week time period prior to surgery; MRI without evidence of bladder neck involvement, rectal wall involvement, or pelvic lymphadenopathy with no nodes > 1 cmXx_NEWLINE_xXMRI findings compatible with newly diagnosed or recurrent high- or low-grade malignant gliomaXx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to undergo MRI scans with contrast (e.g. cardiac pacemaker, defibrillator, kidney failure)Xx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to undergo MRI scans with contrast (e.g. cardiac pacemaker, defibrillator, kidney failure)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who are unwilling or unable to undergo MRI including patients with contra-indications to MRI such as the presence of cardiac pacemakers or non-compatible intracranial vascular clipsXx_NEWLINE_xXNo contraindications to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAble to undergo MRI without general anesthesiaXx_NEWLINE_xXAny prior adverse events associated with prior MRI that are not related to injection of contrast agents or other medicinesXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients needing general anesthesia for MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXHistory of multiple or severe allergic reactions attributed to immunoglobulins or MRI contrast agentsXx_NEWLINE_xXContra-indications to MRI and/or PET/MRI:\r\n* Electrical implants such as cardiac pacemakers or perfusion pumps\r\n* Ferromagnetic implants such as aneurysm clips, surgical clips, prostheses, artificial hearts, valves with steel parts, metal fragments, shrapnel, tattoos near the eye, or steel implants\r\n* Ferromagnetic objects such as jewelry or metal clips in clothing\r\n* Pregnant subjects\r\n* Pre-existing medical conditions including a likelihood of developing seizures or claustrophobic reactionsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients unable to tolerate MRI (patients with pacemakers, cerebral aneurysm clips, shrapnel injuries, or other implantable electronic devices or metal not compatible with MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXSuspected first recurrence of a glioblastoma tumor by clinical measures and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXProstate biopsy within 6 weeks prior to PET or MRI imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXKnown hypersensitivity to glucagon (contraindication for glucagon IV, required for endorectal MRI only)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPheochromocytoma, insulinoma or galactosemia (contraindication for glucagon IV, required for endorectal MRI only)Xx_NEWLINE_xXInsulin?dependent diabetes (contraindication for glucagon IV, required for endorectal MRI only)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAny contraindication to MRI (e.g., pacemaker, aneurysm clip, tissue expander)Xx_NEWLINE_xXThe patient should not participate in this study is any of the following applies to the patient: the patients has a pacemaker, metallic cardiac valve(s), magnetic material such as surgical clips, implanted electronic infusion pumps or any other condition that would interfere with the MRI, the patient has a stent somewhere in the body, the patient has a history of allergic reaction to any metals, contrast agents, x-ray dyes, the patient has claustrophobiaXx_NEWLINE_xXAll subjects providing written informed consent will complete the subject history and screening form prior to MR imaging; the form will be reviewed to determine whether the subject is at risk as defined above and the availability of an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) within six weeks of anticipated MR imaging; an eGFR result greater than six weeks prior to the MRI imaging date will be repeated and evaluated for renal function; subjects with an eGFR of < 30 mL/min/1.73 m^2 will be excluded from the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXAny contraindication to gadolinium intravenous contrast as per standard Department of Radiology contrast guidelinesXx_NEWLINE_xXAny contraindication to MRI (e.g., pacemaker, aneurysm clip, tissue expander)Xx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to tolerate MRI and/or perform fMRI tasks (e.g., severe claustrophobia or pacemaker or aneurysm clip that precludes MRI scan)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAdult patients who require monitored anesthesia for PET scanning or MRI imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who are too claustrophobic to undergo MRI or PET imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who cannot undergo MRI imaging due to MRI exclusion criteriaXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient has no contraindications to the MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXExtreme claustrophobia that precludes MRI scanXx_NEWLINE_xXAny contraindication to gadolinium intravenous contrast as per standard Department of Radiology contrast guidelinesXx_NEWLINE_xXAny absolute contraindication to MRI (e.g., pacemaker, aneurysm clip, tissue expander)Xx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to cooperate for MRI and/or radiation therapy planningXx_NEWLINE_xXThree different adult patient groups will be eligible for inclusion in this study: \r\n* Group 1: Adult patients with compelling evidence of primary brain tumor based on clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) imaging characteristics that have not yet received surgery, histological diagnosis, or any tumor-directed therapy; such evidence will include: MRI or CT scan-documented mass lesion within the brain, accompanied by anatomically appropriate neurological signs and symptoms, in the absence of a probable competing diagnosis such as brain abscess or primary intracranial hematoma\r\n* Group 2: Newly diagnosed primary malignant brain tumors (World Health Organization [WHO] grade II-IV glial-based tumors) who have not had a complete surgical resection and by contrast MRI or CT have residual tumor >= 1.0 cm in diameter and will be receiving radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy\r\n* Group 3: Patients with probable or possible recurrent primary brain tumor as determined by standard clinical criteria or MRI or CT imaging; the abnormality must be >= 1.0 cm in diameter by contrast MRI or CT or show changes on non-enhancing MRI sequences (T2 or fluid-attenuated inversion recovery [FLAIR])Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects who have a contraindication for MRI: metal in their bodies (a cardiac pacemaker or other incompatible device), are severely agitated, need monitored anesthesia for scanning, or have an allergy to Gd contrast materialXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXAge and mental status wherein he/she is unable to cooperate for MRI studyXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindications for MRI (e.g. cardiac pacemaker)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAny patient with a metallic MRI incompatible implant, including cardiac pacemakers, neural pacemakers, aneurysmal clips, shrapnel, cochlear implants or ferrous surgical clipsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who are unable to undergo MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with ferromagnetic or otherwise non-MRI compatible aneurysm clipsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with contraindications for MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXImplanted medical device not described above that is not MRI-compatibleXx_NEWLINE_xXMale or female patients with metastatic non- hematological solid tumors, with one or more brain metastases, of which at least one lesion has a diameter ?1.5 cm, as confirmed by anatomical imaging (GBCA-enhanced MRI), wherein this lesion (or lesions) is scheduled to be treated by SRS.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAny indication of a risk for an imminent brain herniation, as evaluated by the Principal Investigator, based on the findings on brain MRI.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAny contraindication to MR imaging (e.g., metal implant, aneurysm clip, pacemaker).Xx_NEWLINE_xXand can lie still in a prone position for 30 minutes in an MRI scanner.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAdult patients who require monitored anesthesia for MRI scanningXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects who have a contraindication for MRI: metal in their bodies (a cardiac pacemaker or other incompatible device), are severely agitated, or have an allergy to gadolinium (Gd) contrast materialXx_NEWLINE_xXAdult patients who require monitored anesthesia for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanningXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects who have a contraindication for MRI: metal in their bodies (a cardiac pacemaker or other incompatible device), are severely agitated, or have an allergy to gadolinium (Gd) contrast materialXx_NEWLINE_xXMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or transrectal doppler ultrasound demonstrating at least one target lesionXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient is unable to have a MRI or transrectal ultrasoundXx_NEWLINE_xXMetallic implants (contraindicated for MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXRenal function impairment preventing administration of MRI contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects for whom an MRI is technically not feasible (e.g. breast volume, obesity)Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects undergoing MRI evaluation of the brainXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects with a contraindication to an MRI including those with a pacemaker, ferromagnetic aneurysm clip, or cochlear implantsXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects with a contraindication to receiving gadolinium containing contrast for the MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXMetallic implants (contraindicated for MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXRenal function impairment preventing administration of MRI contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXRequirement for sedation or anesthesia of any kind in order to undergo MRI scanningXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants with contraindications to MRI (i.e., implanted metal including pacemakers, cerebral spinal fluid shunts, aneurysm clips, artificial heart valves, ear implants or metal/foreign objects in the eyes and those with a history of claustrophobia), injuries to the eyes with metal without X-ray documentation that metal was removedXx_NEWLINE_xXBilateral mammography and hand-held ultrasound (if clinically indicated) performed prior to the MRI and ABUSXx_NEWLINE_xXIf a breast MRI is advised and there is no contraindication to MRI, a breast MRI and ABUS will performed at KUCC (study Arm 1)Xx_NEWLINE_xXIf a breast MRI is not performed, an ABUS exam without MRI will be performed (study Arm 2)Xx_NEWLINE_xXThe MRI and ABUS exam must be obtained in a timely manner after the consult, and the imaging exams will be obtained within 2 weeks of each otherXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with known urologic cancer who are scheduled to undergo MRI with gadolinium for their routine careXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who are claustrophobic or have other contraindications to MRI, such as implanted pacemaker device vascular clips, surgical clips, prosthetic valves, pacemakers, otologic implantsXx_NEWLINE_xXAble to lie still for PET and MRI scanningXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to MRI or history of adverse reaction to gadoliniumXx_NEWLINE_xXProstrate volume ? 20cc and height at least 22mm (at the area(s) to be biopsied) as verified by ultrasound or prostrate MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with contraindications to MRI (e.g., pacemaker, claustrophobia, etc.) (MR/TRUS only) ---Patients with renal dysfunction are excluded due to their inability to undergo contrast enhanced MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXThose with contraindications for MRI such as ferromagnetic cerebral aneurysm clips or other intracranial metal, pacemakers, defibrillators, functioning neurostimulator devices or other implanted electronic devicesXx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to receive a PET-MRI scan due to renal function (glomerular filtration rate [GFR] < 30 mL/min/1.73 m^2), allergy, or other problem with receiving or tolerating an MRI scan, etc. all patients will fill out a standard MRI screening formXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipant must successfully complete the MRI screening form if receiving an MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipant must not have any contraindications to MRI scanningXx_NEWLINE_xXIf agreeing to MRI contrast, participant must not be on dialysisXx_NEWLINE_xXIf agreeing to MRI contrast, participant must not have had a prior allergic reaction to gadolinium-based contrast agentsXx_NEWLINE_xXMRI-incompatible metallic implants, embedded metallic objects, implanted biomedical devices e.g., cardiac pacemakersXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants who have a contraindication for MRI: metal in their bodies (a cardiac pacemaker or other incompatible device), are severely agitated, or have an allergy to GBCAXx_NEWLINE_xXAble to tolerate an MRI examinationXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants with an implanted device, prosthesis, or any other foreign body with ferromagnetic properties that would make them ineligible to undergo MRI examinationXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects who have contraindication to contrast enhanced MRI examination; contraindications to MRI examinations include:\r\n* Medically unstable\r\n** Heart failure\r\n** Unstable angina\r\n** Child bearing\r\n** Lactating\r\n* Any contraindication per MRI screening form \r\n** Implants contraindicated at 3T, pacemakers\r\n** Poorly controlled diabetes\r\n** Body weight greater than 300 pounds\r\n** Claustrophobic\r\n* Since each patient is receiving a gadolinium based contrast agent intravenously:\r\n** Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m^2\r\n** Sickle cell disease\r\n** Hemolytic anemiaXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with reoccurrence of brain tumor\r\n* The principal investigator or co-principal investigator (PI) must review magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CT findings based on the radiologic assessment provided they meet the following imaging criteria (as established in the clinical trial 09-177) ORXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with biopsy and/or conventional imaging (CT/MRI) proven STS or bone sarcoma with a measurable soft tissue component; these include patients with extremity, retroperitoneal, chest wall, or head and neck primary sarcomasXx_NEWLINE_xXKnown or suspected somatostatin receptor positive neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) (e.g. carcinoid, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, and pheochromocytoma); supporting evidence may include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), CT, biochemical markers, and or pathology reportXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be judged to be suitable to undergo MRI and receive the contrast agent gadolinium (exclusions follow):\r\n* No history of untreatable claustrophobia\r\n* No presence of metallic implants that, in the opinion of the radiologist, would make MRI a contraindication\r\n* No history of sickle cell disease\r\n* No contraindication to intravenous contrast administration;\r\n* No known allergy-like reaction to gadolinium or moderate or severe allergic reactions to one or more allergens as defined by the American College of Radiology (ACR); patient may be eligible if willing to undergo pre-treatment as defined by the institution's policy and/or ACR guidance\r\n* No findings consistent with renal failure, as determined by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m^2 based on a serum creatinine level obtained within 28 days prior to registration\r\n* Weight lower than that allowable by the MRI tableXx_NEWLINE_xXNo prior MRI of the breasts within the 6 months prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXMRI has been performed in Step 1, and additional imaging studies and biopsies performed if indicatedXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have newly diagnosed brain metastases visible on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); a biopsy of the lesion is not required as long as the patient has a biopsy-proven malignancy elsewhere and a clinician deems the lesion to be metastaticXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must not have any medical contraindications to MRI (e.g., unsafe foreign metallic implants, incompatible pacemaker, inability to lie still for long periods, severe to end-stage kidney disease or on hemodialysis)Xx_NEWLINE_xXFINAL ENROLLMENT BIOPSY PARAMETERS: 12 standard biopsy cores plus targeted regions based upon MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication for MP MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXClinical criteria required to be eligible: \r\n* One of the following: \r\n** Pre-treatment prostate specific-antigen (PSA) >= 10 ng/dL, OR \r\n** Clinical T-stage assessed by digital rectal exam of >= T2a, OR\r\n** Radiographic >= T3a on MRI, OR \r\n** Gleason score of >= 3+4=7 \r\n* Visible intraprostatic tumor foci >= 1 cm in largest dimension on T2-weighted images based on initial pre-treatment MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXAny contraindication to baseline MRI based on departmental magnetic resonance (MR) questionnaire, or inability to cooperate for an MRI scanXx_NEWLINE_xXNormal MRI exclusion criteria will apply, including those on the following list; a standard MRI safety form will be used to identify potential conditions warranting exclusion\r\n* Electrical implants such as cardiac pacemakers or perfusion pumps\r\n* Ferromagnetic implants such as aneurysm clips, surgical clips, prostheses, artificial heart, valves with steel parts, metal fragments, shrapnel, bullets, tattoos near the eye, or steel implants\r\n* Ferromagnetic objects such as jewelry or metal clips in clothing\r\n* Claustrophobia\r\n* History of seizures\r\n* DiabetesXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with tumor size greater than 5 cm in diameter as measured at imaging (ultrasonography or MRI) before treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have presence of a known contraindication to MRI\r\n* Pacemaker\r\n* Aneurysmal clips\r\n* Metal implants in field of view \r\n* Pregnant\r\n* Age and mental status wherein he/she is unable to cooperate for MRI studyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have presence of a known contraindication to DCE-MRI may not participate in that portion of the study:\r\n* Known reaction to gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA), contrast agent \r\n* Chronic kidney disease\r\n* Nursing womenXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who are unwilling or unable to undergo MRI including patients with contraindication to MRI such as the presence of cardiac pacemakers or non-compatible intracranial vascular clips, claustrophobia, inability to lie flat for the duration of the study etcXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with a metallic hip implant or any other metallic implant or device in the pelvis that might distort local magnetic field and compromise quality of MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXInability to undergo a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or PET scan (e.g., claustrophobia or metal implant)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAny condition for which a MRI procedure is contraindicated including presence of metallic material in the body, such as pacemakers, non- MRI compatible surgical clips, shrapnel, etcXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must not have any contra-indications to MRI imaging including implanted medical devices and metal objects which may be adversely affected by MRI imaging; all subjects will be required to complete a standard MRI screening form prior to imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXThe standard exclusion criteria for MRI exams will apply which include patients with pacemakers, non-compatible intra-cranial vascular clips, inner ear implants, and severe claustrophobiaXx_NEWLINE_xXIndividuals with renal disease or other contraindications to gadolinium will be excluded; the Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH) standard MRI contrast screening criteria will be used to establish renal statusXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with hip implant or any other metallic implant or device that results in significant distortion of the local magnetic field and compromise of the quality of the multiparametric MRI dataXx_NEWLINE_xXThe tumor is visible and enhances on prone MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXAbsolute contraindication to MRI, including presence of implanted electrical device (pacemaker or neurostimulator), aneurysm clip or metallic foreign body in or near eyesXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects with a counter-indication to MRI, such as the presence of metallic prostheses or implanted metal device (e.g., infusion pump, defibrillator)Xx_NEWLINE_xXInability to undergo MRI with gadolinium contrast or PET imaging due to:\r\n* Claustrophobia\r\n* Presence of metallic objects or implanted medical devices in body (i.e. cardiac pacemaker, aneurysm clips, surgical clips, prostheses, artificial hearts, valves with steel parts, metal fragments, shrapnel, tattoos near the eye, or steel implants)\r\n* Sickle cell disease\r\n* Renal failure\r\n* Reduced renal function, as determined by creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min based on a serum creatinine level obtained within 28 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must be willing and able to undergo regular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the brainXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of radiographically suspected leptomeningeal disease (LM) or carcinomatous meningitis (CM) AND/OR presence of at least one CNS lesion for which the following criteria are met:\r\n* For patients without leptomeningeal disease: presence of at least one parenchymal CNS lesion that is at least 5 mm in size; Note: intra-cranial disease assessments can only be performed using contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); MRI scan slices of 1 mm are necessary for brain metastases between 5 and 10 mm in size\r\n* The lesion(s) must be newly diagnosed or be present as progression after local therapy, including surgery and/or radiation therapy; for patients who have received local therapy, progression of pre-existing lesions based on RECIST v1.1 (> 20% increase in longest diameter on baseline scan) or new lesions are required\r\n* Participants who are receiving corticosteroids must be on a stable or decreasing dose for at least 1 week prior to the first dose of study treatment\r\n* For patients with suspected LM or CM based on imaging, spinal fluid sampling for confirmation is not required; for patients who do undergo spinal fluid sampling, those with negative spinal fluid (CSF) are eligible to enterXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindications for MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXHistory of renal insufficiency (only for MRI contrast administration)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient is unable to undergo contrast-enhanced CTXx_NEWLINE_xXAble to tolerate magnetic resonance (MR) imaging required by protocol, to be performed at an American College of Radiology Imaging Network (ACRIN)-qualified facility and scannerXx_NEWLINE_xXNot suitable to undergo MRI or gadolinium-based contrast agent because of:            \r\n* Severe claustrophobia not relieved by oral anxiolytics per institutional standard practice\r\n* Presence of MRI-incompatible metallic objects or implanted medical devices in body (including, but not limited to: non-MRI compatible metal objects, cardiac pacemaker, aneurysm clips, artificial heart valves with steel parts, or metal fragments in the eye or central nervous system)\r\n* Renal failure, as determined by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m^2 based on a serum creatinine level obtained within 48 hours prior to enrollment\r\n* Weight greater than that allowable by the MRI table, per local institutional practiceXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients should have no contraindications to having a contrast enhanced MRI scan; these contraindications will be assessed at the time of enrollment using the guidelines set up and in clinical use by the Radiology DepartmentXx_NEWLINE_xXMust be listed for liver transplantation with HCC exception points based on the imaging diagnosis of at least one Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) class 5 HCC lesion(s) per study-defined imaging criteria (participating institutions may not enroll patients in whom the HCC diagnosis is solely based on biopsy and who do not have at least one liver lesion that meets imaging criteria for OPTN Stage 2, Class 5 HCC)\r\n* Patients must meet one of the following descriptions based on imaging findings:\r\n** EITHER OPTN Class 5B: at least 1 focal liver lesion(s) >= 2 cm diameter compatible with imaging diagnosis of Stage II HCC on contrast-enhanced CT imaging and/or contrast-enhanced MRI;\r\n** OR OPTN Class 5A: 2 or 3 focal liver lesions, each between > 1 and < 3 cm diameter, if each is compatible with imaging diagnosis of HCC on contrast-enhanced CT imaging and/or contrast-enhanced MRI\r\n** Imaging findings at the patient level in both situations must be within the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) Stage 2, which is Milan criteriaXx_NEWLINE_xXNot suitable to undergo MRI with an extracellular gadolinium-based contrast agent that does not have dominant hepatobiliary excretion because of:\r\n* Claustrophobia, unless patient agrees to sedation measures per institutional standard practice during MR imaging\r\n* Presence of metallic objects or implanted medical devices in body per institutional safety standards\r\n* Sickle cell disease\r\n* Weight greater than that allowable by the MR tableXx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to comply with breathing or other imaging related instructions resulting in inability to obtain diagnostic quality CT or MRI studies (OPTN Class 0)Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects with a known contraindication to the standard MRI contrast agent (Gadavist, a gadolinium-based contrast agent) and/or a recent estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 30 or less will be excluded from all DCE-MRIs, and will instead receive non-contrast MRIs at the DCE-MRI time points.Xx_NEWLINE_xXCore biopsies obtained within 1-month of MRI/MREXx_NEWLINE_xXNo treatment affecting the status of liver between MRI/MRE and post-imaging biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindications for MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects who require monitored anesthesia for MRI scanningXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects who have a contraindication for MRI: metal in their bodies (a cardiac pacemaker or other incompatible device), are severely agitated, or have an allergy to gadolinium (Gd) contrast materialXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindications to MRI\r\n* Patients with ferromagnetic or otherwise non-MRI compatible aneurysm clips\r\n* The presence of an implanted pacemaker or implanted defibrillator device\r\n* Patients with contraindications for MRI due to embedded foreign metallic objects: bullets, shrapnel, metalwork fragments, or other metallic material adds unnecessary risk to the patient\r\n* Implanted medical device not described above that is not MRI-compatible\r\n* Known history of claustrophobiaXx_NEWLINE_xXPrevious MRI imaging of the prostateXx_NEWLINE_xXThe subject has concordant magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/1H MRSI findings from a magnetic resonance (MR) staging exam at UCSF performed prior to the 13C MRSI exam performed in this study with investigational medicinal product (IMP), or is willing to undergo MRI/1H MRSI in connection with the study examXx_NEWLINE_xXContra-indication to MRI (e.g. pacemaker, severe claustrophobia, suspected presence of MR-unsafe surgical implants or shrapnel)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who are scheduled to receive a 1.5T MRI examXx_NEWLINE_xXMust be able to undergo MRI scansXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who are contraindicated for MRI or gadolinium contrast agents due to:\r\n* Claustrophobia\r\n* Presence of metallic objects or implanted medical devices in body (i.e., cardiac pacemaker, aneurysm clips, surgical clips, prostheses, skin staples, implanted prostheses, artificial heart valves with steel parts, metal fragments, shrapnel, or other metal implants that would contraindicate MRI)\r\n* Sickle cell disease\r\n* Renal failure with estimated GFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m^2 based upon serum creatinine\r\n* Weight greater than 350 pounds (lbs) (the weight limit for the MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who require sedation prior to MRI scansXx_NEWLINE_xXMen in whom artifact would reduce the quality of the MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient with known or highly suspected primary intracranial tumors (intra-axial or extra-axial) detected by previous CT or MRI examination who are scheduled to undergo a routine contrast-enhanced MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient with a contraindication to MRI (e.g., pacemaker, aneurysm clip, severe claustrophobia, infusion pumps, cochlear implants metallic or others according to the imaging site standard practice)Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects with contraindications to MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects with pacemakers, cerebral aneurysm clips, shrapnel injury, or other implanted electronic devices or metal not compatible with MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects who will have a delay in clinically indicated radiation therapy due to the interval between Eovist MRI imaging and biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXTumors of or involving the midline, basal ganglia, or brain stem as assessed by MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to receive or tolerate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan after evaluation of MRI screening formXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindication to MRI (metal implants)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHave electrically, magnetically, or mechanically activated implants that would preclude MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXNORMAL VOLUNTEERS: Have electrically, magnetically, or mechanically activated implants that would preclude MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXDoes not meet any standard contraindications for MRI (such as being claustrophobic, having metal objects within the body that cannot be removed or having large tattoos), confirmed by completion of our clinical MRI questionnaire formXx_NEWLINE_xXElectronic version of pre-surgery MRI must be available for co-registration purposesXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of pacemakers, aneurysm clips, artificial heart valves, ear implants, metal fragments or foreign objects in the eyes, skin of body that would preclude obtaining an MRI as part of the initial study evaluationXx_NEWLINE_xXClaustrophobia or any other contraindication to MRI imaging evaluated by a standardized safety questionnaireXx_NEWLINE_xXKnown prior allergic reaction to gadolinium-based magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agentsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have no contra-indications to PET/CT or MRI (patients will NOT be receiving either CT or MRI contrast and thus, those contraindications are not exclusionary)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMRI contraindications include: \r\n* Patients with ferromagnetic or otherwise non-MRI compatible aneurysm clips  \r\n* Patients with implanted pacemaker or implanted defibrillator device \r\n* Patients with contraindications for MRI due to embedded foreign metallic objects; bullets, shrapnel, metalwork fragments, or other metallic material adds unnecessary risk to the patient  \r\n* Implanted medical device not described above that is not MRI-compatible \r\n* Known history of claustrophobia \r\n* Contrast contraindications not included since patients will not be receiving MRI or CT contrast as part of this studyXx_NEWLINE_xXAble to undergo experimental imaging studies, as well as conventional bone and body imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must be scheduled to undergo an Eovist-enhanced MRI of the liver as a part of their standard of careXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who are unable to undergo MRI imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXWomen with MRI/magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) contraindications such as a cardiac pacemaker, aneurysm clip, cochlear implants, and metal in the eyesXx_NEWLINE_xXContraindications for MRI (such as claustrophobia, pacemaker, non MR-compatible artificial heart valves, cochlear implants, surgical clips in the brain, metal fragments in eye)Xx_NEWLINE_xXContraindications to fMRI, including severe claustrophobia, presence of tissue expanders for breast reconstruction, and presence of a port-a-cath that is incompatible with MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXInability to undergo magnetic resonance imaging (i.e. those patients with automated implantable cardioverter defibrillators [AICD]/pacemakers)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients need not undergo a baseline MRI prior to enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have undergone a sedated MRI 5-7 days prior, can be re-sedated for post-ferumoxytol MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXBraces or metal heart valves that may interfere with MRI, surgical clips, a pacemaker, piercings that cannot be removed, or any other indwelling metal device that might interfere with MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXFor patients who choose to undergo MRI imaging, hypersensitivity to MRI IV contrast media not suitable for pre-medicationXx_NEWLINE_xXFor patients who choose to undergo MRI imaging, patients who are ineligible for an MRI with contrast based on radiology department screeningXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient should pass MRI screening questionnaireXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants with standard contraindications to non-contrast MRI will be excluded, including claustrophobia and metallic implants incompatible with MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate who are scheduled to undergo radical prostatectomy (RP) with curative intent and have any the following clinico-pathologic features: (1) Gleason score sum >= 4+3 or any Gleason 5, (2) PSA > 20, and/or (3) clinical stage >= T3a (staging by magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] is allowed)Xx_NEWLINE_xXProstate volume > 20cc and height at least 22mm (at the area(s) to be biopsied) as verified by ultrasound or MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with contraindications to having a contrast enhanced MRI scanXx_NEWLINE_xXmammography and/or US and/or MRI abnormality(ies) consistent with malignancy.Xx_NEWLINE_xXKnown or suspected sensitivity to diagnostic imaging contrast agents.Xx_NEWLINE_xXExpected to undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within two weeks following the study procedureXx_NEWLINE_xXDCIS must be >= 1 cm based on extent of calcifications, presence of a mass on ultrasound OR enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ORXx_NEWLINE_xX