A pre-operative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the brain with and without contrast is required; NOTE: computed tomography (CT) scans are NOT sufficient for study eligibility* Post-operative head MRI scan with and without contrast (preferably within 72 hours post-surgery); for patients who undergo stereotactic biopsy only, either a pre or post-operative MRI is sufficient; for patients with M2 and M3 disease, a post-op MRI is strongly encouraged, but not mandatory* Spinal MRI imaging with and without gadolinium is required within 10 days of surgery if done pre-operatively or within 28 days of surgery if done post-operatively; for posterior fossa tumors, pre-operative MRI scans are preferred
Histological confirmation of a high-grade malignant glioma is required; histologic diagnoses include, but are not limited to, anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme; patients with DIPG are exempt from histologic verification if they have typical MRI findings of DIPG (i.e. hypo- or isointense on T1-weighted imaging, hyperintense on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery [FLAIR] or T2-weighted imaging, epicenter in the pons, > 50% of pons involved) in the face of a typical clinical presentation
Ability to receive intravenous contrast for the purpose of imaging
Upon clinical exam and pre-operative imaging by mammogram +/- MRI, two or three foci of biopsy proven breast cancer separated by >= 2 cm of normal breast tissue; foci must include at least one focus of invasive breast carcinoma with another focus of either invasive breast carcinoma or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS); no more than 2 quadrants with biopsy proven breast cancer; Note: the shortest distance between lesions must be reported on mammogram +/- MRI and eligibility criteria must be met on both, if both are obtained; Note: patient is eligible for study if lesion is not visualized on all imaging modalities (i.e., any of the lesion (s) is/are visualized on MRI but not on mammogram OR visualized on mammogram but not on MRI); ultrasound cannot be used to determine patient eligibility; eligibility to be determined by bilateral mammogram +/- MRI only; fine needle aspirate of the second or third lesion to document malignancy is allowed if the first focus is shown to be invasive by core needle biopsy; patient may remain on study if, upon pathological assessment, two or three lesions identified on pre-operative imaging represent one contiguous lesion
All patients must have a cranial MRI with and without gadolinium at diagnosis/prior to enrollment; if surgical resection is performed, patients must have pre-operative and post-operative cranial MRI with and without gadolinium; the post-operative brain MRI should be obtained within 72 hours of surgery; if patient has a biopsy only, post-operative cranial MRI is recommended but not required; all patients must have a spine MRI with gadolinium obtained at diagnosis/prior to enrollment; Note: if the spine study is performed for the first time after surgical resection or biopsy, it is recommended to be obtained with and without gadolinium
Suitable to undergo MRI and receive the contrast agent gadolinium (exclusions follow):* No history of untreatable claustrophobia* No presence of metallic objects or implanted medical devices in body (i.e., cardiac pacemaker, aneurysm clips, surgical clips, prostheses, artificial hearts, valves with steel parts, metal fragments, shrapnel, tattoos near the eye, or steel implants)* No history of sickle cell disease* No contraindication to intravenous contrast administration* No known allergy-like reaction to gadolinium or moderate or severe allergic reactions to one or more allergens as defined by the American College of Radiology (ACR); patient may be eligible if willing to undergo pre-treatment as defined by the institution's policy and/or ACR guidance* No findings consistent with renal failure, as determined by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 30mL/min/1.73 m^2 based on a serum creatinine level obtained within 28 days prior to registration* Weight lower than that allowable by the MRI table
No prior MRI of study breast within the 12 months prior to registration
Evidence of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) identified on the pretreatment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Patients must have magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 21 days of starting treatment
Patients must have measurable contrast-enhancing progressive or recurrent glioblastoma by MRI within 21 days of starting treatment; patient must be able to tolerate MRIs
PHASE II: Measurability and suitability for volumetric MRI analysis of the target PN must be confirmed with the NCI Pediatric Oncology Branch (POB) prior to enrolling a patient; the target PN will be defined as the clinically most relevant PN, which has to be amenable to volumetric MRI analysis; PN will be classified as typical PN versus nodular PN versus solitary nodular PN prior to enrollment
Inability to undergo MRI and/or contraindication for MRI examinations following the MRI protocol; prosthesis or orthopedic or dental braces that would interfere with volumetric analysis of target PN on MRI
Patients with breast implants are usually permitted to have an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); check with the MRI technician to confirm
Breast patients with tissue expanders are not allowed with the exception of tissue expanders made of material that are MRI compatible; check with the MRI technician to confirm
Patients must have measurable disease (in 2-dimensions) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of brain and/or spine to assess preliminary evidence of response
Group A and C patients, not required to undergo tumor biopsy, who do not enroll on ANBL1232 within 4 weeks of confirmatory imaging study
Patients must have measurable, supratentorial contrast-enhancing progressive or recurrent glioblastoma or gliosarcoma by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging within 21 days of starting treatment; patient must be able to tolerate MRIs
Inability to undergo MRI (e.g., due to safety reasons, such as presence of a pacemaker, or severe claustrophobia)
Evidence of any significant intracranial hemorrhage, as determined by the treating investigator, within 6 weeks from registration or as seen on most recent MRI prior to screening/baseline MRI
Documented disease progression (as per RECIST v1.1) before study entry; for patients with osteosarcoma, this progression will be confirmed by central review on the basis of two CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) obtained at less than 6 months in the period of 12 months prior to inclusion
Patients must have measurable contrast-enhancing disease by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging within 21 days of starting treatment; patient must be able to undergo MRI of the brain with gadolinium
Patients must have a post-gadolinium contrast-enhanced three-dimensional spoiled gradient (SPGR), magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo (MP-RAGE), or turbo field echo (TFE) MRI scan and an axial T2/FLAIR sequence; to yield acceptable image quality, the gadolinium contrast-enhanced three-dimensional SPGR, MP-RAGE, or TFE axial MRI scan should use the smallest possible axial slice thickness not exceeding 1.5 mm; this MRI must be obtained =< 21 days prior to step 1 registration
Contraindication to magnetic resonance (MR) imaging such as implanted metal devices or foreign bodies
Contraindication to gadolinium contrast administration during MR imaging, such as allergy or insufficient renal function
The patient is participating in the trial at an institution which has agreed to perform the imaging research studies, completed the ECOG-American College of Radiology Imaging Network (ACRIN) defined scanner qualification procedures and received ECOG-ACRIN approval as outlined
The patient is participating in the trial at an institution which has agreed to perform the imaging research studies, completed the ECOG-American College of Radiology Imaging Network (ACRIN) defined scanner qualification procedures and received ECOG-ACRIN (or current ACRIN) approval
Patients must have at least one measurable PN, defined as a lesion of at least 3 cm measured in one dimension; patients who underwent surgery for resection of a PN are eligible provided the PN was incompletely resected and is measurable as per criteria above; measurability and suitability for volumetric MRI analysis of the target PN must be confirmed with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Pediatric Oncology Branch (POB) prior to enrolling a patient; the target PN will be defined as the clinically most relevant PN, which has to be amenable to volumetric MRI analysis; PN will be classified as typical PN or nodular PN versus solitary nodular PN prior to enrollment
Must be able to undergo serial MRI scans for response evaluation
Inability to undergo MRI and/or contraindication for MRI examinations following the MRI protocol; prosthesis or orthopedic or dental braces that would interfere with volumetric analysis of target PN on MRI
Patients must be able to tolerate CT or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging including contrast agents as required for the treatment and the protocol
Patients at institutions that elect to utilize central imaging review to confirm eligibility must be pre-registered prior to submission of these images; images should be submitted as soon as possible after the pre-registration magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is obtained; turnaround time for this review will be =< 72 business hours after receipt of images by the Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core (IROC)
Clinical eligibility supported by central imaging real-time review* The presence of at least the following conventional magnetic resonance (MR) image characteristic:** Conventional MR*** Lesion quotient of < 0.3, where lesion quotient is defined as the proportional value of the maximum axial cross-sectional area of the transverse relaxation time (T2)-weighted defined lesion over the maximum axial cross-sectional area of the contrast-enhancing lesion on the longitudinal relaxation time (T1)-weighted post-gadolinium sequence on a comparable axial slice
If the conventional MR findings are not seen, the following dynamic susceptibility-contrast (DSC) MR characteristics may be used to meet eligibility for this study:* DSC MR** The cut-offs below will be based on gradient echo type echo planar imaging (GRE- EPI) DSC perfusion images, acquired without using a gadolinium pre-load:*** Relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) < 1.5 in the enhancing-lesion relative to normal-appearing white matter (NAWM)*** Percentage of signal recovery (PSR) >= 76%, where PSR is determined by comparing the lower signal intensity during passage of the contrast bolus with the post-contrast signal intensity on the signal intensity-time curve
No evidence of recent hemorrhage at pre-registration MRI of the brain, however the following are permitted: presence of hemosiderin, resolving hemorrhagic changes related to surgery, and presence of punctate hemorrhage in the tumor
Patients must have a gadolinium contrast-enhanced three-dimensional (3D), spoiled gradient (SPGR), magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo (MP-RAGE), or turbo field echo (TFE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan and an axial T2/fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence; to yield acceptable image quality, the gadolinium contrast-enhanced three-dimensional SPGR, MP-RAGE or TFE axial MRI scan should use the smallest possible axial slice thickness not exceeding 1.5 mm; sites may contact the Imaging Co-Chairs for further information or assistance if needed* This MRI must be obtained within 56 days of Step 1 registration.* Note: the MRI study is mandatory irrespective of randomization to the experimental or control arm of this study
Note: the MRI study is mandatory irrespective of randomization to the experimental or control arm of this study
Contraindication to MR imaging, such as implanted metal devices or foreign bodies or severe claustrophobia
IMAGING CORRELATIVE STUDY: Patients will be eligible to participate in the FMX imaging study if the participating study center offers this test and they do not meet any of the following criteria:* Evidence of iron overload as determined by:** Fasting transferrin saturation of > 45% and/or** Serum ferritin levels > 1000 ng/ml* A history of allergic reactions to any of the following:** Compounds similar to ferumoxytol or any of its components as described in full prescribing information for ferumoxytol injection** Any IV iron replacement product (e.g. parenteral iron, dextran, iron-dextran, or parenteral iron polysaccharide preparations)** Multiple drugs* Unable to undergo MRI or for whom MRI is otherwise contraindicated (e.g. presence of errant metal, cardiac pacemakers, pain pumps or other MRI incompatible devices; or history claustrophobia or anxiety related to undergoing MRI)
Patients at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) site and other selected centers who are willing to undergo an optional pre-treatment ferumoxytol MRI must not have evidence of iron overload, a known hypersensitivity to ferumoxytol or any other IV iron product, a documented history of multiple drug allergies, or those for whom MRI is otherwise contraindicated, including claustrophobia or anxiety related to undergoing MRI; this exclusion criterion applies only to patients enrolling at NCI and other selected sites; of note, the principal investigator (PI) will allow other centers to offer FMX MRI scans if the site in question is willing and the site PI can identify the necessary resources and expertise at their center
Patients must have eligibility confirmed by rapid central imaging review on APEC14B1; standard whole brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with and without contrast (gadolinium) and spine MRI with contrast (gadolinium) must be performed at the following time points:* Pre-operative to include an MRI of the brain with and without contrast (including post-contrast three-dimensional [3D] T1-weighted image [T1WI] and post-contrast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery [FLAIR])* Pre-operative spinal MRI with gadolinium; post-operative staging spinal MRI may be obtained if pre-operative imaging is not possible or is suboptimal; pre-operative spine imaging is strongly preferred, due to the potential of post-operative sequelae, which could affect metastasis detection* Post-operative brain MRI within 72 hours of surgery
Patient must not have previously had a breast MRI
Patient must not have previously had molecular breast imaging (MBI, multiplexed ion beam imaging [MIBI])
Patient must be able to undergo breast MRI with contrast enhancement; patients unable to undergo breast MRI with contrast enhancement for any reason are ineligible* No history of untreatable claustrophobia* No presence of non MR compatible metallic objects or metallic objects that, in the opinion of the radiologist, would make MRI a contraindication* No history of sickle cell disease* No contraindication to intravenous contrast administration* No known allergy-like reaction to gadolinium or moderate or severe allergic reactions to one or more allergens as defined by the American College of Radiology (ACR); patient may be eligible if willing to undergo pre-treatment as defined by the institution's policy and/or ACR guidance* No known or suspected renal impairment; requirements for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) prior to MRI as determined by local site standard practice* Weight less than or equal to the MRI table limit* No women who have had prior contrast enhanced mammography (contrast enhanced spectral mammography [CESM] or contrast enhanced digital mammography [CEDM])* No women who have breast prosthetic implants (silicone or saline)
Patients must be able to undergo appropriate imaging studies to monitor tumor response
For patients with intratumoral hemorrhage (acute, subacute, or chronic) seen on hemosiderin-sensitive (gradient-echo) MRI, there must be at least 10 x 10 x 10 mm measurable enhancement that is not obscured or distorted by magnetic susceptibility blooming artifact
Progressive enhancement (> 25% increase in contrast enhancing volume compared to nadir or a new measurable lesion) on MRI performed within 28 days of registration, and >= 42 days since completion of standard radiation/temozolomide therapy; measurable enhancement is defined as two perpendicular in-plane diameters of at least 10 mm, and at least 10 mm in the 3rd orthogonal direction
Patients must be able to tolerate brain MRI scans with dynamic intravenous gadolinium-based contrast agent injections* Ability to withstand 22-gauge intravenous (IV) placement* No history of untreatable claustrophobia* No magnetic resonance (MR) incompatible implants/devices or metallic foreign bodies* No contraindication to intravenous contrast administration** Adequate organ function, including adequate renal function defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) >= 40 mL/min/1.73 m^2 as calculated per institution standard of care, and meeting local site requirements for intravenous administration of gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents* No known allergy-like reaction to gadolinium or moderate or severe allergic reactions to one or more allergens as defined by the American College of Radiology (ACR); patient may be eligible if willing to undergo pre-treatment as defined by the institution's policy and/or ACR guidance* Weight compatible with limits imposed by the MRI scanner table
GTR must be confirmed on post-operative imaging following the most recent surgery; submission of both pre-operative and post-operative MRIs is required for patients; if a second surgery is performed, submission of post-operative MRI is required and pre-operative MRI is required only if obtained; all sequences obtained in the pre- and post-operative MR imaging are to be submitted to National Radiology Group (NRG) Oncology for study registration; imaging subsequent to enrollment must include pre and post gadolinium contrast-enhanced three-dimensional spoiled gradient (SPGR), magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo (MP-RAGE), or turbo field echo (TFE) MRI scan and an axial T2 fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence; to yield acceptable image quality, the gadolinium contrast-enhanced three-dimensional SPGR, MP-RAGE, or TFE axial MRI scan should use the smallest possible axial slice thickness not exceeding 1.5 mm; the post-operative MRI must be completed within sufficient time to permit step 1 registration within 180 days of the initial resection; these same conditions apply in the setting of a second surgical procedure, although if a second surgery is completed, step 1 registration must still occur with 180 days of initial surgery; computed tomography (CT) imaging is not required, but may be obtained if desired clinically, for instance to assess calcifications or hyperostosis
Patients may have brain metastases if all lesions have been treated with stereotactic radiation therapy, craniotomy, or gamma knife therapy with no evidence of progression (demonstrated by identical imaging modality for 2 consecutive assessments/scans [magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or CT scans], at least 4 weeks apart) and have not required steroids for at least 14 days prior to registration
Any contraindication to MRI (i.e. patients with pacemakers or other metal implanted medical devices)
Unequivocal evidence of progressive disease on contrast-enhanced brain computed tomography (CT) or MRI as defined by Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria, or have documented recurrent glioblastoma on diagnostic biopsy
No evidence of a local recurrence in the prostate fossa based on a digital rectal examination (DRE) within 60 days prior to step 1 registration* Patients with equivocal or questionable DRE findings should have an MRI of the pelvis to exclude the presence of a prostate fossa mass* Patients with equivocal or questionable exam findings by DRE or MRI are eligible if a biopsy of the lesion is negative for tumor
Patients must have a biopsy marker placed within the tumor bed with imaging confirmation (preferably mammogram but ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] is acceptable) of marker placement prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Patients must have achieved a complete or near complete radiologic tumor response on breast imaging with mammogram, ultrasound, and MRI
Patients who did not undergo trimodality imaging after completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (breast ultrasound, MRI, and mammography)
Patients with one or more of the following imaging criteria from any of the 3 imaging modalities after completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) are not eligible:* Mammogram with malignant appearing calcifications or mass > 1 cm; or* Ultrasound with a hypoechoic area > 2 cm; or* Breast MRI demonstrating a residual mass with rapid rise and washout type III kinetics.
Patients must be able to undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain with gadolinium
Patients must have baseline MRI performed within the 21 days prior to starting treatment
Patients must have measurable (defined by at least 1 cm x 1 cm) contrast-enhancing disease by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging within 21 days of starting treatment
Post-operative MRI imaging with contrast is mandatory obtained for radiation therapy planning and must be 30 days prior to the start of radiation therapy; enrolling sites are not mandated although highly encouraged to obtain thin-slice (< 1.5 mm) 3 dimensional (D) axial T2/FLAIR and T1 pre and post contrast sequences for planning purposes
Inability to undergo MRI with and without contrast (e.g. claustrophobia, non-MRI compatible implant or foreign body, gadolinium allergy or renal dysfunction preventing the patient from receiving gadolinium- institutional guidelines should be used to determine if patients are at risk for renal dysfunction); note that patients with severe claustrophobia are permitted on this study if they are willing and able to undergo MRI with adequate sedation or anesthesia
Patients must be able to tolerate digital breast tomosynthesis and full-field digital mammographic imaging required by protocol