Clinical nodal staging of N2 or N3 disease Pathologic nodal staging of N2b, N2c, or N3 disease Patients must have one or more of the following characteristics and be eligible for breast or chest wall with or without regional nodal radiotherapy:\r\n* Prior chemotherapy for breast cancer\r\n* > 25 cm of breast separation (the largest distance on an axial slice of the planning computed tomography [CT] simulation scan between the entry and exit points of the radiation beam on the body)\r\n* Non-Caucasian race\r\n* Requiring regional nodal irradiation without evidence of N3 disease Nodal disease as detected by clinical exam or CT Pathologically confirmed squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity; clinical stage >= T2 (primary tumor greater than 2 cm in size) and/or evidence of regional nodal involvement by clinical exam or imaging Histologic confirmation of breast cancer resected by mastectomy with or without immediate reconstruction and chest wall and regional nodal irradiation planned Boosts to the chest wall after mastectomy; nodal boosts are allowed Nodal recurrences can be treated on this protocol but prior curative surgery for lung cancer must have been at least 6 months prior to the nodal recurrence Diagnosis of selected stage III or IVa/b head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); all patients must have T2-T4 primary tumors (patients with T1 tumors will be excluded); although most of these patients will have regional nodal disease, patients with no nodal disease will also be eligible ARM 2 - A: Diagnosis of selected stage III or IVa/b HNSCC; all patients must have T2-T4 primary tumors (patients with T1 tumors will be excluded); although most of these patients will have regional nodal disease, patients with no nodal disease will also be eligible Patient with clinically positive nodal disease Patients with pathologically proven nodal disease No evidence of in-transit, nodal or distant metastases as determined by clinical examination, CT or MRI Symptomatic nodal disease (i.e., scrotal, penile, or leg edema) Tumor > 2.0 cm, nodal involvement, or metastatic involvement No clinical or pathologic evidence of nodal involvement Gross total excision of both primary and nodal disease; this includes tonsillectomy, local excision of primary site, and nodal excision that removes all clinically and radiographically evident disease Patients who are to undergo definitive chemoradiation must have clinically or radiographically evident measurable disease at the primary site and/or at nodal stations. Tonsillectomy or local excision of the primary without removal of nodal disease is permitted. Clinical evidence of progression of disease > 20% in the breast or new evidence of nodal metastases Treatment plan that includes regional nodal irradiation N3 nodal disease Invasion or ulceration of inguinal nodal disease into the overlying skin Prior radiation therapy to the same regional nodal basin Patients must have metastatic melanoma or stage III in-transit, subcutaneous, or regional nodal disease Patients are eligible for this trial either at presentation for primary melanoma with concurrent regional nodal and/or in-transit metastasis, or at the time of clinically detected nodal and/or in-transit recurrence and may belong to any of the following groups:\r\n* Primary melanoma with clinically apparent (overt) regional lymph node metastases\r\n* Clinically detected recurrence of melanoma at the proximal regional lymph node(s) basin\r\n* Clinically detected primary melanoma involving multiple regional nodal groups\r\n* Clinically detected single site of nodal metastatic melanoma arising from an unknown primary\r\n* Patients with intransit or satellite metastases with or without lymph node involvement are allowed if they are considered potentially surgically resectable at baseline\r\n** NOTE: a patient should be determined to be potentially surgically resectable at baseline to be eligible for this neoadjuvant study Evidence of nodal involvement identified in the operating room (OR) Patients must have metastatic melanoma or stage III in-transit, subcutaneous, or regional nodal disease (Turnstile I) No gross vascular invasion or regional nodal or distant metastases The presence of cervical conglomerate nodal mass or extracapsular spread (ECS) on imaging Patients must have metastatic melanoma or stage III in-transit, subcutaneous, or regional nodal disease (Turnstile I) Patients must have histologically confirmed (by routine hematoxylin [H] & eosin [E] staining) adenocarcinoma of the breast with confirmed nodal metastasis; patients must have an axillary nodal evaluation by fine-needle aspiration (FNA), sentinel node biopsy (SNB) or nodal dissection; patients with triple negative breast cancer are eligible as long as they are node negative; patients with squamous, or metaplastic carcinomas or sarcomas of the breast are NOT eligible Patient must have > 1.0 cm residual in-breast cancer and/or clinically positive residual nodal disease Treatment plan that includes regional nodal irradiation Patients whose only nodal disease is cystic and not PET-avid Patients must have measurable disease as per appropriate guidelines:\r\n* Solid tumors: by RECIST v1.1\r\n* Lymphoma: patient has at least one measurable nodal lesion (>= 2 cm) according to Lugano classification; if the patient has no measurable nodal lesions >= 2 cm in the long axis at screening, then the patient must have at least one measurable extra-nodal lesion Patient has known nodal or distant metastatic disease; patients with nodal or metastatic disease require systemic chemotherapy; furthermore, they should be excluded from this clinical trial because of their poor overall prognosis Patients must have clinically or radiographically evident measurable disease at the primary site or at nodal stations; tonsillectomy or local excision of the primary without removal of nodal disease is permitted, as is excision removing gross nodal disease but with intact primary site; limited neck dissections retrieving =< 4 nodes are permitted and considered as non-therapeutic nodal excisions Pathologic assessment of the mediastinum to document involved nodal stations Patients with para-aortic nodal disease or who require extended field radiotherapy beyond the pelvis Subjects must have measurable disease and be a candidate for intralesional therapy administration into cutaneous, subcutaneous, or nodal lesions. Patients are eligible for this trial either at initial presentation of their melanoma or at the time of the first detected nodal, satellite/in-transit, distant metastases, or recurrent disease in prior lymphadenectomy basin or distant site; nodal, satellite/in-transit metastasis, distant metastases or disease in a prior complete lymphadenectomy basin must have been confirmed histologically by hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) stained slides Patients with multiple regional nodal basin involvement are eligible; gross or microscopic extracapsular nodal extension is permitted Residual invasive disease post-neoadjuvant either in the breast or as residual nodal invasion. at least 1 injectable cutaneous, subcutaneous, or nodal melanoma lesion ? 5 mm in longest diameter Histologic diagnosis of melanoma with metastatic disease to a visceral organ (lung, liver, brain, adrenal, nodal station outside the regional lymph drainage of the primary, vertebral bodies) Evidence of positive nodal disease (stage N1) Extrahepatic metastases including nodal disease Patients with metastatic disease involving viscera or bones are ineligible; patients with extensive nodal involvement alone classified as stage IV disease, are eligible Patient's disease must show extracapsular spread (ECS) in their nodal metastasis Measurable nodal disease by computed tomography Patients are eligible for this trial either at presentation for primary melanoma with concurrent regional nodal and/or in-transit metastasis, or at the time of clinically detected nodal and/or in-transit recurrence; patients must undergo biopsy (punch) or open biopsy (if done as part of a clinically indicated baseline diagnostic procedure) within 14 days of entry into the study; lymphadenectomy/definitive surgery will be performed after at least 2 and generally not longer than 4 weeks of induction HDI-ipilimumab therapy; additional delays for definitive lymphadenectomy/surgery are allowed if clinically indicated while awaiting the resolution of potential adverse events from HDI-ipilimumab therapy Untreated N3 mediastinal nodal disease Any evidence of nodal positivity beyond pathologic stage of pN0(i+) Patients with nodal involvement are eligible Stage 1-3 tumors > 1 cm in maximal diameter, any nodal status, multifocal or multi-centric disease is permitted, no evidence of distant metastases Subjects with negative nodal status (N0) Patients with nodal disease are eligible Known N2 nodal disease or distant metastatic disease Previously treated, histologically confirmed cluster of differentiation (CD)20+ B cell lymphoma; bone marrow biopsies as the sole means of diagnosis are not acceptable, but they may be submitted in conjunction with nodal biopsies or extra nodal biopsies; fine needle aspirates are not acceptable Patient has at least one measurable nodal lesion (?2 cm) according to Cheson criteria (Cheson 2007). In case where the patient has no measurable nodal lesions ? 2 cm in the long axis at baseline, then the patient must have at least one measurable extra-nodal lesion. Presence of active nodal metastases (e.g., radiologic or clinical evidence of current nodal disease) Patients treated by BCS or mastectomy and axillary dissection must have 1-3 positive axillary nodes (macrometastases, > 2 mm)\r\n* Note patients with additional nodal micrometastases (> 0.2-2 mm) or isolated tumor cells (=< 0.2 mm) are eligible; patients with nodal disease limited only to micrometastases or isolated tumor cells are not eligible Patients treated by BCS and sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) alone must have only 1-2 positive axillary nodes (macrometastases, > 2 mm)\r\n* Note patients with additional nodal micrometastases (> 0.2-2 mm) or isolated tumor cells (=< 0.2 mm) are eligible; patients with nodal disease limited only to micrometastases or isolated tumor cells are not eligible Patients treated by mastectomy and SLNB alone must have only 1 positive axillary node (macrometastases, > 2 mm)\r\n* Note patients with additional nodal micrometastases (> 0.2-2 mm) or isolated tumor cells (=< 0.2 mm) are eligible; patients with nodal disease limited only to micrometastases or isolated tumor cells are not eligible Patients must have measurable disease; must have at least one non-nodal lesion Nodal disease as detected by clinical exam or CT Symptomatic nodal disease, i.e. scrotal, penile or leg edema Regional nodal irradiation is part of the treatment plan No clinical or radiological evidence of hematogenous or distant nodal (retroperitoneal, pelvic, mediastinal, peri-portal or peri-aortic) metastasis Indications for comprehensive regional nodal irradiation Patients with local or regional nodal disease are eligible Clinical stage > T2b or evidence of nodal Patients with local or regional nodal disease are eligible Patients with nodal disease or distant metastatic disease Subjects will have had standard care computed tomography (CT), MRI, or ultrasound, and a fine-needle aspiration biopsy demonstrating PTC or MTC with nodal metastases or recurrent/persistent nodal disease in a patient with known PTC or MTC Bulky disease (defined as a nodal mass measuring >= 10 cm by CT) Mediastinal nodal metastases (N2) disease must be confirmed histologically Negative nodal basin clinical exam Subject must be candidate for intralesional therapy administration defined as one or more of the following: i. at least 1 injectable cutaneous, subcutaneous, or nodal SCCHN tumor ? 10 mm in longest diameter ii. multiple injectable cutaneous, subcutaneous, or nodal SCCHN tumors that in aggregate have a longest diameter of ? 10 mm Note: Mucosal surfaces of tumor lesions and visceral metastases should not be injected. Women without histologic confirmation of nodal involvement No evidence of distant metastases Patients with evidence of distant metastases or leptomeningeal disease (LMD) are excluded No evidence of distant metastases Patients must have no clinical or radiological evidence of distant metastases (M0) Presence of distant metastatic disease Distant metastases Patients with distant metastatic disease Have evidence of a distant metastatic disease No evidence of local recurrence or distant metastases Patients cannot have distant metastases and have to be candidates for curative re-irradiation Patients with distant metastatic disease or otherwise not confined to the ipsilateral hemithorax Radiographic evidence of regional or distant metastases with suspected tumor in an area that is safe to biopsy Evidence of distant metastases of stage IV Documented evidence of distant metastases Prostate cancer:\r\n* Distant metastases\r\n* Lymph node metastases Has distant metastatic disease on imaging or staging laparoscopy at the time of study entry Presence of distant metastatic disease Documented evidence of distant metastases Patients with distant metastatic disease (prostate adjacent adenopathy is not an exclusion) Distant metastases (M1 disease) Unequivocal demonstration of distant metastases (M1 disease) Evidence of distant metastases as determined by the central reading committee Evidence of distant metastatic disease Unresectable primary tumor or regional disease or distant metastases Stage 3 or 4 disease without evidence of distant metastases Clinical or pathologic evidence for distant metastases Clinical or pathologic evidence for distant metastases Documented distant metastatic disease Documented evidence of distant metastases Evidence of distant metastases No evidence of distant metastases Evidence of distant metastases on any staging or imaging modality Patients with known synchronous distant metastatic disease Patients with distant organ metastases will not be included in this study Patients with any evidence of distant metastases Distant metastatic disease Distant metastases Evidence of distant metastases MAIN STUDY COHORT EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Evidence of nodal or distant metastases Presence of distant metastatic (M1) disease Evidence of distant metastases No evidence of distant metastases Presence of distant metastatic disease The patients have documented disease beyond the peritoneal surfaces, which prevent achieving complete cytoreduction as indicated by:\r\n* Evidence of distant hematogenous metastatic disease or distant nodal metastases\r\n* Evidence of parenchymal hepatic metastases\r\n* Evidence of clinical, biochemical or radiological biliary obstruction\r\n* Evidence of gross disease of the small bowel mesentery characterized by distortion, thickening or loss of mesenteric vascular clarity which limits ability to obtain complete cytoreduction Evidence of distant metastases No evidence of distant metastatic disease Clinical evidence of regional, intransit ,or distant metastases No known local regional or distant metastatic disease Documented evidence of distant metastases Evidence of distant metastases or distant leptomeningeal metastases at the time of diagnosis Evidence of distant metastases Evidence of distant metastases (excluding para-aortic nodes) Patient with distant metastases History and/or clinical evidence of distant metastases (M1) Evidence of distant metastases (below the clavicle) by clinical or radiographic measures. Stage 3 or 4 disease without evidence of distant metastases No evidence of distant metastases No evidence of distant metastases and measurable disease (> 1.5 cm). Patients with any evidence of distant metastases Presence of distant metastatic disease or disease not amenable to radiation treatment Has known distant metastases; clinically involved pelvic nodes (N1-N3) are allowed No evidence of distant metastatic disease Clinical evidence of local recurrence or distant metastases; Note: all patients must have either a positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) or a CT of chest, abdomen and pelvis and a bone scan; if one or more of these is concerning for distant metastases, follow-up imaging and/or biopsy should be performed to rule out distant metastases prior to randomization Patients with distant bone metastases at original diagnosis or relapse (patients with only skip lesions will be eligible) Distant metastases Evidence of distant metastatic disease (i.e. lung, liver, bone, brain, etc.) Evidence of distant metastases or histologically or cytologically proven lymph node metastases Presence of distant metastases documented clinically or radiographically with the exception of ipsilateral supraclavicular nodes Patients with distant metastatic disease (stage IVC) Distant metastases Patients with known distant metastases Documented evidence of distant metastases Evidence of distant metastases Distant metastases (stage IV C, any T, any N and M1) Evidence of distant metastatic disease Evidence of distant metastases (M1) Clinical evidence of distant metastases per practice guidelines for breast cancer; Evidence of distant metastatic disease (Masaoka stage IVB) Isolated, distant, or non-contiguous intra-abdominal metastases, even if resected. No indication of distant metastases Distant metastases (M1 disease). No direct evidence of regional or distant metastases after appropriate staging studies; Presence of distant metastases Documented distant metastatic disease; NOTE: pelvic lymphadenopathy is NOT excluded Patient has evidence of distant metastases History or current radiographic or pathologic evidence of distant metastases Documented distant metastatic disease Evidence of distant metastases or histologically or cytologically proven lymph node metastases Any distant metastatic disease Distant metastatic disease, including known brain metastases Any evidence of distant metastases (M1) Unequivocal demonstration of distant metastases (M1 disease) Patients with distant metastatic disease (M1c) will not be eligible for this study Distant metastatic disease not limited to peritoneum: solid organ metastases (liver, central nervous system, lung) Any distant metastatic disease visualized on preoperative imaging:\r\n* Solid organ metastases\r\n* Clear radiologic evidence of carcinomatosis No distant metastases Tumors considered to be unresectable due to local advancement include an absence of distant metastases as well as: Stage 3 or 4 disease without evidence of distant metastases Patient must not have known distant metastatic disease at presentation Evidence of distant metastatic disease. Documented distant metastatic disease; but pelvic lymphoadenopathy is NOT excluded Radiographic evidence of regional or distant metastases with suspected tumor in an area that is safe to biopsy Patients who require radiotherapy to distant metastases during induction systemic therapy are eligible Patients with distant metastases No history of distant metastases. Evidence of distant disease or histologically-proven nodal metastases; patients with radiologic evidence of lymphadenopathy must have biopsy proof of N0 status Evidence of distant metastases Evidence of distant metastases (below the clavicle) by clinical or radiographic examination Prior or current evidence of any metastatic involvement of any distant site Evidence of distant metastases Tumors considered to be unresectable due to local advancement include an absence of distant metastases as well as: Documented evidence of distant metastases or brain metastases Has distant metastatic disease on imaging or staging laparoscopy at the time of study entry No evidence of distant metastatic disease Patients with evidence of distant metastatic disease Have distant metastases Patients with known distant metastases or other malignancies Patients with widespread metastatic disease (> 3 distant metastases); patients with oligometastatic disease (=< 3 distant metastases) are allowed only if they are receiving definitive (curative) radiation therapy (RT) with or without chemotherapy Distant metastases Radiologic evidence of distant disease Patients with evidence of distant metastatic PDAC Distant metastatic disease at the time of enrollment Has distant metastases Patients with known distant metastases or other malignancies Patients who have prostate cancer with distant metastases Known distant metastatic disease No indication of distant metastases (M0) Patients have no clinical evidence of distant metastatic disease Distant metastases Have regional or distant metastatic disease Clinically distant metastatic disease, either M1a/M1b/M1c Direct evidence of regional or distant metastases after appropriate staging studies Patients with distant metastatic disease will be eligible if they satisfy all other conditions The patient has known distant metastatic disease Subjects with any evidence of distant metastases Patients with distant metastatic disease (cM1) or a life expectancy of less than 5 years No evidence of residual cancer or metastasis after surgery Patients must have advanced or metastatic MCC defined as evidence of distant metastasis(es) on imaging\r\n* Patients with locoregionally confined disease are not eligible Patients with evidence of clinical T4b (unresectable) or M1 (distant metastasis) according to the AJCC 2010 staging system will be ineligible Patients with distant metastasis (e.g. spread to distant areas outside the regional lymph nodes, clearly non contiguous areas of bone involvement, or distant metastasis to lung, brain, liver or other visceral organs) are ineligible Known evidence of distant metastasis. Any known nodal (N1) or distant metastasis (M1) Distant metastasis Evidence of distant metastasis on upright chest x-ray (CXR), computed tomography (CT) or other staging studies Evidence of distant metastasis (M1) involvement. Any evidence of metastasis to distant organs (liver, lung, peritoneum) No evidence of distant metastasis either prior to or after induction chemotherapy. No distant metastasis as verified by one of the study investigators Distant metastasis or adenopathy below the clavicles Evidence of distant metastases or lymph node metastasis (es) that was not within the radiation field Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) D = patients with distant metastasis Distant metastasis or adenopathy below the clavicles Patients with evidence of liver metastasis are excluded Distant metastasis Histologically (archival tissue) confirmed adenocarcinoma of the rectum that begins within 12 cm of the anal verge as determined by sigmoidoscopy and/or colonoscopy with no evidence of distant metastasis No evidence of distant metastasis either prior to or after induction chemotherapy Evidence of distant metastasis Distant metastasis to the lung, bone or brain; typically, most stage 4 uterine papillary serous cancer (UPSC) is confined to the abdomen on presentation Any evidence of metastasis to distant organs (liver, lung, peritoneum) Distant metastasis Evidence of distant metastasis on upright chest x-ray (CXR), computed tomography (CT) or other staging studies Evidence of metastasis No evidence of distant metastasis Evidence of distant metastasis apparent prior to randomization Patients with distant metastasis Patients must have pathologically-confirmed, previously untreated, stage III-IV (excluding N3 or T4) squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx, without evidence of distant metastasis Definitive clinical or radiographic evidence of distant metastasis or adenopathy below the clavicles Histological confirmation of recurrence of chest wall with or without distant metastasis disease Has local or distant metastasis Subjects with metastasis limited to the bone only are excluded. However, subjects with current metastasis limited to the bone only and with a history of distant metastasis are eligible. Subjects with current metastasis limited to the bone only and with current breast tissue lesion are eligible. Any evidence of lymph node or distant metastasis. Patients with any distant metastasis (liver, lung, bone, brain) No evidence of distant metastasis either prior to or after induction chemotherapy REGISTRATION EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Evidence of distant metastasis present by CT scan, bone scan, or physical exam Radiographic evidence of regional or distant metastasis at the time of study enrollment or at the time of diagnosis No clinical, radiographic or other evidence of distant metastasis Patients with distant metastasis and life expectancy >= 3 months are eligible Cannot have distant metastasis (M0) Distant metastasis to organs (local recurrence and regional lymph node recurrence are not considered as distant metastasis) other than bone Prior radiation to site(s) of distant metastasis of bone Have confirmed distant metastasis with or without local recurrence Patients with metastatic BCC, histologic confirmation of distant BCC metastasis At least 2 organs involved in metastatic gastric tumor (including at least lung or liver or both) in addition to the site of primary tumor, where metastasis in distant lymph nodes, peritoneal metastasis, and malignant pleural effusion may count as \organs\ in this context No evidence of distant metastasis either prior to or after induction chemotherapy Evidence of distant metastasis on upright chest X-ray (CXR), CT or other staging studies Evidence of distant metastasis Documented evidence of distant metastasis or locoregional recurrence per required assessments within 28 days prior to starting study therapy. Note: Histologic confirmation of metastatic disease is not required. Metastatic disease, including lymph nodes or distant metastasis No evidence of distant metastasis representing stage IV metastatic disease History of histologically or cytologically proven breast cancer at stage I, II and III, without evidence of distant metastasis History of histologically or cytologically proven breast cancer at stage I, II and III without evidence of distant metastasis Evidence of metastasis Evidence of distant prostate cancer, i.e., including lymph nodes and/or metastasis of cancer on imaging Evidence of peritoneal or distant metastasis on preoperative imaging Evidence of metastasis