Patients should be deemed to be potentially eligible and willing candidates for auto-HCT by the enrolling physician Limited-stage patients who are candidates for local or regional therapy Patients who are not appropriate candidates for participation in this clinical study for any other reason as deemed by the investigator Patients who are not appropriate candidates for participation in this clinical study for any other reason as deemed by the investigator Patients must be candidates for standard of care treatment consisting of chemotherapy (cisplatin) and radiation SAFETY RUN-IN: Patients are candidates for chemotherapy with carboplatin and gemcitabine no longer be candidates for standard therapy or Patients who are not candidates for major abdominal surgery due to known medical comorbidities Must be candidates for radiation treatment to bone lesions Subjects must be deemed to be potential surgical candidates by an evaluating surgeon Patients must be considered candidates for prostatectomy as per standard of care Patients who are surgical or ablation candidates as determined by multidisciplinary hepatobiliary tumor conference Patients who desire and are candidates for radical cystectomy Patients must have stable cardiovascular, neurovascular and neurological status, and be considered surgical candidates, as determined by any relevant pre-operative assessments, at the neurosurgeon’s discretion. Patients with HCL must be intolerant of or not candidates for purine analog-based therapy, or failed to achieve response (CR or partial response [PR]) or relapsed within 2 years of such therapy, AND meet the standard treatment initiation criteria (absolute neutrophil count [ANC] =< 1000/uL, hemoglobin [Hgb] =< 10 g/dL, platelet count =< 100,000/uL); patients with indolent lymphoma (FL, LPL, MZL) and patients with B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia must have an indication for treatment in the opinion of the investigator; patients with MCL and patients with CLL in Richter’s transformation should have previously received or not be candidates for high dose chemotherapy/autologous stem cell transplant Patients diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by World Health Organization (WHO) classification, meeting one of following criteria:\r\n* Age 60 or older, newly diagnosed, untreated, who are unwilling to undergo or not candidates for conventional induction chemotherapy with cytarabine/anthracyclines\r\n* Age 60 or older with relapsed or refractory disease\r\n* Younger adult patients with previously untreated high-risk disease (complex karyotype, inv[3] or t[3;3], t[6;9], monosomal karyotype, therapy-related and secondary disease) that are unwilling to undergo or not candidates for conventional induction chemotherapy with cytarabine/anthracyclines and/or allogeneic stem cell transplantation\r\n* Younger patients with refractory/relapsed AML who are otherwise not candidates for allogeneic stem cell transplantation\r\n* Patients with extramedullary disease who meet one of the above criteria may be included Patients who are not appropriate candidates for prostate SBRT > 65 years not previously treated for AML and who are not candidates for intensive chemotherapy nor candidates for established alternative chemotherapy Or Patients with cytologically confirmed and documented MDS), in relapse or refractory after previous treatment line including at least one hypomethylating agent and have ?10% bone marrow blasts; Patients must be considered appropriate candidates for LITT Patients with prior selective internal radiation are candidates are eligible as long as they are candidates for repeat procedures and they have demonstrated progressive disease. Patients who are not candidates for, or who cannot tolerate intensive chemotherapy or blinatumomab, sources for the determination of clinical significance by the treating physician will be included in the subject’s medical record Patients with the following high-risk features who are not candidates for traditional neoadjuvant chemotherapy will be included for this trial: micropapillary, sarcomatoid and plasmacytoid features; 3-dimensional (3-D) mass on exam under anesthesia (EUA); lymphovascular invasion; hydronephrosis (unless in the opinion of the treating physician, this is not due to tumor); high grade (grade 3) tumors of the ureter, renal pelvis, or tumors in these areas with radiographic abnormality large enough to recognize as an abnormal mass by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging; direct invasion of the prostatic stroma or the vaginal wall (i.e. cT4a disease); patients who are candidates for but refusing conventional chemotherapy may be considered eligible; for patients in whom eligibility is unclear, final arbitration will be determined by the principal investigator Patients must be surgical resection candidates Considered to be suitable intensive (cytotoxic) induction candidates Favorable candidates for surgical decompression by prior documented criteria Patients must have had at least one prior therapy to be eligible for either phase I or II, unless they are either not candidates for or refuse cisplatin-based therapy Candidates for reduced intensity conditioning regimens Patients with MDS must be transplant candidates by current clinical standards Calculated or measured creatinine clearance >= 60 cc/min for cisplatin candidates, >= 30 cc/min for carboplatin candidates Subjects who are in first relapse after initial induction, if they had a response duration of >12 months from date when first response first documented or if they are good candidates for HCT. Non-MF/SS patients who are candidates for topical therapy must be refractory or intolerant to at least 1 prior topical therapy Patients without access to the duodenum or ampulla are not candidates for ERCP and stenting Candidates for a Whipple resection; candidates of the Whipple resection will be excluded based on the written recommendations by surgery, oncology, and/or the patient’s primary care physician Patients who are not candidates for, or decline, intensive therapy Are candidates for and willing to receive intensive IC for their AML. < 60 years who are considered candidates for standard chemotherapy Pulmonary metastasis permissible; appropriate candidates with lung lesions may be considered for ablative hypofractionation using stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) Patients judged not to be candidates for radical cystectomy; patients with pN+ or T4b disease are considered to have unresectable disease Patients must be candidates for palliative radiation Patients who are not candidates for HDR brachytherapy Patients enrolled after August 28, 2011 must be candidates for cytoreductive surgery and consent to have their surgical treatment determined by randomization This eligibility criterion does not apply to patients enrolled after August 28, 2011; patients who are not candidates for surgical cytoreduction are eligible for the chemotherapy randomization; patients are not considered candidates for surgical cytoreduction if complete cytoreduction in the estimation of the investigator is impossible or a medical infirmity precludes exploration and debulking Patients who are not candidates for or have declined an allograft Patients must have completed a surgical debulking procedure, or be candidates for neoadjuvant chemotherapy Patients should be suitable candidates for surgery and chemotherapy Subjects must not be candidates for ruxolitinib based on EITHER: Patients who have operable disease with curable intent, and/or are candidates for radiation therapy for local control Patients with de novo Cushing's disease can be included only if they are not considered candidates for surgery. Subjects >= 60 years of age with AML who are not candidates for or have refused standard chemotherapy. Patients with no prior therapy for WM, must be considered inappropriate candidates for treatment with a standard chemoimmunotherapy regimen Dose Expansion: Patients with relapsed AML or patients who refuse, or are not suitable candidates for induction therapy Patients who meet eligibility for the protocol but are not candidates to receive further chemotherapy may be treated on Arm C Patients that are considered candidates for ipilimumab therapy Patients with stage I or II, melanoma who are not candidates for ipilimumab Participants must be candidates for RP and considered surgically resectable by urologic evaluation Patients who are not surgical candidates due to medical co-morbidities Patients who are not candidates for interval surgical debulking secondary to significant medical comorbidities Patients who are immediate candidates for allogeneic bone marrow or stem cell transplantation; patients who refuse this option remain eligible and need to be documented as such in patient medical record Age ?18 years (non-ESFT candidates) For advanced or recurrent mucoepidermal carcinoma (MEC) of the salivary gland, patients must not be candidates for curative surgery or radiotherapy. Patients must be considered candidates for SRS within 30 days of surgical resection Patient must be suitable candidates for surgery. Patients who are candidates for curative surgery or radiotherapy Must be surgical candidates as deemed fit by surgeon Patients must be appropriate candidates for RFA, with platelets >= 50,000/mm^3 Patients must be appropriate candidates for RFA, with an international normalized ratio of 1.5 Patients who may have high burden of disease ie large lesions, who are non-surgical candidates or who refuse surgery Patients who are not surgical candidates or refuse surgery Must be surgical candidates as deemed fit by surgeon Subjects must be candidates for at least one of the designated comparator drugs Patients must not be candidates for curative resection Patients who have recurrent disease after having had one or more prior resections may be eligible, provided that they are not candidates for further curative resection. Patients with advanced or recurrent salivary gland cancer who are not candidates for curative surgery or radiotherapy. Subjects deemed unsuitable candidates and not medically optimized for RARC Patients must have 1-2 intrahepatic foci of HCC and may not be candidates for refuse hepatic resection; patients who are on the organ wait list for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) will be considered for this trial as a “bridge” to transplant Subjects deemed unsuitable candidates and not medically optimized for partial nephrectomy Prior therapy:\r\n* Patients must have received at least one prior standard cytotoxic regimen such as cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride, vincristine sulfate, and prednisone (CHOP) or doxorubicin hydrochloride, etoposide phosphate, vincristine sulfate, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone (EPOCH) - unless they were not candidates for this therapy\r\n* Patients must have received prior brentuximab vedotin - unless they were not candidates for this therapy\r\n* Patients must have received prior autologous stem cell transplant unless they refused or were not candidates for stem cell transplant Participants must be candidates for RP and considered surgically resectable by urologic evaluation RCT: Participants will include ovarian cancer patients who are considered by their primary oncologist to be candidates for IP/IV chemotherapy Tumor resection candidates Patients must be diagnosed with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) that are surgical candidates Must be candidates for reduced-intensity conditioning regimens. Participants must be candidates for neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) upfront Subjects not deemed to be appropriate candidates for optimal resection of tumor based on location, involvement of eloquent brain, satellite lesions, or other factors not specifically listed here Patients with a limited (1-5) number of metastatic foci outside of the thorax who are candidates for consolidative treatment with SBRT Patients are healthy enough to be deemed surgical candidates by the treating physician Patients must be surgical candidates Patients deemed not surgical candidates due to prohibitive co-morbidities Patients who are not surgical candidates or refuse to undergo surgery and choose any percutaneous ablation as an alternative treatment option Pathologically confirmed, locally advanced, malignancy of the rectum; based on multi-disciplinary tumor board discussion, patients are candidates for tri-modality treatment Pathologically confirmed, locally advanced, malignancy of the esophagus; the cancer may involve the stomach up to 5 cm; based on multi-disciplinary tumor board discussion, patients are candidates for tri-modality treatment Patients who are acutely ill who are deemed by their treating physician as not suitable candidates for this study Patients who are potential candidates to receive neoadjuvant therapy with either chemotherapy alone, radiation alone, immunotherapy alone, or combined treatment with any of these modalities; if on therapy, patients in whom a new treatment protocol or modality is being considered would be eligible Patients must be clinical candidates for radioembolization with either SIR-spheres or TheraSphere due to metastatic or primary malignancies of the liver Patients must be deemed to be eligible candidates for either surgery or stereotactic radiation Subjects not deemed to be appropriate candidates for optimal resection of tumor based on location, involvement of eloquent brain, satellite lesions, or other factors not specifically listed here Patients deemed inoperable (no scheduled surgery) are eligible for this trial, as they could be surgical candidates after treatment with vemurafenib; inoperable patients must be naive to therapies targeting the MAPK pathway Recipients with AML will be recruited by personnel at the transplant centers (TC) who are candidates for URD HCT Patients who are not candidates for RT treatment Patients who are not candidates for RT/CRT treatment Based on the pre-operative evaluation by neurosurgeon, the subject is a candidate for ? 80% resection of enhancing region Candidate for sphincter-sparing surgical resection prior to initiation of neoadjuvant therapy according to the primary surgeon Patient must have consultation with a surgeon within 21 days prior to step 1 registration; the surgeon must confirm that the patient’s disease is resectable by pleurectomy decortication (P/D) or extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP) and that the patient is an appropriate candidate for the surgical procedures Patient must be a candidate to receive at least 2 doses of mFOLFOX6 chemotherapy Patients must be a candidate for surgery (as per treating surgeon) and be able to tolerate proton radiation and chemotherapy (as per treating radiation oncologist and medical oncologist) If the patient is otherwise not deemed a good study candidate by sole discretion of the principal investigator All patients must be evaluated by a medical oncologist, radiation oncologist, and thoracic surgeon within 4 weeks of enrollment into study to document that they are a candidate for chemoradiation and whether or not they are candidates for consideration of surgical resection (not required to be a surgical candidate) Must be a candidate for salvage surgery Any other medical condition that in the investigator’s opinion would not make the patient a good candidate for the study PHASE II EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Any other medical condition that in the investigator’s opinion would not make the patient a good candidate for the study Not a surgical candidate or surgery is not scheduled within 43 days from starting the study drug Subject is considered an appropriate candidate (per Investigator assessment) for induction therapy with 6 cycles of R-CHOP-21 immunochemotherapy. Deemed a suitable candidate for esophagectomy by the treating surgeon as documented in a pre-operative assessment visit per standard practice at each participating institution Documentation by at least one physician that patient is not a candidate for surgical debulking U.S. ONLY: For all Cohorts, patients who refuse approved therapy for which they are a suitable candidate are not eligible for enrollment on this trial. Any other medical condition that in the Investigator’s opinion would not make the patient a good candidate for the study May be candidate for, have failed, or does not wish to undergo radiation therapy Not surgical candidate An IRE candidate (IRE is Percutaneous irreversible electroporation) Patient is a candidate for salvage resection Candidate for surgical placement of an intraperitoneal port, as determined by a gynecologic oncology surgeon No indication for chemotherapy; candidate for observation Candidate for curative resection or urgent surgical procedure(s) needed Documentation that the patient is a candidate for surgical resection of their lung cancer by an American Board of Thoracic Surgery certified surgeon Patient is a candidate for radical cystectomy as a potentially curative option A medically appropriate candidate for ibrutinib treatment (based on the judgement of the clinical investigator). Candidate for local consolidation therapy to at least one site of disease Surgical candidate per neurosurgeon discretion Stereotactic radiosurgery candidate per radiation oncologist Not a surgical candidate per neurosurgeon’s discretion Not a radiosurgical candidate per radiation oncologist’s discretion Determined not to be a surgical candidate due to medical co-morbidities Medical or psychological conditions present within 30 days prior to enrollment that would make the patient unsuitable candidate for cell therapy at the discretion of the principal investigator (PI) Presence of a candidate treatment lesion (subcutaneous, nodal, or visceral) accessible and safe for radiotherapy and serial intralesional injections as specified by the protocol Documentation that the patient is a candidate for chemoradiation of their nasopharyngeal cancer by one of the study investigators Patients must be candidate for surgical resection, ablation, and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). Patient must not be a candidate for liver transplant. Candidate for OsteoCool RF ablation per the labeled indication applicable in their respective country/region Documentation that the patient is a candidate for surgical resection of their lung cancer by an American Board of Thoracic Surgery-certified surgeon Have at least one non-contiguous lesions that is distinct from the radiation candidate lesion that is able to be evaluated radiographically or clinically Clinically, subject is a candidate for cytoreductive nephrectomy Not a candidate for or eligible for but refused Gamma Knife radiosurgery Not eligible for surgery for recurrence or poor surgical candidate The patient must be a suitable candidate for surgery, in the opinion of the treating physician Patient must not be a candidate for curative surgical or radiation therapy\r\n* NOTE: Palliative radiotherapy is permitted Subject not a candidate for surgery; Is not a candidate for local therapies, including liver transplantation, tumor ablation, transarterial embolization, or resection Not a candidate for curative treatments (i.e., resection, transplantation) Not a candidate for or refuse chemotherapy Patients should not be deemed candidate for curative hepatic resection Patient is not a candidate for definitive cancer surgery For Phase I portion: patient must be a candidate for nivolumab as standard of care regardless of line of therapy; for Phase II portion: patient must be a candidate for nivolumab as second-line therapy for advanced stage NSCLC Uncontrolled major active infectious, cardiovascular, pulmonary, hematologic, or psychiatric illnesses that would make the patient a poor study candidate Subject is not a suitable candidate for surgical intervention Must be a candidate for MRI imaging Patient is a candidate for a maximum of one further line of established therapy (prior to treatment with ACTolog). Patient must be a surgical candidate with therapeutic goal of eradicating all known disease with one additional surgery; portal venous embolization is permitted to ensure resectability Candidate for TSEB based on investigator determination Patient must be deemed a surgical candidate as documented by surgeon within their respective institutional standards Medical or psychological conditions that, according to the PI, would make the patient unsuitable candidate for cell therapy Severe active comorbidities which would make the patient an unacceptable candidate for this clinical trial per physician discretion Be a medically appropriate candidate for radical cystectomy as determined by an attending urologist and be planning to receive cystectomy Patient is a candidate for, and agrees to proceed with additional bevacizumab treatment. Investigator determination that the patient is an appropriate candidate for reduced intensity allogeneic SCT with the standard Massey Cancer Center (MCC)-Virginia Commonwealth University Health System (VCUHS) Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) Program regimen employed in this trial Candidate for salvage radiation and ADT treatment Group 2: must not be a candidate for radiation therapy or surgery Breast cancer, stage 0-3, deemed a surgically appropriate candidate for partial mastectomy with planned procedure for the same Candidate for additional therapy consisting of radiation with gemcitabine–radiosensitization Consultation with interventional radiologist and deemed an appropriate candidate for TARE Subject considered by the investigator as unsuitable candidate for receipt of an investigational drug, or unstable to be followed up throughout the entire duration of the study Presence of or determined by neurosurgery to be a candidate for an implanted catheter in the ventricles to receive NK cell infusion Be an appropriate candidate for receiving RFA as a medically indicated treatment as evaluated by the following factors: Patients must not have any systemic illness which precludes them from being an operative candidate Must be deemed a surgical candidate by the surgical oncology service The patient is medically suitable candidate for preoperative chemotherapy and surgery in the judgment of the treating physicians Surgical candidate per pancreatobiliary surgeon after multi-disciplinary discussion Palliative indication due to reasons other than surgical candidate status Medical or psychological conditions that would make the patient unsuitable candidate for cell therapy at the discretion of the principal investigator (PI) Consideration by the Investigator, for any reason, that the subject is an unsuitable candidate to receive veliparib (ABT-888) and/or breast irradiation Not currently a candidate for curative treatment Patient is considered a poor surgical candidate for removal of renal mass as determined by anesthesiology pre-operative assessment or the surgical team, medical team; (no major psychiatric illnesses) Locally advanced lung cancer candidate for curative treatment through radical surgery and/or radio(chemo)therapy Must be appropriate candidate for experimental therapy, as determined by investigator, after available standard therapies have failed Documented metastasis of the primary tumor to the CNS and not a candidate for surgical intervention nor require immediate radiation therapy to relieve symptoms Medical or surgical history that in the treating physician’s opinion would make the subject not a suitable candidate for i.p. therapy; examples would include surgically documented extensive intraperitoneal adhesions or large volume ascites No candidate neoantigen identified during screening. Patient meets criteria to be a surgical candidate Not surgical candidate because of significant co-morbidity Cohort 2 (MTD) only: patient is thought to be a short- or long-term candidate for gemcitabine in the opinion of the treating oncologist Medically appropriate candidate for radical nephroureterectomy or ureterectomy as per MSKCC or a participating site attending urologic oncologist Patients must have surgical consult to verify patient is a surgical candidate within 21 days prior to registration No candidate neoantigen identified during screening Candidate for first-line therapy with sunitinib initiated 5-8 weeks after nephrectomy Unresectable disease (defined as the participant not being a candidate for curative surgery) The patient must be a suitable candidate for surgery, in the opinion of the treating physician Patient is not a candidate for breast conservation Any other significant medical or psychological conditions that would make the patient unsuitable candidate for cell therapy at the discretion of the PI Candidate for intralesional therapy Patient is not a surgical candidate due to medical comorbidities determined by a thoracic surgeon or patient refusal Must be deemed a candidate for curative resection by the surgical oncologist who will be performing the operation Patients must not have any systemic illness which precludes them from being an operative candidate as determined by anesthesia preoperative evaluation; this includes but is not limited to, sepsis, liver failure, pregnant or lactating females Candidate for primary chemoradiation as decided by an interdisciplinary team including otolaryngology, medical oncology, and radiation oncology Patient is not a candidate for or declines consolidative thoracic radiotherapy. Medical oncologist agrees that four day window on curcumin alone is appropriate/safe prior to start of irinotecan for trial candidate Candidate for MLA based on the size, location, and shape of the recurrent tumor as determined by the performing neurosurgeon Patient must be deemed a surgical candidate Must be a candidate for surgery and/or radiation therapy STEP 2 ENROLLMENT AND RANDOMIZATION: the patient must be a suitable candidate for LCT (radiotherapy and/or surgery) to every site of disease, as determined by the treating physician(s); consultation with a multidisciplinary team, including a medical oncologist, radiation oncologist, and thoracic surgeon, is encouraged but not required A candidate for curative surgery Candidate for a protocol of higher priority; for the purpose of this study, the following protocols will be considered of higher priority: 10-051 Medically appropriate candidate for radical cystectomy, as per MSKCC or participating site attending urologic oncologist Patient must be a candidate for salvage radiotherapy to the prostate bed Patients must be a candidate for surgery Patient is not a candidate for, or has not demonstrated a significant local response to chemotherapy, biologic, hormonal ,or other therapies Patient is not a surgical candidate or tumor is not surgically resectable, as documented by surgical oncologist Appropriate candidate for surgery Candidate for curative therapy including surgical resection or orthotopic liver transplantation Patient is not an eligible candidate for collection by apheresis or HPC transplant Candidate for surgical resection, transplantation, or local ablation. Considered by the investigator to be an appropriate candidate for a Phase 1 clinical study; Patient is deemed to be a surgical candidate by ENT Patient is deemed to not be a surgical candidate by ENT Participants must be a candidate for a trans-urethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT), cystectomy (partial or radical) or cystoscopy with biopsy at a participating organization If a patient is randomized to the RFA arm, but is deemed not to be an anesthesia candidate, he/she will be placed in the non-randomized SBRT cohort Candidate for curative surgery or definitive chemoradiation Patient not candidate for either regional anesthesia or mild sedation Medically appropriate candidate for radical cystectomy as per MSKCC attending urologic oncologist Candidate for chemotherapy Candidate for curative breast cancer surgery (Cohort 1 or 2) Be a candidate for radical cystectomy Any other condition that in the investigator's opinion would not make the subject a good candidate for the clinical study, patient is not a candidate for standard therapy Surgically resectable disease, and patient deemed an appropriate surgical candidate by a thoracic surgeon prior to enrollment Candidate for potential curative therapies (i.e., resection or transplantation). Based on the pre-operative evaluation, is the tumor recurrence/progression a candidate for ? 80% resection? Consideration by the investigator, for any reason, that the subject is an unsuitable candidate to receive veliparib. Prior primary or salvage radiation or not a candidate for salvage radiation due to patient preference or clinical assessment based upon disease characteristics and/or patient co-morbidities Patients must have been previously treated:\r\n* >= 3rd line if bone marrow transplant (BMT) candidate OR\r\n* >= 2nd line if not BMT candidate OR\r\n* >= 2nd relapse for BMT candidate OR\r\n* >= 1st relapse for non- BMT candidate Candidate for at least one comparator drug: Candidate for primary chemoradiation as decided by both medical and radiation oncology The participant is no longer a candidate for surgery, embolization, or radiofrequency ablation therapy Be considered an appropriate surgical candidate. Your doctor does not think you would be a good candidate for the study Patients can be Karnofsky performance status (KPS) >= 60, as long as primary provider feels that patient is candidate for combined modality chemoradiotherapy If their managing urologist does NOT deem them as a candidate for active surveillance. A candidate for: Subject has persistent esophageal cancer with local luminal involvement and who is not a surgical candidate or has completed or declined systemic therapy. Candidate for use of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) Is a candidate for immediate hysterectomy, following evaluation by a physician In judgement of a physician, is not a candidate for progestin agents Not a candidate for surgical resection based on unresectability, anatomy, anesthesia risk, patient preference Patients deemed not be a candidate for cement augmentation for any reason Patients not felt be a safe surgical candidate by pain management physician for placement of and intrathecal drug delivery system (IDDS) due to the presence of severe medical comorbidities Candidate for pregnancy Acceptable candidate for laparoscopic/robotic gynecology (GYN) surgery as per discretion of the surgeon Not a candidate for enzalutamide treatment, in the opinion of the Investigator Multifocal disease is allowed if it was removed by a single lumpectomy resection and the patient remained a candidate for breast conservation Patient is not a surgical candidate due to underlying cardiac or other serious comorbid condition Subject has been confirmed by a thoracic surgeon to be a surgical candidate for resection of the tumor targeted for ablation. Subject considered by the investigator as unsuitable candidate for receipt of NRT, or unstable to be followed up throughout the entire duration of the study Patient has significant medical or psychiatric conditions that would make the patient a poor protocol candidate ELIGIBILITY FOR THE 2-YEAR EXTENSION: Patient has a significant medical or psychiatric condition that would make the patient a poor protocol candidate Subject considered by the investigator as unsuitable candidate for receipt of an investigational drug, or unstable to be followed up throughout the entire duration of the study Significant medical or psychiatric conditions that would make the patient a poor protocol candidate Subjects must have subsolid (non solid or partially solid) nodules with size between 4 and 10 mm with any volume doubling time (VDT) not candidate to surgical excision and/or subsolid (non solid or partially solid) nodule larger than 10 mm with VDT higher than 400 days and not candidate to surgical excision Candidate for surgery and willing to undergo two surgical procedures (if chooses the PSDO arm) Medical clearance for surgery and considered an appropriate surgical candidate Patient does not meet medical clearance for surgery and is not considered an appropriate surgical candidate The patient has a lung nodule identified on chest CT and is a candidate for elective EMN bronchoscopic evaluation as determined by the treating pulmonologist, Good operative candidate Not a surgical candidate Any patient who is unable (either because of physical or psychological factors) to undergo imaging studies without sedation but is not considered an anesthesia candidate Evaluated by radiation oncologist to be appropriate SBRT candidate and scheduled to undergo SBRT as part of their care Patients with other poorly controlled medical conditions that in the opinion of the surgeon, make them not a candidate for primary cytoreductive surgery Patient must have been valuated by a thoracic radiation oncologist within the past 4 weeks and deemed an appropriate candidate for stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) Patient not a candidate for surgery (neck dissection) because of an underlying medical condition Deemed a surgical candidate and has agreed to surgery to remove a portion of the liver containing tumor Patient must be a candidate for SLNB Patient is considered a poor surgical candidate due to non-malignant systemic disease The patient is not a candidate for robotic assisted hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy Candidate for surgery Patients will have biochemical and/or clinical evidence of primary hyperparathyroidism and be a surgical candidate for definitive parathyroid surgery Women may also be excluded at the discretion of their surgeon if he or she feels that the patient is not an appropriate candidate Surgical candidate Be a candidate for [18F]FLT PET imaging Patients must be considered an appropriate candidate for surgery by a qualified surgeon Surgeon and medical oncologist agree one week window trial appropriate/safe for trial candidate and that surgery appointment can accommodate a 7 day (one week) treatment schedule Candidate for surgical resection Candidate for bronchoscopy Breast cancer non-candidate for hormone therapy alone.