Tumor =< 4 cm maximum diameter, including clinical stage IA and selected IB by positron emission therapy (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest and upper abdomen performed within 90 days prior to randomizationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease; MRI and/or PET/CT scans need to be performed within 2 weeks prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXAppropriate for protocol entry based upon the following minimum diagnostic workup:\r\n* History/physical examination including examination for encephalopathy, ascites, weight, height, and blood pressure within 14 days prior to study entry\r\n* Assessment by radiation oncologist and medical oncologist or hepatologist who specializes in treatment of HCC within 28 days prior to study entry\r\n* Pre-randomization scan (REQUIRED for all patients): Within 28 days prior to study entry, CT scan chest/abdomen/pelvis or positron emission tomography (PET) CT chest/abdomen/pelvis with multiphasic liver CT or multiphasic liver magnetic resonance (MR) scan (MRI of abdomen and pelvis with contrast with CT chest) is permittedXx_NEWLINE_xXAbsence of residual disease and absence of metastasis, as confirmed by a negative baseline computed tomography (CT) of the pelvis, abdomen, and chest no more than 4 weeks prior to randomization. Confirmation of disease-free status will be assessed by an independent central radiologic review of imaging data.Xx_NEWLINE_xXUnequivocal evidence of progressive disease on contrast-enhanced brain computed tomography (CT) or MRI as defined by Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria, or have documented recurrent glioblastoma on diagnostic biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXPart C: Patients must have measurable disease by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXBaseline chest computed tomography (CT) with or without contrast must be performed within 6 months (180 days) prior to randomization to ensure no evidence of disease; if clinically indicated additional imaging studies must be performed to rule out metastatic diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXInvestigations, including chest X-ray or computed tomography (CT) chest, bone scan (with radiographs of suspicious areas) and abdominal ultrasound or liver scan or CT abdomen have been performed between the first histologic diagnosis and the time of registration\r\n* Chest X-ray, 2 view (or chest CT, or positron emission tomography [PET]/CT) is required only if clinically indicated or recommended by National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines\r\n* Bone scans (with x-rays of abnormal areas) are required only if indicated or recommended by NCCN guidelines\r\n* Abdominal imaging is required only if clinically indicated or recommended by NCCN guidelinesXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with AST or alkaline phosphatase > ULN are eligible for inclusion in the study if liver imaging (computed tomography [CT], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], positron emission tomography [PET]-CT, or PET scan) performed within 90 days prior to randomization does not demonstrate metastatic disease and the requirements above are metXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with alkaline phosphatase that is > ULN but =< 2.5 x ULN or unexplained bone pain are eligible for inclusion in the study if a bone scan, PET-CT scan, or PET scan performed within 90 days prior to randomization does not demonstrate metastatic diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a diagnostic quality computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), performed within 28 days prior to registration, which demonstrates measurable disease, as defined in RECIST v. 1.1; all disease must be assessed and documented on the S1609 Baseline Tumor Assessment FormXx_NEWLINE_xXClinical stage: T2N1, T3N0, T3N1\r\n* N2 disease is to be estimated as four or more lymph nodes that are >= 10 mm\r\n* Clinical staging should be estimated based on the combination of the following assessments: physical exam by the primary surgeon, computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan of the chest/abdomen/pelvis and either a pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or an ultrasound (endorectal ultrasound [ERUS]); if a pelvic MRI is performed, it is acceptable to perform CT of the chest/abdomen, omitting CT imaging of the pelvisXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable or non-measurable disease; patients must have a chest/abdominal/pelvis computed tomography (CT) scan (or positron emission tomography [PET]/CT of diagnostic quality, conventional or spiral) prior to registration; if the patient is unable to undergo CT with IV contrast due to allergy or renal insufficiency, a non-contrast CT may be performed; all scans needed for assessment of measurable disease must be performed within 28 days prior to registration; non-measurable disease must be assessed within 42 days prior to registration; all disease must be assessed and documented on the Baseline Tumor Assessment FormXx_NEWLINE_xXBaseline chest computed tomography (CT) must be performed within 1 month (30 days) of randomization to ensure no evidence of disease; if clinically indicated, additional imaging studies must be performed to rule out metastatic diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXContrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scans of the neck, chest, abdomen and pelvis are required; a whole body positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan with diagnostic quality images and intravenous iodinated contrast may be used in lieu of a contrast enhanced CT of the neck, chest, abdomen and pelvis; contrast may be omitted if the treating investigator believes that exposure to contrast poses an excessive risk to the patient; patients must have measurable disease per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1; all measurable lesions must be assessed within 28 days prior to registration; tests to assess non-measurable disease must be performed within 42 days prior to registration; all disease must be assessed and documented on the Baseline Tumor Assessment Form (RECIST 1.1)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable or non-measurable stage III/locally advanced or metastatic carcinoma of the breast where local therapy with curative intent is not possible; lesions must be evaluated =< 4 weeks prior to study randomization; diagnostic-quality computed tomography (CT) scans with both oral and intravenous (IV) contrast are the expected radiologic method, unless an alternative is approved\r\n* NOTE: Where baseline imaging has already been performed =< 6 weeks prior to study randomization, repeat imaging may not be requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have clinically T1-3, N1 breast cancer at the time of diagnosis (before neoadjuvant therapy); clinical axillary nodal involvement can be assessed by palpation, ultrasound, CT scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) scan, or PET/CT scanXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 criteria; baseline measurements and evaluations of all sites of disease must be obtained within 4 weeks prior to randomization and must be acquired by multiphasic computed tomography (CT) or contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)\r\n* NOTE: positron emission tomography (PET)-CT scans are allowed provided the CT portion of the exam is equivalent to a diagnostic CT scan and includes both oral and IV contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be able to tolerate CT or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging including contrast agents as required for the treatment and the protocolXx_NEWLINE_xXThe patient must have the following assessments done =< 8 weeks prior to randomization:\r\n* Examination by a head and neck surgeon\r\n* Chest x-ray (or chest computed tomography [CT] scan or CT/positron emission tomography [PET] of the chest or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) to rule out distant metastatic diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with screening ALT/AST or ALP above institutional upper limit of normal should have liver ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at any time point between diagnosis of current breast cancer and randomization; screening bone scan is required if ALP and/or corrected calcium level are above the institutional upper limit; (note positron emission tomography [PET]/CT scan may be used as an alternative imaging technique)Xx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of metastatic breast cancer; patient considered at high risk of having disseminated disease (i.e. those with locally advanced disease, clinical N2-3 or pathological N1-3 with the exception of pN1a in adjuvant patients) should have a CT/MRI scan of the thorax/abdomen/pelvis or any other area as clinically indicated and a bone scan or a CT scan with bone windows at any point between diagnosis of the current breast cancer and randomization to rule out metastatic breast cancer; (note PET/CT scan may be used as an alternative imaging technique and precludes the need for bone scan); patients with screening ALT/AST or ALP above institutional upper limit of normal should have liver ultrasound, CT or MRI at any time point between diagnosis of current breast cancer and randomization; screening bone scan is required if ALP and/or corrected calcium level are above the institutional upper limit; (note PET CT scan may be used as an alternative imaging technique)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease as evidenced by the presence of soft tissue and/or bone metastases on imaging studies (CT/magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] of abdomen/pelvis, bone scintigraphy or NaF PET/CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of bone metastases (M0) on bone scan within 120 days prior to registration (sodium fluoride [NaF] positron emission tomography [PET]/CT is an acceptable substitute)\r\n* Equivocal bone scan findings are allowed if plain films (or CT or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) are negative for metastasisXx_NEWLINE_xXNo lytic lesions on skeletal survey and whole body positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) other than a single lesion associated with solitary bone plasmacytomaXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a whole body or limited whole body PET/CT scan performed within 42 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXAll disease must be assessed and documented on the S1608 FDG-PET/CT assessment formXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have no evidence of extrapelvic disease; complete workup staging should be performed prior to initiation of therapy to rule-out presence of metastatic disease; this should include: computed tomography (CT) scan of the thorax with IV contrast, as well as a CT of the pelvis and abdomen with IV and oral (PO) contrast performed using multi-detector CT and equal or less than 5 mm slice thickness; if the patient is unable to tolerate contrast, then magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with IV gadolinium should be performed; a chest x-ray should be done first, and if abnormal, then a CT scan of the chest should be doneXx_NEWLINE_xXAny pT-stage based on American Joint Committee on Cancer 7th edition eligible; study entry will be based on the following diagnostic workup:\r\n* History/physical examination within 60 days prior to step 1 registration\r\n* Negative distant metastatic workup: \r\n** A computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis (with contrast [CT without contrast is permitted if the patient is not a candidate for contrast, i.e., renal function or allergy]) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis within 120 days prior to step 1 registration; (Please note: Lymph nodes will be considered negative (NO)if they are =< 1.5 cm short axis);\r\n** Bone scan within 120 days prior to step 1 registration; (please note: a sodium fluoride [NaF] positron emission tomography [PET]/CT is an acceptable substitute and if the bone scan is suspicious, a plain x-ray, CT scan, NaF PET/CT and/or MRI must be obtained to rule out metastasis)Xx_NEWLINE_xXDocumentation by positron emission tomography(PET)/computed tomography (CT) scan, CT scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that the patient has untreated measurable metastatic disease per RECIST 1.1Xx_NEWLINE_xXAppropriate stage for study entry based on the following diagnostic workup:\r\n* History/physical examination by a radiation oncologist (and a surgeon if surgery is planned) within 30 days prior to registration\r\n* Imaging proof of limited metastatic disease and response to therapy/stable disease, by at least diagnostic quality computed tomography (CT) chest through the adrenals or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT, within 30 days prior to registration.Xx_NEWLINE_xXContrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scans of the chest, abdomen and pelvis are required; a whole body positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan with diagnostic quality images and intravenous iodinated contrast may be used in lieu of a contrast enhanced CT of the chest, abdomen and pelvis; imaging of the head and neck is required only if the patient has a head/neck primary; contrast may be omitted if the treating investigator believes that exposure to contrast poses an excessive risk to the patient; if skin lesions are being followed as measurable disease, photograph with a ruler included and physician measurements, must be kept in the patient’s chart as source documentation; all measurable lesions must be assessed within 28 days prior to registration; tests to assess non-measurable disease must be performed within 42 days prior to registration; all disease must be assessed and documented on the baseline tumor assessment form (RECIST 1.1)Xx_NEWLINE_xXStage II-IVB disease (American Joint Committee on Cancer [AJCC], 7th edition [ed.]) with no evidence of distant metastasis, based upon the following minimum diagnostic workup:\r\n* History/physical examination by a Medical Oncologist or Clinical Oncologist or Radiation Oncologist or Ear, Nose, Throat specialist (ENT), which must include an endoscopic evaluation, a complete list of current medications, and assessment of weight and weight loss in the past 6 months within 21 days prior to registration\r\n* Evaluation of tumor extent with one of the following combinations required within 28 days prior to registration:\r\n** Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the nasopharynx and neck; or computed tomography (CT) of the nasopharynx and neck with =< 3 mm contiguous slices with contrast and bone windows (to evaluate base of skull involvement). \r\n** MRI of the nasopharynx and positron emission tomography (PET)/CT (with contrast) of the neck\r\n*** Note: If a treatment planning CT scan is used, it must be with =< 3 mm contiguous slices with contrast and be read by a radiologist\r\n* To rule out distant metastasis, patients must undergo the following imaging within 28 days prior to registration:\r\n** A CT scan with contrast of the chest and abdomen (required), and the pelvis (optional), or a total body PET/CT scan (non-contrast PET/CT is acceptable)\r\n** A bone scan only when there is suspicion of bone metastases (a PET/CT scan can substitute for the bone scan)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPathologic stage T3-4 or N1-3 or T1-2, N0 with a close (=< 1 mm) or microscopically positive surgical margin (American Joint Committee on Cancer [AJCC], 7th edition); patients must be free of distant metastases based upon the following minimum diagnostic workup:\r\n* History/physical examination within 8 weeks prior to registration\r\n* Radiologic confirmation of the absence of hematogenous metastasis within 12 weeks prior to registration; at a minimum, contrast computed tomography (CT) imaging of the chest is required; positron emission tomography (PET)/CT is acceptableXx_NEWLINE_xXNo distant metastases, based upon the following minimum diagnostic workup (NOTE: patients with positive para-aortic nodes- completely resected, PET/CT negative are eligible):\r\n* History/physical examination within 56 days prior to study entry\r\n* Contrast-enhanced imaging of the abdomen and pelvis by either CT, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or whole body PET-CT (with or without contrast) within 90 days prior to registration (NOTE: whole body PET-CT is preferred) \r\n* Chest x-ray (posterioranterior [PA] and lateral) or chest CT within 70 days prior to study entry (except for those who have had whole body PET-CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAppropriate stage for study entry based on the following diagnostic workup:\r\n* History/physical examination within 60 days prior to registration\r\n* Clinical grade computed tomography (CT) scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis with radionuclide bone scan OR whole body positron emission tomography (PET)/CT within 60 days prior to study registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must not have had urothelial carcinoma in the prostate or upper urinary tract within the previous 24 months, or muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder at any time; patients must have a computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen and pelvis to rule out upper tract malignancy and intra-abdominal metastases within 90 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with T1 disease must have cross-sectional imaging of abdomen/pelvis demonstrating no evidence of nodal involvement or metastatic disease (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] or computed tomography [CT] scan) within 90 days prior to registration; patients with T1 disease must have re-resection confirming =< T1 disease within 90 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have computed tomography (CT) chest/abdomen/pelvis with contrast or fludeoxyglucose F-18 (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan performed within 28 days prior to step 1 registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have a CT of chest/abdomen with contrast or FDG-PET/CT scan within 28 days prior to step 2 registration; patients must not have evidence of progression per RECIST 1.1 or modified RECIST for pleural tumorsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have a CT of chest/abdomen/pelvis with contrast or FDG-PET/CT scan within 28 days prior to step 3 registration; patient must not have evidence of progression per RECIST 1.1 or modified RECIST for pleural tumorsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with evidence of extramedullary disease at diagnosis will have computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest, abdomen and pelvis to obtain baseline values within 28 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXThe following imaging workup to document metastases within 45 days prior to study registration are required: CT scans of the chest, abdomen and pelvis with radionuclide bone scan OR whole body (at least skullbase to midthigh) positron emission tomography (PET)/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease >= 1.5 cm seen on computed tomography (CT) scan and fludeoxyglucose F-18 (FDG) avid disease on positron emission tomography (PET) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with current and symptomatic pneumonitis, or extensive bilateral lung disease on high resolution CT scanXx_NEWLINE_xXComputed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan must be obtained within 4 weeks prior to study entryXx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of metastatic cancer on imaging including a bone scan and computed tomography (CT) scan of chest/abdomen/pelvisXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be clinically staged according to the 7th edition (2010) of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system and must have either clinical T3-4a, or >= N1 disease; staging should include upper endoscopy with endoscopic ultrasound and a fludeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scan (with diagnostic CT abdomen/pelvis preferred)Xx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of disease progression:\r\n* 2 or more new lesions on bone scan or\r\n* Progressive disease on computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 criteria or\r\n* PSA progression consist of 3 PS rises, at least 2 weeks apart with the last value to be at least a 2 ng/mlXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with evidence of extramedullary disease at diagnosis will have computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis to obtain baseline values within 28 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXChest imaging =< 3 months of enrollment, including computed tomography (CT)-scan or chest x-rayXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with prior therapy that included interstitial brachytherapy or stereotactic radiosurgery must have confirmation of true progressive disease rather than radiation necrosis based upon either positron emission tomography (PET) or thallium scanning, magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy, or surgical/pathological documentation of diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of metastases based on radiological imaging (computed tomography [CT], MRI or positron emission tomography [PET]/CT including chest abdomen and pelvis)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable, 18F-deoxyglucose (FDG)-avid (Deauville score ? 3) systemic disease (using Lugano Classification response criteria) by positron emission tomography (PET)-diagnostic computed tomography (CT). For subjects with treated central nervous system (CNS) disease, a head CT and/or brain/spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as clinically appropriate will be required to follow CNS disease response per Lugano Classification response criteria.Xx_NEWLINE_xXA baseline computed tomography (CT) chest/abdomen/pelvis and bone scan or positron emission tomography (PET)/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects may have completed concurrent chemoradiation with a standard chemotherapy regimen (cisplatin/etoposide, carboplatin/paclitaxel or cisplatin/pemetrexed [non-squamous only]) and a dose of radiation ranging from 59.4-66.6 Gy; subjects must have stable disease or disease response as evidenced on computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET) scan evaluation; for those eligible, protocol therapy should begin a minimum of 28 days and a maximum 56 days following the completion of chemoradiation\r\nOR\r\nSubjects may have completed up to 2 cycles of consolidation therapy started within 4 weeks of completion of radiation; after completion of consolidation chemotherapy, subjects must have stable disease or disease response as evidenced by CT or PET scan evaluation; for those eligible, protocol therapy should begin 3-4 weeks after the last cycle of chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease as defined by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria that is:\r\n* A non-nodal lesion is considered measurable if its longest diameter can be accurately measured as >= 1.0 cm with computed tomography (CT) scan, CT component of a positron emission tomography (PET)/CT, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or\r\n* A malignant lymph node is considered measurable if its short axis is > 1.5 cm when assessed by CT scan (CT scan slice thickness recommended to be no greater than 5 mm)\r\n* Note: tumor lesions in a previously irradiated area are not considered measurable disease; disease that is measurable by physical examination only is not eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one bi-dimensionally measurable lesion (greater than [>] 1.5 centimeters [cm] in its largest dimension by CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI])Xx_NEWLINE_xXRadiologic confirmation of the absence of hematogenous metastasis within 12 weeks prior to treatment; at a minimum, chest x-ray is required; computed tomography (CT) imaging of the chest or positron emission tomography (PET/CT) is acceptableXx_NEWLINE_xXAchieved at least stable disease to salvage treatment determined by positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) using 2014 Lugano Classification prior to ASCTXx_NEWLINE_xXIn the expansion cohort: subjects must have at least one lesion that is not within a previously radiated field that is measurable on computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan per RECIST version 1.1; bone lesions are not considered measurable by definitionXx_NEWLINE_xXThere must be documentation by PET/CT scan, CT scan, or MRI, that the patient has evidence of measurable metastatic disease per RECIST 1.1.Xx_NEWLINE_xXBony metastatic lesions must be =< 8 cm in maximum dimension and evaluable on either a computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan; metastatic lesions in the spine must involve =< 3 contiguous vertebral bodiesXx_NEWLINE_xXDocumented progressive metastatic CRPC based on at least one of the following criteria:\r\n* Rise in PSA: a minimum of 3 rising levels, with an interval of at least 1 week between each determination; the last determination must have a value >= 1 ng/mL, obtained within 4 weeks of starting study drug\r\n* Measurable disease: new or progressive soft tissue disease on computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans\r\n* Radionuclide bone scan: at least 2 new bone lesions, as defined by the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group 2 (PCWG2) criteriaXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one measurable lesion by computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based on RECIST version 1.1Xx_NEWLINE_xXMetastasis that is > 10 mm in longest dimension or exhibits radiotracer uptake consistent with metastasis on positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHave undergone magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for MB, a computerized tomography (CT) / metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scan for NB, and CT / magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for ES or ARMS within 1 month prior to first dose of study treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (or computed tomography [CT] if MRI contraindicated) within 14 days prior to start of study drug; corticosteroid dose must be stable or decreasing for at least 5 days prior to the scan; if steroids are added or the steroid dose is increased between the date of the screening MRI or CT scan and the start of treatment, a new baseline MRI or CT is requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXA baseline computed tomography (CT) chest/abdomen/pelvis and bone scan or positron emission tomography (PET)/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have an unequivocal progression by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan; a scan must be performed within 14 days prior to registration and on a steroid dose that has been stable or decreasing for at least 5 days; if the steroid dose is increased between the date of imaging and initiation of study treatment, a new baseline MRI/CT is requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXPost-operative computed tomography (CT) myelogram or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) perfusion with evidence of separation of tumor and the spinal cordXx_NEWLINE_xXThe subject has had an assessment of all known non-CNS disease sites e.g., by computerized tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bone scan as appropriate, within 28 days before the first dose of cabozantinibXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least 1 measurable lesion as defined by RECIST 1.1 on imaging studies (computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI])Xx_NEWLINE_xXPositron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan including neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis within 4 weeks of study enrollment documenting the absence of distant metastasesXx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients must have measurable disease documented by computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or nonmeasurable disease documented by physical exam within 28 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXPathologically (histologically or cytologically) proven diagnosis of solid malignancy within 8 weeks of registration\r\n* NOTE: fludeoxyglucose F 18 (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scans are required for full staging of metastatic disease; if subject has had an FDG-PET/CT scan within the last 8 weeks, it will not need to be repeated\r\n* NOTE: pathological confirmation is not required for all disease sites as long as the sites of metastatic disease are radiographically and clinically consistent with metastatic disease from a known (biopsy proven) primary\r\n* NOTE: the primary site does not have to be the site of pathological confirmation; for example, in a patient with a radiographic lung lesion with mediastinal lymphadenopathy and a liver lesion, a liver biopsy which is constant with lung primary would preclude the necessity for further pathologic diagnosisXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients unable to have an FDG-PET/CT scan, either through insurance coverage, patient decision or other reason are not eligible for this studyXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease (at least 1 lesion of >= 1.5 cm in one diameter) as detected by computed tomography (CT) or the CT images of the positron emission tomography (PET)/CT (PET/CT fusion); skins lesions can be used if the area is greater than or equal to 2 cm in at least one diameter and photographed with a rulerXx_NEWLINE_xXThe subject has had an assessment of all known disease sites eg, by computerized tomography (CT) scan and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 28 days before the first dose of cabozantinibXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologic or cytologically confirmed diagnosis of uveal melanoma with measurable disease (based on RECIST 1.1 criteria) in the liver (by CT, PET/CT or MRI) at the time of screening.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosed either by histology/pathology or Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LIRADs 5 per the American College of Radiology [ACR’s] LIRADs criteria) by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHas 1 or more discrete malignant lesions that are amenable to ?2 separate biopsies guided by one of the following modalities: visual inspection, ultrasound guidance, or cross sectional image guidance (computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging [CT/MRI]).Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease by computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET) scan, with one or more sites of disease >= 1.5 cm in longest dimensionXx_NEWLINE_xXSubject has measurable disease on cross-sectional imaging by computed tomography (CT) with at least one (post-biopsy) measurable lesion ? 2.0 cm in its longest dimension.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with AST or ALT or alkaline phosphatase > ULN are eligible for inclusion in the study if liver imaging (CT, MRI, PET-CT, or PET scan) performed within 28 days prior to randomization does not demonstrate metastatic disease and the requirements in criterion (just above) are met.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with alkaline phosphatase that is > ULN but less than or equal to 2.5 x ULN or with unexplained bone pain are eligible for inclusion in the study if bone imaging (bone scan, PET-CT scan, or PET scan) performed within 28 days prior to randomization does not demonstrate metastatic disease.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with N2 or N3 nodal disease or T3 primary disease must undergo liver and bone imaging (as described in 4.1.13 and 4.1.14) within 28 days prior to randomization, irrespective of baseline lab results, and studies must not demonstrate metastatic disease. Chest imaging with chest x-ray PA and Lateral, CT of the chest, or PET-CT must also be performed.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients must have initial PET/CT scans to document no evidence of metastatic or unresectable squamous cell cancerXx_NEWLINE_xXT1-2 N0 as determined by EUS and PET/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan per RECIST v1.1.Xx_NEWLINE_xXThe lesion is suitable for repeat measurement using computerized tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI). Lesions that have had external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or locoregional therapy must show radiographic evidence of disease progression based on RECIST 1.1 to be deemed a target lesion.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease of at least 1.5 cm on computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET)-CT scanXx_NEWLINE_xXMust be able to tolerate computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease by bone scan or other nodal or visceral lesions on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXTumor thickness is 4 mm or less (measured clinically and/or by computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] scan)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNodal disease as detected by clinical exam or CTXx_NEWLINE_xXScans used to determine eligibility (CT scan of the chest/abdomen/pelvis and liver) must be performed within 28 days prior to initiation of Induction Phase treatment.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease identified via radiographic assessment by computed tomography (CT) scans of the chest, abdomen, pelvis, and nuclear bone scan; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used if deemed necessary by the investigator; more specifically, patients must have at least one of the following at time of study enrollment:\r\n* Any visceral metastases identified by CT scans or MRI\r\n* Site(s) of bony metastasis identified by nuclear bone scan, MRI, and/or CT scan\r\n* Lymph node based disease not considered to be within a single radiation therapy port (e.g. at or above the aortic bifurcation)Xx_NEWLINE_xXStage II/III disease as per American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging 7.0\r\n* Baseline imaging with standard of care fludeoxyglucose F-18 (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) scan and endoscopic ultrasound within 28 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXAbsence of residual disease and absence of metastasis, as confirmed by a negative baseline computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging scan of the pelvis, abdomen, and chest no more than 4 weeks prior to randomizationXx_NEWLINE_xXNo definitive evidence of metastases on screening CT or MRI of abdomen/pelvis and radionuclide whole body bone scan per the judgment of the investigator. Abdominal and/or pelvic lymph nodes measuring 2 cm or less in short axis diameter are allowed. Lesions identified on other imaging modalities (e.g. PSMA or choline PET) that are not visualized on CT and/or MRI or radionuclide bone scan are allowed. Equivocal lesions on bone scan should be followed up with additional imaging as clinically indicated.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAppropriate stage for protocol entry, including no distant metastases, based upon the following minimum diagnostic workup:\r\n* History/physical examination within 30 days prior to registration including resting heart rate;\r\n* Fludeoxyglucose F 18 (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scan for staging within 60 days prior to registration\r\n* Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan with contrast of the brain (preferred) or CT scan of the brain with contrast within 60 days prior to registration; \r\n* Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) >= 0.8 liter or >= 35% predicted with or without bronchodilator within 90 days prior to registration;\r\n** Patients who meet the criterion above without oxygen (O2), but who need acute (started within 10 days prior to registration) supplemental oxygen due to tumor-caused obstruction/hypoxia are eligible, provided the amount of the O2 needed has been stableXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have at least one lesion that is > 15 mm (1.5 cm) in the longest diameter and avid by Fluoro Deoxy Glucose (FDG) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient has one or more metastatic tumors evaluable by CT scan with contrast (or MRI, if patient is allergic to CT contrast media) per RECIST 1.1. Imaging investigations including CT/MRI of chest/abdomen/pelvis or other scans as necessary to document all sites of disease must be performed within 14 days prior to randomization. Qualifying scans performed as part of standard of care prior to patient signature of the study informed consent will be acceptable as baseline scanning as long as scanning is performed < 14 days prior to randomization.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease radiographically documented by CT/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or bone scanXx_NEWLINE_xXIndividuals with distant metastases or clinically or pathologically involved lymph nodes are ineligible; if suspected, they must be ruled out by computed tomography (CT), pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or bone scan within 365 days of study entryXx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease documented prior to randomization by clear evidence of bone lesions on bone scan and/or measurable soft tissue disease by computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (at least one target lesion) according to RECIST v1.1Xx_NEWLINE_xX?1 bone lesion identifiable by radiograph, computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography - computed tomography (PET-CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Xx_NEWLINE_xXThe tumor is ? 3 cm in size and clearly observable in computerized tomography (CT scan)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAbsence of distant metastases on standard diagnostic work-up =< 16 weeks prior to registration; (chest computed tomography [CT], chest x-ray [CXR], or positron emission tomography [PET]/CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have staging scans with abdominal/pelvic computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, and CT scan or x-ray of the chest within 56 days prior to registration; if the alkaline phosphatase is > 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN), there is a presence of suspicious bone pain, or if there is other clinical suspicion of bone metastases, a whole body bone scan is required within 56 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who cannot undergo neither MRI nor computed tomography (CT) evaluation/examinationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable or non-measurable (evaluable) disease recurrence; recurrence must be documented by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXFluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-avid disease by positron emission tomography (PET) and measurable disease of at least 1.5 cm in minimum dimension by computed tomography (CT) scan with contrast, as assessed by the site radiologistXx_NEWLINE_xXPathologically proven (either histologic or cytologic) diagnosis of stage IIB-IIIB non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); according to American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging, 7th edition\r\n* Staging workup must include: brain imaging (CT head or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] brain) and PET/CT\r\n* Pleural effusions must have cytology to rule out malignant involvement unless too small to undergo thoracentesis per radiologyXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one lesion that can be accurately assessed at baseline by computed tomography (TC), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or X-ray, that is suitable for repeated measurement, ORXx_NEWLINE_xXPrior to chemotherapy +/- or thoracic radiotherapy, patients must be defined as limited-stage or extensive-stage SCLC after clinical staging evaluation involving the following:\r\n* History/physical examination;\r\n* Computed tomography (CT) of the chest and abdomen with contrast (does not have to be done if the patient has had a positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan prior to initiating chemotherapy or thoracic radiotherapy)\r\n* MRI of the brain with contrast or diagnostic head CT with contrast\r\n* For patients without evidence of extensive-stage SCLC on chest and abdomen CT and brain MRI or head CT, a PET/CT or bone scan is required to confirm limited-stage SCLCXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable or evaluable disease, including at least one of the following: measureable tumor by CT or MRI; a positive MIBG, or PET scan; positive bone marrow biopsy/aspirate.Xx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of metastatic disease on imaging studies (computed tomography [CT] and/or bone scan)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with measurable disease defined as at least one of the following:\r\n* For patients with extramedullary disease (EMD) measurable disease by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or the CT portion of the positron emission tomography (PET)/CT: must have at least one lesion that has a single diameter of >= 2 cm; skin lesions can be used if the area is >= 2 cm in at least one diameter and measured with a ruler\r\n* Plasma cell count >= 0.5 X 10^9/L or 5 percent of the peripheral blood white cells\r\n* Plasma cell count if determined by flow cytometry, >= 200/150,000 eventsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have had at least a computed tomography (CT) of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis within 4 weeks of registration in the trial; CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain is only required in the presence of neurologic symptomsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have prior CT scan images available for investigators to collectXx_NEWLINE_xXDetectable disease by at least one of the following modalities: computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), bone scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXBulky metastases, defined as any tumor nodule or lymph nodes > 5 cm in greatest dimension on axial images on pre-treatment CT, PET/CT, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)\r\n* Note: patients with bulky (> 5 cm) disease for whom gross total cytoreduction is deemed feasible by a surgeon (with confirmation by a second surgeon after radiologic review) are eligible for participation in the context of cytoreductive surgeryXx_NEWLINE_xXStage D0 disease with documented biochemical progression documented by rising PSA and no evidence of metastatic disease by physical examination, computed tomography (CT) scan or bone scanXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease (at least 1 lesion of >= 1.5 cm in diameter) as detected by CT or the CT images of the PET/CT; NOTE: patients with Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia are not required to have measurable disease by CT or PET/CT if monoclonal protein is detectable by serum protein electrophoresis and/or immunoglobulin M (IgM) level is at least 2 times upper limit of normalXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease according to RECIST criteria on anatomic imaging studies (computed tomography [CT] scan or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI])Xx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease that has not been previously irradiated on computed tomography (CT) scans of at least 2 cm, OR if the patient has had previous radiation to the marker lesion(s), there must be evidence of progression since the radiation; imaging must be completed no greater than 6 weeks prior to study enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPET/CT-guided cryoablation criteria-cohort 2:\r\n* Patients must have a mass that is well visualized under PET/CT; tumors that are not clearly seen by MRI but showing on PET/CT will be ablated with PET/CT guidanceXx_NEWLINE_xXPET/CT-guided cryoablation exclusion criteria-cohort 2:\r\n* PET/CT is contraindicated in the pregnant patient\r\n* Pregnant women are excluded from this study; breastfeeding should be discontinued if the mother is treated with PET/CT guidanceXx_NEWLINE_xXAppropriate diagnostic/staging workup, including:\r\n* Complete history and physical examination\r\n* Whole body PET/computed tomography (CT) scan within 42 days prior to study entry demonstrating hypermetabolic pulmonary lesion(s) and/or thoracic lymph node(s), with a maximum standardized uptake volume (SUV) > 6 for at least one lesion; if PET/CT was obtained more than 42 days prior to study entry and is not repeated, CT scan of the chest within 28 days prior to study entry demonstrating stable disease is required\r\n* Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain or CT scan of the head with contrast within 42 days prior to study entry\r\n* Biopsy confirmation of suspected metastatic disease identified by PET/CT is recommended\r\n* Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) within 6 weeks of study entry are highly recommended but not requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease on imaging studies (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], computed tomography [CT], PET-CT or physical exam)Xx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of distant metastasis on upright chest x-ray (CXR), computed tomography (CT) or other staging studiesXx_NEWLINE_xXMust be found to have locally advanced unresectable disease following standard chemotherapy and/or (+/-) radiotherapy as demonstrated with computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and surgical evaluationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be maintained on a stable corticosteroid regimen for 5 days prior each magnetic resonance (MR)-PET scanXx_NEWLINE_xXStage III A or B disease, including no distant metastases- based on following diagnostic workup:\r\n* History/physical examination prior to registration\r\n* Computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest or positron emission tomography (PET) scan within 28 days of study entry\r\n* CT scan of abdomen or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of abdomen or PET scan within 28 days of study entry\r\n* An MRI of the brain or head CT scan with contrast within 28 days of study entry\r\n* Total body PET scan within 28 days of study entry\r\n* Mediastinoscopies are highly recommendedXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must be free of visible disease on imaging (computed tomography [CT], positron emission tomography CT [PETCT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) evaluating chest, abdomen, and pelvis within 28 days of enrollment on the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically confirmed, metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma (positive bone scan and/or measurable disease on computed tomography [CT] scan and/or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] of the abdomen and pelvis)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with muscle-invasive (i.e. T2, T3, T4), locally advanced non-resectable, or metastatic urothelial carcinoma as assessed on baseline radiographic imaging obtained within 28 days prior to study registration; the required radiographic imaging includes:\r\n* Abdomen/Pelvis – computed tomography (CT) scan\r\n* Chest – chest x-ray or CT scanXx_NEWLINE_xXAbsence of lytic bone lesion on X-ray, computed tomography (CT), or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT and not more than 1 lesion on spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (NOTE: at the discretion of the investigator, PET/CT may replace MRI in patients who have a contraindication to MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHave measurable disease based on defined as at least one lesion that can be accurately measured in at least two dimensions with a spiral computed tomography (CT) scan, positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Minimum measurement of > 1.5 cm in longest diameter by > 1.0 cm in short axis.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHas visceral metastases with >= 3 lung and/or liver metastases or individual lesion >= 2 cm, as assessed by computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest/abdomen/pelvis within the last 8 weeks prior to randomizationXx_NEWLINE_xXPositron emission tomography (PET) scan is suggested for a PSA >= 0.2 ngs/mlXx_NEWLINE_xXMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pelvis, computed tomography (CT) pelvic, or bone scan for a PSA >= 0.2 ngs/ml may be done, based on the physician preferenceXx_NEWLINE_xXClinical stage T1N0, T2N0, T3N0; high risk T1 and low risk T3 stage patients are also allowed. Clinical staging should be estimated based on the combination of the following assessments: physical exam by the primary surgeon, computed tomography (CT) chest/abdomen/pelvis or positron-emission tomography (PET)/CT along with pelvic MRI and endoscopic rectal ultrasound (ERUS). If a pelvic MRI is performed, it is acceptable to perform CT of the chest/abdomen, omitting CT imaging of the pelvis.Xx_NEWLINE_xXARM I&II: Patients must have gadolinium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or contrast computed tomography (CT) with contrast within 28 days prior to starting treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXSix or more metastases on diagnostic or treatment planning imaging, which include either computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo clinical evidence of metastatic spread; staging should include endoscopic ultrasound and positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) as recommended by National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines; PET/CT should be performed within 3 weeks of signing informed consentXx_NEWLINE_xXHave no evidence of distant metastases (as determined by endoscopic ultrasound [EUS], PET-computed tomography (CT) or staging laparoscopyXx_NEWLINE_xXStaged by positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) and esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) OR CT without (w/) contrast and EGD to have stage II or III disease; endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is encouraged but not requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease documented by at least one of the following:\r\n* Metastatic bone disease on an imaging study, or\r\n* Soft tissue disease documented by computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically confirmed metastatic uveal melanoma in the liver; patients must have at least one measurable liver metastasis that is ? 10 mm in longest diameter by spiral computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); the total volume of the tumors must be less than 50% of the liver volumeXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease, meaning at least 1 lymph node or other lymphomatous lesion with a long axis of ? 1.5 cm by computed tomography (CT) imaging, and at least one fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-avid lesion by FDG-positron emission tomography (PET) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of metastasis by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/computed tomography (CT) scan, bone scan, or histologic confirmationXx_NEWLINE_xXIf solitary lesion, metastasis confirmed with either biopsy or two independent imaging modalities (i.e. CT and PET [positron emission tomography], bone scan and MRI, modality at the discretion of the treating physician)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic prostate cancer (M1) as documented by appropriate medical imaging (i.e. computed tomography [CT]-scan, positron emission tomography [PET] scan or bone scan)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have a least one lesion greater than 2 cm on standard imaging (CT, MR, octreotide, or dotatate imaging) that is judged amenable to AMT-PETXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease > 1.5 cm evidenced by computed tomography (CT) scan of the neck/chest/abdomen (abd)/pelvis or CT/positron emission tomography (PET) scansXx_NEWLINE_xXCohort B1\r\n* Newly diagnosed low-volume metastatic disease with either:\r\n** Bone metastases as documented by radionuclide bone scan amenable to treatment with a maximum of 3 radiation isocenters* (note: a patient will be considered eligible if entering the study with a positive positron emission tomography (PET) scan without restriction to the number of isocenters and otherwise meets eligibility requirements) And/Or\r\n** Retroperitoneal nodes up to the level of the renal hilum with/without pelvic nodal metastasis < 1.5 cm in the short axis ORXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a clinical T stage documented by the treating urologist/medical oncologist within 90 days prior to treatment start using the seventh (7th) edition American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system, recorded as the urologist’s/medical oncologist’s best clinical assessment of extent of local disease by digital rectal examination and available imaging studies such as transrectal ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scan, and/or MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPositron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) within the last 60 days showing radiographic stage I to IIIa lung cancer (mediastinal staging biopsy is allowed but not required)Xx_NEWLINE_xXStage IIIB, or distant metastases (including malignant pleural effusion) identified on PET-CT scan or biopsy (PET abnormalities that are negative for malignancy on biopsy will be considered on a case by case basisXx_NEWLINE_xXThe patient has a biopsy-proven radio-opaque (visible by computed tomography [CT]) lung cancer or secondary metastasis to the lung.Xx_NEWLINE_xXLocoregional lymph node metastases are permitted but patients with distant metastases are ineligible; imaging to evaluate for distant metastases should consist of a minimum of computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of abdomen/pelvis or CT urogram and a chest x-ray (CXR) or CT chest; patients for which there is clinical suspicion or symptoms of bone metastasis should have a bone scan completed to rule out metastatic disease prior to enrollment on studyXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 criteria; radiographic tumor assessment performed within 28 days before treatment; target lesions may be located in a previously irradiated field if there is documented (radiographic) disease progression in that site after the completion of radiation therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of radiographically measurable lymphadenopathy or extranodal lymphoid malignancy (defined as the presence of ?1 non-biopsied, non-irradiated lesion that measures ?2.0 cm in the longest dimension [LD] and ?1.0 cm in the longest perpendicular dimension [LPD] as assessed by computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]).Xx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease by bone scan or other nodal or visceral lesions on CT or MRI at any time (past or present).Xx_NEWLINE_xXTo be eligible for randomization, patients must: \r\n* Meet all the inclusion criteria;\r\n* Have no progression of disease after 6-12 weeks of osimertinib per RECIST 1.1. (To assess for progressive disease patients must have the following imaging: \r\n** Either a positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scan or a CT scan of the chest/abdomen/pelvis (or CT chest) ** A CT scan or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain);\r\n* Have target lesions (lesions that will be treated with LCT if the patient is randomized to that arm). Patients that have a complete response (CR) to front-line osimertinib (e.g. no visible disease to target) will continue to be followed for progression on study but will not be randomizedXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with systemic T cell lymphoma of any stage and any subtypes; patient must have had at least one standard chemotherapy and measurable disease at the time of enrollment; bidimensional measurable disease of at least 1.5 cm in the greatest transverse diameter as documented by computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET)/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have systemic cross-sectional imaging (positron emission tomography [PET]/computed tomography [CT] or CT of chest, abdomen, and pelvis) which shows no evidence of metastatic diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXSubject has at least 1 measurable lesion per RECIST v1.1 criteria by computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance image (MRI).Xx_NEWLINE_xXMust be tumor-free as assessed by the Investigator and validated by either computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the brain and chest, abdomen, and pelvis and a bone scan ?28 days from randomization.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease detected by imaging exam (CT or MRI).Xx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease evident on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) staging scansXx_NEWLINE_xXCentrally located tumors with radiographic evidence (computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) of local invasion of major blood vesselsXx_NEWLINE_xXLocally advanced or metastatic disease not amenable to surgery with curative intent with measurable disease per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 as determined by the investigator based on an assessment of all known disease sites by computerized tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of chest/abdomen/pelvis within 28 days before the first dose of cabozantinib. In patients with intravenous (IV) contrast allergy or borderline renal function, CT without IV contrast or 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) CT may be used as clinically indicated.Xx_NEWLINE_xXStage M1\r\n* Metastatic disease can be documented by bone scan or computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT or the combination of these testsXx_NEWLINE_xXDiagnosis of primary liver malignancy including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or cholangiocarcinoma by characteristic imaging findings on computed tomography (CT) or MRI, clinical presentation, and/or pathologic confirmation of diagnosis; subjects with other current or prior malignancies are eligible for this studyXx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease as evidenced by soft tissue and/or bony metastases on baseline bone scan and/or computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvisXx_NEWLINE_xXStaging positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) (invasive mediastinal staging strongly encouraged but not required)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNegative computed tomography (CT) scan/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and bone scan for metastatic prostate cancerXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a tissue diagnosis of diffuse large B cell lymphoma, with a negative positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scan performed within 28 days of study enrollment, with one of the following clinical features: \r\n* High risk international prognostic index (IPI)\r\n* Activated B-cell–like (ABC)-subtype DLBCL\r\n* Double hit/ triple hit DLBCLXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have recent imaging (computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], as appropriate) within 4 weeks of trial enrollment, demonstrating measurable disease as defined by RECIST 1.1.Xx_NEWLINE_xXRadiographic confirmation of oligometastatic diagnosis via bone scan validated by either computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within the past 90 daysXx_NEWLINE_xXUnequivocal evidence of progressive disease on contrast-enhanced brain computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as defined by Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria, or have documented recurrent glioma on diagnostic biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXCorticosteroid dose must be stable or decreasing for at least 3 days prior to the baseline CT or MRI scanXx_NEWLINE_xXConfirmation of ‘measurable disease’ by blast % will be defined as a marrow blast percentage of > 5% by morphologic assessment on bone marrow examination; this criteria does not apply to myeloid sarcoma which must also show measurable lesion by computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET)/CT or photograph (i.e. Leukemia cutis); if marrow blasts of =< 5% blasts are enumerated the patient may be eligible only if there is clear (probable or definite) flow cytometric, cytogenetic or molecular aberrations (e.g. FLT3-ITD, NPM1, etc.) documenting relapse of the leukemia associated clone defined prior to HCTXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who cannot undergo MRI or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/computed tomography (CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease that can be accurately measured in at least one dimension as >= 2.0 cm with computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques; extranodal disease that is measurable by fludeoxyglucose F-18 (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) imaging only will also be allowed; note that if an excisional biopsy was performed that removed the sole site of measurable disease, the patient will not be eligible for leukapheresis and generation of CAR T cell productXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable lesion; patients are required to have at least one measurable non-bone lesion ? 10 mm that has not been irradiated\r\n* Measurable metastatic disease documented by radiograph, computed tomography (CT) scan, positron emission tomography (PET)/CT, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or physical exam is required; each subject will be required to have at least one measurable lesion that has not been irradiated with a minimum size in at least one diameter of ? 10 mm for liver lesions, lung, skin, and ? 15 mm lymph node metastases; biopsy of recurrent site(s) is not requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXPositron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) (preferred) or a CT of chest, abdomen, and pelvis within 60 days of registration showing radiographic stage II to IVB nasopharyngeal cancerXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with a parenchymal brain lesion thought to be consistent with active lymphoma on screening computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI); of note, patients with cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) involvement alone are not excludedXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of metastatic disease documented on imaging studies (bone scan, computed tomography [CT] and/or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] scans).Xx_NEWLINE_xXEvaluable disease by clinical exam (i.e., palpable lymphadenopathy, measurable skin lesions, etc.), laboratory assessment (i.e., lymphoma involvement of bone marrow or peripheral blood by morphology, cytology or flow cytometry), and/or imaging (measurable lymph nodes or masses on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or evaluable FDG-avid lesions on PET)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have imaging (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] or computed tomography [CT] abdomen liver protocol) confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma. Patients cannot have metastatic HCCXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease, defined as tumor mass which is > 10 mm with spiral CT scan or MRI. Baseline imaging scan must be within 8 weeks of registration.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAppropriate stage for study entry based on the following diagnostic workup:\r\n* History/physical examination within 28 days prior to registration;\r\n* Computed tomography (CT) imaging of the chest, abdomen and pelvis within 28 days prior to registration documenting disease consistent with FIGO stage Ill or IV disease (patients who cannot receive contrast may instead undergo magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] of abdomen and pelvis along with non-contrast chest CT);Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have evaluable disease by clinical exam (i.e. palpable lymphadenopathy, measurable skin lesions, etc.), laboratory assessment (i.e. lymphoma involvement of bone marrow or peripheral blood by morphology, cytology or flow cytometry), and/or imaging (measurable lymph nodes or masses on computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] and/or evaluable fludeoxyglucose [FDG]-avid lesions on positron emission tomography [PET])\r\n* NOTE: lesions that have been irradiated cannot be included in the tumor assessment unless unequivocal tumor progression has been documented in these lesions after radiation therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXFor Arm G, patients with disease beyond the pelvis, including but not limited to the para-aortic nodes as determined by positron emission tomography (PET)/CT will be excluded.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPositron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) within the last 45 days showing radiographic stage I to IIIa lung cancer (mediastinal staging biopsy is allowed but not required)Xx_NEWLINE_xXOne of the following combinations of imaging is required within 8 weeks of registration:\r\n* Or a computed tomography (CT) scan of the neck (with contrast) and a positron emission tomography (PET)/CT of neck and chest (with or without contrast)\r\n* Or an magnetic resonance imagining (MRI) of the neck (with contrast) and a PET/CT of neck and chest (with or without contrast)\r\n* Note: A CT scan of the neck and/or a PET/CT performed for the purposes of radiation planning may serve as both staging and planning toolsXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor imaging and bone marrow evaluation for histologic analysis of marrow tumor cell quantity must be obtained within 4 weeks (28 days) prior to enrollment onto study; patients must have ONE of the following:\r\n* Measurable tumor on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), or x-ray; measurable is defined as minimum of 20 mm in at least one dimension; for patients who are in first response (i.e., those patients with persistent sites of tumor after frontline therapy but who have never relapsed), a biopsy of a lesion or bone marrow must demonstrate viable neuroblastoma cells or patients must have a lesion positive on iobenguane (MIBG) scan or positron emission tomography (PET) scan; if the lesion was irradiated, the MIBG scan, PET scan or biopsy must be done at least 4 weeks after radiation is completed\r\n* MIBG or PET scan with positive uptake at minimum of one site; if lesion was radiated, the scan must be done at least 4 weeks after radiation completed\r\n* Bone marrow with tumor cells seen on routine morphology of bilateral aspirate and/or biopsy on at least one bone marrow sampleXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease by RECIST v1.1 criteria (tumor >= 1 cm in longest diameter on axial image on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or lymph node(s) >= 1.5 cm in short axis on CT or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) on baseline imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of metastatic disease to the bone seen on most recent bone scan, computed tomography (CT) scan and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Xx_NEWLINE_xXPretreatment computed tomography (CT) chest /abdomen /pelvis within 28 days of protocol enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients should have measurable disease; measurable disease is defined as a lymph node or tumor mass that is >= 1.5 cm in at least one dimension by computed tomography (CT) or the CT portion of the PET/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have evaluable (microscopic marrow metastasis, elevated tumor markers, positive metaiodobenzylguanidine [MIBG] or positron emission tomography [PET] scans) or measurable (computed tomography [CT], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) disease documented after completion of prior systemic therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXHas measurable disease as defined by RECIST 1.12 on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and as determined by the site study team. Tumor lesions situated in a previously irradiated area are considered measurable if progression has been demonstrated in such lesions.Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of metastatic disease as documented by technetium-99m (99mTc) bone scan and by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHas had restaging imaging after initiation of immunotherapy, at least 4 weeks after pre-immunotherapy baseline imaging; computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT of at least chest/upper abdomen must be performed within 4 weeks prior to registration; for patients with history of brain metastases, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or CT is required within 4 weeks of registration; for other patients brain MRI or CT is required within 12 weeks of registration; diagnostic PET/CT performed as part of radiation simulation can be used as the restaging imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXSurgically resectable (T1-3 Nx by endoscopic ultrasound); excluded are:\r\n* Very early stage tumors (T1N0)\r\n* Cervical esophageal tumors\r\n* Tumors invading the tracheobronchial tree or associated with tracheoesophageal fistula\r\n* Any evidence of distant metastases (as determined by endoscopic ultrasound [EUS] or computed tomography/positron emission tomography [CT/PET])\r\n* Cervical, supraclavicular, or other nodal disease that is either not included in the radiation field or is not able to be resected at the time of esophagectomyXx_NEWLINE_xXGross disease apparent on imaging (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] or computed tomography [CT])Xx_NEWLINE_xXExtensive bilateral lung disease on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXThe patient is staged with endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)/esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (EGD) and positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have demonstrated evidence of increasing contrast enhancement on MR or computed tomography (CT) imaging while on stable or increasing dose of steroidXx_NEWLINE_xXUnequivocal evidence of metastatic disease defined by computerized tomography (CT) (includes resectable metastases)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHave measurable disease by computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET) scan, with one or more sites of disease >= 1.5 cm in longest dimensionXx_NEWLINE_xXUnresectable stage 2-3 non-small cell lung cancer (based on computed tomography/positron emission tomography [CT/PET], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] or CT of brain, and physical exam);\r\n* Eligible if recurrence after surgery and now has the equivalent stage 2-3 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) OR had sub totally resected stage 2-3 NSCLCXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have at least one lesion that is not within a previously radiated field and that is measurable on computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans per RECIST version 1.1; bone lesions are not considered measurableXx_NEWLINE_xXDisease evaluable by computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET) imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXThe following mandatory staging studies must be done within 12 weeks before study registration:\r\n* PET/CT scans of both lungs, the mediastinum, adrenal glands and rest of the body; primary tumor dimension will be measured on diagnostic CT and again on simulation CT using the lung window setting\r\n* Mediastinoscopy or endobronchial ultrasound -guided biopsy of the mediastinal lymph nodes is recommended and required for any patients with PET/CT or CT findings suggesting lymph node involvement\r\n* Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or CT scan if symptoms or signs suggest brain metastases\r\n* Invasive mediastinal staging: For all patients with CT or PET evidence of hilar involvement (level 10) or with mediastinal lymph nodes > 1.0 cm in the shortest diameter or clinically suspicious by treating physician and/or radiologist, disease must be staged by cervical mediastinoscopy, esophageal endoscopic ultrasound-guided biopsy, or endobronchial ultrasound-guided biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXCutaneous metastases diagnosis confirmed prior to consent by preferred institutional methodology which may include, but is not limited to: biopsy ? 3 months; conventional radiography; imaging techniques to include bone scan (scintigraphy), computed tomography (CT), fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET)/CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), F-fluoromisonidazole-(F-FMISO) PET/CT, fluorothymidine-(FLT) PET/CT, fluoroestradiol-(FES) PET/CT, and PET/MRI;Xx_NEWLINE_xXThe primary tumor must be measurable by an imaging modality prior to treatment; this imaging modality is to be repeated after completion of 4 cycles of paclitaxel and prior to surgery; such imaging modalities may include ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), mammography, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); MRI will be the preferred imaging modality if available; all imaging will be performed per standard of care at the discretion of the treating physiciansXx_NEWLINE_xXStaging by positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) scan (required) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain (if clinically indicated) showing no evidence of metastatic disease (mediastinoscopy is not required unless imaging is indeterminate and is then considered standard of care)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNew or progressive pulmonary infiltrates on screening chest X-ray or chest computed tomography (CT) scan unless cleared for study by Pulmonary; infiltrates attributed to infection must be stable/improving (with associated clinical improvement) after 1 week of appropriate therapy (4 weeks for presumed or documented fungal infections)Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects who have received iodinated contrast dye must wait 12 hours prior to starting metformin; if a computed tomography (CT) scan with contrast is scheduled after screening and consent, the metformin cannot be taken until after the CT with contrast has been completed and they have waited 12 hoursXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease: subjects must have at least one lesion that is > 15 mm (1.5 cm) in the longest diameter on cross-sectional imaging and measurable in two perpendicular dimensions per computed tomography (spiral CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have evidence of metastatic medullary thyroid cancer including disease that is evaluable on bone, computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); (patients who are surgical candidates and potentially rendered disease free with surgical resection are not eligible)Xx_NEWLINE_xXActive disease measurable by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAll subjects must have at least 2 distinct lesions as documented by a complete physical examination and imaging studies within 4 weeks prior to randomization; imaging studies must include a CT scan of the involved disease sites and all known sites of resected disease and brain magnetic resonance (MRI) or CT (brain CT allowable if MRI is contraindicated or if there is no known history of resected brain lesions)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNeck computed tomography (CT) and/or neck magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and whole body positron emission tomography (PET)-CTXx_NEWLINE_xXStaging computed tomography (CT) chest, abdomen, pelvis (CAP) or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT shows no evidence of metastatic diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients are required to have computed tomography (CT) neck and chest or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT and have no documented evidence of distant metastasesXx_NEWLINE_xXNew or progressive pulmonary infiltrates on screening chest X-ray or chest computed tomography (CT) scan unless cleared for study by pulmonary; infiltrates attributed to infection must be stable/improving (with associated clinical improvement) after 1 week of appropriate therapy (4 weeks for presumed or documented fungal infections)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease according to the standard RECIST version 1.1\r\n* NOTE: computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)s used to assess the measurable disease must have been completed with 28 days prior to the study drug initiationXx_NEWLINE_xXNo radiographic evidence of metastatic disease by computed tomography (CT) scan and bone scan, performed within the prior 4 weeksXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable nodal disease by computed tomography (CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xX>= 1 evaluable site of disease measuring >= 1.5 cm in diameter on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as measured per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST)Xx_NEWLINE_xXBone disease documented by either: a positive bone scan, computed tomography (CT) scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); or biopsy proven bony metastasesXx_NEWLINE_xXPositive 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT (positron emission computed tomography ) or diagnostic 177Lu-PSMA-617 scintigraphyXx_NEWLINE_xXSubject who are willing to undergo a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy and computed tomography (CT) scan for disease burden assessmentXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least 1 measurable lesion > 1.5 cm in at least 1 dimension by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease, defined as at least one lesion that is > 15 mm (1.5 cm) in the longest axis on cross-sectional imaging and measureable in two perpendicular dimensions per computed tomography (spiral computed tomography [CT]), positron emission tomography (PET)-CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXCOHORT 2 (ON PROGRESSION OF SORAFEINIB): Patients who have received prior sorafenib therapy for at least 4 weeks and has confirmation of disease progression on computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI); prior surgery or local therapy within 4 weeks prior to cycle 1 day 1, with the exception of palliative radiation therapy to the boneXx_NEWLINE_xX>= 1 lesion detectable on CT, MRI, fludeoxyglucose F-18 (18FDG) PET-CT, or PET-MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of acute intracranial or intratumoral hemorrhage either by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan; subjects with resolving hemorrhage changes, punctuate hemorrhage, or hemosiderin are eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must have metastatic disease detectable by either bone scan or cross sectional imaging by CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as per the PCWG3 guidelinesXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one non-nodal lesion considered measurable by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria (that is, a lesion whose longest diameter can be accurately measured as >= 1.0 cm with computed tomography [CT] scan, CT component of a positron emission tomography [PET]/CT, or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) or at least one malignant lymph node is considered measurable by RECIST criteria (that is, its short axis is >= 1.5 cm when assessed by CT scan)\r\n* NOTE: tumor lesions in a previously irradiated area are not considered measurable diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXHas a history of spontaneous or tumor-related cerebral hemorrhage; or has cerebral hemorrhage as determined by the screening fludeoxyglucose F-18 (FDG)-PET-computed tomography (CT) and MRI; this does not include stable post-operative blood products seen on a gradient echo MRI sequenceXx_NEWLINE_xXNew or progressive pulmonary infiltrates on screening chest x-ray or chest computed tomography (CT) scan unless cleared for study by pulmonary; infiltrates attributed to infection must be stable/improving (with associated clinical improvement) after 1 week of appropriate therapy (4 weeks for presumed or documented fungal infections)Xx_NEWLINE_xXStage II-IV disease; participant will need measurable disease by computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET) scans if enrolled in the dose-expansion cohortXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with Stage IV breast cancer are not eligible; baseline staging to document absence of metastatic disease is not required, however is recommended as determined by institutional practice (in patients where there may be a reasonable suspicion of advanced disease e.g., large tumors, clinically positive axillary lymph nodes, signs and symptoms); if performed, reports of these examinations must be available; examination type for staging, i.e. X-ray, sonography, bone scans, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and/or positron emission tomography (PET)-CT, is at the discretion of the investigatorXx_NEWLINE_xXChest imaging (x-ray, CT or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) negative for metastasis no more than 6 weeks prior to the date of RPLNDXx_NEWLINE_xXFor subjects enrolled for tumor progression, progression is defined as: \r\n* Presence of new plexiform neurofibroma on MRI or computed tomography (CT) (documented by comparison with prior MRI or CT), OR \r\n* A measurable increase in plexiform neurofibroma size (>= 20% increase in the volume, or a >= 13% increase in the product of the two longest perpendicular diameters, or a >= 6% increase in the longest diameter) documented by comparison of two scans (MRI or CT) in the time period of approximately one year or less prior to evaluation for this studyXx_NEWLINE_xXKnown active metastases to the brain, spinal cord or leptomeninges unless adequately treated with radiotherapy, radiosurgery, or surgery and stable for at least 4 weeks of first study treatment as documented by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computerized tomography (CT) imaging and having no ongoing requirement for steroidsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have documented tumor progression during or following a gemcitabine containing regimen to treat metastatic disease as established by CT or MRI scanXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have shown unequivocal evidence for tumor progression by MRI or computed tomography (CT) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXFOR TCL ONLY: Measurable disease by CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): must have at least one lesion that has a single diameter of > 2 cm or tumor cells in the blood > 5 x10^9/L; NOTE: skin lesions can be used if the area is > 2 cm in at least one diameter and photographed with a ruler and the images are available in the medical recordXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease > 1.5 cm evidenced by computed tomography (CT) scan of the neck/chest/abdomen/pelvis or CT/positron emission tomography (PET) scansXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have measurable disease > 1.5 cm evidenced by computed tomography (CT) of the neck/chest/abdomen (abd)/pelvis or CT/positron emission tomography (PET) scansXx_NEWLINE_xXFor diseases other than CLL, LPL, and HCL, presence of radiographically measurable lymphadenopathy or extra-nodal lymphoid malignancy (defined as the presence of >= 1 lesion that measures >= 2.0 cm in the longest dimension [LD] and >= 1.0 cm in the longest perpendicular dimension [LPD] as assessed by computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]); for LPL, measureable disease will be defined as serum monoclonal IgM > 0.5 g/dL or meeting at least 1 of the recommendations from the Second International Workshop on LPL for requiring treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPathologically confirmed diagnosis of relapsed or refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma with measurable bone marrow lymphoblasts or biopsy-proven extramedullary site measurable by computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT imaging; Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) B-ALL patients must have failed treatment with at least one second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor; prior allo-HCT is allowedXx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease radiographically documented by CT or bone scanXx_NEWLINE_xXMRI of the pelvis or positron emission tomography (PET)-CT within 4 months before registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXRadiographically measurable disease by computed tomography (CT) scan, defined as at least one node > 1.5 cm in size or assessable diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of progressive disease by imaging modalities or biopsy - persistent positron emission tomography (PET) activity, though possibly related to lymphoma, is not an exclusion criterion in the absence of computed tomography (CT) changes indicating progressionXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease by RECIST v1.1 criteria (tumor >= 1 cm in longest diameter on axial image on computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] and/or lymph node(s) >= 1.5 cm in short axis on CT or MRI) on baseline imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease at baseline as assessed by computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease on computed tomography (CT) scan of thorax, abdomen, and pelvis per RECIST v1.1 criteriaXx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to receive iv contrast for required CT scansXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease that has not been previously irradiated on positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT), or computed tomography (CT), of at least 1.5 cm within the last 21 days before the start of IP treatment.Xx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of myeloma defining events or biomarkers of malignancy due to underlying plasma cell proliferative disorder meeting at least ONE of the following: \r\n* 1. Hypercalcemia: serum calcium > 0.25 mmol/L (> 1 mg/dL) higher than the upper limit of normal or > 2.75 mmol/L (> 11 mg/dL) \r\n* 2. Renal insufficiency: creatinine clearance < 50 ml/min or serum creatinine > 2 mg/dL \r\n* 3. Anemia: hemoglobin value < 10 g/dL or 2 g/dL < normal reference \r\n* 4. Bone lesions: one or more osteolytic lesions on skeletal radiography, computerized tomography (CT) or 2-deoxy-2[F-18] fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography CT (PET-CT) \r\n* 5. Clonal bone marrow plasma cell percentage >= 60% \r\n* 6. Involved: uninvolved serum free light chain ratio >= 100 measured by freelite assay\r\n* 7. > 1 focal lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies (each focal lesion must be 5 mm or more in size)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must not have evidence of metastatic disease per positron emission tomography (PET)/ computed tomography (CT) scan; mediastinal lymph node involvement is acceptableXx_NEWLINE_xXThe treated lesion must be within 2 cm of the abdominal gastrointestinal tract (abdominal esophagus to sigmoid colon) on the basis of cross sectional imaging study such as computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET)/CT, or MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXClinical stage T3 or less as demonstrated by computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will be selected as the prostate is resectableXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of radiographically measurable disease (defined as the presence of a >= 1.0 cm lesion, as measured in the longest dimension by computed tomography [CT] scan or positron emission tomography [PET]/CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] scan)Xx_NEWLINE_xXLocally advanced rectal cancer determined by any of the following features\r\n* Fixed or immobile tumor on physical exam and/or\r\n* T3 disease with invasion through the muscularis propria as defined by transrectal ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)\r\n* T4 disease with invasion of adjacent structures such as pelvic sidewall, sacrum, pelvis, bladder and/or prostate as determined appropriate imaging modalities such as ultrasound, CT or MRI\r\n* Any T with + N on CT scan/MRI or transrectal ultrasoundXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have potentially resectable pancreatic carcinoma and have agreed to undergo surgical resection at Monroe Dunaway (MD) Anderson Cancer Center if operable; they will have undergone staging (physical examination, contrast enhanced computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] [if CT contraindicated] to determine resectability)Xx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to tolerate a contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for staging/restaging purposesXx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of metastasis on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis within 120 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with evidence of an acute intracranial or intratumoral hemorrhage on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are not eligible (patients with evidence of resolving hemorrhage will be eligible)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHave undergone a second-look surgery by a MD Anderson Gynecologic Oncology faculty after having achieved a complete clinical response to frontline surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy as evidenced by\r\n* Normal physical exam,\r\n* Normal computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET)-CT of abdomen and pelvis or other equivalent imaging, and\r\n* Normalization of CA125 (< 35 U/mL)Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects who have received iodinated contrast dye must wait 12 hours prior to starting Metformin; if a computed tomography (CT) scan with contrast is scheduled after screening and consent, the metformin cannot be taken until after the CT with contrast has been completed and they have waited 12 hoursXx_NEWLINE_xXDisease that is measurable where:\r\n* A non-nodal lesion is considered measurable if its longest diameter can be accurately measured as >= 2.0 cm with chest x-ray, or as >= 1.0 cm with computed tomography (CT) scan, CT component of a positron emission tomography (PET)/CT, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)\r\n* A malignant lymph node is considered measurable if its short axis is >= 1.5 cm when assessed by CT scan (CT scan slice thickness recommended to be no greater than 5 mm); Note: tumor lesions in a previously irradiated area are not considered measurable disease; Note: disease that is measurable by physical examination only is not eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with locally advanced unresectable or metastatic urothelial carcinoma as assessed on baseline radiographic imaging obtained within 28 days prior to study registration; the required radiographic imaging includes:\r\n* Abdomen/Pelvis – computed tomography (CT) scan\r\n* Chest – chest x-ray or CT scanXx_NEWLINE_xXFor confirmation of high risk local failure status, patients will have any one of the following:\r\n* Computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrating seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) or extraprostatic extension (EPE) within 1 year of enrollment into the study\r\n* Pre-biopsy prostate-specific antigen (PSA) >= 20\r\n* Gleason score 7-10 (Gleason 7 must be 4+3), presence of any Gleason 5 (even if a tertiary score) as determined at diagnostic biopsy\r\n* Gleason score 7 and > 50% of biopsy cores positive for prostate cancer\r\n* Clinical stage >= T3 (staging by imaging acceptable)Xx_NEWLINE_xXDistant metastases, based upon:\r\n* CT scan or MRI of the abdomen/pelvis within 120 days prior to registration and\r\n* Bone scan within 120 days prior to registration; if the bone scan is suspicious, a plain x-ray and/or MRI must be obtained to rule out metastasis prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease documented by computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or bone scan.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic breast cancer not amenable to potentially curative surgery; patients must have disease that is measurable and/or non-measurable as defined by RECIST 1.1 criteria (assessed by computed tomography [CT] scan chest/abdomen/pelvis with contrast or fludeoxyglucose [FDG] positron emission tomography [PET]-CT scan obtained within 4 weeks of registration)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease that has not been previously irradiated on positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) of at least 1.5 cmXx_NEWLINE_xXNo splenomegaly ?16 cm by CT scan.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients positive for invasion must have imaging (computed tomography [CT] scan or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) documenting normal upper urinary tracts and absence of locally advanced bladder cancer within 60 days prior to study registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients unable to have IV contrast for computed tomography (CT) and MRI imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have had radiographic evidence of tumor progression by brain MRI or computed tomography (CT) scan with contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects with more than one site of distant metastatic disease (beyond the head and neck) as evidenced by computed tomography (CT) scan or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT or biopsy\r\n* A subject with a single lung nodule (deemed cancerous by PET/CT or biopsy) will not be excludedXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of diverticulitis at baseline, including evidence limited to computed tomography (CT) scan onlyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be willing to undergo a radiologic scan (computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], depending on organ involved) after last drug dose and prior to minimally-invasive surgeryXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of measurable disease by computed tomography (CT) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease > 1.5 cm evidenced by computed tomography (CT) scan of the neck/chest/abdomen (abd)/pelvis or CT/positron emission tomography (PET) scansXx_NEWLINE_xXLow-volume lung metastases are defined as solid pulmonary nodules < 2 cm with non-spiculated contours, no benign-appearing calcifications, and =< 14 in number, diagnosed by computed tomography of the chest or positron emission tomography (PET)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients will undergo CT imaging of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis to evaluate lung and liver metastases within 30 days of registration; for patients who cannot tolerate CT contrast or have hepatic steatosis that reduces the sensitivity of CT, MRI of the liver will be performedXx_NEWLINE_xXRadiographic evidence of disease other than liver and lungs, with the exception of mediastinal lymph nodes < 2 cm and hepatoduodenal ligament lymphadenopathy, diagnosed by computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or positron emission tomographyXx_NEWLINE_xXHave predisposing conditions that are consistent with development of aneurysms of the ascending aorta or aortic stress (for example, family history of aneurysms, Marfan syndrome, PFO, bicuspid aortic valve, evidence of damage to the large vessels of the heart documented by computerized tomography [CT] scan with contrast or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]).Xx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one measurable lesion that can be accurately assessed at baseline by computed tomography (CT) (or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] suitable for assessment as per RECIST 1.1. The baseline scan must be obtained within 28 days prior to the first dose of olaparib.Xx_NEWLINE_xXBaseline imaging with an fludeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) scan negative for distant metastatic disease must be obtained =< 28 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXSurgically resectable (T2N0, T3N0, Tany with node positivity, M0), as determined by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and the following minimum diagnostic work-up:\r\n* Whole-body PET/computed tomography (CT) (PET/CT of skull base to mid-thigh is acceptable)\r\n* EUS =< 21 days prior to registration\r\n* NOTE: Patients may have regional adenopathy including para-esophageal, gastric, gastrohepatic and celiac nodes; if celiac adenopathy is present, it must be < 2 cm\r\n* NOTE: If patient unable to have PET/CT then CT chest/abdomen/pelvis with contrast (preferred) or MRI chest/abdomen/pelvis with contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXUncontrolled diabetes (i.e., will interfere with the performance of the FDG PET/CT scans)Xx_NEWLINE_xXFluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-avid disease by positron emission tomography (PET) and dimensional measurable disease of at least 1.5 cm as documented by radiographic technique (spiral computed tomography [CT] preferred)Xx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of progressive disease by imaging modalities or biopsy - persistent positron emission tomography (PET) activity, though possibly related to lymphoma, is not an exclusion criterion in the absence of computed tomography (CT) changes indicating progressionXx_NEWLINE_xXpre-operative imaging (chest CT and PET-CTXx_NEWLINE_xXDetectable positron emission tomography (PET)-positive diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXINCLUSION CRITERIA FOR PATIENTS WITH NSCLC OR TNBC (COHORT B): Patients must have measurable disease by at least one of the criteria below:\r\n* Extra skeletal disease that can be accurately measured in at least one dimension as >= 10 mm with conventional computed tomography (CT) techniques as defined by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1\r\n* Skeletal or bone-only disease measurable by fludeoxyglucose F 18 (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least two injectable lesions (amenable for direct injection or through the use of image guidance such ultrasound [US], computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) defined as any injectable cutaneous, subcutaneous, nodal, or visceral melanoma lesion >= 10 mm in longest diameterXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of metastatic disease documented on imaging studies (bone scan, computed tomography [CT] and/or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] scans)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease as defined by at least one tumor that is measurable in two dimensions on CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan (minimum size 1.0 cm for at least one lesion)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHas staging scans with abdominal/pelvic computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan and CT scan or x-ray of the chest within 4 weeks prior to treatment initiationXx_NEWLINE_xXDisease status requirement: Measurable disease defined as the presence of ? 1 nodal lesion that measures ? 1.5 cm in a single dimension as assessed by X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) (Positron Emission Tomography (PET/CT), or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]Xx_NEWLINE_xXPreoperative evaluation to rule-out extra-uterine disease may include computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or ultrasound; preoperative imaging is not mandatory for study enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of > grade 1 CNS hemorrhage on baseline MRI on CT scanXx_NEWLINE_xXAt screening, patients with =< 3 untreated central nervous system (CNS) metastases may be included provided none of the untreated lesions are > 1 cm in greatest dimension, and there is no peri-tumoral edema present on brain imaging (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] or computed tomography [CT] if MRI is contraindicated), and if the patients with CNS metastases are not taking prednisone > 10 mg or equivalent dailyXx_NEWLINE_xXHave baseline imaging within 6 weeks of enrollment (computed tomography [CT], magnetic resonance [MR] or positron emission tomography [PET]/CT imaging) and have measurable disease on physical examination or imaging studies; any lesion >= 1.5 cm in long axis dimension is considered measurableXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have evaluable (microscopic marrow metastasis, elevated tumor markers, positive metaiodobenzylguanidine [MIBG] or positron emission tomography [PET] scans) or measurable (computed tomography [CT], magnetic resonance imaging MRI]) disease documented after completion of prior systemic therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease, by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) per modified RECIST criteria for mesothelioma; radiographic tumor assessment must be performed within 28 days prior to the first treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of metastases other than regional lymphadenopathy as assessed by imaging of the chest, abdomen and pelvis with CT of the chest and CT or MRI of the abdomen; regional lymph nodes, per 7th edition American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging manual (2010) for kidney cancer, include the following positions: renal hilar, precaval, paracaval, retrocaval, interaortocaval, paraaortic, preaortic, and retroaorticXx_NEWLINE_xXAny MPM histology (epithelial, mixed, sarcomatoid)\r\n* N0 or N1 nodal disease as present on preoperative chest computed tomography (CT) and/or positron emission tomography (PET)-CT\r\n* N2 nodule disease if no progression after 2 cycles of standard chemotherapy; progression will be considered if additional N1 or N2 disease develop during chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have at least one bi-dimensionally measurable lesion by palpation, clinical exam, or radiographic imaging within 6 weeks of the start of study intervention (X-ray, computed tomography [CT] scan, positron emission tomography [PET] scan, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], or ultrasound)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPathologic confirmation of NSCLC diagnosis is recommended whenever possible; this will generally be accomplished using computed tomography (CT) guided or bronchoscopic biopsies; if pathologic confirmation is not possible, a target lesion must be a non calcified pulmonary nodule that is present on at least 2 imaging studies (can include simulation scan); the nodule must have increased in size or proportion of solid component on CT and/or show increased fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake on positron emission tomography (PET) over at least 2 imaging studiesXx_NEWLINE_xXClinical stage =< T3a based on digital rectal exam and/or =< T3a based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (if done); N0-Nx; M0-Mx (American Joint Committee on Cancer [AJCC] 7th edition)\r\n* T-stage and N-stage will be determined by physical exam including a digital rectal exam and available imaging studies (computed tomography [CT], and/or MRI of the pelvis); for MRI, extracapsular extension is permitted; to distinguish blood from tumor the ideal study would be to acquire T2, T1 noncontrast and T1 dynamic contrast enhanced sequence, although this is not required\r\n* M-stage determined by physical exam, CT of abdomen and pelvis with contrast, and bone scanXx_NEWLINE_xXThe presence of metastatic disease amenable to computed tomography (CT) or ultrasound guided biopsy; this may include thoracolumbar vertebral bodies, pelvis, femur or humerus or soft tissue or nodal metastasis amenable to biopsy (excluding lung or pleural lesions)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHave measurable nodal disease, including at least 1 disease site measuring 1.5 cm in longest dimension on computed tomography (CT) or fludeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of > grade 1 active CNS hemorrhage on the baseline magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXLocalized spine metastasis from the cervical (C)1 to lumbar (L)5 levels with documented epidural cord compression by a screening imaging study (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] or computed tomography [CT] myelogram); site may have a maximal involvement of 2 contiguous vertebral bodies; patients with other visceral metastasis, and radioresistant tumors (including soft tissue sarcomas, melanomas, and renal cell carcinomas) are eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must be diagnosed with HCC either pathologically or by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) radiographic criteria; the criteria specifies computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) intense arterial uptake followed by “washout” of contrast in the venous-delayed phases; any atypical lesions must be confirmed by biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXMRI or CT scan of the brain must be done prior to surgery as it is considered standard of care.Xx_NEWLINE_xXDocumented disease progression (as per RECIST v1.1) before study entry; for patients with osteosarcoma, this progression will be confirmed by central review on the basis of two CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) obtained at less than 6 months in the period of 12 months prior to inclusionXx_NEWLINE_xXKnown brain metastases or cranial epidural disease unless adequately treated with radiotherapy, radiosurgery, or surgery and stable for at least 4 weeks prior to enrollment as documented by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) imaging; treated brain metastases are defined as having no ongoing requirement for steroids and no evidence of progression or hemorrhage after treatment for at least 4 weeks prior to enrollment as documented by MRI or CT imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as defined by RECIST 1.1Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have at least one measurable lesion that can be accurately measured with spiral computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, or physical exam (by calipers only); (PTCL, AITL and follicular lymphoma patients will be assessed on this study using the Lugano criteria for the evaluation of lymphomas; CTCL and MF patients will be assessed using International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas [ISCL] and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer [EORTC criteria])Xx_NEWLINE_xXMust have evaluable disease by Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan, according to RECIST 1.1 (subjects with measurable disease per RECIST 1.1 or radiographically visible and evaluable disease). Subjects with only ascites or pleural effusion are excluded.Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of metastasis on staging computed tomography (CT) scans of the chest, abdomen and pelvisXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma by at least one criterion listed below:\r\n* Histologically confirmed\r\n* Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computerized tomography (CT) findings consistent with hepatocellular carcinoma\r\n* Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) > 400 ng/mL AND evidence of at least one solid liver lesion > 2 cm regardless of specific imaging characteristics on CT or MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must receive a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/computed tomography (CT)/positron emission tomography (PET) of the brain within 6 months of signing informed consent; if new central nervous system (CNS) lesions are present, patient must have definitive treatment (including surgery or radiation); principal investigator (PI) or his designee should make final determination regarding enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXProgressive disease while receiving androgen deprivation therapy defined by any one of the following as per the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group 2 (PCWG2) bone scan criteria or Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 during or after completing last therapy:\r\n* PSA: at least two consecutive rises in serum PSA, obtained at a minimum of 1-week intervals, with the final value >= 2.0 ng/mL\r\n* Measurable disease: >= 50% increase in the sum of the cross products of all measurable lesions or the development of new measurable lesions; the short axis of a target lymph node must be at least 15 mm by spiral CT to be considered a target lesion\r\n* Non-measurable (bone) disease: the appearance of two or more new areas of uptake on bone scan (or NaF PET/CT) consistent with metastatic disease compared to previous imaging during castration therapy; the increased uptake of pre-existing lesions on bone scan will not be taken to constitute progression, and ambiguous results must be confirmed by other imaging modalities (e.g. X-ray, CT or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI])Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be willing to undergo FLT PET/CT or NaF PET/CT scans for the investigational component of this trial and have no known allergies to FLT or NaFXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have metabolically active (positron emission tomography [PET] scan positive) measurable disease (defined as lesions greater than 1.5 cm long axis that can be accurately measured in two dimensions by computed tomography [CT])Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must be able to undergo either MRI or computed tomography (CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have measurable disease\r\n* Tumor size at least >= 5 cm in the longest diameter as measured by computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for which radiation is feasibleXx_NEWLINE_xXSubject has no evidence of disease based on radiographical imaging\r\n* Subject was deemed to have a complete objective response at completion of primary platinum-based chemotherapy by computed tomography (CT) scan and cancer antigen (CA)-125Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects who have minimal CT scan findings suspicious of residual disease are eligible provided there is no evidence of progression of disease by Rustin Criteria, defined as: \r\n* Present CT Scan findings show no change from CT Scan at baseline, and\r\n* Current CA-125 is below institutional upper normal limit and remains unchanged upon two consecutive measurements at least one week apart, and\r\n* CA-125 was above institutional upper normal limit at diagnosisXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of metastatic disease: minimum imaging required Computed tomography scan (CT) / Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Whole Body Bone Scan (WBBS). If equivocal bone scan, follow-up plain films are required to show NO evidence of cancer if not covered by CT/MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXNo distant metastases, based on the following workup within 60 days prior to registration\r\n* Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis or computed tomography (CT) abdomen/pelvis (A/P)\r\n* Bone scan or sodium fluoride positron emission tomography (PET), that if suspicious has MRI or plain X-rays to rule out bone metastasisXx_NEWLINE_xXAdult patients with locally advanced or recurrent orbital or periorbital BCCA, or a medial canthal BCCA that threatens the lacrimal drainage system, as noted by clinical exam, clinical photography, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positive biopsy, and who do not have a contraindication to either surgical or vismodegib treatment\r\n* Treating physician to assess whether the patient is a candidate for vismodegib treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have documentation of relapse that includes either doubling of CA125 serum levels confirmed by measurements greater than one week apart or identification of a new measurable lesion greater than 1 cm in the peritoneal cavity either by computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI), positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan or physical exam (expanding pockets of ascites fluid that may serve as an alternative source of tumor cells) if the index lesion is not accessible for biopsy for vaccine formulation; recurrence outside the peritoneal cavity will be accessed using standard Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteriaXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have evaluable or measurable disease based on RECIST 1.1 using computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients should have bi-dimensional measurable disease using the Cheson criteria (measureable disease by computed tomography [CT] scan defined as at least 1 lesion that measures >= 1.5 cm in single dimension)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients must be staged with a physical exam, computed tomography (CT) of the chest and contrast-enhanced helical thin-cut abdominal CT; unresectability is defined by CT criteria: \r\n* Evidence of tumor extension to the celiac axis or superior mesenteric (SM) artery, or \r\n* Evidence on either CT or angiogram of occlusion of the SM vein or SM/portal vein confluenceXx_NEWLINE_xXClinically confirmed brain metastases by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) criteria; if there is evidence of extra-cranial metastatic disease, it is preferable if that the lesions be pathologically confirmed and reviewed by a University of Utah or Huntsman Cancer Hospital pathologist if the initial review was done at an outside facilityXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients may not be on systemic steroids within 4 weeks of enrolling on study with the exception of physiologic replacement doses (for instance in the case of adrenal insufficiency) or steroid premedication for baseline magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or computed tomography (CT) in the case of subjects with known contrast dye allergiesXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have evidence of MIBG avid disease as determined by diagnostic MIBG scan obtained within 4 weeks of MIBG infusion; at least one MIBG avid target lesion that can be evaluated for response must be present at study entry; computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation of all sites of disease must be completed within 4 weeks of MIBG infusionXx_NEWLINE_xXThe subject has documented worsening of disease (progressive disease) at screening compared with a previous computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image done within 14 months of screening documentation of progression may be made by radiological (CT, MRI, or positron emission tomography [PET]), clinical or serological  assessment; if documentation is radiological, screening scan be compared to any previous scan (CT, MRI or PET) within 14 months of cycle 1 day 1 (C1D1)Xx_NEWLINE_xXActive central nervous system (CNS) involvement by malignancy (patients with known positive cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] cytology or parenchymal lesions visible by computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI])Xx_NEWLINE_xXThe patient should not have direct evidence of regional or distant metastases after appropriate staging studies, including no distant metastases (M0) on bone scan within 90 days of study enrollment; equivocal bone scan findings are allowed if plain films are negative for metastasis; positron emission tomography (PET) or prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) scans can be performed instead of a bone scanXx_NEWLINE_xXVisceral metastases as assessed by abdominal or pelvic computed tomography (CT) or other imaging modalityXx_NEWLINE_xXClinically negative lymph nodes as established by abdominal-pelvic computed tomography (CT), no more than 90 days prior to registration; CT only for clinical classification of > T3 (with contrast if renal function is acceptable; a non-contrast CT is permitted if the patient is not a candidate for contrast), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nodal sampling, or dissection; patients with lymph nodes equivocal or questionable by imaging are eligible if those nodes are < 1 cm in short axis diameterXx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of bone metastases (M0) on bone scan, only for PSA > 20 or Gleason >= 8, (sodium fluoride [NaF] positron emission tomography [PET]/CT is an acceptable substitute) performed no more than 120 days prior to registration; equivocal bone scan findings are allowed if plain films and/or MRI are negative for definite metastasesXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease defined by at least one of the following criteria:\r\n* Lesions greater than 1.5 cm that can be accurately measured in two dimensions by computed tomography (CT) (preferred), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and are not included in any prior field of radiation given to treat B-NHL\r\n* In patients with CLL, circulating lymphocytes >= 5,000 / mm^3\r\n* In patients with WM/LPL, measurable serum monoclonal immunoglobulin M (IgM)Xx_NEWLINE_xXRadiographically measurable or clinically evaluable disease by computed tomography (CT) scan of chest/abdomen/pelvis with and without contrast =< 28 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXClinical American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 7th edition stage T2N1M0, T3N0M0 or T3N1M0 based on physical examination, CT scan chest/abdomen/pelvis, and pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or endorectal ultrasoundXx_NEWLINE_xXComputed tomography of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis (CT CAP) and bone scan performed within 30 days prior to study entry and does not demonstrate metastatic diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have had a diagnosis of high risk NB at initial diagnosis or if non-high risk at time of initial diagnosis must have had evidence of metastatic progression when > 18 months of age\r\n* Patient must have measurable or evaluable disease occurring as one of the following:\r\n** Disease progression after initiation of upfront NB therapy defined as:\r\n*** New disease site documented on MIBG scintigraphy; or computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); or any new bone site that is fludeoxyglucose F-18 (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) avid (in patient known to have MIBG non-avid tumor) AND has MRI findings consistent with tumor OR has a biopsy showing NB or ganglioneuroblastoma\r\n*** Greater than 20% increase in a least one dimension of soft tissue mass documented by CT/MRI AND a minimum absolute increase of 5 mm in longest dimension in existing lesions\r\n*** Bone marrow biopsy meeting revised International Neuroblastoma Response Criteria (INRC) criteria for progressive disease\r\n** Refractory disease such that response to upfront therapy (defined as at least 4 cycles of multi-agent induction chemotherapy) is less than partial response\r\n** Persistence of disease after at least a partial response to frontline therapy (i.e. patient has had at least a partial response to frontline therapy but still has residual disease by MIBG scan, CT/MRI, or bone marrow aspirate/biopsies); patients in this category are REQUIRED to have histologic confirmation of viable NB from at least one residual site; tumor seen on routine bone marrow morphology is sufficientXx_NEWLINE_xXAssessment of all known disease sites, eg, by CT scan, MRI, bone scan as appropriate, and/or FDG-PET scan within 28 days before the first dose of cabozantinibXx_NEWLINE_xXNo pelvic nodal metastases (based on computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] findings)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo distant metastases, based upon:\r\n* CT scan or MRI of the pelvis within 120 days prior to registration\r\n* Bone scan within 120 days prior to registration; if the bone scan is suspicious, a plain x-ray and/or MRI must be obtained to rule out metastasisXx_NEWLINE_xXKnown leptomeningeal disease or evidence of prior or current metastatic brain disease (routine screening with central nervous system [CNS] imaging studies [computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)] is required only if clinically indicated)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have primary tumor =< 10 cm as defined by computed tomography (CT) largest axial dimensionXx_NEWLINE_xXWithin 60 days of registration: patients must have fludeoxyglucose F 18 (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)-CT scan (or CT chest/abdomen/pelvis with IV contrast), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain with IV contrast (preferred) or CT scan of the brain with contrast; non-contrast MRI scans of the chest/abdomen/pelvis or brain are permitted for workup if patient has allergy to CT contrast or renal insufficiencyXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease by CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or the CT portion of the PET/CT: must have at least one lesion that has a single diameter of >= 2 cmXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have presence of an enhancing solid renal mass =< 3.0 cm on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease defined as lesions that can be accurately measured in two dimensions by computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), medical photograph (skin or oral lesion), plain x-ray, or other conventional technique and a greatest transverse diameter of 1 cm or greater; or palpable lesions with both diameters >= 2 cm; further, at least 1 of these lesions must be positive by positron emission tomography (PET) scan (i.e., Deauville score of 4 or more); Note: CT scans remain the standard for evaluation of nodal diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a CT of chest, abdomen, and pelvis with PET within 28 days of enrollment; patients with evidence of lymphadenopathy in the neck must have a dedicated CT of neckXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a computed tomography (CT) (preferred) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis within 28 days of enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a positron emission tomography (PET) scan within 56 days of enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXNo distant metastasis by positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT); PET/CT will be done at time of simulation in the treatment positionXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable tumor on MRI or CT scan or X-rayXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable or evaluable disease, including at least one of the following: Measureable tumor by CT or MRI; or A positive MIBG or PET scan; or Positive bone marrow biopsy/aspirate.Xx_NEWLINE_xXThe subject has had an assessment of all extracranial disease sites (e.g., by computerized tomography (CT) scan, positron emission tomography-CT, and bone scan as appropriate) within 28 days before the first dose of cabozantinibXx_NEWLINE_xXDiagnostic imaging magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or computed tomography (CT) of the area to be treated within 8 weeks of any treatment; baseline bone marrow biopsy and bone scan (with 99m-Tc-diphosphonate or metaiodobenzylguanidine [MIBG] scan [131I-MIBG or 123I-MIBG]) from time of original diagnosis is requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXClinically negative lymph nodes as established by imaging (pelvic ± abdominal computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]), (but not by nodal sampling, or dissection) within 90 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXEquivocal bone scan findings are allowed if plain films (or CT or MRI) are negative for metastasisXx_NEWLINE_xXResectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma disease as defined as follows:\r\n* No evidence of extrapancreatic disease by cross sectional imaging, PET scan, or laparoscopy, including nodal involvement beyond the peripancreatic tissues and/or distant metastases;\r\n* No evidence of tumor extension to superior mesenteric artery, hepatic artery, celiac axis, aorta, or inferior vena cava, and no evidence of occlusion or encasement of the superior mesenteric vein or superior mesenteric vein/portal vein confluence, as assessed by computed tomography (CT) using pancreatic protocol (or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] in patients who cannot undergo CT) and EUSXx_NEWLINE_xXThe subject has had an assessment of all known disease sites e.g, by computerized tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bone scan as appropriate, within 28 days before the first dose of cabozantinibXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma in both lobes of the liver by one of the following methods\r\n* Pathologically confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by biopsy, OR\r\n* HCC > 2 cm with classic radiographic findings of arterial phase enhancement with venous phase washout and pseudocapsule formation on contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT), OR\r\n* Lesion greater than 2 cm with probable imaging features of HCC and imaging findings of cirrhosis and/or portal hypertension or a serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) greater than 200 ng/mLXx_NEWLINE_xXPancreas protocol computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) if required for further clarification of disease tissue planes within 4 weeks of registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXUncontrolled infections, defined as positive blood cultures within 72 hours of study entry, or evidence of progressive infection by imaging studies such as chest computed tomography (CT) scan within 14 days of registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable or assessable disease is required; measurable tumor size (at least one node measuring 2.25 cm^2 in bidimensional measurement) per computed tomography (CT) scan, other radiological study, and/or physical examXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must receive a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/computed tomography (CT)/positron emission tomography (PET) of the brain within 6 months of signing informed consent; if new lesions are present, patient must have definitive treatment; principal investigator (PI) or his designee should make final determination regarding enrollment (Turnstile I)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMRI/CT/PET of the brain within 30 days of lymphodepletion (Turnstile II)Xx_NEWLINE_xXClinical T-stage (prior to systemic therapy, if applicable) >= T3a and/or positive lymph nodes by transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/computed tomography (CT)/positron emission tomography (PET)-CT orXx_NEWLINE_xXThe subject has evidence of acute intracranial or intratumoral hemorrhage either by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computerized tomography (CT) scan; subjects with resolving hemorrhage changes, punctate hemorrhage, or hemosiderin are eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXNew progressive pulmonary infiltrates on screening chest x-ray or chest computed tomography (CT) scan that have not been evaluated with bronchoscopy; infiltrates attributed to infection must be stable/improving after 1 week of appropriate therapy (4 weeks for presumed or proven fungal infections)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease; baseline measurements and evaluations must be obtained within 4 weeks of registration to the study; abnormal positron emission tomography (PET) scans will not constitute evaluable disease unless verified by a diagnostic quality computed tomography (CT) scan; patients must use the same imaging modality (CT or PET/CT) throughout the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXRANDOMIZED PHASE II (ARMS K AND L): Patients must have measurable disease; baseline measurements and evaluations must be obtained within 4 weeks of registration to the study; abnormal PET scans will not constitute evaluable disease unless verified by a diagnostic quality CT scan; patients must use the same imaging modality (CT or PET/CT) throughout the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXRadiographic evidence of metastatic disease; computed tomography (CT) and bone scan must be performed with 21 days (+ 7 days) of registration; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain can be performed within 6 months prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have histologically or radiological evidence of stage I (T1N0M0) renal cell carcinoma with a size no larger than 8 cm in greatest dimension measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXRECIPIENT: Active central nervous system (CNS) involvement by malignancy (patients with known positive cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] cytology or parenchymal lesions visible by computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI])Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must be diagnosed with either oropharyngeal or supraglottic squamous cell carcinoma\r\n* Primary tumor staging at T1, T2, or T3 based on contrasted neck computed tomography (CT), complete physical exam, and direct laryngoscopy; if possible, a positron emission tomography (PET) CT should also be collected; regardless of size, primary tumors must be mobile on physical exam and must not exhibit invasion of parapharyngeal fat on CT\r\n* Regional nodal metastases stages as N0, N1, or N2 without extracapsular spread (ECS)\r\n** N2a immediately eligible\r\n** N2b and N2c eligible when nodes are isolated (i.e., no conglomerate nodal masses)\r\n* No evidence of distant metastatic diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXRadiographic evidence of metastatic disease documented with bone scan or computed tomography (CT) scan\r\n* Patients with any number of metastatic site are allowed to enroll; however, only up to six sites will be selected for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) treatment, at the discretion of the treating radiation oncologistXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the pancreas or ampulla of Vater; at least the majority of the histopathologic specimen must be identified as adenocarcinoma as opposed to another histologic subtype\r\n* If histological confirmation of adenocarcinoma cannot be obtained by biopsy, the following procedures may be employed:\r\n** Attempt a repeat biopsy to obtain a diagnosis\r\n** Present the case at John Hopkins University (JHU) tumor board and if the candidate has one of the following: a rising cancer antigen (CA) 19-9 or radiographic evidence of recurrence on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and/or positron emission tomography (PET) scan then the patient can be considered for treatment on protocol\r\n* However, if these objectives cannot be met, the patient will not be a candidateXx_NEWLINE_xXLocal, locally advanced, or metastatic disease documented as having shown progression on a scan (e.g., computed tomography [CT], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI])Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must receive a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/computed tomography (CT)/positron emission tomography (PET) of the brain within 6 months of signing informed consent; if new lesions are present, patient must have definitive treatment; principal investigator (PI) or his designee should make final determination regarding enrollment (Turnstile I)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMRI/CT/PET of the brain within 30 days of lymphodepletionXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease by computed tomography (CT) or similar (e.g. magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) criteria (> 1.5 cm)Xx_NEWLINE_xXBone marrow involvement based on computed tomography (CT) or PET scan at screeningXx_NEWLINE_xXContrast computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain negative for central nervous system metastases within 30 days of treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXHistory of severe reaction to contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have no clinical, radiographic, or laboratory evidence of cancer dissemination to the peritoneal cavity, chest cavity, or spread via hematogenous dissemination; computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT of the chest, abdomen and pelvis must have been obtained within 10 weeks of study entry; there must be no measurable (macroscopic) disease within the radiation target volume following hysterectomy and lymphadenectomyXx_NEWLINE_xXCranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or contrast computed tomography (CT) must have been performed within 21 days of study entry; the use of MRI rather than CT is preferred; the same type of scan, i.e., MRI or CT must be used throughout the period of protocol treatment for tumor measurement; if the surgical procedure was a resection, cranial MRI or contrast CT performed within 96 hours of resection is preferred but not required; if the surgical procedure was a biopsy only, a head CT within 96 hours of the biopsy is acceptable; patients without measurable or assessable disease are eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients must undergo pre-treatment evaluation of tumor extent prior to study entry through imaging studies and clinical examinations, including computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of skull base, brain and neck within 28 days prior to study entry; physical examination +/- nasal endoscopy within 28 days prior to study entry; and CT of the chest within 60 days prior to study entryXx_NEWLINE_xXHistory of uveal melanoma and documented metastatic disease with at least one measurable lesion is required; which is >= 1 cm x 1 cm (on spiral computed tomography [CT] or equivalent)Xx_NEWLINE_xXLocally advanced high-risk carcinoma of the uterine cervix, i.e.: intact cervix (i.e. non-operative) with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage at least IB2 OR post-hysterectomy with either: residual gross disease or para-aortic nodal involvement (either resected or unresected) based upon standard diagnostic workup, including:\r\n* History/physical examination \r\n* Examination under anesthesia (if indicated)\r\n* Biopsy \r\n* Intravenous pyelogram and/or cystoscopy (if indicated)\r\n* Colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, or rigid proctoscopy (if indicated)\r\n* Posteroanterior (PA) and lateral chest x-ray or chest computed tomography (CT)\r\n* CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis\r\n* Positron emission tomography (PET), PET/CT, or PET/CT simulation (encouraged)Xx_NEWLINE_xXRelapse/persistent disease evidenced by a computed tomography and fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET), or bone marrow biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have no evidence of metastatic disease based on routine imaging (computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] of the chest/abdomen/pelvis, bone scan, etc.)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have shown unequivocal radiographic evidence for tumor progression by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan; a scan should be performed within 14 days prior to registration and on a steroid dose that has been stable or decreasing for at least 5 days; if the steroid dose is increased between the date of imaging and registration a new baseline MRI/CT is required; the same type of scan, i.e., MRI or CT must be used throughout the period of protocol treatment for tumor measurement; measurable disease is NOT required\r\n* Note: MRI is the preferable imaging method; CT scan may be used in cases where an MRI cannot be obtainedXx_NEWLINE_xXDisease in the liver must be measurable by computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Xx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease determined using guidelines of Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1; baseline tumor assessment should be performed using high resolution computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one measurable viable tumor in the liver, ?1 cm longest diameter (LD), using a dynamic imaging technique (arterial phase of triphasic computerized tomography [CT] scan, or dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]), and injectable under imaging-guidance (CT and/or ultrasound)Xx_NEWLINE_xXFludeoxyglucose F 18 (FDG)-avid disease by FDG-PET/CT and measurable disease of at least 1.5 cm by CTXx_NEWLINE_xXNo distant metastases, based upon the following minimum diagnostic workup:\r\n* History and physical exam including a detailed description of the location, size and stage of the sarcoma, within 10 weeks prior to study entry\r\n* CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast of the abdomen and pelvis within 8 weeks prior to study entry; the maximal dimension of the primary tumor will be measured in CT and MRI images; and\r\n* CT scan of the chest within 8 weeks prior to study entryXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants with multifocal disease, lymph node or distant metastases; Note: multiple pulmonary nodules < 8 mm without a histological diagnosis detected incidentally in a non-screening CT scan may not be a basis for study exclusion because of the sensitivity/specificity of the CT scans of the chest/abdomen/pelvisXx_NEWLINE_xXAble to undergo diagnostic PET/computed tomography (CT) or PET/CT simulationXx_NEWLINE_xXCT, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or PET/CT imaging of the chest, abdomen, and pelvic regions within 42 days prior to registration (for stage I patients, posterior-anterior [PA] and lateral chest x-ray is sufficient for chest imaging)Xx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of distant metastasis on upright chest x-ray (CXR), computed tomography (CT) or other staging studiesXx_NEWLINE_xXClinical stage II and III NSCLC based on American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Cancer Staging Manual, seventh edition; acceptable imaging modalities to document nodal positivity include computed tomography (CT) chest, positron emission tomography (PET)-CT, or thoracic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXActive central nervous system (CNS) involvement by malignancy (patients with known positive cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] cytology or parenchymal lesions visible by computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]); except in the case of viral associated malignancies in which case the patient may benefit from the transplant to control the malignancyXx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of distant metastatic disease as documented by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXTumor volume occupies less than 50% of liver by volume as assessed by computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan within 4 weeks of treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with evidence on prior imaging (bone scan, CT, or MRI) suggestive of disseminated disease will not be eligible (imaging not required for eligibility)Xx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of distant metastasis; (determined by computed tomography [CT] scan, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], and/or bone scan prior to the simulation appointment; imaging results from University of Pennsylvania Health System [UPHS] will supersede results from similar scans from an outside facility)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) of the head showing no central nervous system (CNS) metastases within 6 weeks of study entryXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must receive an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/computed tomography (CT) of the brain or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT within 6 months of consenting; if new lesions are present, principal investigator (PI) or his designee should make final determination regarding enrollment (Turnstile I)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMRI/CT of brain within 42 days of lymphodepletion; CT scan of chest/abdomen/pelvis or PET/CT within 30 days of lymphodepletion; Exception: patients randomized to receive dendritic cells may have an MRI of the brain within 30 days of lymphodepletion (Turnstile II-Chemotherapy/Cell Infusion-Inclusion Criteria)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients are eligible for transplantation if there is no evidence of progressive disease by imaging modalities or biopsy; persistent positron emission tomography (PET) activity, though possibly related to lymphoma, is not an exclusion criterion in the absence of computed tomography (CT) changes indicating progressionXx_NEWLINE_xXNo space occupying lesion on computed tomography (CT) scan of the liver i.e. normal CT scan post-resection; small lesion in the liver after resection can be ablated by alcohol injection or radio frequency ablation and can make patient eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have measurable disease defined by at least one of the following criteria:\r\n* Lesions greater than 1.5 cm that can be accurately measured in two dimensions by computed tomography (CT) (preferred), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXKnown incompatibility to CT or PET scans.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with solid tumors must have measurable or evaluable (for neuroblastoma and Ewing sarcoma) disease. Tumor assessment will be done via computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT). Tumor lesions situated in a previously irradiated area, or in an area subjected to other loco-regional therapy, may be considered measurable if there has been demonstrated progression in the lesion. Bone scans (if clinically indicated) should be obtained within ? 4 weeks prior to the start of treatment.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease:\r\n* For nodal or extranodal disease (lymphoma or breast): must have at least 2 lesions that are >= 20 mm (2.0 cm) in the longest diameter by physical exam and/or on cross-sectional imaging and measurable in two perpendicular dimensions per computed tomography PET-computed tomography (CT), that are amenable to intralesional injections as determined by interventional radiology (including tumors that can be safely accessed using imaging guidance and treated with minimal risk to adjacent structures)\r\n* For cutaneous lesions (lymphoma or breast): at least two visible, non-infected skin lesions that are greater than 1 cm and are amenable to intralesional injectionXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable or assessable disease: measurable disease is defined as measurable by computed tomography (CT) (dedicated CT or the CT portion of a positron emission tomography [PET]/CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): to be considered measurable, there must be at least one lesion that has a single diameter of >= 1.5 cm \r\n* NOTE: Skin lesions can be used if the area is >= 1.5 cm in at least one diameter and photographed with a ruler; patients with assessable disease by PET are also eligible as long as the assessable disease is biopsy proven lymphomaXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of progressive disease by imaging modalities or biopsy-persistent positron emission tomography (PET) activity, though possibly related to lymphoma, is not an exclusion criterion in the absence of computed tomography (CT) changes indicating progressionXx_NEWLINE_xXConfirmed presence of hepatocellular carcinoma indicated on computed tomography, magnetic resonance, or other imaging techniques within 3 months prior to screeningXx_NEWLINE_xXStaging evaluation within 42 days of enrollment consisting of staging laparoscopy, computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis, and positron emission tomography (PET) scan will be acquired; also endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) tumor and nodal staging will be requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXBaseline staging prior to chemoRT initiation must be obtained. If stage IV, there must be documentation by PET/CT scan, CT scan, or MRI, that the patient has evidence of measurable distant disease per RECIST 1.1. Note: Patients with stage IV disease should have limited but measurable metastatic disease (one or two organs involved e.g., liver and lung) and primary tumor deemed resectable.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAnn-Arbor Stage 2 (non-contiguous), 3, or 4 disease per Lugano Classification Radiographically measurable lymphadenopathy or extranodal lymphoid malignancy (defined as the presence of ? 1 lesion that measures ? 1.5 cm in the longest dimension (LD) and ? 1.0 cm in the longest perpendicular dimension (LPD) as assessed by positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT), computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXDocumented malignant biliary obstruction requiring endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) guided stenting; documentation of malignancy will be made before the scheduled procedure and rapid pathology readings will not be used as a documentation of malignancy; documentation of malignancy may be in the form of;\r\n* Histology (bile duct biopsy)\r\n* Liver or pancreas fine needle aspiration (FNA), biliary\r\n* Brush cytology\r\n* Malignant ascites\r\n* Peritoneal biopsy\r\n* Cross sectional imaging (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] or computed tomography [CT] scan) and abnormal liver function tests (findings compatible with obstruction)Xx_NEWLINE_xXImaging of abdomen (CT or CT colonogram or MRI or PET or Ultrasound) within 16 months prior to randomizationXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging based on RECIST 1.1 as determined by site radiology.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease per RECIST 1.1 assessed by computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease, defined as at least one lesion that is ? 15 mm (? 1.5 cm) in the longest axis on cross-sectional imaging and measurable in two perpendicular dimensions per spiral computed tomography (CT) scan or positron-emission tomography (PET)-CT scanXx_NEWLINE_xXPositron emission tomography (PET)-positive diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one uni-dimensional measurable lesion by computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) according to RECIST (RECIST version 1.1) and no older than 28 days before start of the study treatment. Tumor lesions situated in a previously irradiated area, or in an area subjected to other loco-regional therapy, may be considered measurable if there has been demonstrated progression in the lesion.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have imaging of the chest/abdomen/pelvis, preferably with a computed tomography (CT) scan, and a bone scan within 4 weeks prior to randomization; (NOTE: if a patient is unable to receive CT contrast, a magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] of the abdomen/pelvis and non-contrast chest CT should be performed; positron emission tomography/computed tomography [PET/CT] is not an acceptable alternative)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHigh-quality cross-sectional imaging by computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonant imaging (MRI) performed within 6 weeks prior to enrollment and showed a resectable, but high-risk, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCCA) confined to the liver, bile duct, and /or regional lymph nodes. Tumors will be considered high-risk if the high-quality, contrast-enhanced CT and/or MRI +/- positron emission tomography (PET) scan showed:\r\n* T-stage >= Ib (Ib – IV)\r\n* Solitary lesion > 5 cm\r\n* Multifocal tumors or satellite lesions present confined to the same lobe of the liver as the dominant lesion but still technically resectable\r\n* Presence of major vascular invasion but still technically resectable\r\n* Suspicious or involved regional lymph nodes (N1)\r\n* No distant extrahepatic disease (M0)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHigh-quality cross-sectional imaging (computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) performed within 4 weeks prior to enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of metastatic disease or nodal disease as determined by radionuclide bone scans and computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); non-pathological lymph nodes must be less than 20 mm in the short (transverse) axis.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease defined as:\r\n* Computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/ or positron emission tomography (PET) scan, with at least one nodal site of disease which is 1.5 cm in longest dimension, and/or spleen > 13 cm in vertical length, and/or diffuse enlargement of liver with or without focal nodules (Lugano 2014); extra nodal sites with biopsy proven abnormal lesions are allowed including skin\r\n* Patients with only bone marrow involvement will be acceptableXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one lesion (measurable and/or non-measurable) that can be accurately assessed at baseline by computed tomography (CT), positron-emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or bone scan and is suitable for repeated assessmentXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least 1 radiographically measureable lesion by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) per RECIST 1.1 criteria. Target lesions may be located in a previously irradiated field if there is documented (radiographic) disease progression in that siteXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have measurable disease per RECIST 1.1 as assessed by computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). a. Lesion/s deemed accessible to biopsy for both before and on-treatment biopsies.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of metastatic disease on bone or computed tomography (CT) scan \r\n* Evaluable disease progression by modified RECIST 1.1 (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors)\r\n* Bone disease on bone scanXx_NEWLINE_xXClinical T1N0M0 (=< 7 cm) renal mass as measured on cross-sectional imaging (computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI])Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of metastatic disease on baseline imaging (chest x-ray [CXR] or chest CT, abdominal CT or MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXComputed tomography (CT) scan and MRI of the pelvis within 120 days prior to enrollment (note: [a] if patient has medical contraindication to MRI, an exemption will be granted and enrollment can proceed [b] for patients with PSA < 1.0 ng/mL, the treatment planning CT can substitute for a diagnostic CT scan)Xx_NEWLINE_xXBone scan within 120 days prior to enrollment; if the bone scan is suspicious, a plain x?ray and/or MRI must\r\nbe obtained to rule out metastasis, and advanced imaging (e.g., 18NaF positron emission tomography [PET]/CT) is strongly recommendedXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have pathologically-proven adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal (GE)-junction, stage M0, as established by both imaging and surgical pathologic staging.\r\n* Imaging: Clinical stage of M0 will be established by either computed tomography (CT) (chest with contrast and abdomen/pelvis with and without contrast), or CT/positron emission tomography (PET) (skull base to mid-thigh). This is standard post-surgery imaging.\r\n*Surgery: Surgical pathologic staging must be M0.Xx_NEWLINE_xX? 5 metastases on conventional imaging with computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen/pelvis and whole body bone scanXx_NEWLINE_xXFor diseases other than LPL and CLL, presence of radiographically measurable lymphadenopathy or extra-nodal lymphoid malignancy (defined as the presence of >= 1 lesion that measures >= 2.0 cm in the longest dimension [LD] and >= 1.0 cm in the longest perpendicular dimension [LPD] as assessed by computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]); for LPL, measurable disease will be defined as serum monoclonal IgM > 0.5 g/dL or meeting at least 1 of the recommendations from the Second International Workshop on LPL for requiring treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXBLADDER: Patients may not have evidence of metastatic disease on baseline computed tomography (CT) or magnetic imaging resonance of the chest, abdomen, or pelvisXx_NEWLINE_xXThe subject has had an assessment of all known disease sites eg, by computerized tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bone scan as appropriate, within 28 days before the first dose of cabozantinibXx_NEWLINE_xXStaging computed tomography (CT) scans done prior to enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXActive and untreated central nervous system (CNS) metastasis (including metastasis identified during screening magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] or contrast computed tomography [CT]).Xx_NEWLINE_xXLocally advanced (including unresectable or borderline resectable) pancreatic cancer based on computed tomography (CT) imaging, as determined by the principal investigator (PI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNew or progressive pulmonary infiltrates on screening chest x-ray or chest computed tomography (CT) scan unless cleared for study by pulmonary. Infiltrates attributed to infection must be stable/improving (with associated clinical improvement) after 1 week of appropriate therapy (4 weeks for presumed or documented fungal infections).Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a FDG-PET-computed tomography (CT) of chest, abdomen, and pelvis within 28 days of enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPre-operative scans including MRI/computed tomography (CT) neck and, CT chest with contrast; if contrast is contraindicated, staging positron emission tomography (PET) or PET-CT is acceptable although high quality/diagnostic cross-sectional imaging of the head and neck area is recommendedXx_NEWLINE_xXRadiologic workup must demonstrate that the disease is confined to the abdominal cavity and/or is not metabolically active on PET (positron emission tomography scan), outside of the abdominal cavityXx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients must have measurable disease by imaging defined as tumor that can be measured >= 10 mm with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (primary modality of imaging) or computed tomography (CT) (as an alternative) or >= 10 mm by caliper on physical examinationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with non-measurable disease < 10 mm on multiparametric MRI or CT scan will be excludedXx_NEWLINE_xXClinical evidence of local recurrence or distant metastases; Note: all patients must have either a positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) or a CT of chest, abdomen and pelvis and a bone scan; if one or more of these is concerning for distant metastases, follow-up imaging and/or biopsy should be performed to rule out distant metastases prior to randomizationXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have shown unequivocal evidence for tumor progression by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan\r\n* For Cohort 2 subjects, CT or MRI within 14 days prior to study registration; for Cohort 2, corticosteroid dose must be stable or decreasing for at least 5 days prior to the scan; if steroids are added or the steroid dose is increased between the date of the screening MRI or CT scan and the start of treatment, a new baseline MRI or CT is required\r\n* For Cohort 1 subjects, CT or MRI should be performed ideally within 14 days prior to study registration, it is acceptable for this MRI/CT to have been performed greater than 14 days prior to registration if unavoidable; furthermore, fluctuation in corticosteroid dose around this MRI does not warrant repeat scan so long as there is documented unequivocal evidence of tumor progression availableXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable or evaluable disease on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan per RECIST version (v)1.1Xx_NEWLINE_xXDiagnostic quality, cross sectional imaging of the thorax within 28 days prior to registration; 18-F-FDG-PET/CT or conventional CT are acceptable.Xx_NEWLINE_xXDiagnostic quality CT or MRI of neck, with contrast, within 28 days prior to registration; a 18-F-FDG-PET/CT of the neck only is acceptable as a substitute if the CT is of diagnostic quality and with IV contrast.Xx_NEWLINE_xXThe tumor must be clinically determined to be locally advanced stage II or stage III rectal cancer, and must also meet any ONE of the following criteria:\r\n* Distal location (as defined by measurement on magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], transrectal ultrasound [ERUS]/pelvic computed tomography [CT] [with IV contrast] scan or palpable on digital rectal examination [DRE]): cT3-4 =< 5 cm from the anal verge, any N\r\n* Bulky: any cT4 or evidence that the tumor is adjacent to (defined as within 3 mm of) the mesorectal fascia on MRI or ERUS/pelvic CT (with IV contrast) scan\r\n* High risk for metastatic disease with 4 or more regional lymph nodes (cN2); clinical nodal or \cN\ status for eligibility includes the total number of nodes (N2 = 4 or more) in the mesorectal and superior rectal stations measuring >= 1.0 cm in any axis on cross sectional or endoscopic imaging; Note: nodes must measure 1.0 cm or greater to be considered positive for this eligibility requirement\r\n* Not a candidate for sphincter-sparing surgical resection prior to neoadjuvant therapy (as planned by the primary surgeon)\r\n** Note: clinical stage of the primary tumor and nodes may be determined locally by rectal endoscopic ultrasound or pelvic MRI (MRI is strongly preferred); CT scan with IV contrast is acceptable provided there is evidence of T4 and/or N2 diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXDefinitive clinical or radiologic evidence of metastatic disease; required imaging studies must have been performed within 28 days prior to randomization; Note: Distant clinical staging to exclude patients with overt metastatic disease is determined by:\r\n* Chest: CT scan (preferred); chest x-ray posterioranterior (PA) and lateral (acceptable); or positron emission tomography (PET) scan (acceptable)\r\n* Abdomen: CT scan with IV contrast (preferred); or MRI (acceptable)\r\n* Pelvis: MRI (preferred) or CT scan with IV contrast (acceptable)\r\n** (It is recommended that the same imaging tests that are performed before randomization be used at follow-up time points; Note: CT scans of the abdomen and pelvis must be performed with IV contrast)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have stage III-IVB head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) (American Joint Committee on Cancer [AJCC] seventh [7th] edition) based on the following minimum diagnostic workup within 60 days prior to step 1 registration: \r\n* General history and physical examination by a radiation oncologist, medical oncologist, and/or ear, nose and throat (ENT) or head & neck surgeon\r\n* For larynx, hypopharynx, and base of tongue primaries, a laryngopharyngoscopy (mirror and/or fiberoptic and/or direct procedure) is required, unless the patient cannot tolerate or refuses\r\n* Imaging of the head and neck with a neck CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (with contrast, unless contraindicated) or PET/CT (with contrast, unless contraindicated)\r\n* Chest imaging: chest CT with and without contrast (unless contraindicated) or PET/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have localized disease with a primary tumor >= 5 cm by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXPathologic stage III or IV HNSCC, including no distant metastases, based on the following minimum diagnostic workup:\r\n* General history/physical examination by a radiation oncologist and/or medical oncologist within 84 days prior to registration\r\n* Examination by an ear nose and throat (ENT) or head & neck surgeon prior to surgery; a laryngopharyngoscopy (mirror and/or fiberoptic and/or direct procedure), if appropriate, is recommended but not required; intra-operative examination is acceptable documentation\r\n* Pre-op Imaging of the head and neck: a neck computerized tomography (CT) (with contrast) or CT/positron emission tomography (PET) (with contrast) and/or an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the neck (T1 with gadolinium and T2) within 84 days prior to surgery; note: this imaging data (diagnostic pre-operative scan showing gross disease) is to be submitted in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format via transfer of images and data (TRIAD); the report is to be uploaded into Rave\r\n* Chest imaging with either a CT scan (with or without contrast) or CT/PET (with or without contrast) that includes the chest within 120 days prior to registration; Note: if the CT/PET with or without contrast is done within 84 days prior to surgery, it fulfills the chest imaging requirementXx_NEWLINE_xXPathologic stage III or IV HNSCC, including no distant metastases, based upon the following minimum diagnostic workup:\r\n* General history and physical examination by a radiation oncologist and/or medical oncologist within 84 days prior to registration;\r\n* Examination by an ear nose throat (ENT) or head & neck surgeon prior to surgery; a laryngopharyngoscopy (mirror and/or fiber optic and/or direct procedure), if appropriate, is recommended but not required; intra-operative examination is acceptable documentation\r\n* Pre-operative (op) Imaging of the head and neck: A neck computed tomography (CT) (with contrast) or CT/positron emission tomography (PET) (with contrast) and/or an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the neck (T1 with gadolinium and T2) within 84 days prior to surgery; Note: this imaging data (diagnostic pre-operative scan showing gross disease) is to be submitted in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format via TRIAD; the report is to be uploaded into Rave\r\n* Chest CT scan (with or without contrast) or CT/PET that includes the chest (with or without contrast) either within 84 days prior to surgery or within 120 days prior to registration; Note: if the CT/PET with or without contrast is done within 84 days prior to surgery, it fulfills the chest imaging requirementXx_NEWLINE_xXCT imaging review submission to confirm unilateral pleural involvement; this review for CT imaging is mandatory prior to registration to confirm eligibility; it should be initiated as soon as possible after pre-registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXSymptomatic or untreated leptomeningeal or brain metastases or spinal cord compression as documented by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, analysis of cerebrospinal fluid or neurological exam; patients with primary glioblastoma multiforme are excludedXx_NEWLINE_xXHave been more than 1 month and less than 3 months after the completion of planned adjuvant chemotherapy and no definitive evidence of recurrent disease on screening imaging (computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]); if adjuvant treatment is not planned, then patients must be more than 1 month and less than 3 months after resection of their pancreas cancerXx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease as demonstrated by bone scan, computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis, or chest x-rayXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must be able to tolerate imaging requirements of an 18-FDG-PET-CT scanXx_NEWLINE_xXDocumented disease refractory to at least one PD1/PD-L1 inhibitor, defined as disease progression following at least 2 infusions of the same drug; radiographic disease progression will be documented by the institutional radiologist based on any radiographic evidence (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], computed tomography [CT], positron emission tomography [PET], or other modalities, etc.) of disease progression on two separate radiographic scans assessment obtained at least 4 weeks apart; this minimum 4-week interval is required to define PD-1 inhibitor resistance based on imaging; alternatively, clinical disease progression may be documented on examination by the treating investigatorXx_NEWLINE_xXComputed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 14 days prior to start of study therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXMelanoma cohort only: measurable disease defined as at least one lesion whose longest diameter can be accurately measured as >= 2.0 cm with chest x-ray, or as >= 1.0 cm with computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan; or CT component of a positron emission tomography (PET)/CT; NOTE: disease that is measurable by physical examination only is not eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXGynecologic cancer cohort only: measureable disease, defined as at least one lesion whose longest diameter can be accurately measured as >= 2.0 cm with chest x-ray, or as >= 1.0 cm with CT scan or MRI scan; or CT component of a PET/CT; NOTE: Disease that is measurable by physical examination only is not eligible; EXCEPTION: Patients with ovarian, fallopian, or peritoneal cancer without measurable disease are eligible if two pretreatment CA125 values (documented on two occasions taken at least one week apart) are at least twice the upper limit of normal or twice the nadir value if pretreatment CA125 values never normalized.Xx_NEWLINE_xXThe patient must be free of unresectable metastatic disease within 4 weeks prior to the surgery being performed with the intention to remove all melanoma; this pre-surgery baseline assessment must be documented by complete physical examination and imaging studies; imaging studies must include a total body positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) in conjunction with a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (or head CT if brain MRI is contraindicated); if a PET/CT scan cannot be done, a CT of the neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis should be performedXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) (with and without contrast) that is free of active metastases; metastases that have been treated with radiation or surgical resection, are stable for at least 4 weeks and do not require steroids are eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 7th edition (ed) inoperable stage II disease requiring chemoradiation therapy or stage IIIA or IIIB NSCLC based on appropriate staging studies including brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or head computed tomography (CT), CT chest, and fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scanXx_NEWLINE_xXAssessable disease with a positive bone scan and/or measurable disease on computed tomography (CT) scan and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen and pelvisXx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients must have disease-free status documented by a complete physical examination and imaging studies within 4 weeks prior to randomization; imaging studies must include a total body positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) scan (with or without brain) and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or CT (if MRI is contraindicated); if PET-CT cannot be done, CT of neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis should be done\r\n* If for some reason a CT cannot be done, an MRI may be done instead; any other imaging studies if performed (eg, bone scan) must show no evidence of diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease, defined as one or more of the following:\r\n* Lymphocytosis >= 5000 in peripheral blood\r\n* Measurable lymph nodes > 1.5 cm on palpation and/or computed tomography (CT) scan\r\n* Organomegaly by physical exam and/or CT scanXx_NEWLINE_xXDiagnosis of liver-only HCC based on European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) criteria (radiographic lesion appearance on contrast-enhanced computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], i.e. enhancement on early arterial phase, washout on portal venous phase with or without associated elevation of serum AFP level > 200 U/ml) or histologic confirmation of HCC diagnosis, whichever is applicableXx_NEWLINE_xXIf remission status < 1 year for NHL, complete remission documented by computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET)-CT scan within 3 months of study entryXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have measurable disease by computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have metastatic disease radiographically documented by CT/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or bone scan; measurable disease is not necessary for inclusionXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have radiographically measurable disease (with the exception of those with neuroblastoma)\r\n* Measurable disease is defined as the presence of at least one lesion on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan that can be accurately measured with the longest diameter a minimum of 10 mm in at least one dimension (CT scan slice thickness no greater than 5 mm)\r\n* Note: the following do not qualify as measurable disease: \r\n** Malignant fluid collections (e.g., ascites, pleural effusions)\r\n** Bone marrow infiltration except that detected by metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scan for neuroblastoma\r\n** Lesions only detected by nuclear medicine studies (e.g., bone, gallium or positron emission tomography [PET] scans) except as noted in patients with neuroblastoma who do not have measurable disease but have MIBG-avid evaluable disease \r\n** Elevated tumor markers in plasma or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) \r\n** Previously radiated lesions that have not demonstrated clear progression post radiation \r\n** Leptomeningeal lesions that do not meet the measurements noted aboveXx_NEWLINE_xXNew or progressive pulmonary infiltrates on screening chest x-ray or chest computed tomography (CT) scan that has not been evaluated with bronchoscopy; infiltrates attributed to infection must be stable/improving (with associated clinical improvement) after 1 week of appropriate therapy (4 weeks for presumed or documented fungal infections); surgical resection waives any waiting requirementsXx_NEWLINE_xXNegative metastatic workup with bone scan and computed tomography (CT) abdomen/pelvis, within 6 months of study treatment, if indicated by PSA > 10Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must demonstrate >= 75% disease reduction on computed tomography (CT) scan (confirmed by positron emission tomography [PET] scan) after the third cycle of R-EPOCH relative to baseline, with no evidence of disease progression after the fifth cycleXx_NEWLINE_xXComputed tomography (CT) chest, abdomen, and pelvis performedXx_NEWLINE_xXClinical stage T1-T2, N1-N2b or T3, N0-N2b (American Joint Committee on Cancer [AJCC], 7th edition [ed.]) including no distant metastases based on the following diagnostic workup:\r\n* General history and physical examination within 56 days prior to registration\r\n* Fiberoptic exam with laryngopharyngoscopy (mirror and/or fiberoptic and/or direct procedure) within 70 days prior to registration\r\n* One of the following combinations of imaging is required within 56 days prior to registration:\r\n** A CT scan of the neck (with contrast) and a chest CT scan (with or without contrast)\r\n** Or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the neck (with contrast) and a chest CT scan (with or without contrast)\r\n** Or a CT scan of neck (with contrast) and a PET/CT of neck and chest (with or without contrast)\r\n** Or an MRI of the neck (with contrast) and a PET/CT of neck and chest (with or without contrast)\r\n*** Note: a CT scan of neck and/or a PET/CT performed for the purpose of radiation planning may serve as both staging and planning toolsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be able to tolerate computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or PET imaging including contrast agentsXx_NEWLINE_xXKnown contraindication to enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXAppropriate stage for protocol entry, including no distant metastases, based upon the following minimum diagnostic workup:\r\n* History/physical examination, including documentation of height, weight, body surface area [BSA], and vital signs, within 30 days prior to registration\r\n* Computed tomography (CT) with IV contrast or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging (if CT scan with contrast is medically contraindicated) of the lung and upper abdomen through the adrenal glands, required within 45 days prior to registration (recommended within 30 days prior to registration\r\n* MRI of the brain with contrast (or CT with contrast if MRI is medically contraindicated) within 45 days prior to registration; note: the use of intravenous contrast is required for the MRI or CT; an MRI without contrast is only permitted if the patient has a contrast allergy\r\n* Whole-body fludeoxyglucose F 18 (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)/CT required within 45 days prior to registration (recommended within 30 days prior to registration; note: patients do not need to have a separate CT of the chest and upper abdomen with contrast if PET/CT imaging includes a high quality CT with contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXSolid tumor patients must be off corticosteroids prior to registration; if GBM patient is receiving corticosteroids, patient must be on a stable or decreasing dose of corticosteroids for at least 5 days prior to baseline magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT); if steroids are added or the steroids dose is increased between the date of the screening MRI or CT and the start of treatment, a new baseline MRI or CT is requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically confirmed cancer with measurable or evaluable brain metastases by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); MRI is preferred, but a CT scan is acceptable for patients that are unable to have an MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXComputerized tomography (CT) urogram or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) urogram; if urogram protocol not available or contrast allergy/poor renal function preclude such imaging, then noncontrast CT or MRI of the abdomen/pelvis within 45 days of study entry will sufficeXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with AST or alkaline phosphatase > ULN are eligible for inclusion in the study if liver imaging (computed tomography [CT], MRI, positron emission tomography [PET]-CT, or PET scan) performed within 6 weeks prior to randomization does not demonstrate metastatic disease and the requirements are metXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with alkaline phosphatase that is > ULN but =< 2.5 x ULN or unexplained bone pain are eligible for inclusion in the study if a bone scan, PET-CT scan, or PET scan performed within 6 weeks prior to randomization does not demonstrate metastatic diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXUnresectable by radiographic criteria (pancreas protocol computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) or exploration within 30 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXNo distant metastases, based upon the following minimum diagnostic workup:\r\n* History/physical examination within 30 days prior to registration\r\n* Whole body fludeoxyglucose F 18 (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)/CT within 30 days prior to registration\r\n** NOTE: if whole-body FDG-PET/CT is not performed, CT of the chest and CT (or MRI) of abdomen and pelvis must be obtained (imaging of abdomen and pelvis need not be repeated if already included in pancreas protocol study)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNew progressive pulmonary infiltrates on screening chest x-ray or chest computed tomography (CT) scan for which evaluation with bronchoscopy is not feasible; infiltrates attributed to infection must be stable/improving (with associated clinical improvement) after 1 week of appropriate therapy (4 weeks for presumed or documented fungal infections)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have evidence of metastatic medullary thyroid cancer including disease that is evaluable on bone, computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); (patients who are surgical candidates and potentially rendered disease free with surgical resection are not eligible)Xx_NEWLINE_xXDisease evaluable by computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET) imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXNo history of cardiomegaly or bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on chest radiograph or computed tomography (CT); however, patients with cardiomegaly on imaging may be enrolled if they have an assessment of cardiac function (i.e., echocardiography [ECHO] or multi gated acquisition scan [MUGA]) within 3 weeks of starting protocol therapy that is within normal limits; additionally, patients with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on imaging may be enrolled if the lesions are not consistent with active neuroblastoma (i.e., negative on functional imaging with PET or MIBG, or by pathologic assessment)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease as evidenced by soft tissue and/or bony metastases on baseline bone scan and/or computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen or pelvisXx_NEWLINE_xXPretreatment positron emission tomography (PET) computed tomography (CT) scan to rule out metastatic disease \r\n* The primary tumor may not be larger than 8 cm in maximum dimension; mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy can be no larger than 5 cm at any nodal station; if the primary tumor is central in location, defined as within 2 cm from the tracheobronchial tree, it must be no larger than 5 cmXx_NEWLINE_xXAt screening, patients with =< 3 untreated central nervous system (CNS) metastases may be included provided none of the untreated lesions are > 1 cm in greatest dimension, and there is no peri-tumoral edema present on brain imaging (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] or computed tomography [CT] if MRI is contraindicated)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients are preferred to have either a tumor mass amenable to core needle biopsy during the dosimetry phase, or a measurable tumor mass with at least one site of involvement measuring 2.5 cm in largest dimension on computed tomography (CT) imaging for purposes of planar and/or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT tumor dosimetryXx_NEWLINE_xXAppropriate stage for protocol entry, including no distant metastases, based upon the following minimum diagnostic workup:\r\n* History/physical examination within 45 days prior to registration\r\n* Computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or positron emission tomography (PET)-CT including the abdomen and pelvis should be performed for initial radiological staging; this may be performed pre- or post-surgery within 90 days prior to registration; imaging performed post-operatively should show no evidence of residual disease; any evidence of malignancy identified on pre-operative imaging should have been completely resected surgically prior to protocol treatment; chest CT or chest x-ray must be performed within 90 days prior to registration (unless a PET-CT has been performed)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must undergo pre-treatment endoscopic tumor staging and positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) scanningXx_NEWLINE_xXAt screening, patients with =< 3 untreated central nervous system (CNS) metastases may be included provided none of the untreated lesions are > 1 cm in greatest dimension, and there is no peri-tumoral edema present on brain imaging (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] or computed tomography [CT] if MRI is contraindicated)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAppropriate diagnostic imaging performed including a CT or MRI of the brain and CTs of the thorax, abdomen, pelvis; CT of the neck and imaging of the extremities may be indicated depending on the clinical presentation must be complete and satisfactory within 30 days of initiation of chemotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically documented adenocarcinoma of the prostate with metastatic disease as evidenced by soft tissue (e.g. lymphoid) and/or bony metastases on baseline computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis and/or bone scanXx_NEWLINE_xXFDG-PET/CT scan for staging and RT plan within 4 weeks prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXCT scan or sim CT of chest and upper abdomen (IV contrast is recommended unless medically contraindicated) within 6 weeks prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXAble to tolerate PET/CT imaging required to be performed at an American College of Radiology (ACR) Imaging Core Laboratory (Lab) qualified facilityXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease as defined by the Cheson Response Criteria for Malignant Lymphoma with at least one lesion >= 1.0 cm in longest diameter by computed tomography (CT) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of systemic non-Hodgkin lymphoma as demonstrated by a computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis within 6 weeks prior to registration (note: bone marrow biopsy is not required for registration but must be obtained prior to start of treatment)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients will have a baseline computed tomography (CT) chest, abdomen and pelvis within 30 days of registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXThe following minimum diagnostic workup is required:\r\n* History/physical examination within 2 weeks prior to registration\r\n* Imaging of neck and brain (computed tomography [CT] scan or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) and chest/abdominal imaging (chest x-ray or chest CT scan, or full body positron emission tomography [PET]/CT are acceptable) within 4 weeks prior to registration\r\n* Note: the CT scan of the neck must be done with contrast or if an MRI is done, with gadolinium; therefore, the CT portion of a full body PET/CT has to be a high resolution CT to be acceptable for eligibility\r\n* Abdominal imaging must cover the liver and adrenal glands; therefore, separate imaging is not required if these areas are covered by a chest CT scan\r\n* Electrocardiogram within 10 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXStage T1N1-2, T2-3N0-2, according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 7th edition staging, based on the following minimum diagnostic work-up:\r\n* Chest/abdominal/pelvic computed tomography (CT) or whole-body positron emission tomography (PET)/CT (NOTE: if CT is performed at this time point, whole-body PET/CT will be required prior to step 2 registration; PET/CT of skull base to mid-thigh is acceptable) (NOTE: if adenopathy is noted on CT or whole-body PET/CT scan, an endoscopic ultrasound is not required prior to STEP 2 registration as long as adequate tissue has been obtained for central HER2 testing)\r\n* Patients may have regional adenopathy including para-esophageal, gastric, gastrohepatic and celiac nodes; if celiac adenopathy is present, it must be =< 2 cm\r\n* Patients with tumors at the level of the carina or above must undergo bronchoscopy to exclude fistulaXx_NEWLINE_xXAppropriate stage for protocol entry, including no distant metastases, based upon the following minimum diagnostic workup:\r\n* History/physical examination, including a neurological assessment, within 8 weeks of registration\r\n* Evaluation by a thoracic surgeon within 4 weeks of registration; the patient must be deemed potentially operable and resectable to be eligible for the study\r\n* Whole body fludeoxyglucose F 18 (FDG)-PET (or PET/CT) scan within 6 weeks of registration\r\n* A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast of the brain (or CT scan with contrast of brain, if an MRI is medically contraindicated) within 5 weeks of registration\r\n* A CT scan with contrast of the lungs and upper abdomen to complete T and N staging and exclude other ipsilateral or contralateral parenchymal lesions and liver or adrenal metastases within 5 weeks of registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients will only be eligible for this trial if they have disease with tumor measurable on the computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAll responses are to be determined using the response criteria for non-hodgkin’s lymphoma and will include PET/computed tomography (CT) prior to hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients may have measurable or non-measurable disease documented by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 42 days prior to registration; the CT from a combined positron emission tomography (PET)/CT may be used only if it is of diagnostic quality; laboratory parameters are not acceptable as the only evidence of disease; in order to qualify as measurable, measurable disease must be outside previous radiation field; all disease must be assessed and documented on the Baseline Tumor Assessment Form (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors [RECIST] 1.1)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have at least one measurable lesion at baseline by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as per RECIST v1.1 criteria.Xx_NEWLINE_xXFluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-avid disease by positive emission tomography (PET), and measurable disease greater than 1.5 cm in diameterXx_NEWLINE_xXA complete response to front-line chemotherapy must include: negative physical exam, negative pelvic exam and normalization of CA125, if elevated at baseline; although not required, any radiographic assessment of disease status (e.g. CT, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], positron emission tomography [PET]/CT, etc) obtained following the completion of primary therapy should be considered negative for diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma disease by Computed Tomography (CT) / Magnetic Resonance Imagining (MRI) scansXx_NEWLINE_xXOne or more tumors measurable on CT scan/MRI scan per RECIST v 1.1. - Previously irradiated tumors may be eligible if they have clearly progressed in size.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have staging scans with abdominal/pelvic computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan and CT scan or x-ray of the chest within 56 days prior to registration; if alkaline phosphatase is above the treating institution’s upper limit of normal (ULN), presence of suspicious bone pain, or if other clinical suspicion, a whole body bone scan is required within 56 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have baseline imaging within 30 days prior to the start of therapy and satisfy one of the following:\r\n* Measurable disease per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 criteria\r\n* At least one non lymph node lesion of >= 1.0 cm or lymph node >= 1.5 cm in short axis by computerized tomography (CT) scan (CT scan thickness no greater than 5 mm which is serially measurable according to RECIST 1.1 using either computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)\r\n* Lesions that have had radiotherapy must show evidence of progressive disease (PD) based on RECIST 1.1 to be deemed a target lesion\r\n* Non-measurable disease by RECIST 1.1 criteria (includes bone only disease and lesions < 10 mm or lymph nodes < 15 mm in short axis) with rising serum CA15-3 or CA 27.29 or CEA documented by two consecutive measurements taken at least 14 days apart with the most recent measurement being within 42 days prior to registration. The second CA 15-3 or CA 27.29 value must have at least a 20% increase over the first and for CA 15-3 or CA27.29 be greater than or equal to 40 units/mL or for CEA be greater than or equal to 4 ng/mLXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a diagnostic quality contrast-enhanced CT scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis AND baseline FDG-PET scan performed within 28 days prior to registration\r\n* Low-resolution \localization\ CT scans performed as part of a combined PET/CT scan are not adequate for enrollment or response determination on this protocol\r\n* If a patient has an allergy to CT contrast, then a non-enhanced CT will be acceptableXx_NEWLINE_xXAny lesion invading or having encasement ? 180 degrees around the wall of a major blood vessel as assessed by computed tomography (CT) scan and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Xx_NEWLINE_xXPara-aortic nodal involvement above the level of the common iliac nodes or L3/L4 (if biopsy proven, PET positive, or >= 15 mm short-axis diameter on computed tomography [CT])Xx_NEWLINE_xXA minimum of 1 measurable lesion by CT or MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients must have disease-free status documented by a complete physical examination and imaging studies within 42 days prior to registration; imaging studies must include a total body positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) scan that is of diagnostic quality (with or without brain) or a CT of the chest, abdomen and pelvis; for patients with melanoma arising from the head and neck, dedicated neck imaging (CT with IV contrast or PET-CT through the region) is required; if the patient has had unknown primary with disease in the axilla, neck imaging is required to assure region is clear of cancer; CT imaging should be done with intravenous contrast if there are no contraindications for it; any other clinically-indicated imaging studies if performed (e.g. bone scan) must show no evidence of diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have no evidence of disease on post-operative imaging:\r\n* A computed tomography (CT) of the chest must be obtained within 4 weeks prior to randomization with or without contrast\r\n* A CT of the abdomen/pelvis must be obtained within 4 weeks prior to randomization with intravenous (IV) contrast (oral contrast may be added at the radiologist’s discretion); an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen/pelvis with gadolinium may be substituted for the CT if the CT with IV contrast is contra-indicated\r\n* An MRI of the brain with and without gadolinium must be done within 8 weeks prior to randomization; a CT of the brain with and without IV contrast is permitted if MRI is contra-indicated (i.e., pacemaker)Xx_NEWLINE_xXDISEASE RELATED CRITERIA: Patients must have measurable disease documented by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 28 days prior to registration; the CT from a combined positron emission tomography (PET)/CT may be used only if it is of diagnostic quality; non-measurable disease must be assessed within 42 days prior to registration; all known sites of disease must be assessed and documented on the baseline tumor assessment form (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors [RECIST 1.1])Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1, defined as at least one lesion that can be accurately measured in at least one dimension >= 10 mm (>= 1 cm) by computed tomography (CT) imaging or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 42 days prior to registration; the CT from a combined positron emission tomography (PET)/CT may be used only if it is of diagnostic; laboratory parameters are not acceptable as the only evidence of diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXBone scan or positron emission tomography (PET) scan; required only if alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is ?2 x upper limit of normal (ULN) and/or there are symptoms of metastatic bone disease. A confirmatory imaging study is required if the results from the bone scan are questionableXx_NEWLINE_xXComputed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasound of the abdomen and chest; required only if aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or ALP is ?2 x ULNXx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to undergo imaging by either CT scan or MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXPhase I (Cohorts T, and T2): Greater than or equal to (>/=) 1 bi-dimensionally measurable lesion on computed tomography (CT) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must not have any evidence of residual or metastatic renal cell cancer on computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, all with oral and intravenous (IV) contrast after nephrectomy and within a maximum of 28 days prior to registration; a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the abdomen/pelvis with gadolinium and a non-contrast CT of the chest is an acceptable imaging alternative; non-contrast CT of the chest/abdomen/pelvis should only be performed if, in the opinion of the investigator, it is in the best medical interest of the patient to not receive IV contrast of any form; NOTE: positron emission tomography (PET)/CT is not an acceptable imaging alternative; patients who display subcentimeter pulmonary nodules (by CT scan) that are non-specific and considered unlikely to represent metastatic disease by the treating investigator will be considered eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xX(B) Bone lesions (lytic or osteopenic) one or more bone lesions on skeletal radiography, Computed tomography (CT), or PET-CTXx_NEWLINE_xX>1 focal lesions detected by functional imaging including PET/CT and/or whole body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) AND have measurable disease by protein electrophoresis analyses as defined by the following:Xx_NEWLINE_xXSteroids as premedication for hypersensitivity reactions (eg, computed tomography (CT) scan premedication);Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease in the pancreas; computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs) used to assess measurable disease must have been completed within 28 days prior to registration; all disease must be assessed and documented on the baseline tumor assessment formXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have resectable primary tumor based on contrast-enhanced CT or MRI (CT or MRI without contrast as part of positron emission tomography [PET]/CT or PET/MRI is NOT acceptable; CT or MRI with contrast as part of PET/CT or PET/MRI is acceptable) of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis; the local interpreting radiologist must review the scans and sign the S1505 local radiology checklist prior to registration; resectable is defined as:\r\n* No involvement of the celiac artery, common hepatic artery, and superior mesenteric artery (and, if present, replaced right hepatic artery)\r\n* No involvement, or < 180 degrees interface between tumor and vessel wall, of the portal vein and/or superior mesenteric vein; and patent portal vein/splenic vein confluence\r\n* No evidence of metastatic disease; lymphadenopathy (defined as nodes measuring > 1 cm in short axis) outside the surgical basin (i.e., para-aortic, peri-caval, celiac axis, or distant nodes) is considered M1 disease and makes the patient ineligible; if, however, such nodes are biopsied and are negative, then enrollment can be considered after review with the study chairs\r\n* Note: for tumors of the body and tail of the pancreas, involvement of the splenic artery and vein of any degree is considered resectable diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXRadiological or clinical evidence (bone scan, computerized tomography [CT], and magnetic resonance Imaging [MRI]) of recurrence or progression within 30 days before randomizationXx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients must have no evidence of persistent or metastatic disease as documented by a post-resection computed tomography (CT) of the chest/abdomen/pelvis or by CT chest + magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abdomen/pelvis; the post-resection imaging studies should be performed within 4 weeks of registration on studyXx_NEWLINE_xXAbdominal/pelvic computed tomography (CT) scan with contrast is preferred; abdominal CT alone is acceptable only if insurance restrictions are experienced; chest CT/x-ray (CT of chest preferred) within 31 days of registration on study (or within 31 days prior to day 1 of chemo post-surgery for those patients having started chemotherapy prior to first step registration); patients allergic to intravenous (IV) contrast can have magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen/pelvis insteadXx_NEWLINE_xXClinical stage T1, N1-2 or T2-4a, N0-2, M0 including no distant metastases, based upon the following minimum diagnostic workup:\r\n* General history and physical examination by a radiation oncologist and/or medical oncologist within 8 weeks prior to registration\r\n* Examination by an ear, nose and throat (ENT) or head & neck surgeon, within 8 weeks prior to registration; a laryngopharyngoscopy (mirror and/or fiberoptic and/or direct procedure) is recommended but not required\r\n* Chest x-ray (at a minimum) or chest computed tomography (CT) scan (with or without contrast) or CT/positron emission tomography (PET) of chest (with or without contrast) within 8 weeks prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable nodal disease by computed tomography (CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have metastatic disease that is measurable; computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)s used to assess measurable disease must have been completed within 28 days prior to registration; CT scans or MRIs used to assess non-measurable disease must have been completed within 42 days prior to registration; all disease must be assessed and documented on the Baseline Tumor Assessment FormXx_NEWLINE_xXSteroids as premedication for hypersensitivity reactions (eg, computed tomography [CT] scan premedication)Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubject has metastatic prostate cancer documented by positive bone scan (for bone disease) or metastatic lesions on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan (for soft tissue). Subjects whose disease spread is limited to regional pelvic lymph nodes are not eligible.Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects with bone dominant disease with at least 2 skeletal metastases identified at baseline by bone scintigraphy and confirmed by CT/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Presence of metastases in soft tissue (skin, subcutaneous, muscle, fat, lymph nodes)and/or visceral metastases is allowed.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one bi-dimensionally measurable nodal lesion >1.5 cm in its longest diameter by computed tomography (CT) scan or MRI, as defined by the Lugano ClassificationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable metastatic disease; computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)s used to assess measurable disease must have been completed within 28 days prior to registration; CT scans or MRIs used to assess non-measurable disease must have been completed within 42 days prior to registration; CT scans or MRIs must be assessed and documented on the Baseline Tumor Assessment Form (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors [RECIST] 1.1)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease (at least 1 lesion of >= 1.5 cm in one diameter) as detected by computed tomography (CT) or the CT images of the positron emission tomography (PET)/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have at least one bi-dimensionally measurable lesion (greater than [>] 1.5 centimeters [cm] in its largest dimension by CT scan or Magnetic Resonance Imaging [MRI])Xx_NEWLINE_xXCT scan with IV contrast (CT scan without contrast acceptable if IV contrast is medically contraindicated) of the lung and upper abdomen through the adrenal glands within 60 days prior to registration (recommended within 30 days prior to registration)Xx_NEWLINE_xXWhole-body FDG-PET/CT within 60 days prior to registration; Note: patients do not need to have a separate CT of chest and upper abdomen with contrast if PET/CT imaging includes a high quality CT chest with contrast.Xx_NEWLINE_xXActive or untreated central nervous system (CNS) metastases as determined by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluationXx_NEWLINE_xXImaging (positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scan, CT scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) of chest, abdomen, and pelvis must be performed within 90 days prior to randomization and must demonstrate no evidence of metastatic disease. If findings noted in imaging study reports are equivocal, the determination of whether or not the findings represent metastatic disease will be at the investigator's discretion.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one bi-dimensionally measurable lesion (>1.5 cm in its largest dimension by CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI])Xx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease documented by greater than or equal to (>=) 1 bone lesions on 99mTc bone scan. Participants with a single bone lesion must have confirmation of bone metastasis by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease determined by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease on cross section imaging by CT (computed tomography) that is at least 1.5 cm in the longest diameter and measurable in two perpendicular dimensions as defined by IWG (International Working Group) response criteria for NHL (non-Hodgkin Lymphoma).Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have metastatic disease. Baseline imaging of chest, abdomen and pelvis (CT or MRI) within 21 days prior to initiation of protocol therapy is required.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have at least one measurable lesion that can be followed for response assessment on baseline imaging obtained no more than 28 days prior to beginning study therapy. Baseline and follow up radiological disease assessment must include bone scans performed with either Technetium-99m labeled diphosphonates or Fluorine-18 sodium fluoride PET or PET/CT, as per the local standard of care for patients with prostate cancer.Xx_NEWLINE_xXBidimensional measurable disease of at least 1.5 cm in the greatest transverse diameter as documented by computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET)/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have histologically or cytologically confirmed invasive squamous, basaloid, or cloacogenic carcinoma of the anal canal; pathology must be reviewed by the treating institution; patients must be clinically staged as T stage 1-4 and N0-N3 stage, based upon the following minimum diagnostic work-up:\r\n* History/physical examination within 42 days prior to registration\r\n* Anal examination with mandatory biopsy and any of the following: colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, rigid proctoscopy, or anoscopy; digital rectal examination (performed at the discretion of the treating physician) with documentation of primary anal lesion size, distance from the anal verge, and anal tone is also recommended\r\n* Groin examination with documentation of any groin adenopathy and lymphadenopathy (location: right vs. left, medial vs. lateral, mobile vs. fixed, and size)\r\n* A biopsy is not needed for pathologically enlarged or clinically suspicious inguinal, perirectal, or pelvic lymph nodes on examination, computed tomography (CT) scan, or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT and will be considered clinically positive\r\n* No evidence of distant metastatic disease as determined by CT scan with contrast, or PET/CT scan of the chest within 42 days prior to registration and CT scan with contrast, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or PET/CT of the abdomen and pelvis within 42 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXPretreatment evaluations required for eligibility include:\r\n* A medical history, physical examination, assessment of Zubrod performance status within 4 weeks prior to study entry;\r\n* Complete blood count (CBC) with differential and platelet count, and laboratory profile must be completed within 4 weeks prior to study entry;\r\n* FEV1, CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest, a bone scan (or positron emission tomography [PET] or PET/CT), and a CT scan or MRI of the brain (to rule out brain metastasis) within 6 weeks prior to study entry;\r\n* Medical Oncology and Radiation Oncology consults and approvalXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a chest CT scan, or PET/CT scan to rule out metastatic diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a contrast enhanced CT scan or MRI or PET/CT scan of the tumor site and neck nodes prior to entering the study.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAble to undergo repeated magnetic resonance imaging (magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) scans).Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be in complete remission at D60-180 after AHCT as evidenced by computed tomography (CT) scan of the neck/chest/abdomen (abd)/pelvis or CT/positron emission tomography (PET) scansXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of at least 1 measurable lesion by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging per RECIST v1.1.Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of bone metastases (M0) on bone scan (Na F positron emission tomography (PET)/CT is an acceptable substitute) within 120 days prior to step 1 registration\r\n* Equivocal bone scan findings are allowed if plain films and/or MRI are negative for metastasisXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease defined per RECIST v. 1.1, or bone-only disease must have a lytic or mixed lytic blastic lesion that can be accurately assessed by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Individuals with bone-only disease and blastic-only metastases are not eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXBi-dimensionally measurable disease, with at least one mass lesion >= 2 cm in longest diameter\r\nby computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET)/CT, and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXpathologically confirmed mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), with (a) measurable nodal disease on positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET-CT) per Lugano classification. Prior to enrollment, pathology must be reviewed and confirmed at the investigational site where the participant is enteredXx_NEWLINE_xXEither FDG-avid on FDG-PET or measurable disease by CT on cross sectional imaging: > 1.5 cm for nodal lesion, > 1.0 cm for extra nodal lesion.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one bi-dimensionally measurable lesion (greater than [>] 1.5 centimeters in its largest dimension by CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAll subjects must have a radiographic assessment (chest or abdominal/pelvic CT or MRI) within 28 days prior to registration but do not need to have measurable disease.Xx_NEWLINE_xXCT scan that demonstrates no evidence of disease (NED) after completion of adjuvant therapy Note: This CT scan will also be used for Texture analysis.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have metastatic prostate cancer (clinical stage D1 or D2 disease), with previously documented lymph node, soft tissue and/or bone metastases by radiographic imaging (including computed tomography [CT] [or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)] of abdomen and pelvis and bone scintigraphy); patients in situations in which there is a reasonable clinical suspicion of a second primary tumor (or other non-prostate cancer reason for radiographic abnormalities) are not eligible unless metastatic disease is histologically confirmed to be prostate cancerXx_NEWLINE_xXPET/CT scan to include both lungs, the mediastinum, and adrenal glands; primary tumor dimension will be measured on diagnostic CT and again on simulation CT; must be done within 10 weeks prior to study entryXx_NEWLINE_xXProgression of bi-dimensionally measurable soft tissue (nodal metastasis) assessed within 1 month prior to registration by a CT scan or MRI of the abdomen and pelvis.Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubject has one or more tumors measurable by computed tomography (CT) scan using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 criteria; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is acceptable if a CT scan is contraindicatedXx_NEWLINE_xXHave measurable or nonmeasurable but evaluable disease determined using guidelines in Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, Version 1.1 (RECIST v 1.1). Baseline tumor assessment should be performed using a high resolution computed tomography (CT) scan using IV and oral contrast unless clinically contra-indicated. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is acceptable if a CT cannot be performed.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with history of second malignancy are eligible if they have documentation of disease stability, off therapy, based on computed tomography (CT) scan or other measures for the 6 months prior to entry in coreXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects with HL with no available curative treatment options (such as autologous stem cell transplant [SCT]) who have a limited prognosis (several months to < 2 year survival) with currently available therapies will be enrolled\r\n* HL with biopsy-proven relapse or refractory disease who are unresponsive to or intolerant of at least one line of standard salvage therapy\r\n* Patients must have evaluable disease by radiologic imaging (fluorodeoxyglucose [FDG] positron emission tomography [PET]/computed tomography [CT] or PET/magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) within 42 days of enrollment; evaluable includes both assessable and/or measurable disease as defined by Cheson et al., 2007Xx_NEWLINE_xXThe following imaging workup to document metastases within 45 days prior to study registration: \r\n* Computed tomography (CT) scans of the chest, abdomen and pelvis with radionuclide bone scan OR whole body positron emission tomography (PET)/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with radiographic evidence of metastatic prostate cancer (stage M1 or D2). Distant metastases evaluable by radionuclide bone scan, CT scan, or MRI within 28 days before the start of study treatment.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable or non-measurable metastatic disease; computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imagings (MRIs) used to assess all disease must have been completed within 28 days prior to Step 2 Randomization; CT scans or MRIs must be assessed and documented on the Baseline Tumor Assessment Form (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors [RECIST] 1.1)Xx_NEWLINE_xXKnown presence of the brain or spinal cord metastasis, as determined by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation during screening or prior radiographic assessmentsXx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic lesions identifiable only by positron emission tomography (PET)Xx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of diverticulitis at baseline, including evidence limited to computed tomography (CT) scan onlyXx_NEWLINE_xXHas progression and measurable disease in the brain by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease at baseline as assessed by computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXUnwilling or unable to undergo a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXBi-dimensionally measurable disease on cross sectional imaging by X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have histologically or cytologically diagnosed pancreatic adenocarcinoma; documentation of disease extent by computed tomography (CT) scan is required; radiologically measurable disease is not requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), or positron emission tomography (PET) of the brain within 2 months before consenting if known history of brain metastasis or if clinically indicated; if new lesions are present, principal investigator (PI) or designee should make final determination regarding enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have brain imaging by MRI, CT or PET within 30 days prior to lymphodepletion; patients may have asymptomatic brain lesions that are =< 1 cm each, lesions that are > 1 cm that have been irradiated and in the opinion of the investigator no longer represents active disease will also be allowedXx_NEWLINE_xXKnown leptomeningeal involvement by lymphoma or current metastatic brain disease; routine screening with central nervous system (CNS) imaging studies (computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) is required only if clinically indicatedXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have at least ONE of the following:\r\n* Measurable tumor on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) scan obtained within 3 weeks prior to study entry; measurable is defined as >= 10 mm in at least one dimension on spiral/helical CT that is metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) avid or demonstrates increased fludeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake on positron emission tomography (PET) scan\r\n* MIBG scan obtained within 3 weeks prior to study entry with positive uptake at a minimum of one site; this site must represent disease recurrence after completion of therapy, progressive disease on therapy, or refractory disease during induction\r\n* Patients with resistant/refractory soft tissue disease that is not MIBG avid or does not demonstrate increased FDG uptake on PET scan must undergo biopsy to document the presence of viable neuroblastoma; biopsy is not required for patients who have new site of soft tissue disease (radiographic evidence of disease progression) regardless of whether progression occurs while receiving therapy or after completion of therapy\r\n* Note: Patients with elevated catecholamines (i.e., > 2 x ULN) only or bone marrow disease only are NOT eligible for this studyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with stage IV malignancy (non-mesothelioma) must have had a brain scan (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] or computed tomography [CT] with contrast) showing no evidence of disease progression within 8 weeks of study enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXTo rule out metastatic disease, patients must have the following tests:\r\n* Bone scan within 60 days prior to registration\r\n* Computed tomography (CT) of abdomen/pelvis within 60 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must have measurable or evaluable disease based on physical exam and/or radiographs (computed tomography [CT], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], positron emission tomography [PET]) or bone marrow involvementXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have a progression by MRI or computed tomography (CT) scan; a scan must be performed within 21 days prior to cycle 1, day 1 (C1d1) and on a steroid dose that has been stable for at least 5 days; if the steroid dose is increased between the date of imaging and C1d1, a new baseline MRI/CT is required; the same type of scan, i.e., MRI or CT must be used throughout the period of protocol treatment for tumor measurement; a patient who develops a contraindication to undergo an MRI scan during study treatment may remain on study and undergo contrast enhanced CT scansXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of metastatic disease in bone on bone scan, CT scan, and/or by MRI at any time following the initial diagnosis of prostate cancerXx_NEWLINE_xXClinically negative lymph nodes as established by imaging (pelvic +/- abdominal computed tomography [CT] scan or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]), nodal sampling, or dissection within 60 days prior to registration, except as noted immediately below:            \r\n* Patients with a single intermediate risk factor only do not require abdominopelvic imaging, but these studies may be obtained at the discretion of the treating physician; patients with 2 or 3 risk factors are required to undergo pelvic +/- abdominal CT or MRI\r\n* Patients with lymph nodes equivocal or questionable by imaging are eligible without biopsy if the nodes are =< 1.5 cm; any node larger than this on imaging will require negative biopsy for eligibilityXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have evaluable (microscopic marrow metastasis, elevated tumor markers, positive metaiodobenzylguanidine [MIBG] or positron emission tomography [PET] scans) or measurable (computed tomography [CT], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) disease documented after completion of prior systemic therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXNegative radiographic metastatic work-up including whole body radionuclide bone scan, computed tomography (CT), and/or magnetic resonance (MR) scan of the pelvis and abdomen, and chest x-ray; patients with suspicious areas on conventional imaging studies may be included if they are biopsy negativeXx_NEWLINE_xXContrast enhanced CT of the chest and upper abdomenXx_NEWLINE_xXPET/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least 1 measurable (? 2 cm in longest dimension) lesion on CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Xx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have had PET-computed tomography (CT) for restaging after salvage therapy and before ASCTXx_NEWLINE_xXTo differentiate T3 lesions involving the mediastinal pleura from T4 lesions involving major vessels or organs, a chest magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will be obtained; if any uncertainty remains, the patient will have four-dimensional computed tomography (CT) scans (4DCT) in an effort to determine the degree of tumor motion; a freely mobile tumor during ventilation will be judged to be T3 diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of metastatic disease as determined by chest computed tomography (CT) scan, abdomen/pelvis CT scan (or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] with gadolinium and/or manganese) within six weeks of study entry; distant nodal disease is allowed if it is in the radiation portXx_NEWLINE_xXSubject has evidence of pre-existing idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis on computed tomography (CT) scan at baselineXx_NEWLINE_xXComplete clinical remission is defined as cancer antigen (CA)-125 within normal limits, examination and computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without objective evidence of disease (non specific abnormalities are permitted on radiologic imaging)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of evaluable disease by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging per the Lugano classificationXx_NEWLINE_xXDCFPyL-PET/MRI or DCFPyL-PET/CT scan within the past 6 months with results that demonstrate more disease lesions than baseline CT/bone scanXx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to lie flat during or tolerate PET/MRI, PET/CT or SBRTXx_NEWLINE_xXNegative computed tomography (CT) scan/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and bone scan for metastatic prostate cancerXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the prostate with progressive metastatic disease which, in the opinion of the investigator, requires initiation of new treatment. The assessment of disease progression can be based on either PSA rise, new or progressive soft tissue disease (based on computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] scans), or new or progressive bony disease based on radionuclide bone scan or 18F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography/computed tomography [NaF PET/CT] scans). Participants being considered for Cohort 2B must, in addition, have primary or metastatic lesions amenable to tumor biopsiesXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of myeloma defining events or biomarkers of malignancy due to underlying plasma cell proliferative disorder meeting at least one of the following\r\n* 1) Hypercalcemia: serum calcium > 0.25 mmol/L (> 1 mg/dL) higher than the upper limit of normal or > 2.75 mmol/L (> 11 mg/dL)\r\n* 2) Renal insufficiency: creatinine clearance < 40 ml/min or serum creatinine > 2 mg/dL\r\n* 3) Anemia: hemoglobin value < 10 g/dL or 2 g/dL < normal reference\r\n* 4) Bone lesions: one or more osteolytic lesions on skeletal radiography, computerized tomography (CT) or 2-deoxy-2[F-18] fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography CT (PET-CT)\r\n* 5) Clonal bone marrow plasma cell percentage >= 60%\r\n* 6) Involved: uninvolved serum free light chain ratio >= 100 measured by Freelite assay (The Binding Site Group, Birmingham, United Kingdom [UK])\r\n* 7) > 1 focal lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies (each focal lesion must be 5 mm or more in size), if clinically indicatedXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with measurable disease; patients with non-measurable but evaluable disease may be eligible after discussion with the principal investigator (PI); baseline measurements and evaluations must be obtained within 6 weeks of registration to the study; abnormal positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scans will not constitute evaluable disease, unless verified by CT scan or other appropriate imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXBi-dimensionally measurable disease, with at least one mass lesion >= 2 cm in longest diameter by computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET)/CT, and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXComplete remission (CR) according to the Revised Response Criteria for Malignant Lymphoma after first-line treatment\r\n* Diagnostic CT scans with contrast of chest, abdomen, and pelvis must have been performed within 8 weeks from the first day of the last cycle of R-chemotherapy; a neck CT will be required if the patient had involvement of the neck region at initial diagnosis\r\n* A negative fludeoxyglucose F 18 (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan performed within 8 weeks from the first day of the last cycle of R-chemotherapy and confirming CR, with negative defined as a score of 1-3 on the Deauville 5-point scale used to quantify radionucleotide density in PET scans as determined locally; PET positive/indeterminate lesions which are confirmed on biopsy to harbor no active lymphoma will be considered negative for determination of CR status\r\n* If positive bone marrow involvement at initial diagnosis the patient must have a negative bone marrow biopsy following R-chemotherapy to confirm the CRXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically confirmed diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the prostate within 25 weeks prior to registration at very high risk of recurrence as determined by 2 or more of the following combinations:\r\n* cT3a/b\r\n* PSA >= 20\r\n* Gleason score 8-10\r\n* >= 33% core involvement\r\n* OR any patient with pelvic lymph node involvement >= 1 cm as determined by pelvic computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging will meet eligibility criteria for enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXStandard staging exams for patients with high-risk prostate cancer including bone scan or sodium fluoride (NaF) positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan, and pelvic and prostate MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXNo distant metastases (M0) on bone scan or NaF PET/CT within 14 weeks prior to registration; equivocal bone scan findings are allowed if the physician determines that distant metastases are unlikely based on clinical judgmentXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of lymph node or bone metastasis by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/computed tomography (CT), bone scan, or biopsy (N1Mx or NxM1)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one lesion, not previously irradiated and not chosen for biopsy during the study screening period, that can be accurately measured at baseline as ? 10mm in the longest diameter (except lymph nodes which must have short axis ? 15mm) with computerised tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which is suitable for accurate repeated measurementsXx_NEWLINE_xXBone lesions: one or more osteolytic lesions on skeletal radiography, computed tomography (CT), or positron emission tomography-CT (PET-CT) ORXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must have measurable disease by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) per RECIST 1.1 criteria; radiographic tumor assessment performed within 28 days of study inclusionXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with known or suspected brain metastases; however, if radiation therapy and/or surgery has been completed and serial evaluation by computed tomography (CT) (with contrast enhancement) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) over a minimum of 3 months demonstrates the disease to be stable and if the patient remains asymptomatic, then the patient may be enrolled; such patients must have no need for treatment with steroids or anti-epileptic medicationsXx_NEWLINE_xXBaseline bone scan, chest x-ray and computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of abdomen/pelvis demonstrating no metastatic diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXA bone scan and a CT or MRI abdomen/pelvis and chest x-ray (CXR) or chest CT scan, will have been performed within 12 weeks of treatment start; radiographic assessments will be selected by the attending physician as clinically indicatedXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of metastatic disease\r\n* NOTE: patients will not require baseline staging positron emission tomography (PET) or computed tomography (CT) chest, abdomen, pelvis or bone scan to rule out metastatic disease prior to enrollment; any staging scans will be ordered at the treating provider’s discretion; if metastatic disease is found on any staging studies done, patients will not be eligible for enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXELIGIBILITY FOR TREATMENT ON ARM 1: Bi-dimensionally measurable disease by palpation, clinical exam, or radiographic imaging (X-ray, computed tomography [CT] scan, positron emission tomography [PET] scan, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], or ultrasound)Xx_NEWLINE_xXKnown brain metastases or cranial epidural disease unless adequately treated with radiotherapy, radiosurgery, or surgery and stable for at least 4 weeks prior to enrollment as documented by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) imaging; treated brain metastases are defined as having no ongoing requirement for steroids and no evidence of progression or hemorrhage after treatment for at least 4 weeks prior to enrollment as documented by MRI or CT imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have received baseline FDG-PET/CT +/- CT with contrast within 1 month +/- 2 weeks prior to study entry, and should have no contraindications to PET or CT imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXclinical and laboratory signs: rapid disease progression, high standardized uptake value (SUV) (> 12) by positron emission tomography (PET) at baseline if PET scans are performed (optional).Xx_NEWLINE_xXWorld Health Organization (WHO) grade IV glioma with definitive resection prior to consent, with residual radiographic contrast enhancing disease on the post-operative computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of < 1 cm in maximal diameter in any axial planeXx_NEWLINE_xXThe ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or computed tomography (CT) based volume estimation of the patient’s prostate gland should be =< 80 grams\r\n* For patients with prostate size > 60 grams cytoreduction therapy with ADT is recommendedXx_NEWLINE_xXThere should be no evidence of metastatic disease on imaging of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis; this imaging should be either a contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan, or a contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan; positron emission tomography (PET) scans alone will not be adequate alternatives; there should be no evidence of occult metastatic disease in the abdomen, confirmed by laparoscopic examinationXx_NEWLINE_xXThe primary tumor must be resectable, defined as no involvement (abutment or encasement) of the major arteries (celiac, common hepatic, superior mesenteric) and interface between tumor and vessel (portal, superior mesenteric veins) wall to be less than 180 degrees of the circumference of the vessel wall; this should be confirmed by imaging of the abdomen, either by a contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan, or a contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan; PET scans will not be adequate alternatives; for each patient, the resectability must be reviewed by one of the study surgeonsXx_NEWLINE_xXThe subject has evidence of acute intracranial or intratumoral hemorrhage either by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan; subjects with resolving hemorrhage, punctate hemorrhage, or hemosiderin are eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease for phase IIa portion only \r\n* Lymphoma (includes CTCL patients who are without evidence of the disease in the skin): computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT by modified Cheson criteria with incorporation of PET\r\n* CTCL: modified severity weighted assessment (mSWAT) > 0, or absolute Sezary count >= 1000 cells/uLXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have shown unequivocal evidence for tumor progression by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXCT or MRI within 14 days prior to start of study drug; MRIs should include vascular imaging when possible; corticosteroid dose must be stable or decreasing for at least 5 days prior to the scan; if steroids are added or the steroid dose is increased between the date of the screening MRI or CT scan and the start of treatment, a new baseline MRI or CT is requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants having undergone recent resection of recurrent or progressive tumor will be eligible as long as the following conditions apply:\r\n* They have recovered from the effects of surgery\r\n* Residual disease following resection of recurrent tumor is not mandated for eligibility; to best assess the extent of residual disease post-operatively, an MRI or CT scan should be done no later than 96 hours following surgery or at least 4 weeks post-operatively, in either case within 14 days prior to start of study drug; if the participant is taking corticosteroids, the dose must be stable or decreasing for at least 5 days prior to the scan; if steroids are added or the steroid dose is increased between the date of the screening MRI or CT scan and the start of treatment, a new baseline MRI or CT is requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologic proof of stage II, III or IV melanoma that has been completely resected or completely treated with ablative therapy (ex: stereotactic body radiosurgery, radiofrequency ablation, cryoablation) with no current evidence of disease, as demonstrated by imaging within 2 months (61 days: stage IIIB, IIIC or stage IV; must be computed tomography [CT], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], or positron emission tomography [PET]/CT) or 6 months (183 days: stage II or IIIA; may be chest x-ray, CT, MRI, or PET/CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXActive or untreated central nervous system (CNS) metastases as determined by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation during screening and prior radiographic assessmentsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with parenchymal lesions must have unequivocal evidence of disease progression on imaging (MRI of the brain or head computed tomography [CT]) 21 days prior to study registration; for patients with leptomeningeal disease only, CSF cytology must document lymphoma cells and/or imaging findings consistent with CSF disease 21 days prior to study registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXA diagnostic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain must be performed preoperatively and postoperatively (preferably within 96 hours of surgery), prior to the initiation of radiotherapyXx_NEWLINE_xXClinically determined to be clinically staged (American Joint Committee on Cancer [AJCC] 7th edition [ed.]) T3-4 N0 M0 or T any N1-2 M0 based upon the following minimum diagnostic workup within 90 days prior to registration:\r\n* Colonoscopy\r\n* History/physical examination (including medication history screen for contraindications)\r\n* Contrast-enhanced imaging of the abdomen and pelvis either by computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or whole body positron emission tomography (PET)-CT (preferred)\r\n* Chest x-ray (or CT) of the chest to exclude distant metastases (except for those who have had whole body PET-CT per above bullet point)\r\n* Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) or MRI for T stagingXx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of metastatic or nodal disease as determined by radionuclide bone scans computed tomography (CT)/MRI; non-pathological lymph nodes must be less than 20 mm in the short (transverse) axisXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 assessed by computed tomography (CT) scan, or for skin lesions not measurable by CT scan, measurements may be performed with caliper or flexible ruler\r\n* Note: stage IV no evidence of disease (NED) is excluded by this criterionXx_NEWLINE_xXMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) and bone scan evidence of metastatic prostate cancer regardless the PSA level; (the indication for which is clinically driven and at the discretion of the treating physician)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAn MRI/CT scan showing progression is required; stable corticosteroids are not requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXStaging studies with a computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest and abdomen and bone scan, or a positron emission tomography (PET)/CT is required for clinical stage III, and are considered optional for stage II breast cancersXx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic diseases measurable or evaluable on a computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan according to RECIST 1.1 criteria; locally recurrent disease that is not amenable to potentially curative surgery or radiation therapy is also allowed; lesions must be >= 10 mm in size; recurrent or metastatic disease within a prior radiation field is acceptable as long as the disease has progressed in the radiation field by RECIST criteriaXx_NEWLINE_xXImaging (computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) =< 28 days of study registration negative for disease recurrenceXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of metastatic disease by radiographic imaging (bone scan or other nodal or visceral lesions on computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI])Xx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease as evidenced by both lymphadenopathy and bony metastases or just bony metastases on baseline bone scan and/or computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen and pelvis within 28 days of registration; chest imaging is only required if clinically indicated or if there is known disease in the chestXx_NEWLINE_xXVisceral metastases as assessed by chest, abdominal or pelvic computed tomography (CT) (or other imaging modality)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAppropriate stage for protocol entry based upon the following minimum diagnostic workup:\r\n* History/physical examination within 30 days prior to registration\r\n* Fludeoxyglucose F 18 (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scan for staging within 60 days prior to registration\r\n* Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan with contrast of the brain (preferred) or CT scan of the brain with contrast within 60 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with at least one target lesion amenable to serial static and dynamic FLT-PET/CT imaging will be mandated to have correlative FLT-PET/CT imaging per the study schema for a target of 20 patients with a maximum of 30 patientsXx_NEWLINE_xXRadiographic evidence (computed tomography [CT], magnetic resonance [MR], or positron emission tomography [PET] CT) consistent with osseous metastatic disease on CT, MR, or PET CT obtained within 4 weeks of treatment will be used for pre-study treatment delivery; the gross tumor volume (GTV) of the target lesions will be determined from this radiographic study and must be =< 250 cubic centimeters\r\n* NOTE: patient is still eligible if a diagnostic image set is not available within 4 weeks of treatment if the patient will undergo a kilo voltage CT (kVCT) simulation in the Department of Radiation Oncology with contouring directly onto this image setXx_NEWLINE_xXAny evidence of extraocular retinoblastoma clinically or by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain and orbits with and without gadolinium; MRI may be done within 21 days prior to study entry\r\n* Evidence of systemic metastases on bilateral bone marrow, lumbar puncture, bone scan (or fludeoxyglucose F-18 [FDG] positron emission tomography [PET] scan), and/or any other additional tests done at study entry; (Note: these tests are required only with specific indications for required observations)Xx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of metastatic disease on previous bone scan, computed tomography (CT) scan and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of disease at the time of registration, including no clinical concern for disease recurrence based on each of the following:\r\n* No evidence of disease by history and physical exam\r\n* Cancer antigen (CA)125 within normal limits\r\n* Computed tomography (CT) abdomen/pelvis demonstrating no radiological evidence of disease performed after completion of chemotherapy =< 28 days before entering studyXx_NEWLINE_xXActive or untreated central nervous system (CNS) metastases as determined by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation during screening and prior radiographic assessmentsXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the prostate without neuroendocrine differentiation or small cell features with progressive metastatic disease based on any of the following:\r\n* Rise in prostate-specific antigen (PSA): minimum of 3 rising levels, with an interval of at least 1 week between each determination; the last determination must have a value >= 2 ng/mL, obtained within 4 weeks of starting study drug, or\r\n* Measurable disease: new or progressive soft tissue disease on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, or\r\n* Radionuclide bone scan: at least 2 new bone lesions, as defined by the Prostate Cancer Working Group 2 (PCWG2) criteria1Xx_NEWLINE_xXFor subjects enrolled for tumor progression, progression is defined as:\r\n* Presence of new plexiform neurofibroma on MRI or computed tomography (CT) (documented by comparison with prior MRI or CT), OR\r\n* A measurable increase in plexiform neurofibroma size (>= 20% increase in the volume, or a >= 13% increase in the product of the two longest perpendicular diameters, or a >= 6% increase in the longest diameter) documented by comparison of two scans (MRI or CT) in the time period of approximately one year or less prior to evaluation for this studyXx_NEWLINE_xXSubject has measurable disease by radiographic techniques (computerized tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]);Xx_NEWLINE_xXDistant metastatic disease limited to peritoneum and radiologically occult (not visualized on preoperative imaging to include [computerized tomography] CT scan, ultrasound, [magnetic resonance imaging] MRI, positron emission tomography [PET]/CT): \r\n* Positive peritoneal cytology\r\n* Carcinomatosis on diagnostic laparoscopy or laparotomyXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically confirmed prostate cancer with progressive metastatic disease based on any of the following: i) a rise in PSA, ii) transaxial imaging, or iii) radionuclide bone scan\r\n* PSA - a minimum of 3 consecutive rising levels, with an interval of >= 1 week between each determination; the last determination must have a minimal value of >= 2 ng/mL and be determined within two weeks prior to enrollment\r\n* Measurable disease - patients showing new or progressive soft tissue masses on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans as defined by the Prostate Cancer Working Group 2 (PCWG2) criteria\r\n* Radionuclide bone scan - at least two new metastatic lesionsXx_NEWLINE_xXDetectable metastases by bone scan, CT-scan or MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXOutpatients with histologically/cytologically documented or radiographically diagnosed unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who are candidates for systemic therapy and for whom a decision to treat with sorafenib has been made; radiographic diagnosis needs typical findings of HCC by a radiographic method, i.e. on multi-dimensional dynamic computed tomography (CT), CT hepatic arteriography (CTHA)/CT arterial portography (CTAP) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXFor all patients a bone scan must be performed within 60 days prior to registration for tumor assessment; computed tomography (CT) scans (abdomen and pelvis) and chest x-ray are optional, but must be repeated if used for disease assessment; for late induction registrations, tumor assessment imaging showing metastatic disease must be available prior to start of androgen deprivation therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients can have up to only 6 discrete active extracranial lesions (=< 3 in the liver and =< 3 in the lung) identified by diagnostic computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 8 weeks prior to the initiation of SBRT\r\n* For patients who have received prior radiotherapy to the primary site in the lung, residual PET activity is difficult to interpret and will not be considered a site of active disease if the CT appearance is stable or improved over an interval of at least three months\r\n* Patients who previously received radiotherapy to the primary site will be ineligible if there is CT evidence of disease progression within the past 3 months\r\n* Patients with previously un-irradiated primary sites will be potentially eligible, but special considerations apply\r\n* Up to 2 contiguous vertebral metastases will be considered a single site of diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXActive and untreated central nervous system (CNS) metastasis (including metastasis identified during screening magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] or contrast computed tomography [CT])Xx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of existing lytic bone lesions either by skeletal X-ray, computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXPositron emission tomography (PET)/CT, x-ray or CT-scan of chest showing no evidence of metastatic diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXPET/CT or CT-scan of the neck showing no evidence of nodal involvementXx_NEWLINE_xXThe patient must have post-operative contrast enhanced imaging (computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) unless only biopsy performed (in which case post-operative imaging is not routinely obtained; in these patients, the preoperative study will serve as baselineXx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease documented by positive bone scan or metastatic lesions on computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); if lymph node metastasis is the only evidence of metastasis, it must be >= 2 cm in diameterXx_NEWLINE_xXThere must be documentation by PET/CT scan, CT scan, or MRI, that the patient has evidence of measurable metastatic disease per RECIST criteria.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one site of measurable disease on CT/MRI scans as defined by RECIST 1.1. Baseline imaging must be performed within 30 days of dosing.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMust have at least one bi-dimensionally measurable lesion ?1.5 cm) documented by CT scan.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have non-metastatic (M0) disease, as defined by a lack of metastases seen on computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest/abdomen/pelvis and whole-body radionuclide 99Tc (technetium-99) bone scan, (or sodium fluoride positron emission tomography [PET] scan) taken within 3 months of study entryXx_NEWLINE_xXImaging with positron emission tomography (PET) scan, computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis, and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen and pelvis must be performed and negative for metastatic disease within 12 weeks of enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of metastatic disease on PET, CT, and/or MRI performed within 12 weeks of enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXProstate volume (by ultrasound [US], computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] measurement) < 50 cc at time of enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one bi-dimensionally measurable nodal lesion > 1.5 cm in its longest diameter by computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as defined by the Lugano Classification\r\n* Site of disease deemed amenable to low-dose, local radiotherapy (2 x 2Gy) should not be counted as target lesions\r\n* Previously irradiated lesions should not be counted as target lesions\r\n* Lesions that are intended to be used to collect tissue samples for biopsy should not be counted as target lesions\r\n* Bone lesions should not be counted as target lesionsXx_NEWLINE_xXCT or MRI of the neck with and without contrast; Note: a CT scan of neck and/or a PET/CT performed for the purposes of radiation planning may serve as planning toolsXx_NEWLINE_xXAbsence of distant metastases on standard diagnostic work-up =< 10 weeks prior to registration; (chest computed tomography [CT], chest x-ray [CXR], positron emission tomography [PET]/CT, etc.)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with histologically proven intracranial glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) or gliosarcoma (GS); patients will be eligible if the original histology was low-grade glioma and a subsequent histological diagnosis of a GBM or GS is made; patients must have evidence of progression of the GBM or GS on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have shown unequivocal radiographic evidence for tumor progression by MRI or CT scan; a scan should be performed within 14 days prior to registration and on a steroid dose that has been stable or decreasing for at least 5 days; if the steroid dose is increased between the date of imaging and registration a new baseline MR/CT is required; the same type of scan, i.e., MRI or CT must be used throughout the period of protocol treatment for tumor measurementXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of metastatic disease as evidenced by a computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of abdomen and pelvis and/or whole body bone scan (WBS); to be done prior to treatment start and up to 4 months prior to radical prostatectomy dateXx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of regional nodal or distant metastases based on computed tomography (CT) abdomen and pelvis and whole body bone scan within 120 days prior to study entry; nodes less than 1.5 cm will be considered reactive and biopsy is not required; nodes 1.5 cm or larger are required to undergo biopsy and be negative prior to study registration; bone scan findings in the absence of blastic or lytic lesion correlates on CT imaging will also be deemed non-neoplasticXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM tumor stage III, IV a, or IV b (with no evidence of distant metastases) as determined by imaging studies (performed < 30 days prior to registration) and complete neck exam from the skull base to the clavicles; the following imaging is required: computed tomography (CT) scan with IV contrast or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); the primary tumor should be cT1 or T2 and cervical nodes cN1, N2a, or N2b based on clinical or radiographic criteriaXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who underwent radiosurgery to treat a progressive lesion must have confirmation of tumor by tissue, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion or positron emission tomography (PET) and the lesion must be measurable; NOTE: radiosurgery may be done to a lesion that will not be used for response evaluation and should be done > 2 weeks prior to enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXUnequivocal evidence of tumor progression by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with and without contrast and with perfusion (or computed tomography [CT] if MRI is contraindicated); the scan must be performed within 14 days of starting treatmentXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease with a lymph node or tumor mass ?1.5 cm in at least one dimension by CT, PET/CT or MRI.Xx_NEWLINE_xXNegative computed tomography (CT) scan/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and bone scan for metastatic prostate cancerXx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease documented by one of the following:\r\n* Metastatic bone disease on an imaging study, or\r\n* Soft tissue disease documented by computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), orXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have histologically or/and radiologically confirmed advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); radiographic diagnosis needs typical findings of HCC by radiographic method i.e. on multi-dimensional dynamic computed tomography (CT), CT hepatic arteriography (CTHA)/CT arterial portography (CTAP) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease by computed tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) per RECIST 1.1 criteriaXx_NEWLINE_xXLocal, locally-advanced, or metastatic disease documented as having shown progression on a scan (e.g., computed tomography [CT], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI])Xx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one measurable lesion on screening CT or MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXAdvanced staged HCC (unresectable and not amenable to local or regional therapy; or metastatic HCC); the diagnosis of HCC should be based on at least one of the following:\r\n* Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) consistent with liver cirrhosis AND at least one solid liver lesion measuring >= 2 cm, with characteristics arterial enhancement and venous washout regardless of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels\r\n* AFP >= 400 ng/mL AND evidence of at least one solid liver lesion >= 2 cm regardless of specific imaging characteristics on CT or MRI\r\n* Histological/cytology biopsy confirming HCCXx_NEWLINE_xXAnatomic imaging (CT or MRI) of all sites of disease along with chest CT at baseline and restaging for all patients will be done to allow for assessment of RECIST progression. RECIST progression will determine progressive disease regardless of other imaging.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must be able to tolerate CT or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging including contrast agents as required for their treatment and the protocolXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically confirmed, metastatic prostate cancer (positive bone scan and/or measurable disease on CT scan and/or MRI of the abdomen and pelvis).Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of metastatic disease as determined by chest computed tomography (CT) scan, abdomen/pelvis CT scan (or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] with gadolinium and/or manganese); all patients must be staged with a physical exam, chest CT, abdominal CT with intravenous contrast (or abdominal MRI with gadolinium and/or manganese)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of metastatic disease on imaging by whole body bone scan and computerized tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the abdomen/pelvis within 6 weeks prior to randomizationXx_NEWLINE_xXREGISTRATION EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Evidence of distant metastasis present by CT scan, bone scan, or physical examXx_NEWLINE_xXImaging (computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) evidence of hemorrhage deemed significant by the treating physician (> grade 1); subjects with history of central nervous system (CNS) hemorrhage are not eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXRadiographic evidence of spinal metastasis is required and may be obtained from radionuclide bone scans, computed tomography imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging; other studies may be used with principal investigator approval, but plain radiograph (X-ray) alone is not sufficientXx_NEWLINE_xXKnown brain metastasis or evidence of metastatic disease by computed tomography (CT) scan, physical exam, or bone scan within 4 weeks of registration\r\n* Patients with equivocal uptake on a bone scan that in the clinician's opinion do not definitively constitute metastatic disease are eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXDocumented evidence of M1 disease by American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging by bone scan, computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHistopathologically proven diagnosis of glioblastoma or variants (gliosarcoma, giant cell glioblastoma etc); patients will be eligible if the original histology was lower-grade glioma and a subsequent diagnosis of glioblastoma or gliosarcoma is made\r\n* Patients who did not have recent surgery for their glioblastoma must have shown unequivocal radiographic evidence for tumor progression by contrast-enhanced MRI scan (or CT scan for patients with non-compatible devices) within 21 days prior to registration; Note: patients who did have surgery with a post-operative contrast-enhanced scan falling outside the 5-week window prior to registration, per definition of recent surgery, must have a repeat magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan (or computed tomography [CT] scan for patients with non-compatible devices) within 21 days prior to registration\r\n* Patients must have passed an interval of 6 months or greater between completion of prior radiotherapy and registration; if patients have not passed an interval of at least 6 months, they may still be eligible if they meet one or more of the following criteria:\r\n** New areas of tumor outside the original radiotherapy fields as determined by the investigator, or\r\n** Histologic confirmation of tumor through biopsy or resection, or\r\n** Nuclear medicine imaging, magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy, or MR perfusion imaging consistent with true progressive disease, rather than radiation necrosis obtained within 28 days of registration AND an interval of at least 90 days between completion of radiotherapy and registration\r\n* Patients unable to undergo MR imaging because of non-compatible devices can be enrolled provided CT scans are obtained and are of sufficient quality; patients without non-compatible devices may not use CT scans performed to meet this requirementXx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease as evidenced by the presence of soft tissue and/or bone metastases on imaging studies (computed tomography [CT] of abdomen/pelvis, bone scintigraphy)Xx_NEWLINE_xXProgressive disease while receiving androgen deprivation therapy defined by any one of the following as per the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group 2 (PCWG2) bone scan criteria or Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 during or after completing last therapy:\r\n* PSA: at least two consecutive rises in serum PSA, obtained at a minimum of 1-week intervals, and each value >= 2.0 ng/mL\r\n* Measurable disease: >= 50% increase in the sum of the cross products of all measurable lesions or the development of new measurable lesions; the short axis of a target lymph node must be at least 15 mm by spiral CT to be considered a target lesion\r\n* Non-measurable (bone) disease: the appearance of two or more new areas of uptake on bone scan consistent with metastatic disease compared to previous imaging during castration therapy; the increased uptake of pre-existing lesions on bone scan will not be taken to constitute progression, and ambiguous results must be confirmed by other imaging modalities (e.g. X-ray, CT or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI])Xx_NEWLINE_xXone site of measurable disease by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan defined as at least one lesion that measures at least 1.5 × 1.5 cm, Exception: For patients with MCL only, patients with nonmeasurable disease but evaluable sites (bone marrow, spleen, peripheral blood, gastrointestinal tract) can be enrolled.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with DLBCL had a positive [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scan at baseline (Cheson response criteria)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease by Computed tomography (CT)/Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) per RECIST 1.1 criteriaXx_NEWLINE_xXHas progression of brain cancer and measurable disease by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan; for leptomeningeal metastases, positive cytology is acceptable if imaging is not measurableXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have radiological documentation of metastatic disease to the thoracic or lumbar spine which may include computer assisted tomography (CAT scan), positron emitted tomography (PET) or nuclear medicine bone scan (NMBS); magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is required prior to treatment planning to confirm the extent of the disease and is used for defining the target for the radiationXx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease on bone scan and/or involvement of soft tissues (lymph nodes and/or viscera) by computed tomography (CT) scan, positron emission tomography (PET)/CT, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have been evaluated by standard-of-care full body imaging studies (computed tomography [CT], positron emission tomography [PET]-CT or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) as part of the initial clinical work-up at baseline (no more than 4 weeks prior to study enrollment) and after completion of induction HDI-ipilimumab (at 6-8 weeks after the first dose of ipilimumab/HDI and prior to the definitive lymphadenectomy procedure)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of metastatic disease as determined by chest computed tomography (CT) scan, abdomen/pelvis CT scan (or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] with gadolinium and/or manganese) within six weeks of study entry; all patients must be staged with a physical exam, chest CT, abdominal CT with intravenous contrast (or abdominal [abd] MRI with gadolinium and/or manganese)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease as assessed by 2 dimensional measurement by computed tomography (CT) (> 2 cm or 1.5 cm if 0.5 cm slices are used, as in spiral CT scan)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients cannot have known hepatic or peritoneal metastases detected by ultrasound (US), CT scan, MRI or laparotomyXx_NEWLINE_xXAppropriate stage for protocol entry, based upon the following minimum diagnostic workup:\r\n* History and physical examination, including a complete list of current medications\r\n* Chest x-ray (posteroanterior [PA] and lateral views)\r\n* Abdominal/pelvic computed tomography (CT) scan\r\n* Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) if clinically indicated\r\n* Bone scan if clinically indicatedXx_NEWLINE_xXChemosensitive disease as defined by at least a partial response to salvage therapy by PET/computed tomography (CT) criteriaXx_NEWLINE_xXIf patients have small-volume disease the current study will be restricted to patients with minimal ascites not causing abdominal distention/mesenteric thickening or not requiring paracentesis, or lesions =< 5 cm by spiral computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at baselineXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease: lesions that can be accurately measured in at least two dimensions as >= 1.0 x 1.0 cm by computerized tomography (CT), PET/CT (positron emission tomography/CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPreoperative evaluation to rule-out extra-uterine disease may include computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or ultrasound; preoperative imaging is not mandatory for study enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of metastatic disease as determined by chest computed tomography (CT) scan, abdominal CT scan (or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] with gadolinium and/or manganese) and staging laparoscopy; all patients must be staged with a physical exam, chest CT, abdominal CT with intravenous contrast (or abdominal MRI with gadolinium and/or manganese) and laparoscopy; only potentially resectable patients are eligible; potentially resectable is defined as \r\n* No extrapancreatic disease\r\n* No evidence (on CT) of involvement of the celiac axis or spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) \r\n* No evidence (CT or MRI) of occlusion of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) or superior mesenteric-portal vein (SMPV) confluence, and \r\n* No evidence of gross peritoneal or distant metastases on staging laparoscopy or laparotomyXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically confirmed metastatic uveal melanoma in the liver; patients must have at least one untreated, or progressed liver metastasis that is >= 10 mm in longest diameter by spiral computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); the total volume of the tumors must be less than 50% of the liver volumeXx_NEWLINE_xXA brain scan should be performed within 14 days prior to registration and steroid dosing should be stable or decreasing for at least 5 days; if the steroid dose is increased between the date of imaging and registration a new baseline magnetic resonance (MR)/computed tomography (CT) is required; the same type of scan, i.e., magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or CT must be used throughout the period of protocol treatment for tumor measurementXx_NEWLINE_xXMRI of the pelvis and/or PET-CT within 4 months before registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXFor patients with solid malignancies and lymphoma, radiographically detectable (either fludeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography [PET], computed tomography [CT] scan/magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] or bone scan) or measurable disease will be required; measurable disease is defined as at least one measurable lesion >= 10 mm on CT scan (15 mm for nodal lesions)Xx_NEWLINE_xXGlioma showing prior spontaneous hemorrhage as determined from the clinical history or from any preoperative computed tomography (CT) or MRI scan (excluding grade 1 punctate, incidentally found)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNew or progressive pulmonary infiltrates on screening chest x-ray or chest computed tomography (CT) scan that has not been evaluated with bronchoscopy, if feasible; infiltrates attributed to infection must be stable/improving (with associated clinical improvement) after 1 week of appropriate therapy (4 weeks for presumed or documented fungal infections); surgical resection waives any waiting requirementsXx_NEWLINE_xXNew or progressive pulmonary infiltrates on screening chest x-ray or chest computed tomography (CT) scan that has not been evaluated with bronchoscopy, if feasible; infiltrates attributed to infection must be stable/improving (with associated clinical improvement) after 1 week of appropriate therapy (4 weeks for presumed or documented fungal infections)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPrimary disease > 7.5 cm in largest diameter as measured by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must not have evidence of bone metastases or lymph node involvement as determined by bone scan or computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis within 4 weeks of study entry; Note: NaF-PET/CT scan information will NOT be used to determine evidence of metastases for eligibility purposes or for defining disease progressionXx_NEWLINE_xXBaseline mammography prior to surgery is required; for patients with lymphatic involvement computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest, CT of the abdomen, and bone scan and/or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan are required prior to delivery of chemotherapy; for most patients, this will be months prior to radiation; for patients with low burden nodal disease only mammography prior to surgery will be required\r\n* Women of child-bearing potential and men must agree to use adequate contraception (hormonal or barrier method of birth control; abstinence) prior to study entry and for the duration of study participation; should a woman become pregnant or suspect she is pregnant while participating in this study, she should inform her treating physician immediatelyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have an unequivocal progression by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan; a scan must be performed within 14 days prior to registration and on a steroid dose that has been stable or decreasing for at least 5 days; if the steroid dose is increased between the date of imaging and first dose of plerixafor, a new baseline MRI/CT is required; the same type of scan, i.e., MRI or CT must be used throughout the period of protocol treatment for tumor measurement; a patient who develops a contraindication to undergo an MRI scan during study treatment may remain on study and undergo contrast enhanced CT scansXx_NEWLINE_xXTreated (surgery, radiation therapy) but not clinically and radiographically stable 3 weeks after local therapy(as assessed by contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] or computed tomography [CT]), ORXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one bi-dimensionally measurable lesion (greater than [>] 2 cm in its largest dimension by computed tomography [CT] scan or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI])Xx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease defined as: \r\n* At least one non-nodal lesion whose longest diameter can be accurately measured as >= 2.0 cm with chest x-ray, or as >= 1.0 cm with spiral computed tomography (CT) scan, >= 2 cm with CT component of a positron emission tomography (PET)/CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); and/or\r\n* A lymph node whose short axis must be > 1.5 cm when assessed by CT scan (CT scan slice thickness recommended to be no greater than 5 mm); Note: tumor lesions in a previously irradiated area are not considered measurable disease; disease that is measurable by physical examination only is not eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or the CT portion of the positron emission tomography (PET)/CT: must have at least one lesion that has a single diameter of >= 2 cm or tumor cells in the blood >= 5 x 10^9/L; skin lesions can be used if the area is >= 2 cm in at least one diameter and photographed with a rulerXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have no evidence of visceral or nodal metastatic disease proximal to the common iliac bifurcation on 2 view chest x-ray or computed tomography (CT) of the chest and abdominal-pelvic imaging with computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen and pelvis; chest x-ray or CT of the chest and CT or MRI of the abdomen and pelvis must be obtained within 56 days prior to registration; positron emission tomography (PET)/CT may be used as an alternative to CT or MRI or to resolve possible areas of metastases seen on cross sectional imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXThese laboratory values must be obtained within 28 days prior to registration; patients with levels of one or more of these enzymes greater than institutional upper limit of normal (IULN) may still be enrolled if metastatic disease is excluded with appropriate imaging which may include dedicated liver imaging, bone scan, PET, CT, MRI, or biopsy when appropriateXx_NEWLINE_xXMaximum tumor dimension of =< 6 cm in lymph nodes, soft tissue, osseous metastases, or spinal metastases seen on imaging (computed tomography [CT], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] or PET/CT) and considered amenable for radiation therapy (RT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXDeauville score of 1-3 on post-chemotherapy (or interim) positron emission tomography (PET) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXAll lung lesions must be visible on computed tomography (CT) imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects with evidence of recto?sigmoid involvement by pelvic examination or bowel involvement on\r\ncomputed tomography (CT) scan or clinical symptoms of bowel obstructionXx_NEWLINE_xXInability to have neither a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) nor a computed tomography (CT) scan; patients with a pacemaker must undergo CT instead of MRI to be eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients may have had one cycle only of ABVD prior to enrolling on study; no other prior treatment (chemotherapy or radiation therapy) for Hodgkin lymphoma is allowed; if patient has had one cycle of ABVD, in order to be eligible to enroll on Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 50801, the patient must have had all of the following tests prior to starting the first cycle of ABVD:\r\n* Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by echocardiogram (ECHO) or multi gated acquisition (MUGA)\r\n* Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) (including diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide [DLCO]/forced vital capacity [FVC])\r\n* CT scan (neck**, chest, abdomen, pelvis)\r\n* FDG-PET/CT scan\r\n* Chest X-ray, posterior-anterior (PA) & lateral\r\n* Complete blood count (CBC), differential, platelets\r\n* Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)\r\n* Serum creatinine\r\n* Glucose\r\n* Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)\r\n* Alkaline phosphatase\r\n* Bilirubin\r\n* Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)\r\n** Patients with a negative FDG-PET/CT scan do not need to have had a dedicated neck CT scan prior to starting the previous cycle of ABVDXx_NEWLINE_xXAppropriate stage for study entry based on the following diagnostic workup:\r\n* History/physical examination within 30 days prior to registration;\r\n* Imaging of the primary tumor by MRI and/or computed tomography (CT) with and without contrast and/or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT within 60 days prior to registration;\r\n* Staging workup evaluated by chest CT and/or PET/CT showing no distant metastasis within 60 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease or regional lymph node involvement. Chest CT will be mandatory prior to enrollment to evaluate for the presence of metastatic disease. Pulmonary nodule(s) < 5 mm without a histological diagnosis may not be the basis for study exclusion given the lack of specificity of chest CT. If pulmonary nodule(s) > 5 mm are noted on chest CT but appear stable relative to prior chest imaging of at least 6 months duration, then this is permitted.Xx_NEWLINE_xXProstate size as determined on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to be < 90 cc; prostate size can be determined on computed tomography (CT) scan if MRI is not availableXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least 1 lesion (measurable by RECIST v1.1) that can be accurately assessed at baseline by computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and is suitable for repeated assessment;Xx_NEWLINE_xXResidual FDG-PET activity defined as Deauville 4 or 5 on a PET-CT within 3 and 8 weeks post the last dose of front line therapyXx_NEWLINE_xX>= 1 measurable disease site on computed tomography (CT) scan or positron emission tomography (PET) (> 1.5 cm in longest dimension); (in select cases, for example extremity lesions, a magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] may be substituted)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of locoregional disease or distant metastases at screening. Subjects must have negative scans (CT, CT-PET or MRI) for locoregional recurrence, brain or lung metastases. A negative biopsy will be mandated in patients with a positive scan. Other evaluations should be performed as clinically indicated.Xx_NEWLINE_xXDiagnosis of HCC by biopsy-proven pathologic diagnosis or by clinical criteria as defined below: \r\n* Clinical criteria to be met if patient has a history of cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis B infection:\r\n** Imaging abnormalities > 1 cm in size with classic enhancement by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or triple-phase computed tomography (CT) scan\r\n** Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) of any value\r\n* Clinical criteria to be met if patient has no history of cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis B infection\r\n** Imaging abnormalities > 1 cm in size with classic enhancement by MRI or triple-phase CT scan\r\n** And AFP > 20 mg/dLXx_NEWLINE_xXAll participants must have at least one bi-dimensionally measurable lesion (greater than [>]1.5 centimeters (cm) in its largest dimension by computed tomography [CT] scan)Xx_NEWLINE_xXEligible patients will have biopsy (histology or cytology) proven non-squamous, NSCLC with stage IIIA or dry IIIB disease; patients with previously surgically resected NSCLC who have a locoregional recurrence that is clinically amenable to definitive treatment with chemoradiation are also eligible; previous diagnostic tissue may be accepted to confirm diagnosis and perform correlative studies; patients are still eligible if there is insufficient tissue for correlative studies; evidence of mediastinal nodal disease will be documented pathologically by pretreatment mediastinoscopy or EBUS/EUS, only if clinically indicated (i.e. if the staging computed tomography [CT] Scans and positron emission tomography [PET] Scans are equivocal)Xx_NEWLINE_xXFemale patients with inoperable tumors or women with stage 4 disease diagnosed on computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), PET/CT or bone scanXx_NEWLINE_xXBaseline PET or PET/CT scans must show positive lesions compatible with CT-defined anatomical tumor sites (only applicable for FL, DLBCL, MCL, transformed indolent lymphoma, and FL transforming to DLBCL) CLL (Arms A and B):Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of metastatic disease on physical exam, computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/chest x-ray (CXR), and bone scan within 4 weeks prior to randomizationXx_NEWLINE_xXNo other signs of clinical recurrence or dissemination of prostate cancer as defined by normal CT-scan or MRI of the pelvis without local recurrence, and bone scan negative for metastases, and chest X-ray negative for metastases; prostascint scans will not be used to assess disease prior to study entryXx_NEWLINE_xXNegative CT scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis within 6 months prior to enrollment to rule out possibility of metastases;Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have the following within 4 weeks prior to registration:\r\n* Computed tomography (CT) chest with intravenous (IV) and oral agent\r\n* CT pelvis/abdomen with IV and oral agent\r\n* MRI brain with gadolinium\r\n* For patients with known bone metastases, elevated alkaline phosphatase or symptoms raising suspicion of bone metastases, a baseline bone scan is requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXActive central nervous system (CNS) involvement by malignancy (patients with known positive cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] cytology or parenchymal lesions visible by computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI])Xx_NEWLINE_xXHistological documentation of local recurrence or metastasis is strongly encouraged, unless the risk of such a procedure outweighs the potential benefit of confirming the metastatic disease; if no histologic confirmation, then the metastases or recurrence will require documentation by a 2nd radiographic procedure (eg. PET/computed tomography [CT] scan or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] in addition to the CT scan); if the imaging procedure does not confirm recurrent or metastatic disease, biopsy confirmation will be requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have at least 1 evaluable lesion. Lesions must be evaluated by computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have clinical stage T1-T3a and no radiographic evidence of metastatic disease as demonstrated by:\r\n* EITHER computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen and pelvis, OR endorectal MRI of the pelvis that demonstrate no nodes > 1.5 cm\r\n* If one or more pelvic lymph node(s) measures > 1.5 cm, a negative biopsy is required; if more than one lymph node is > 1.5 cm, the largest or most accessible node should be biopsied; AND\r\n* Negative bone scan (with plain films and/or MRI and/or CT scan confirmation, if necessary)\r\nPositive positron emission tomography (PET) and ProstaScint scans are not considered proof of metastatic diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease documented by computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or bone scan.Xx_NEWLINE_xXAt least 1 node ? 2 cm on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) orXx_NEWLINE_xXHistologically or cytologically confirmed pancreatic adenocarcinoma that has metastatic disease measurable by computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or (positron emission tomography (PET)Xx_NEWLINE_xXComputed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT imaging of the chest, abdomen, and pelvic regions within 60 days prior to registration (for stage I patients, posteroanterior [PA] and lateral chest x-ray is sufficient for chest imaging)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic Disease with at least one lesion on bone scan and/or soft tissue on CT/MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXAppropriate stage for study entry based on the following diagnostic workup:\r\n* History/physical examination =< 45 days prior to registration;\r\n* Computed tomography (CT) chest, CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or positron emission tomography (PET)-CT that includes abdomen and pelvis should be performed for initial radiological staging; this may be performed pre- or post-surgery =< 90 days prior to registration except in patients getting postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, who will require CT, MRI or PET-CT including the chest and abdomen and pelvis no more than 30 days prior to registration; imaging performed postoperatively should show no evidence of residual diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXEvery patient with relapse or progression into the CNS must be documented with computed tomography (CT) scan or MRI of the brain; other sites of relapse may be evaluated, including bone marrowXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with non-quantifiable monoclonal proteins are eligible provided they meet other criteria for multiple myeloma and they have evaluable or measurable disease by other (radiographic, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], computed tomography [CT], lytic measurable lesion on x-ray,) meansXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) per RECIST 1.1 criteria\r\n* Target lesions may be located in a previously irradiated field if there is documented (radiographic) disease progression in that site after the completion of radiation therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease as assessed by 2 dimensional measurements by computed tomography (CT) (>= 1.5 cm)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of metastatic disease (M1) as assessed by computed tomography/ magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI) and/or whole-body radionuclide bone scan.Xx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease by computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and/or positron emission tomography (PET) with at least one target lesion measuring 1.5 cm or largerXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have an avid primary tumor with an standardized uptake value (SUV) of >= 5 on baseline (18F) FDG-PET/computed tomography (CT) imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXCentrally located tumors with radiographic evidence (computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) of local invasion of major blood vesselsXx_NEWLINE_xXPositron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) is required for all patients, unless contraindicated; this may be acquired prior to study entry or after enrollment prior to SBRT planningXx_NEWLINE_xXFDG PET-CT (disease) positive baseline scan with measurable disease.Xx_NEWLINE_xXHypersplenism documented by imaging study (ultrasound [US] or computed tomography [CT])Xx_NEWLINE_xXCohort Expansion: One or more tumors measurable on CT/MRI scan per RECIST v 1.1 (Eisenhauer 2009; Appendix C).Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with metastatic disease, target lesion must be measurable using computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease beyond the neck or supraclavicular area as demonstrated by positron emission tomography (PET)/CT or biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXHistory of diverticulitis (even a single episode) or evidence of diverticulitis at baseline, including evidence limited to computed tomography (CT) scan only; note: diverticulosis is not an exclusion criterion per seXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least 1 measurable disease lesion >1.5 cm in at least one diameter by CT/CT-PET or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in an area of no prior radiation therapy, or in an area that was previously irradiated that has documented progressionXx_NEWLINE_xXAppropriate stage for protocol entry, including no distant metastases, based upon the following minimum diagnostic workup:\r\n* History/physical examination within 30 days prior to registration \r\n* Assessment by medical oncologist who specializes in treatment of IHC within 30 days of registration \r\n* Pre-randomization scan (REQUIRED for all patients): computed tomography (CT) scan chest/abdomen/pelvis with multiphasic liver CT scan within 30 days prior to registration; if CT contrast is contraindicated, CT chest without contrast and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of abdomen and pelvis is permittedXx_NEWLINE_xXOne or more measurable (> 1.5 cm in longest dimension) disease sites on CT (preferably PET/CT) or, if CT is contraindicated, MRI (preferably PET/MRI) scans.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a patent portal vein as documented by computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or ultrasoundXx_NEWLINE_xXUse of drugs to treat or prevent herpesvirus infections, including ganciclovir, acyclovir, valacyclovir, valganciclovir, foscarnet, cidofovir, and adefovir, must be stopped >= 24 hours prior to the baseline [124I]FIAU-PET-CT scan and cannot be resumed until after the last [124I]FIAU-PET-CT scanXx_NEWLINE_xXTumor is not clearly shown on a computed tomography (CT) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient should undergo brain imaging (CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) to rule out brain metastasesXx_NEWLINE_xXHave had a CT or MRI scan (chest, abdomen, pelvis and other suspected sites as applicable) to determine eligibility for randomization within 4 weeks prior to randomization (hereafter referred to as the \eligibility scan\)Xx_NEWLINE_xXImaging, a combination of at least two of the following (computed tomography [CT], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], endoscopic ultrasound [EUS]) staging the pancreatic mass as “locally advanced”Xx_NEWLINE_xXMust have at least one site of disease (index lesion) measurable in two dimensions by computed tomography (CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAppropriate stage for protocol entry, including no distant metastases, based upon the following minimum diagnostic workup:\r\n* History/physical examination, including recording of pulse, blood pressure (BP), weight, and body surface area, within 45 days prior to registration\r\n* Whole body fludeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET)/CT (orbits to mid-thighs) within 30 days prior to registration; PET/CT must be negative for distant metastasis\r\n* CT scan with contrast of the chest and upper abdomen to include liver and adrenals (unless medically contraindicated) within 30 days prior to registration\r\n* Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain with contrast (or CT scan with contrast, if MRI medically contraindicated) within 30 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXBi-dimensionally measurable disease by palpation, clinical exam, or radiographic imaging (x-ray, computed tomography [CT] scan, positron emission tomography [PET] scan, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], or ultrasound)Xx_NEWLINE_xXA subject with metastatic CRPC must have bone metastases accessible for biopsy by computed tomography (CT) guidanceXx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of disease outside the breast or chest wall, except ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes on staging scans (computed tomography [CT] chest/abdomen/pelvis and bone scan or positron emission tomography [PET] scan)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease on the 3D planning computed tomography (CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must have at least two lesions:\r\n* At least one lesion must be safely amenable to irradiation and likely to meet criteria delineated in the judgement of the treating radiation oncologist; this can be a lesion that was previously irradiated as long as prior radiation was at least 6 months prior to projected first fraction of SBRT and as long as reirradiation dose constraints as outlined are being met\r\n* A separate, not-to-be-irradiated lesion measurable by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) per Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 criteriaXx_NEWLINE_xXIf patient has a history of brain metastases or leptomeningeal disease, lesions must be stable for at least 3 months (as documented by either head computed tomography [CT] or brain magnetic resonance imaging [MRI])Xx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease documented by positive bone scan or metastatic lesions on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a histologically confirmed diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the prostate that is hormone refractory and with evidence of progressive metastatic disease following docetaxel treatment by any of the following:\r\n* Increased serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels confirmed by 3 consecutive PSA measurements (at least 2 weeks apart)\r\n* Progression of bidimensionally measurable soft tissue (nodal) metastasis by computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within the past 4 weeks and/or\r\n* Progression of bone disease by at least two new bone lesions on bone scan confirmed by a second bone scanXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with either skeletal pain or alkaline phosphatase that is > ULN must have a bone scan showing they do not have metastatic disease; suspicious findings on bone scan must be confirmed as benign by x-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with stage II disease and clinical suspicion for metastatic disease based on reported symptoms, physical examination findings, or laboratory abnormalities must have staging studies demonstrating no evidence of metastatic disease (with exception of axillary lymph nodes or mammary nodes); patients with stage III disease must have staging studies demonstrating no evidence of metastatic disease (with exception of axillary lymph nodes or mammary nodes), even if asymptomatic with normal physical examination and laboratory values; such staging studies must include: chest imaging (chest x-ray, computed tomography [CT], or MRI), abdominal/pelvis imaging (CT or MRI), and bone imaging (bone scan or positron emission tomography [PET]-scan); abnormalities that are indeterminate and too small to biopsy should be followed with further imaging, as appropriate, but do not exclude patients from the study; abnormalities that are suspicious and large enough to biopsy exclude patients from the study, unless a biopsy is performed and is negative for metastatic diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have shown unequivocal evidence for tumor recurrence or progression and should have at least one indicator lesion, that can be measured in one dimension as >/=20mm with conventional techniques (CT, MRI, X-ray) or >/=10mm with spiral CT scan.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have histologically proven primary or recurrent extremity melanoma, stage IIIB, IIIC, or stage IV (American Joint Committee on Cancer [AJCC] staging must be documented in patient’s medical record, as determined by computed tomography [CT] of the chest, abdomen and pelvis, and/or whole body positron emission tomography [PET] scan, and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] of the brain within 4 weeks prior to administration of study drug)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have been evaluated by standard-of-care full body imaging studies (computerized tomography [CT], positron emission tomography [PET]-CT or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) as part of the initial clinical work-up at baseline (no more than 4 weeks prior to study enrollment) and after completion of induction nivolumab-ipilimumab or nivolumab alone (at 6-8 weeks after the first dose of induction and prior to the definitive surgery procedure)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease is defined as at least one bi-dimensionally measurable non-lymph node lesion greater than or equal to (>/=) 1 centimeter (cm) on long access diameter on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan or at least one bi-dimensionally measurable lymph node measuring >/=1.5 cm on short access diameter on CT or MRI scanXx_NEWLINE_xXActive or untreated central nervous system (CNS) metastases as determined by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation during screening or prior radiographic assessments. Participants with radiographically stable, asymptomatic, previously irradiated lesions are eligible provided participant is >/=4 weeks beyond completion of cranial irradiation and >/=3 weeks off of corticosteroid therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXFluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-avid disease by positron emission tomography (PET).Xx_NEWLINE_xXFluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) avid disease on baseline scan For enrollment in part 2, patients must meet all of the following:Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient with known but adequately treated brain metastases and without central nervous system (CNS) disease progression as determined by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging within 4 weeks of the first dose of study drugXx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of metastatic disease as determined by chest computed tomography (CT) scan, and abdominal CT scan (or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] with gadolinium and/or manganese); all patients must be staged with a physical exam, chest CT, abdominal CT with intravenous contrast (or abdominal MRI with gadolinium and/or manganese)Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects with metastatic disease limited to bone are ineligible unless there is at least one lytic lesion with identifiable soft tissue components that can be evaluated by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients must have their disease status documented by a complete physical examination and imaging studies within 4 weeks prior to the first dose of study drug. Imaging studies must include computerized tomography (CT) scan of neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis, and all known sites of resected disease in the setting of Stage IIIb/c or Stage IV disease, and brain magnetic resonance imaging ([MRI], brain CT allowable if MRI is contraindicated).Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be free of active brain metastasis by contrast-enhanced computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI) scans within 4 weeks prior to enrollment; if known to have prior brain metastases, these must have been adequately managed with standard of care radiation therapy, stereotactic radiosurgery or surgery prior to registration on the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease by computed tomograph (CT)/ and/or positron-emission tomography CT (PET-CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXDocumented metastatic disease on bone scan, computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAppropriate diagnosis for protocol entry, based upon the following minimal diagnostic work-up:\r\n* History/physical examination within 8 weeks prior to registration and:\r\n* Suspicion of metastatic cancer to the vertebrae or multiple myeloma with a focus in a vertebral body(ies) and;  \r\n* The lesion must be identifiable with radiologic evidence (x-ray, bone scan, computed tomography [CT] scan, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI])Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have pathologic diagnosis of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), by either histologic biopsy, or cytologic evidence; highly suspicious cytology (i.e. abnormal cells suspicious for malignancy) is acceptable, in the setting of a strongly positive computed tomography (CT)/positron emission tomography (PET) (standardized uptake value [SUV] > 5.0)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be considered an appropriate candidate for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT); this is determined on an individualized basis, by the prospective multidisciplinary tumor board, that includes representation from surgical, radiation and medical oncology; criteria for appropriateness for SBRT include all of the following: but:\r\n* Stage I/II non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) – no evidence of distant metastases (patients with up to three lung nodules may be considered to have ‘multiple primary’ lung cancer rather than metastatic lung cancer and thus will be eligible; if a lymph node(s) >= 2 cm and/or PET-SUV >= 4.0 is identified, biopsy must be performed (and be negative) for the patient to be eligible; patients thought to have M1b disease, or malignant pleural/pericardial effusions are not eligible\r\n* Staging including CT chest, PET/CT must be up-to-date, i.e. within 6 weeks prior to registration; brain imaging (contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] or CT) is suggested for all patients, but is only mandatory for patients with abnormal neurologic exam\r\n* Tumor size =< 7 cm in greatest dimension based upon an up-to-date CT (and/or CT/PET) within 6 weeks prior to enrollment onto the study; radiation therapy treatment planning imaging is acceptable)\r\n* The patient must not be a candidate for (or declines because of high risk) surgical resection because of medical comorbidity/risk; the patient must have undergone an evaluation by an experienced thoracic surgeon within 12 weeks prior to registration; standard justification criteria may include forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) < 40% predicted; predicted postoperative FEV1 =< 30% predicted; diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) =< 60% predicted; pulmonary hypertension (estimated >= 40 mm Hg); poor cardiac function (ejection fraction [EF] =< 40%); Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnea scale >= 3 (corresponds to inability to walk at least 100 yards without rest); baseline hypoxemia (partial pressure of oxygen [pO2] =< 55 mg HG and/or pulse oxygen [ox] < 88%), baseline hypercapnea (carbon dioxide [CO2] >= 45 mm Hg; there are also other, less objective criteria, including severe end-organ damage from diabetes/hypertension, severe atherosclerotic disease (heart, brain, aorta, peripheral artery)\r\n* Tumor(s) must be in a location/configuration such that risk of fistula is considered relatively low; this means that there can be no evidence of tumor invasion of a major (lobar/hilar) pulmonary vessel(s), aorta, vena cava, trachea or mainstem bronchus or esophagus; additional studies may be needed to assess this, including CT angiogram, MRI, bronchoscopy, esophagoscopyXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least 1 unresectable lesion on a CT (Computerized Tomography) scan that is measurable as defined by RECIST, Version 1.1Xx_NEWLINE_xXSystemic staging including computed tomography (CT) that covers the chest, liver and adrenal glands or a positron emission tomography (PET)/CT; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain is required and must be negative for metastatic spread; if a patient is unable to tolerate MRI or has a contraindication to MRI, a head CT scan with and without contrast is acceptableXx_NEWLINE_xXThe tumor must be deemed as being borderline resectable; final computed tomography (CT) confirmation of surgical staging/eligibility will be at the discretion of the pancreatic surgeon of the patientXx_NEWLINE_xXBaseline fludeoxyglucose F 18 (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) scans must demonstrate positive lesions compatible with computed tomography (CT) defined anatomical tumor sites\r\n* CT scan showing at least:\r\n** 2 or more clearly demarcated lesions/nodes with a long axis > 1.5 cm and short axis >= 1.0 cm OR\r\n** 1 clearly demarcated lesion/node with a long axis > 2.0 cm and short axis >= 1.0 cmXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease per RECIST documented by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); the CT from a combined positron emission tomography (PET)/CT may be used to document only non-measurable disease unless it is of diagnostic quality; measurable disease must be assessed within 28 days prior to registration; pleural effusions, ascites and laboratory parameters are not acceptable as the only evidence of disease; non-measurable disease must be assessed within 42 days prior to registration; all disease must be assessed and documented on the Baseline Tumor Assessment Form RECIST 1.1Xx_NEWLINE_xXDisease that can be assessed (evaluable) with imaging (CT, MRI, PET, radionuclide imaging or other imaging modality)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (or computed tomography [CT] if MRI is not available) of the brain must be performed within 14 days prior to study entryXx_NEWLINE_xXLocally advanced, unresectable, and/or metastatic soft-tissue sarcoma of intermediate or high grade with evidence of disease progression by either computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, or clinical judgment on or after the last cancer therapy within 6 months prior to randomization.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients should have measurable disease defined as a minimum of one tumor measuring >= 10 mm on computed tomography (CT) scansXx_NEWLINE_xXImaging features worrisome for malignancy (heterogeneous tumor, presence of calcifications, necrosis, > 10 Hounsfield units on an unenhanced CT scan, and delayed washout of contrast)Xx_NEWLINE_xXCentrally located tumors with radiographic evidence (computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) of local invasion of major blood vesselsXx_NEWLINE_xXSymptomatic leptomeningeal or brain metastases or spinal cord compression Note: Subjects previously treated for these conditions are eligible if they meet both of the criteria below: (1) have had stable CNS disease for at least 4 weeks after local therapy as assessed by imaging (contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] or computed tomography [CT]) prior to Day 1, and (2) are asymptomatic and off corticosteroids, or are on stable dose of corticosteroids for at least 4 weeks prior to Day 1.Xx_NEWLINE_xXStage IV disease as evidenced by soft tissue, visceral and/or bony metastasis must be Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) evaluable on computed tomography (CT) scan and/or bone scanXx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of metastatic disease on imaging by whole body bone scan (technetium-99 or sodium fluoride [Na-F] positron emission tomography [PET] bone scan) and cross-sectional imaging of the abdomen/pelvis (computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) within 6 weeks of day 1 of protocol therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXBrain lesion(s), if still present, must be confirmed stable (i.e., no increase in lesion size) for >= 6 weeks prior to randomization (stability must be confirmed with two consecutive magnetic resonance image (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans with contrast, ANDXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a diagnostic quality contrast computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis OR baseline positron emission tomography (PET)-CT scan performed within 28 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of tumor progression by MRI or computed tomography (CT) scan following radiation therapy or following the most recent anti-tumor therapy; note: patients who have had surgical treatment at recurrence are eligible if they had a resection with measurable or non-measurable residual disease on postoperative imaging or if there is imaging evidence of disease progression as compared to the first postoperative scanXx_NEWLINE_xXMust have disease measurable by RECIST 1.1 criteria using either computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable, 18F-deoxyglucose (FDG)-avid (Deauville score ? 3) systemic disease (using Lugano Classification response criteria) by positron emission tomography (PET)-diagnostic computed tomography (CT). Baseline scans must be of acceptable quality to the central radiology laboratory prior to Cycle 1 Day 1.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPhlebotomy-dependent participants with splenomegaly by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computerized tomography (CT) imaging (? 450 cubic centimeters [cm^3]) or without splenomegaly (< 450 cm^3, unpalpable, or prior splenectomy)Xx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of metastatic disease on bone scan or MRI/computed tomography (CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXStage clinical T1 N0 M0 or T2 N0 M0 as per American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Staging system 7th edition, based on the following criteria:\r\n* Chest computed tomography (CT) with upper abdomen to include the liver and adrenal glands with intravenous (IV) contrast (unless medically contraindicated) within 2 months of registration\r\n* Participants must have measurable disease, defined as >= 5 mm on a diagnostic CT scan with slice thickness of no more than 2.5 mm\r\n* Positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan including neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis within 2 months of study enrollment characterizing the primary tumor and documenting the absence of nodal and distant metastasis\r\n* Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium within 2 months of study enrollment demonstrating the absence of brain metastasis; if an MRI is medically contraindicated or if the patient refuses, a head CT with IV contrast is acceptableXx_NEWLINE_xXThe presence of metastatic disease amenable to computed tomography (CT) or ultrasound guided biopsy; this may include thoracolumbar vertebral bodies, pelvis, femur or humerus, or soft tissue or nodal metastasis amenable to biopsy (excluding lung or pleural lesions)Xx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of central nervous system (CNS) hemorrhage on baseline MRI or computed tomography (CT) scan (except for grade 1 hemorrhage that has been stable for at least 3 months)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic disease documented by bone, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance image (MRI) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease > 1.5 cm evidenced by computed tomography (CT) scan of the neck/chest/abdomen(abd)/pelvis or CT/positron emission tomography (PET) scansXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable or assessable disease defined as at least one of the following:            \r\n* A lymph node or tumor mass that is >= 2.0 cm in at least one dimension by computed tomography (CT) portion of positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan, CT scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)\r\n* Diffuse infiltration of an organ such as the stomach, bone marrow, peripheral blood, liver, lungs, or bowel by lymphoma without a discrete mass would constitute assessable, but not measurable, diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXFluorodeoxyglucose-avid and measurable disease of at least 1.5 cm as documented by both positron emission tomography and spiral computed tomography.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have shown unequivocal evidence for tumor recurrence or progression by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan with contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXA baseline scan should be performed within 14 days prior to registration and on a steroid dosage that has been stable for at least 5 days otherwise a new baseline MR/CT is required; the same type of scan, i.e., MRI or CT must be used throughout the period of protocol treatment for tumor measurementXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have failed prior external beam radiation therapy; a positron emission tomography (PET) or thallium single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), MR spectroscopy and MR perfusion, or surgical documentation may be done at the discretion of the treating physician if there is a question of radiation changes/necrosis versus progressive diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXAll patients must have undergone staging of their lung cancer prior to enrollment with a chest CT scan and PET scan, both within 8 weeks of inclusion, in addition to bronchoscopyXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) per RECIST v1.1.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPre-operative computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abdomen and pelvis within 90 daysXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are eligible for this trial; HCC is defined as having at least one of the following:\r\n* HCC diagnosed either on biopsy or based on standard imaging criteria on contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (arterial enhancement with washout and pseudocapsule); or\r\n* A discrete hepatic tumor(s) as defined by the Barcelona criteria for cirrhotic patients, > 1 centimeter (cm) with arterial hypervascularity and venous or delayed phase washout on CT or MRI\r\n* Presentation at multidisciplinary liver tumor board to assess eligibility for either SBRT or MWAXx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of metastatic disease as documented by technetium-99m (99mTc) bone scan and by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scansXx_NEWLINE_xXHave no evidence of distant metastases (as determined by endoscopic ultrasound [EUS], PET-computed tomography [CT] or staging laparoscopy)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPost-operative computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis =< 30 days prior to registration demonstrating no evidence of residual or recurrent malignancyXx_NEWLINE_xXPositron emission tomography (PET) avid disease with standard uptake value (SUV) > 5Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubject has no contraindication for computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during screening and is able to complete a screening examination; CT and/or MRI within 6 months of screening is requiredXx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of cancer within 28 days prior to start of study treatment; this should be determined by imaging of the chest, abdomen and pelvis by computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); staging of the chest using chest x-ray in lieu of CT and/or MRI should not be used for this purposeXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease (at least 1 lesion of >= 1.5 cm in diameter) as detected by computed tomography (CT) or the CT images of the positron emission tomography (PET)/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXNo clinical evidence of N1, N2 or N3 lymph nodes as assessed by CT and/or PET-CTXx_NEWLINE_xXComputed tomography (CT) of the neck to confirm stagingXx_NEWLINE_xXNodal disease as detected by clinical exam or CTXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have a diagnostic quality magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain or if contraindicated then contrast computed tomography (CT) scan of the head performed within 28 days prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXCT scan chest, abdomen and pelvis or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan (diagnostic quality CT) performed within 28 days of study registration; for disease outside the brain, tumors must be > 10 mm by CT scanXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have no evidence of metastasis on positron emission tomography (PET) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan of the pelvis and chest imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXRadiographic evidence of radiation pneumonitis on a computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest with or without contrastXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with any radiographic evidence of metastases, including plain x-ray, bone scan, computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, or positron emission tomography (PET) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXVisceral metastases (including cerebral metastases) from castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) (> 2 lung and/or liver metastases [size >= 2 cm]; lymphadenopathy exceeding 6 cm in short-axis diameter or any size pelvic lymphadenopathy if it is thought to be a contributor to concurrent hydronephrosis), as assessed by computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or chest X-ray within the 8 weeks prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must have at least one lesion that is not within a previously radiated field that is evaluable on computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan per RECIST version 1.1; if the subject’s only evaluable disease is within a previously radiated field, it must have demonstrated progression since the time of radiationXx_NEWLINE_xXHas evaluable tumor burden (measurable and/or non-measurable tumor lesions) assessed by computed tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging, based on RECIST version 1.1Xx_NEWLINE_xXFludeoxyglucose F-18 (FDG)-avid disease by FDG-PET/computed tomography (CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1; contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scans of the neck, chest, abdomen and pelvis are required; a whole body positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan with diagnostic quality images and intravenous iodinated contrast may be used in lieu of a contrast enhanced CT of the chest, abdomen and pelvis; imaging of the head and neck is required only if the patient has a head/neck primary; contrast may be omitted if the treating investigator believes that exposure to contrast poses an excessive risk to the patient; if skin lesions are being followed as measurable disease, photograph with a ruler included and physician measurements, must be kept in the patients chart as source documentation; all measurable lesions must be assessed within 28 days prior to registration; tests to assess non-measurable disease must be performed within 42 days prior to registration; all disease must be assessed and documented on the baseline tumor assessment form (RECIST 1.1)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of metastatic disease as determined by radionuclide bone scans and computed tomography (CT)/MRI; lymph nodes must be less than 20 mm in the short (transverse) axisXx_NEWLINE_xXKnown brain metastases or cranial epidural disease unless adequately treated with radiotherapy, radiosurgery, or surgery and stable for at least 4 weeks prior to the initiation of study treatment; stability must be confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) imaging and/or treating investigator determinationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have cross-sectional body imaging (positron emission tomography [PET]-computed tomography [CT] or equivalent) performed within 4 weeks of study enrollment and available for reviewXx_NEWLINE_xXThe presence of known ischemic heart disease as defined by significant obstructive heart disease (stenosis > 70%) seen on coronary angiography or cardiac computed tomography (CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPositive 4 dimensional computed tomography (4D CT) for single gland (adenoma) primary hyperparathyroidismXx_NEWLINE_xX4D CT positive for multiple gland diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXRadiographic evidence* of bone metastases within 8 weeks of study for non-weight bearing sites and 4 weeks for weight bearing sites; the patient must have pain which appears to be related to the radiographically documented metastasis in the opinion of the treating physician, and the decision has been made by the responsible clinician that a course of palliative external beam radiation therapy is appropriate treatment; multiple sites eligible if they can be included in no greater than 3 treatment sites and not all identifiable lesions will require treatment unless they are painful lesions\r\n* This should be one of the following:  plain film, bone scan, positron emission tomography (PET) scan, computed tomography (CT) scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXScheduled for low dose computed tomography (CT) screening for lung cancerXx_NEWLINE_xXChest radiograph or computed tomography (CT) scan within =< 3 months prior to study enrollment rules out primary or metastatic malignancy in the lungs or pleural space as a significant cause of respiratory insufficiencyXx_NEWLINE_xXCentrally located tumors with radiographic evidence (computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) of local invasion of major blood vesselsXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of cT1 renal mass by diagnostic computed tomography (CT) assessmentXx_NEWLINE_xXUncontrolled infections, defined as positive blood cultures within 72 hours of study entry, or evidence of progressive infection by imaging studies such as chest computed tomography (CT) scan within 14 days of registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXFludeoxyglucose F-18 (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) avid tumorsXx_NEWLINE_xXThe patient must have localized spine metastasis from the cervical (C)1 to lumbar (L)5 levels by a screening imaging study (bone scan, positron emission tomography [PET], computed tomography [CT], or MRI) (a solitary spine metastasis; two separate spine levels; or up to 3 separate sites [e.g., C5, thoracic (T)5-6, and T12] are permitted;) each of the separate sites may have a maximal involvement of 2 contiguous vertebral bodies; patients can have other visceral metastasis, and radioresistant tumors (including soft tissue sarcomas, melanomas, and renal cell carcinomas) are eligibleXx_NEWLINE_xXThe patient has received a clinical classification of stage I or II disease; \clinically classified\ means using all studies including computed tomography (CT) scans, positron emission tomography (PET) scans, bone scans, mediastinoscopy, and/or any study or procedure performed short of thoracotomyXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects who have received iodinated contrast dye must wait 12 hours prior to starting metformin; if a computed tomography (CT) scan with contrast is scheduled after screening and consent, the metformin cannot be taken until after the CT with contrast has been completed and they have waited 12 hoursXx_NEWLINE_xXAfter completion of radiotherapy, within the last 12 months, a positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) or contrast-enhanced CT scan must be performed within 8 weeks of registration demonstrating no evidence of disease or loco-regional recurrenceXx_NEWLINE_xXReferred for computed tomography (CT) guided biopsy of lung lesionXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must have measurable disease by computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) per RECIST 1.1 criteria; radiographic tumor assessment must be performed within 28 days prior to first dose of study drugXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease >= 1.5 cm as measured on positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1, defined as at least one lesion that can be accurately measured in at least one dimension >= 10 mm (>= 1 cm) by computed tomography (CT) imaging or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 28 days prior to start of protocol therapy; the CT from a combined positron emission tomography (PET)/CT may be used if it is of diagnostic quality; laboratory parameters are not acceptable as the only evidence of diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of any lymph node spread or distant metastases as determined by positron emission tomography (PET) computed tomography (CT) imaging within 16 weeks of enrollment; alternatively, for those without PET CT capability, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or CT of the abdomen and pelvis and a chest x-ray confirming no evidence of metastatic disease is acceptableXx_NEWLINE_xXActive or untreated central nervous system (CNS) metastases as determined by Computed Tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with parenchymal lesions must have unequivocal evidence of disease progression on imaging (MRI of the brain or head computed tomography [CT]) 21 days prior to study registration; for patients with leptomeningeal disease only, CSF cytology must document lymphoma cells and/or imaging findings consistent with CSF disease 21 days prior to study registration (at the discretion of the investigator)Xx_NEWLINE_xXRadiologic confirmation of the absence of hematogenous metastasis within 12 weeks prior to registration; at a minimum, chest x-ray is required; CT imaging of the chest or PET/CT is acceptableXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with known bone metastases, with evidence of corticol bone damage/lytric lesions/blastic lesions on standard imaging studies (computed tomography [CT]/magnetic resonance [MR])Xx_NEWLINE_xXInability to tolerate po; patients who have a computed tomography (CT) scan with contrast dye within 7 days and/or have a pacemaker will be excluded from having a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan onlyXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease (or nonmeasurable bone-only disease) assessed by computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT, performed as part of standard of care, at the discretion of the attending oncologistXx_NEWLINE_xXRadiographic (X-ray, or computer tomography [CT]) evidence of at least 1 lytic bone lesion (or at least 1 focal lesion per magnetic resonance imaging [MRI])Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must have had a baseline scan (computed tomography [CT], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], or positron emission tomography-computer tomography [PET/CT]) of the chest to assess disease burden before starting on first line chemotherapy for NSCLC and those images must have been reviewed by the investigator prior to randomization. If the scan was performed more than 28 days prior to randomization, an additional scan must be performed and reviewed by the investigator to confirm that the patient has not progressed before randomization.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have had a contrast-enhanced computerized tomographic (CT) scan of the chest and abdomen within 2 months of study entry and be willing to have a follow up scan within 2 months of the completion of the retreatXx_NEWLINE_xXAdministered IV x-ray contrast medium ? 24 hours prior to the date of study PET/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXAdministered oral contrast medium ? 120 hours prior to the date of study PET/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXDiagnosis of cirrhosis based on one or more of the following: histology, US, computed tomography (CT) or MRI showing cirrhosis, +/- lesions seen on CE-MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXArm 2 patients must have lymph node, soft tissue, or visceral metastatic disease measuring >= 1 cm, or bone metastases, documented by prior CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging; Arm 2 patients may have hormone-sensitive or castrate-resistant disease and may be receiving treatment with hormonal or other therapiesXx_NEWLINE_xXPrevious CT scan, magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRI/MRCP) or EUS of the abdomen in the past three yearsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be registered between 180 days and 465 days (inclusive) of primary resection; patients must show no evidence of disease (NED) based on post-operative colonoscopy (performed at least 180 days after the colon resection date or at least 120 days after the rectal resection date and prior to registration) and computed tomography (CT) scans* of chest, abdomen and pelvis (performed at least 180 days after the colon resection date or at least 120 days after the rectal resection date and prior to registration); patients with adenomas detected at the one-year postoperative colonoscopy are eligible if all adenomas have been completely removed\r\n* CT scan is for high risk patients, as per National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines and at the discretion of the treating physician\r\n* NOTE: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation is an acceptable alternative to CT scans for eligibility purposesXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have achieved a documented complete response to treatment based on normal cancer antigen (CA)-125 (per the institution’s upper limit of normal) and computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast (i.e. there must be no clinical evidence of persistent or recurrent disease based on CA-125 and CT scan or MRI with contrast)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAlpha feto protein (AFP) levels within normal institutional limits or judged to be not clinically significant by the investigator; Exception: If deemed clinically significant, then liver imaging must be available within previous 6 months (e.g., ultrasound, computed tomography [CT] scan, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) showing no evidence of hepatocellular carcinomaXx_NEWLINE_xXAdvanced chronic pancreatitis as determined by the following criteria: EUS score greater than 6, calcifications in combination with atrophy and/or dilation of >= 5 mm, or evidence of advanced chronic pancreatitis by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results in the past 12 monthsXx_NEWLINE_xXComputed tomography (CT) scan of the chest done =< 6 months prior to pre?registration showing either negative findings (no nodules) or solid or part?solid nodules < 6 mm in size (consistent with < 1% probability of malignancy, Lung?Reporting and Data Systems [RADs] version 1.0)Xx_NEWLINE_xXConfirmed diagnosis of liver cirrhosis assessed by the presence of clinical signs, symptoms, body imaging (ultrasound, computed tomography [CT], or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]), or liver biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXWilling and able to undergo low dose computed tomography (CT) scan, as determined by radiology team, or has had a lung cancer screen within 30 days of enrollment into this protocol.Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must have had a negative bone scan, and computed tomography (CT) of abdomen and pelvis within 16 weeks prior to registration; additional forms of imaging (Prostascint scan, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) may be substituted for a CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis if clinically indicatedXx_NEWLINE_xXConfirmed diagnosis of liver cirrhosis (Child-Pugh A or B) assessed by the presence of clinical signs, symptoms, body imaging (ultrasound, computed tomography [CT], or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or liver biopsyXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of progressive disease by imaging modalities or biopsy - persistent positron emission tomography (PET) activity, though possibly related to lymphoma, is not an exclusion criterion in the absence of computed tomography (CT) changes indicating progressionXx_NEWLINE_xXSTUDY I: Smoked at least one cigarette per week prior to undergoing the CT scanXx_NEWLINE_xXAll nodules should be persistent at least after three months follow up with 1 dimension (1d)-CT; a reduction up to 15% of the diameter of the largest target nodule from the previous CT scan is allowedXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects with bone dominant disease with at least 2 skeletal metastases identified at baseline by bone scintigraphy and confirmed by computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Xx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable tumor by CT or MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXKnown active metastases to the brain, spinal cord or leptomeninges unless adequately treated with radiotherapy, radiosurgery, or surgery and stable for at least 4 weeks of first study treatment as documented by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) imaging and having no ongoing requirement for steroidsXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease per RECIST 1.1 or bone-only disease with lytic component. Patients with bone-only metastatic cancer must have a lytic or mixed lytic-blastic lesion that can be accurately assessed by computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Patients with bone-only disease without a lytic component (ie, blastic-only metastasis) are not eligible.Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubject must have positron emission tomography (PET)-positive disease as per Lugano ClassificationXx_NEWLINE_xXBone lesions (1 or more osteolytic lesions on low-dose whole body computed tomography [LDCT], positron-emission tomography with computed tomography [PET-CT] or CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must be able to lie still for a 20-30 minute PET/CT scanXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with untreated focal liver observations on liver ultrasound or multiphase contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed as part of clinical standard of care within 4 weeks before patient enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXRadiologic evidence of local recurrence or new or progressive metastatic disease demonstrated on anatomical imaging (CT, MRI, or ultrasound), whole-body bone scan (99m-Tc-MDP or Na-18F) within 4 weeks of enrollment.Xx_NEWLINE_xXUnmeasurable target tumor site by RECIST 1.1 or PRC (example [ex]: lesions < 2 cm on computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance [MR] scan, leptomeningeal disease, ascites, pleural/pericardial effusion, lymphangitis, non-fludeoxyglucose [FDG]-avid skin lesions)Xx_NEWLINE_xXCOHORT I: Patient must be able to tolerate PET/CT imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXCOHORT I: Patient must not have claustrophobia that would preclude PET/CT imaging or other contraindications to CT imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXCT or magnetic resonance (MR) scan of abdomen and pelvis which does not suggest presence of metastatic disease outside of the pelvisXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have perfusion CT target lesion (e.g., >= 1 cm in both the long and short axis, at least one half of the tumor appears enhancing and solid on a contrast-enhanced scan or has an attenuation of >= 10 Hounsfield unit [HU] on the unenhanced CT scan) on a contrast-enhanced conventional CTXx_NEWLINE_xXEligibility of a perfusion CT target lesion must be confirmed by the ACR Core Lab prior to study enrollment and the T0 perfusion CT scanXx_NEWLINE_xXDiagnostic CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan within 2 months of study entryXx_NEWLINE_xXHave a primary diagnosis, or at high clinical suspicion, of lung nodule(s) warranting surgery based on CT and/or PET imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients on corticosteroids must be maintained on a stable corticosteroid regimen for 5 days prior each magnetic resonance (MR)-PET scanXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants must have no evidence of nodal involvement (N0) or distant metastases (M0) on staging studies, which may include positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT), and/or mediastinoscopyXx_NEWLINE_xXScheduled for or completed a 18F-FDG-PET or 18F-FDG-PET/CT tumor staging procedureXx_NEWLINE_xXPrior prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/CT.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with known or suspected neuroblastoma or pheochromocytoma are eligible. 18F-DA PET/computed tomography (CT) scanning will not be the initial imaging study in a newly diagnosed patientXx_NEWLINE_xXAxumin PET/CT scan already performed or scheduled as best standard of care procedure for suspected disease relapse within 2 weeks before or after intended 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXWhole body 18F-FDG PET/computed tomography (CT) or I-131 scintigraphy within the past 90 days of the scheduled 68Ga-PSMA PET demonstrating uptakeXx_NEWLINE_xXCohort A only: Presence of at least three distinct metastatic lesions by standard imaging including whole body bone scan + cross-sectional imaging of the abdomen and pelvis obtained within 12 weeks prior to protocol scanXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipant must have undergone a PET/computed tomography (CT) examination with injection of a standard dose of 18F-fluorodeoxyclucose (FDG) or other PET tracer with a half-life greater than one hour either for clinical or research purposes within 3 hrs of the proposed PET-MRI examinationXx_NEWLINE_xXDiagnostic CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as part of the PET study or performed within one month of PSMA PETXx_NEWLINE_xXHad a prior 68Ga DOTATATE PET/CT scan and a CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with or without contrast performed within 3 months before signing the consent, without interval treatment other than a somatostatin analogXx_NEWLINE_xXCT or MRI must demonstrate at least one lesion (primary or metastatic) present 1.5 cm or larger in any dimension on cross-sectional imaging (CT or MRI) obtained within 3 months of study enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must be able to lie still for a 20 to 30 minute PET/CT scanXx_NEWLINE_xXAbility to undergo standard PET imaging; an 18 F FDG PET/CT scan will take place within 8 weeks of enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXHave a measurable lesion in the pelvis or abdomen, at a minimum of 0.5 cm in diameter on standard of care pre-operative imaging studies (computed tomography [CT], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] or positron emission tomography [PET] scan)Xx_NEWLINE_xXDocumented results from (or scheduled to undergo) CT or MRI of the chest, abdomen and pelvis as a SOC procedure within 28 days of baseline investigational 11C-Gln PET/CT and 18F-FSPG PET/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXSUB-STUDY III: Imaging evidence of suspected metastatic disease, including CT, bone scan, MRI, ultrasound or other PET modalitiesXx_NEWLINE_xXAny condition that precludes the proper performance of PET and/or CT scan: a) Subjects who are not able to tolerate the CT contrast agent, b) Subjects with metal implants or arthroplasty, or any other objects that might interfere with the PET and/or CT analysis, c) Subjects unable to raise arms for prolonged imaging purposes, d) Subjects unable to lie still for the entire imaging time, e) Subjects weighing greater than 110 kg (243 lb)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have a solid tumor with a short-axis greater than or equal to 1 cm (by CT, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasonography or mammography) to allow reliable PET imaging.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with a body weight of 400 pounds or more, or a body mass index (BMI) which precludes their entry into the bore of the PET/CT scanner, because the findings will probably be compromised in image quality with CT, PET/CT and MRI.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who cannot undergo PET/compute tomography (CT) scanningXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients cannot undergo CT examination.Xx_NEWLINE_xXSubject must have been referred for a clinically indicated PET-computed tomography (CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXDiagnostic CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed within 30 days prior to the 68Ga-RM2 PETXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient is able to remain still for duration of imaging procedure (approximately 30 minutes total for digital PET/CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXUndergone standard of care conventional imaging (computed tomography [CT] and/or magnetic resonance [MR]; bone scan and/or sodium fluoride [NaF] PET)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAny other contraindication to CT with iodinated contrast, as CT with contrast will be used in the studyXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one site of measurable disease (per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors [RECIST] 1.1) that is seen on CT, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or FDG PET/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must be able to lie still for a 20 to 30 minute PET/CT scan.Xx_NEWLINE_xXBiopsy proven or clinically documented metastatic breast cancer with at least one lesion outside the liver by standard imaging (e.g. CT, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], bone scan, ultrasound, fludeoxyglucose F 18 [FDG] PET/CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient scheduled for CT that includes the abdomen with a multiphasic contrast enhanced protocol (e.g. triple phase or quadruple phase liver CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have a history of serious adverse events related to a previous MRI or PET/computed tomography (CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAt least 2 metastatic soft tissue or osseous lesions identified on conventional imaging (CT, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] or bone scan)Xx_NEWLINE_xXDiagnostic CT or MRI as part of the PET study or performed within one month of PSMA PETXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of at least one target liver or other intra-abdominal lesion detected by standard staging scans that, in the judgment of study investigators, would be amenable to hyperpolarized C-13 pyruvate/metabolic MR imaging:\r\n* Target lesion must measure >= 1.0 cm in long axis diameter on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of at least one target lesion detected by standard staging scans that, in the judgment of study investigators, would be amenable to hyperpolarized C-13 pyruvate/metabolic MR imaging:\r\n* Soft tissue/visceral organ target lesions must measure at 1 cm in long axis diameter on computed tomography (CT) or MRI\r\n* Target lesions in the bone must be visualized by CT or MRI (lesions present only on bone scan do not qualify)\r\n* For patients with target lesion in prostate/prostatic bed:\r\n** No contra-indications to endorectal coil insertion (e.g., patients with a prior abdominoperineal resection of the rectum or latex allergy).\r\n** No prior local treatment to the selected lesion; patients who have received prior radiation or ablative therapy to the prostate will be required to have biopsy-proven evidence of disease recurrence following completion of local therapyXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects must have a computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest within 8 weeks of surgeryXx_NEWLINE_xXCompleted radiographic evaluation with whole-body bone scan (99mTc-MDP or Na18F) and cross-sectional imaging (CT or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) of the abdomen and pelvis =< 42 days prior to study enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with NSCLC diagnosis who have been referred for a clinical FDG PET/CT staging scan as part of their standard of careXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have a PET/CT obtained within 40 days of having the EBUS-TBNAXx_NEWLINE_xXDocumented visceral metastases or current lymphadenopathy > 3 cm by standard imaging (e.g. magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], CT, ultrasound, fludeoxyglucose [FDG] PET/CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one lesion by CT or MRI ? 2 cmXx_NEWLINE_xXHave at least one kidney lesion identified but incompletely characterized on a non-contrasted ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance (MR) exam for which the patient’s provider recommends follow-up studies or further evaluation with an additional imaging tests.Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of metastatic disease on conventional imaging, including a negative bone scan for skeletal metastasis and/or negative cross section imaging (MR or CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPATIENT: Patients who have received any contrast medium (X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], computed tomography [CT] or ultrasound [US]) in the 24 hours prior to the research US examXx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of metastatic disease on conventional imaging, including a negative bone scan for skeletal metastasis and negative contrast-enhanced CT; sodium fluoride (NaF) PET CT can substitute for separate bone scan and CTXx_NEWLINE_xXInability to undergo or cooperate with PET/computed tomography (CT) scan (e.g., claustrophobia)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAble to complete a PET/CT scan without the use of sedationXx_NEWLINE_xXThe time interval between 18F FSPG PET/CT and standard of care imaging (ie, 18F FDG PET/CT, diagnostic CT, or MRI) should be within 4 weeks (exceptions will be allowed for 6 weeks, if there are no other options)Xx_NEWLINE_xXIdeally, there should be no chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or immune/biologic therapy or biopsy between other imaging (PET/CTs, MRI, or diagnostic CTs) and 18F FSPG PET/CT scheduled or performed (exceptions by investigator discretion)Xx_NEWLINE_xXClaustrophobia interfering with MRI and PET/CT imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXFor patients with organ confined renal tumors to be enrolled, the renal mass must be >= 1 cm in diameter on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and can be any clinical stage T1a-T4 (non-metastatic); a histologic diagnosis is not required for enrollment; the primary imaging site would be kidneyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient must have at least one measurable lesion according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 by radiological evaluation (ultrasound, mammography, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], computed tomography [CT], PET) or physical examination\r\n* Patients with evaluable osseous metastasis that are lytic or mixed lytic-sclerotic are eligible\r\n* Patients with hepatic lesions may be eligible provided the location of the lesion is peripheral or not too close to hepatic duct; decision on hepatic lesion eligibility will be made by the principal investigator or sub-investigator after careful review of all available imaging to ensure evaluation of the lesion will not be obscured by normal hepatobiliary excretion of 18F-FFNPXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with a body weight of 400 pounds or more or a body habitus or disability that will not permit the imaging protocol to be performed, due to the compromise in image quality on both CT and PET/CT; if the standard-of-care 18F-FDG/PET was of diagnostic in quality as determined by the official clinical interpretation, then this will be presumptive evidence that the patient’s body habitus and/or disabilities should not prevent a diagnostic quality 18F-FSPG PET/CT scan, eitherXx_NEWLINE_xXA recognized active lung infection (this will confound the standard-of-care 18F-FDG PET/CT scan)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with distant metastatic disease beyond N1 (regional) lymph nodes on conventional imaging studies (computed tomography [CT], MRI or bone scan)Xx_NEWLINE_xXStudy subjects will have undergone or are scheduled for PET-CT and/or bone scan within about 2 weeks of the WB and primary tumor DWI MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXRecurrent or metastatic cancer that is of known or suspected breast origin - may be biopsy proven or identified on standard imaging (e.g. CT, bone scan, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], FDG PET/CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one site of disease outside of the liver that is seen on standard imaging (e.g. CT, bone scan, MRI, FDG PET/CT); patients with measurable or nonmeasurable disease are allowedXx_NEWLINE_xXBaseline FDG-PET/CT scans must demonstrate at least one hypermetabolic lesion as defined by the Deauville criteria localizing to CT-defined anatomical tumor sitesXx_NEWLINE_xXEach patient must have completed conventional imaging and staging and CT (multiphase) or MRI before initiation of the investigational PET studiesXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of stroke or mass lesion on CT or MRI scanXx_NEWLINE_xXRequirement for sedation for PET/CT scansXx_NEWLINE_xX5 or more foci of demonstrable metastases on recent imaging modalities (CT, magnetic resonance [MR], fludeoxyglucose [FDG] PET/CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who cannot undergo PET/CT scanningXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants who have any contraindication to iodinated contrast for routine computed tomography (CT) scans including: sickle cell disease, pheochromocystosis, multiple myeloma, severe cardiac disease, aortic stenosis, primary pulmonary hypertension, or severe cardiomyopathyXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who require sedation for imaging studies will be excluded from the FLT PET scan research test; they will undergo only the standard of care MRI and FDG PET scanXx_NEWLINE_xXInability to lie flat for the duration of PET/CT and V/Q SPECT/CT (approximately 45 minutes for each study)Xx_NEWLINE_xXClinically indicated PET/PET-CT (with or without clinically indicated diagnostic MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXHave one or more tumors visualized by conventional PET-CT, CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) prior to the PET FMAU study; PET-CT should be within one week prior to 18F-FMAUXx_NEWLINE_xXGROUPS 1, 2, AND 3: Group 2 participants identified as having IPMN on standard radiographic imaging that meets criteria for resection based on symptoms or on conventional imaging (computed tomography [CT] or MRI) findingsXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable or evaluable disease, lesions that have not been previously radiated, with clinically indicated imaging evaluation performed within 4 weeks prior to study entry (computed tomography [CT], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], fluorodeoxyglucose [FDG]-PET or bone scan); patients requiring concurrent radiation treatment are not eligible unless additional lesions that are not being irradiated and are assessable for targeting are presentXx_NEWLINE_xXComputed tomography (CT) simulation, immobilization, MRI and PET imaging, treatment planning, and all follow-up MRI and PET scans to be performed at Mayo Clinic Rochester; Note: the actual radiation therapy treatments and follow-up other than imaging can be performed at Mayo Clinic Rochester, Northfield, LaCrosse, Mankato, Eau Claire, or Albert LeaXx_NEWLINE_xXIF CT CONTRAST AGENTS ARE TO BE USED:Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who cannot undergo PET/CT scanning (i.e. because of weight limits, claustrophobia)Xx_NEWLINE_xXRadiologic evidence of new or progressive metastatic disease demonstrated on anatomical imaging (CT, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], or ultrasound), bone scintigraphy, fluorine F 18 sodium fluoride ([18F]sodium fluoride) PET, and/or fludeoxyglucose F 18 ([18F]FDG) PETXx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to lie flat during or tolerate PET/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to cooperate for MRI and/or PET/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXAble to cooperate for the PET CT scan when registered on studyXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipants will have had, or are scheduled to have clinical imaging evaluations which may include FDG PET CT, or CT, or MRI within 4 weeks of entryXx_NEWLINE_xXA CXR (chest x-ray), liver enzymes, and a head and neck computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and an ultrasound negative for clinical evidence of metastasisXx_NEWLINE_xXVisible lesions by either CT, bone imaging, or MRI consistent with diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXRadiographic diagnosis: Patients must have a brain tumor (including, but not limited to high grade gliomas, low-grade gliomas, primitive neuroectodermal tumors, ependymomas) or residual abnormality (e.g. post-operatively or post-radiation) that is measurable or evaluable on standard MRI or computed tomography (CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXInclusion Criteria:\n\n        Male or female patients with either:\n\n        Newly diagnosed non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (Group A) who meet the following\n        criteria:\n\n          -  Previously untreated, histologically or cytologically confirmed stage IIB, IIIA or\n             IIIB disease, without evidence of distant metastases\n\n          -  A measurable primary tumor with at least one diameter > 2 cm or primary tumor\n             extending to one or more lymph nodes which cannot be distinctively delineated as\n             confirmed by a diagnostic quality chest CT performed within 4 weeks prior to\n             initiation of the concurrent CRT.\n\n          -  Planned to receive concurrent chemoradiotherapy as definitive treatment. The radiation\n             dose should not exceed 70 Gy.\n\n          -  Undergone the following minimum workup to confirm disease staging within 4 weeks prior\n             to initiation of the concurrent CRT:\n\n               -  GBCA-enhanced Brain MRI or contrast enhanced CT if there are signs or symptoms\n                  suggesting brain metastases within the past 2 months.\n\n               -  If necessary to confirm stage of disease, an upper abdomen CT scan will be\n                  performed.\n\n               -  whole-body FDG PET/CT; OR\n\n          -  Newly diagnosed squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) (Group B) who\n             meet the following criteria:\n\n               -  Previously untreated, histologically or cytologically confirmed (from the primary\n                  tumor and/or lymph nodes) stage III-IV disease without evidence of distant\n                  metastases.\n\n               -  A measurable (i) primary tumor with at least one diameter ?2 cm and (ii) lymph\n                  node with at least one diameter ? 2 cm as confirmed by a diagnostic quality neck\n                  CT performed within 4 weeks prior to initiation of the concurrent CRT.\n\n               -  Planned to receive concurrent chemoradiotherapy as definitive treatment. The\n                  radiation dose should not exceed 70 Gy.\n\n               -  Have undergone the following minimum workup to confirm disease staging within 4\n                  weeks prior to initiation of the concurrent CRT:\n\n          -  Whole-body FDG PET/CT.\n\n          -  Patients ? 18 years of age.\n\n          -  Able to comply with lying still during the PET/CT imaging session which may last for\n             up to 3 hrs with intermediate breaks.\n\n          -  ECOG performance status of 0, 1 or 2.\n\n          -  Adequate renal function and adequate hepatic function, as assessed by standard\n             laboratory criteria and defined as:\n\n          -  Serum creatinine ? 1.2 times the Upper Limit of Normal (ULN).\n\n          -  Total bilirubin ? 1.5 times the ULN.\n\n          -  Asparagine aminotransferase (AST) and/or alanineaminotransferase (ALT) ? 2.5 times the\n             ULN (grade 1 according to the NCI-CTCAE v.3).\n\n          -  Women of child-bearing potential must have a negative blood pregnancy test at\n             screening and use an adequate and medically acceptable contraceptive method.\n\n          -  Willing and able to comply with the protocol requirements.\n\n          -  Able to provide written informed consent.\n\n        Exclusion Criteria:\n\n        Exclusion criteria specific to patients with NSCLC (Group A):\n\n          -  Predominant small cell carcinoma histology.\n\n          -  Pure bronchioalveolar cell carcinoma histology.\n\n          -  Treatment planned with chemotherapy other than a platinum-based doublet regimen.\n\n          -  Malignant pleural or pericardial effusions.\n\n          -  Any contraindication to perform CT with IV contrast agent.\n\n        Exclusion criteria specific to patients with SCCHN (Group B):\n\n          -  Histology other than squamous cell carcinoma.\n\n          -  Treatment planned with chemotherapy other than a platinum-based regimen.\n\n          -  Treatment planned with cetuximab.\n\n          -  Treatment with induction chemotherapy.\n\n          -  Any contraindication to CT with IV contrast agent.\n\n          -  Evidence of distant metastases.\n\n          -  Patients who, based on the investigator's judgment, have other unstable medical\n             conditions that may preclude safe and complete study participation.\n\n          -  Treatment with any investigational drug, device or biologic agent within 30 days prior\n             to administration of [18F]-ML-10.\n\n          -  Pregnancy or lactation.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatient may have had a prior PET or PET/CT scan for staging/restaging.Xx_NEWLINE_xXStage T1-4bN1-2, by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 7th edition, based on the following minimum workup:\r\n* CT chest/abdomen with contrast\r\n* MRI pelvis with contrast\r\n* PET/CT of the whole-body or skull base to mid-thighXx_NEWLINE_xXNo clinical evidence of nodal disease (N1-N3) as assessed by CT and/or positron emission tomography (PET)/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients will have undergone or have agreed to undergo standard of care CT of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis; 18F-FSPG PET imaging will be performed as investigational studiesXx_NEWLINE_xXHave undergone or agree to undergo standard of care imaging for ovarian cancer with CT chest, abdomen, and pelvisXx_NEWLINE_xXStage T1-4aN1-2, by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 7th edition, based on the following minimum workup:\r\n* Computed tomography (CT) chest/abdomen with contrast \r\n* Positron emission tomography (PET)/CT of the whole-body or skull base to mid-thigh\r\n* Patients must have regional adenopathy and have undergone endoscopic biopsy with endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-proven peri-esophageal nodal involvementXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient is able to remain still for duration of imaging procedure (approximately 90 minutes total for PET/CT and PET/MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo evidence of metastatic disease on conventional imaging, including a negative bone scan for skeletal metastasis and negative contrast-enhanced CTXx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to lie flat, still or tolerate a PET/CT scanXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have received any contrast medium (X-ray, MRI, computed tomography [CT] or ultrasound [US]) in the 24 hours prior to the research US examXx_NEWLINE_xXClinical, laboratory, or diagnostic imaging findings on CT, MRI, and/or 18F-FDG PET/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXHave one or more breast tumors visualized by conventional PET/CT, CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) prior to the PET FMAU study; PET/CT should be within a week prior to 18-F FMAUXx_NEWLINE_xXHave one or more breast tumors visualized by conventional PET/CT, CT or MRI prior to the PET FMAU study; PET/CT should be within a week prior to 18-F FMAUXx_NEWLINE_xXPresently planned for restaging using contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scans at baseline and at least every 6 months, as a part of their standard of care assessmentsXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipant with confirmed head and neck SCC:\r\n* CT and/or MR imaging has been completed within six (6) weeks prior to enrollment, even if the SCC diagnosis has been made via other methods, and will be submitted to American College of Radiology Imaging Network (ACRIN);\r\n* Simultaneous diagnostic CT with PET will not be excluded, but in such cases PET cannot be used as part of the criteria to define the N0 neck as required for entrance to the trial;\r\n* If sites received CT and/or MR images from institutions other than their own, ACRIN recommends a re-read by a local neuroradiologist to ensure compliance with protocol eligibility requirementsXx_NEWLINE_xXCompleted staging evaluation with bone scan as well as CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen and pelvis at least 45 days prior to study enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have started radiographic evaluation and underwent CT scan and/or bone scan prior to registration to the study will be able to participate under a late registration provision, provided that the more modern scans (WB/axial MRI and F-18 NaF PET/CT) can be completed within 8 weeks after CT scan and bone scanXx_NEWLINE_xXCT/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan must be obtained within 4 weeks prior to study entryXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have evaluable disease by CT scanXx_NEWLINE_xXAble and amenable to baseline and follow-up PET/computed tomography (CT) imaging and study-specific biopsy procedures\r\n* Note: If there are any imaging concerns that the patient may not be suitable for quantitative PET/CT (e.g., a metallic device directly overlies the breast), discussion with the local and central radiologists is required to confirm eligibility for the trial; also, it is expected that subjects have all PET/CT imaging done on pre-qualified machines for the study; if baseline imaging done on another machine, please contact the Protocol Chair/designee for guidance prior to confirming eligibilityXx_NEWLINE_xXOVARIAN CANCER PARTICIPANTS: Patients with contraindications for PET/CT or who cannot complete a PET/CT scan or other study proceduresXx_NEWLINE_xXBREAST CANCER PARTICIPANTS: Patients with contraindications for PET/CT or who cannot complete a PET/CT scan or other study proceduresXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who cannot undergo PET/CT scanning (i.e. because of weight limits, claustrophobia)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPET/MR or PET/CT is not able to be scheduled within 72 hours of radioembolizationXx_NEWLINE_xXPatient’s tumor(s) must be FDG avid on baseline standard of care FDG-PET/CT or PET/MR imaging that was performed at Barnes-Jewish Hospital Clinical PET FacilityXx_NEWLINE_xXIf the patient will be scanned on the PET/MR for the mid-treatment scan, they must be determined to be safe for exposure to the magnetic field; this will be determined the day of imaging by the technologist with the use of a screening form; if a patient is not safe for the PET/MR scanner, their mid-treatment images will occur on the PET/CT scanner in the Center for Clinical Imaging ResearchXx_NEWLINE_xXBaseline imaging to rule out distant metastatic disease (technetium Tc 99m [99mTc] bone scan, sodium fluoride [NaF] PET, total body MRI, or computed tomography [CT] chest/abdomen/pelvis)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAbsence of target lesions (> 2.0 cm) on staging CTXx_NEWLINE_xXDiagnostic imaging of the abdomen utilizing either CT with contrast, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or PET/CT no greater than 6 weeks prior to registrationXx_NEWLINE_xXUndergone a non-contrast chest CT in a time frame that will accommodate experimental imaging (s-DCT) within 2 weeksXx_NEWLINE_xXPrimary or recurrent/metastatic lesion size >= 1.5 cm as determined by imaging studies (ultrasonography, mammography, computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) or physical examinationXx_NEWLINE_xXUnable to cooperate for PET/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable disease (>= 1.5 cm) as assessed by 2 dimensional measurement by computed tomography (CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXAt least 1 measurable lesion on CT or MRIXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least 1 measurable site of disease on cross-sectional imaging (CT/PET)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have disease with FDG-PET/CT avidityXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with at least 1 measurable tumor lesion as assessed by Computed Tomography (CT) Scan or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) according to RECIST 1.1.Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease, documented by clinical, radiographic or histologic criteria; disease must be bi-dimensionally measurable by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who received anti-tumor therapy after histopathologic transformation to glioblastoma must have shown unequivocal radiographic evidence of tumor progression by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan (or computed tomography [CT] scan if MRI is contraindicated)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who cannot undergo PET/CT scanning (i.e. because of weight limits)Xx_NEWLINE_xXMeasurable nodes on the recent cross sectional imaging (computed tomography [CT], MRI, ultrasound [US]) or suspicious lymph nodes for metastasisXx_NEWLINE_xXVisible lesions by either computed tomography (CT), bone scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) consistent with metastatic disease\r\n* Metastatic progressive disease\r\n* Imaging modalities:\r\n** Bone scan: new osseous lesion and/or\r\n** MRI or CT: an increase in measurable soft tissue disease or the appearance of new sites of disease OR\r\n* Prostate specific antigen (PSA) changes showing androgen independent, minimum number of determinations: 3; interval >= 1 week; percentage increase over range of values: 25%\r\n* PSA changes showing androgen independent, minimum number of determinations: 2; interval >= 2 week; percentage increase over range of values: 25%Xx_NEWLINE_xXAny contraindications to PET/CT or lymph node mapping (inability to control serum glucose to a value of =< 200 mg/dl for fludeoxyglucose F-18 [FDG]-PET/CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who have received any contrast medium (X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], computed tomography [CT], of US) in the 24 hours prior to the research US examXx_NEWLINE_xXNot suitable to undergo CT with an iodinated contrast agent:\r\n* Weight greater than that allowable by the CT tableXx_NEWLINE_xXParticipant must be able to complete a PET/CT scan and MRI without the use of sedationXx_NEWLINE_xXOR a suspected low-grade brain tumor, where confirmation is based upon a combination of other imaging (e.g. PET/CT, MRI, diagnostic CT) and clinical assessment.Xx_NEWLINE_xXThe time interval between 18F-FSPG PET/CT and other imaging (including other PET/CTs, MRI or diagnostic CT) should be within 4 weeks (exceptions will be allowed for 6 weeks, if there are no other options)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNo chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or immune/biologic therapy scheduled or performed between other imaging (PET/CTs, MRI, or diagnostic CTs) and18F-FSPG PET/CT.Xx_NEWLINE_xXDiagnostic quality abdominal imaging (CT or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) within the past 45 daysXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must be willing to lie flat on their back in the PET/CT scanner for up to 2 hours to allow the imaging data to be obtainedXx_NEWLINE_xXDiagnosis of extensive stage disease (extensive stage [ES]-SCLC), with stage established by computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or positron emission tomography (PET) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients who cannot undergo PET/CT scanning because of weight limits; PET/CT scanners may not be able to function with patients over 450 poundsXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients should have no contraindications for FDG-PET/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXMetastatic workup\r\n* Whole body sodium fluoride (NaF) PET/(CT) computed tomography or 99mTc bone scanXx_NEWLINE_xXSubjects with advanced disease who have failed hormone therapy and who have sufficient tissue (obtained before or after 20 weeks of Eovist® injection) from a soft tissue or metastatic bone lesion (measuring >= 1.5 cm in diameter at computed tomography [CT] or MRI scan) available for OATP1B3 expression orXx_NEWLINE_xXPretreatment evaluations required for eligibility include:\r\n* A medical history, physical examination, weight, assessment of ECOG performance status within 4 weeks prior to study entry;\r\n* Evaluation by an experienced thoracic cancer clinician within 8 weeks prior to study entry;\r\n* For women of childbearing potential, a serum or urine pregnancy test must be performed within 72 hours prior to the start of protocol treatment;\r\n* CT scan (preferably with intravenous contrast, unless medically contraindicated) to include the entirety of both lungs, the mediastinum, liver, and adrenal glands; primary tumor dimension will be measured on CT;\r\n* Whole body positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan using fludeoxyglucose (FDG)-18 with adequate visualization of the primary tumor and draining lymph node basins in the hilar and mediastinal regions; \r\n* Ability to understand and the willingness to sign written informed consent documentXx_NEWLINE_xXCohort B only:- Presence of at least three distinct metastatic lesions by standard imaging including whole body bone scan + cross-sectional imaging of the abdomen and pelvis obtained within 12 weeks prior to protocol scanXx_NEWLINE_xXNegative or equivocal findings on standard-of-care imaging for restaging of disease in the previous 60 days consisting of: Whole-body 99mTc bone scintigraphy or NaF PET-CT; and either CT or MRI of the pelvis (or the abdomen and pelvis).Xx_NEWLINE_xXBe scheduled for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/computed tomography (CT) to monitoring of RCC recurrence as part of their 8, 12, 18, 24, or 36 month CT/MRI follow upXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with bone metastases on PET/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients without bone metastases on PET/CTXx_NEWLINE_xXTime between the diagnostic CT and PET/CT will be no more than 30 days with no intervening treatment to ensure that any differences found between the exams are related to imaging technique and not a change in diseaseXx_NEWLINE_xXEvidence of metastatic disease demonstrated by an abnormal bone scan, CT scan, MRI and/or FDG-PET scan within 6 weeks (with no further interval treatment before imaging trial)Xx_NEWLINE_xXNegative pregnancy test within 7 days of baseline positron emission tomography (PET) scan for pre-menopausal patientsXx_NEWLINE_xXimaging modalities (bone scan, MRI or CT) ORXx_NEWLINE_xXA non-investigational targeted agent within the previous 2 weeks of 18F-PEG6-IPQA for PET/CT imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXThoracic or abdominal surgery within the previous 2 weeks of 18F-PEG6-IPQA for PET/CT imagingXx_NEWLINE_xXPresence of at least one measurable or detectable metastasis as defined by bone scintigraphy, computed tomography (CT) scan appearance (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] if indicated), or plain x-ray appearanceXx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have radiographic evidence of upper tract urothelial cancer by computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or intravenous pyelogram (IVP) in order to undergo this procedureXx_NEWLINE_xXThe lesion shows intratumoral arterial phase enhancement on contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXRadiographic evidence of lymphadenopathy, defined as a lymph node greater than 1 cm in diameter on axial imaging (CT or MRI or positron emission tomography [PET]/CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXFor iNHL: measurable nodal disease, defined as the presence of >= 1 nodal lesion that measures >= 2 cm in a single dimension as assessed by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients with contraindications for PET/CT or who cannot complete a PET/CT scanXx_NEWLINE_xXBIODISTRIBUTION COHORT: At least one lesion >= 1.0 cm that is seen on standard imaging (e.g. CT, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], ultrasound, fludeoxyglucose F-18 [FDG] PET/CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXDYNAMIC COHORT: At least one lesion >= 1.0 cm that is seen on standard imaging (e.g. CT, MRI, ultrasound, FDG PET/CT)Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients must have measurable disease (1.0 cm or greater) by computed tomography (CT) scanXx_NEWLINE_xXActive or untreated central nervous system (CNS) metastases as determined by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation during screening and prior radiographic assessmentsXx_NEWLINE_xXAt least one lesion (measurable and/or non-measurable) that can be accurately assessed at baseline by computerised tomography (CT) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or plain X-ray and is suitable for repeated assessmentXx_NEWLINE_xXHad a chest computed tomography (CT) scan within the past 18 months prior to enrollmentXx_NEWLINE_xXComputed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis within 28 days of Cycle 1 Day 1.Xx_NEWLINE_xXCentral nervous system (CNS) lymphoma; active brain or leptomeningeal metastases, as indicated by positive cytology from lumbar puncture or computed tomography (CT) scan/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Xx_NEWLINE_xXPatients for whom the physician is able to identify suitable implantation sites for the anchored transponders on a recent (within the past 8 weeks) CT scan. This will require acquisition of a CT scan if a suitable one is not already available.Xx_NEWLINE_xXCentral nervous system (CNS) lymphoma; active brain or leptomeningeal metastases, as indicated by positive cytology from lumbar puncture or computed tomography (CT) scan/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Xx_NEWLINE_xXActive or untreated CNS metastases as determined by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging evaluation during screening and prior radiographic assessmentsXx_NEWLINE_xX