Patients status post a negative lymph node dissection are not eligible Pathologically proven to be lymph node negative by pelvic lymphadenectomy (pN0) or lymph node status pathologically unknown (undissected pelvic lymph nodes [pNx]) Number of allowable metastases:\r\n* =< 4 metastases seen on standard imaging within 60 days prior to registration when all metastatic disease is located within the following sites:\r\n** Peripheral lung \r\n** Osseous (bone)\r\n** Spine\r\n** Central lung\r\n** Abdominal-pelvic metastases (lymph node/adrenal gland)\r\n** Liver\r\n** Mediastinal/cervical lymph node Definitive clinical, radiologic, or pathologic evidence of metastatic disease (M1) or lymph node involvement (N1) Subject meets one of the following criteria:\r\n* Evidence of active TLS during screening\r\n* A measurable lymph node with diameter >= 10 cm, or\r\n* A measurable lymph node with diameter >= 5 cm and an absolute lymphocyte count (including atypical lymphocytes and circulating lymphoma cells) >= 25 x 10^9/L Histologically confirmed MCC metastases in clinically detected lymph node(s)\r\n* Confirmation of the MCC diagnosis in the clinically suspicious lymph node(s) is mandatory for trial participation\r\n* Subjects must have had clinically-detected (i.e. either palpable or radiologically abnormal) lymph nodal metastasis\r\n* (NOTE: In-transit metastases without regional nodal involvement could be allowed, but only after written approval of the medical monitor) Suspicion or known history of distant metastatic MCC, which is not classifiable as local recurrence or regional metastasis\r\n* (NOTE: Patients presenting with nodal metastases in one lymph node basin and no known primary tumor are allowed to enroll) Subjects must have histologically or cytologically confirmed invasive breast cancer which meets the following criteria:\r\n* Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR)-negative as defined by local standard clinical immunohistochemistry (IHC) < 1%\r\n* HER2-negative using local standard testing; negative is defined as IHC 0 or 1+ (if 2+, must reflex to ISH method); if ISH method is used, ratio < 2 is considered negative\r\n* Clinical tumor size of at least 2.1 cm (T2) by palpation or imaging, regardless of the ipsilateral regional lymph node status, or any tumor size but with ipsilateral regional lymph nodes involved by the tumor (any T if ipsilateral regional node positive); subjects with inflammatory breast cancer are eligible; if bilateral breast cancer is present, the subject is eligible if the contralateral tumor is ductal breast carcinoma in situ (DCIS) only (without any invasive disease on biopsy) or another invasive breast cancer of any size that is also ER, PR and HER2 negative\r\n* Any radiographic abnormal ipsilateral regional lymph nodes or any clinically concerning ipsilateral regional lymph nodes with the exception of internal mammary nodes, should be sampled with a percutaneous biopsy, but no sentinel axillary lymph node mapping/biopsy is allowed before chemotherapy; if clinically node negative (cNO) pre-chemotherapy ipsilateral sentinel axillary lymph node mapping/biopsy is not allowed Unresectable ICC, with less than 50% of the liver involved, and without clinically significant extra-hepatic disease (regional lymph node lesions [? 2 cm] are acceptable) based on CT Must have one of the following risk factors:\r\n* Lymph node > 3 cm\r\n* 2 or more positive lymph nodes\r\n* Perineural invasion\r\n* Lymphovascular space invasion\r\n* T3 or primary disease\r\n* Lymph node extracapsular extension At least one accessible primary or metastatic tumor site that can be readily injected IT with poly-ICLC with or without ultrasound guidance. This lesion can be superficial cutaneous, subcutaneous or within a readily accessible lymph node and must measure at least 10 mm in longest dimension. Gross tumor (primary tumor or involved lymph node) must be within 1 cm of esophagus on the most recent chest CT scan Progressive lymphadenopathy including bulky disease as defined by mass, lymph node or lymph node cluster > 10 cm. Relapsed or refractory disease, defined by failure to achieve a partial response within 6 months of initiation of first line therapy, or a 50% worsening of baseline disease measurements (i.e., lymph node size, splenomegaly, lymphocytosis, anemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatomegaly) after achieving a clinical response Patients must have at least one axillary and/or inguinal lymph node basin that is intact (no prior excisional biopsy of a node or complete lymph node dissection). Lymph node only metastases even if considered M1 disease by official staging criteria. Malignant, measurable lymph node is defined as a lymph node that must be >= 15 mm in short axis when assessed by CT scan Clinical stage M1a (distant lymph node positive), or M1b (bone metastasis) Patients who have p16 negative squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary in cervical lymph node Lumpectomy with negative lymph node on surgical evaluation (isolated tumor cells in lymph nodes will be permitted); patients with invasive carcinoma >= 70 yrs and with estrogen receptor (ER)+ positive tumor =< 2.0 cm may enroll without surgical lymph node evaluation; patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast only may enroll without surgical lymph node evaluation Patients with MIBC (predominantly urothelial carcinoma) with clinical stage T2-T4a and N=< 1 disease (solitary lymph node measuring < 2 cm) and M0 and deemed eligible for radical cystectomy Pathologic or imaging evidence of lymph node involvement At least 2 cutaneous, subcutaneous and/or lymph node target lesions that are greater or equal to 1 cm in the longest diameter. One of the cutaneous, subcutaneous and/or lymph node target lesions should be designated at Screening as a noninjected target lesion. Willing to have biopsy specimens taken at Screening and at Week 6. All patients must have lymph node evaluation of contralateral stations 2 and/or 4 to exclude N3 disease Subjects must not have presence of histologically proven lymph node disease Patients with extra-pulmonary metastases aside from lymph node involvement or with a surgically unresectable primary lesion May include fludeoxyglucose F-18 (FDG) avid lesion, lymph node greater than 1.5 cm in greatest diameter, or clonal large B-cells in peripheral blood or bone marrow No complete surgical resection for a head and neck cancer within 8 weeks of enrollment (although lymph node biopsy including excision of an individual node with presence of residual nodal disease, or surgical biopsy/excision of the tumor with residual disease is acceptable) (For cohort B): Primary tumor size of at least 1.0 cm by imaging (ultrasound or MRI) or evidence of continued lymph node involvement by imaging (ultrasound or MRI) after adriamycin-based neoadjuvant therapy The primary tumor or lymph node must be readily biopsied by surgery or radiology teams Patient must be willing to undergo additional biopsy of breast tumor or lymph node Lymphadenopathy in the retroperitoneum: at least one lymph node 1-3 cm in greatest dimension, no lymph node > 3 cm in greatest dimension, no more than 2 lymph nodes 1-3 cm in greatest dimension\r\n* Axial imaging of lymphadenopathy within 6 weeks of the date of RPLND\r\n* Retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy must be within the RPLND template If there is borderline lymphadenopathy, defined as the largest retroperitoneal lymph node measuring 0.90 - 0.99 cm in the greatest dimension, an abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan should be repeated (recommend interval of 6 - 8 weeks); the same lymph node must demonstrate growth to >= 1.0 cm in the greatest dimension Histopathologically confirmed melanoma with an injectable cutaneous or lymph node metastasis that has progressed in the opinion of the treating investigator despite administering a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved anti-PD1 agent, with or without ipilimumab. Presence of known lymph node involvement or distant metastases Pathologic or clinical evidence for a stage N2b, N3b, or N3c breast cancer (supraclavicular, or internal mammary lymph node involvement) Patients with previous inguinal lymph node dissection, radiosurgery, brachytherapy, or radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies Major surgery (excluding lymph node biopsy) within 28 days prior to randomization. All treated patients have the option to undergo pre-treatment biopsy (liver, omentum, lung or lymph node) to be eligible Prior inguinal lymph node dissection Malignant melanoma present in an inguinal nodal basin requiring superficial inguinal lymph node (LN) dissection Clinical or radiographic evidence of superficial inguinal LN disease or a prior positive sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy of the superficial inguinal basin as an indication for superficial inguinal lymph node disease is acceptable Prior ipsilateral superficial inguinal lymph node dissection Surgery must have included a hysterectomy and bilateral salpingooophorectomy. Pelvic lymph node sampling and para-aortic lymph node sampling are optional. N1 patients are ineligible, as are those with lymph node (LN) enlargement > 1.5 cm by CT or MRI of the pelvis, unless the LN is biopsy proven to be negative Regional lymph node involvement Extensive extra hepatic spread of hepatocellular carcinoma; patients with limited metastatic disease may be enrolled as defined as;\r\n* Lymph node disease \r\n* Pulmonary nodules < 5 mm in size \r\n* 1-3 bone metastases No pre-operative evidence of cervical lymph node metastases on neck ultrasound (Randomization arms ONLY) Patients status-post a negative lymph node dissection are not eligible Surgical staging to include total hysterectomy, +/- removal of ovaries and fallopian tubes, +/- lymph node sampling Patients must have undergone cystectomy (total cystectomy, radical cystectomy +/- pelvic lymph node dissection) with no evidence of macroscopic residual disease Regional lymph node involvement Evidence of extent of pancreatic cancer beyond that defined as \borderline resectable\ above (locally advanced or distant disease); peripancreatic lymph node involvement, either confirmed or suspected, will not be considered distant disease unless the lymph node involvement extends outside of the field of resection Risk of malignant lymph node involvement < 15% as calculated on Partin tables Risk of malignant lymph node involvement > 15% as calculated on Partin tables Planned radical cystectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection All patients must have thorough tumor staging and meet at least one of the following criteria:\r\n* Either lymph node biopsy or lymph node dissection demonstrating lymph node metastasis by prostate cancer\r\n* Non-bulky (< 5 cm) regional pelvic or distant lymphadenopathy visualized on computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan; lymph node biopsy is required if < 2.0 cm or in atypical distribution\r\n* Primary tumor Gleason score >= 8 and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration >= 25 ng/mL, indicating high risk of occult lymph node metastases\r\n* Primary clinical tumor stage of T3 and Gleason score >= 7, indicating high risk of occult lymph node metastases\r\n* Primary tumor stage T4, indicating high risk of occult lymph node metastases; patients in any of these groups and less than 3 sites of non-predominantly lytic bone metastasis will be still considered eligible for the trial; the 2010 American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system will be followed Clinical stages T1a-T2b N0 M0 (American Joint Committee on Cancer [AJCC] Criteria 6th Ed.); for any pelvic lymph node >= 1.5cm, biopsy of the lymph node is suggested Evidence of lymph node involvement History and/or clinical evidence of lymph node involvement (N1) Radiation and/or surgery (except lymph node or other diagnostic biopsies) within 14 days prior to day 1 of protocol therapy Enlarged lymph node and/or clip targetable with image guidance At least one accessible and injectable lesion in the locoregional area (ie. breast, chest wall, skin nodule or mass, axillary or supraclavicular lymph node) of at least 1 centimeter (cm); (ultrasound imaging may be used as clinically indicated) Patients who have HPV negative squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary in cervical lymph node Has bulky tumor (define as N3 lymph node or equivalent lymph conglomerate (>= 6 cm in one dimension), or primary tumor > 4 cm); cystic HPV+ lymph nodes should be assessed in tumor board and may not be considered bulky Tumor site amenable to a) excisional biopsy or b) 6 core biopsies from two lymph node sites (12 cores total) or other surgical procedure to provide adequate lymphoma sample for TSMA sequencing and screening. Definitive clinical or radiologic evidence of distant (beyond cervical lymph node and neck tissue) metastatic disease. Patients who will undergo surgical treatment with either segmental resection or total mastectomy with lymph node evaluation Patients with locally advanced disease who are candidates for other preoperative chemotherapy at the time of initial evaluation; this may include patients with locally advanced disease such as:\r\n* Inflammatory breast cancer (T4d)\r\n* Fixed axillary lymph node metastases (N2)\r\n* Metastasis to ipsilateral internal mammary node (N3) Successful removal of melanoma-draining lymph node (MDLN) Breast imaging should include imaging of the ipsilateral axilla; for subjects with a clinically positive axilla by physical examination or clearly positive by imaging, axillary tissue acquisition is not required; for patients with a clinically negative axilla by examination and imaging, tissue acquisition is not required; for equivocal imaging findings, tissue acquisition (a needle aspiration, core biopsy) is required; sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy before neoadjuvant therapy is not allowed;\r\n* For a positive lymph node status by imaging and positive lymph node status by physical exam, a lymph node (LN) sampling not required but can be performed per physician discretion\r\n* For a positive lymph node status by imaging and negative lymph node status by physical exam, a LN sampling required\r\n* For a negative lymph node status by imaging and positive lymph node status by physical exam, a LN sampling required\r\n* For a negative lymph node status by imaging and negative lymph node status by physical exam, a LN sampling not required\r\n** Participants with axillary adenopathy only are not eligible for this study Patients with disease recurrence after adequate surgical excision of the original primary cutaneous/unknown primary melanoma are allowed even if they don’t fit the strict staging criteria, but only as follows:\r\n* Recurrence in a regional lymph node basin after a prior complete lymph node dissection; relapsed disease must be completely surgically resected with free margins\r\n* Recurrence in the form of in-transit or satellite metastases or distant skin/subcutaneous, nodal, or lung metastases that are completely surgically resected with free margins\r\n* Recurrence in a regional lymph node basin; relapsed disease must be completely surgically resected with free margins Lymph node biopsy must be done <28 days prior to registration if used as an\n eligibility criterion for study entry. Tumor or lymph node masses > 4 cm Patient who received adjuvant chemotherapy and have AJCC 8th edition Prognostic Stage Group III tumor; or patient who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and have 1 or more ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes with residual tumor metastases greater than 2.0 mm in lymph node(-s) and residual tumor greater than 10.0 mm in breast tissue Evidence (including Baseline MRI and bone scan) of extracapsular extension, sphincter involvement, seminal vesicle invasion, lymph node invasion or metastases Clinical or pathological lymph node involvement (N1) Node positive disease (N1 or N2) as designated in American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) version 7; either at least one pathologically confirmed positive lymph node or N1C (defined as tumor deposit(s) in the subserosa, mesentery, or nonperitonealized pericolic or perirectal tissues without regional lymph node metastases); patients with resected stage IV disease are not eligible No evidence of residual involved lymph node disease or metastatic disease at the time of registration One of the following pathologic N-classifications: pN0, pNX\r\n* If a lymph node dissection is performed, the number of lymph nodes removed per side of the pelvis and the extent of the pelvic lymph node dissection (obturator versus (vs.) extended lymph node dissection) should be noted whenever possible More than three lesions per organ for visceral metastases except for lung or lymph node sites All patients must have lymph node evaluation of contralateral stations 2 and/or 4 to exclude N3 disease Patients should have at least 2 subcutaneous, intracutaneous, and accessible tumor deposits, lymph node or other site available for biopsy purposes Patient requires regional lymph node irradiation therapy History of or current clinical, radiographic, or pathologic evidence of recurrent lymph node involvement after resection of a primary melanoma with lymph node involvement at any time in the past Any node-negative tumor Evidence for seminal vesicle/lymph node involvement of cancer. If radiologic evaluation of a lymph node is interpreted as “positive”, this must be evaluated further either by lymphadenectomy or by percutaneous needle biopsy; patients with histologically or cytologically confirmed node metastases will not be eligible Lymph Node Cancer Stage: N2 Patients are not permitted to have had any other conventional therapeutic intervention other than steroids prior to enrollment outside of standard of care chemotherapy and radiation therapy; patients who receive previous inguinal lymph node dissection, radiosurgery, brachytherapy, or radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies will be excluded No prior therapy for melanoma except surgery for primary melanoma lesions (or previously treated with interferon for thick primary melanomas without evidence of lymph node involvement are eligible) The primary and nodal involvement must be assessable on clinical exam (mucosal and lymph node exam) No surgical resection for a head and neck cancer within 8 weeks of enrollment (although lymph node biopsy including excision of an individual node with presence of residual nodal disease, or surgical biopsy of the tumor is acceptable) Metastatic disease as documented by technetium-99m (99mTc) bone scan or metastatic lesions by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans (visceral or lymph node disease). If lymph node metastasis is the only evidence of metastasis, it must be greater than or equal to (>=) 2 centimeter (cm) in the longest diameter Palpable lymph node ?1.5 cm in diameter (unless the lymph node has been biopsied and designated as Stage IA-IIA disease) Residual invasive disease in the breast measuring at least 1cm with any lymph node involvement (does not include metastases in lymph node which are only detected by immunohistochemistry). Any lymph node involvement that results in 20% cellularity or greater regardless of primary tumor site involvement (includes no residual disease in the breast). Must have one of the following risk factors:\r\n* Lymph node > 3 cm\r\n* 2 or more positive lymph nodes\r\n* Perineural invasion\r\n* Lymphovascular space invasion\r\n* T3 or microscopic T4a primary disease\r\n* Lymph node extracapsular extension Patients must have biopsy-proven cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16)+ oropharynx cancer; the histologic evidence of invasive squamous cell carcinoma may have been obtained from the primary tumor or metastatic lymph node; it is required that patients have a positive p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC) (as surrogate for HPV) status from either the primary tumor or metastatic lymph node Histopathologic assessment of surgical pathology must include examination for perineural invasion (PNI) and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and reported as absent or present; the absence or presence of extracapsular extension (ECE) requires gross and microscopic assessment and is defined to be:\r\n* Absent (negative or nodal metastasis with smooth/rounded leading edge confined to thickened capsule/pseudocapsule),\r\n* Present - minimal (tumor extends =< 1 mm beyond the lymph node capsule), or\r\n* Present - extensive (gross, tumor extends > 1 mm beyond the lymph node capsule [includes soft tissue metastasis]) Patient must have metastasis at one or more of the following sites: bone, liver, lymph node and/or lung; no more than five lesions will be treated Patients should have at least 2 subcutaneous, intracutaneous, and accessible tumor deposits, lymph node or other site available for biopsy purposes Tumor 1 lymph node 0 (T1N0) disease or T2N0 disease Histologic diagnosis of melanoma belonging to the following American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) primary tumor, lymph node, metastasis (TNM) stages:\r\n* Tx or T1-4 and\r\n* N1b, or N2b, or N2c, or N3 and\r\n* M 0 \r\n* That may present as any of the following groups:\r\n** Primary melanoma with clinically apparent (overt) regional lymph node metastases, confirmed by pathological diagnosis (biopsy)\r\n** Clinically detected recurrence of melanoma at the proximal regional lymph node(s) basin, confirmed by pathological diagnosis (biopsy)\r\n** Clinically or histologically detected primary melanoma involving multiple regional nodal groups, confirmed by pathological diagnosis (biopsy)\r\n** Clinically detected single site of nodal metastatic melanoma arising from an unknown primary, confirmed by pathological diagnosis (biopsy)\r\n** Patients with intransit or satellite metastases with or without lymph node involvement are allowed if they are considered surgically resectable at baseline by the treating medical oncologist and surgical oncologist\r\n* NOTE: all patients must be determined to be surgically resectable at baseline to be eligible for this neoadjuvant study Pelvic lymph node dissection for the diagnosis of seminoma Indication for lymph node radiation (i.e. evidence of lymph node [LN] metastases) Major surgery (excluding lymph node biopsy) within 28 days prior to signing informed consent. Women with FDG PET positive high common or paraaortic lymph node metastasis confirmed by biopsy Patients must have histologically confirmed, unresected cancer of the pancreas or ampulla; the cancer may include any invasive histology (e.g. adenocarcinoma, neuroendocrine carcinoma); patients with lymph node involvement or distant metastasis may be included if it is felt that local control of the primary site of disease would help reduce, or prevent the development of, local symptoms Patients must have completed local therapy by surgery and/or ablative radiation therapy at least 3 months prior to entry, with removal or ablation of all visible disease, including seminal vesical and/or local lymph node involvement Histologically documented melanoma with local lymph node stage III metastases There must be plans for the cystectomy and lymph node dissection (LND) to be performed within 28 calendar days following registration; laparoscopic surgery is not allowed Patients must not have intra-operative evidence of pelvic lymph node involvement (confirmed by frozen section) at or above the bifurcation of the common iliac vessels in any of the extended template The participant must have axillary lymph node involvement by tumor and have one of the following indicating a higher risk of relapse: Any lymph node with histologic extracapsular extension (ECS) Patients with pancoast tumors, supraclavicular, or contralateral hilar lymph node involvement will be excluded if normal tissue constraints within the tolerance limits cannot be achieved at a dose per fraction of 1.8-2 Gy to a total dose of 60 Gy Patients must be women with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of breast cancer that is more than 1 cm and or lymph node positive High risk of breast cancer recurrence, defined as documented evidence of one or more of the following criteria: i) Biopsy evidence of breast cancer in regional lymph node(s) LN (node- positive disease) Nodal micrometastases only are not considered node positive ii) Tumor size > 5cm (T3) or locally advanced disease (T4) Regional lymph node involvement The patient must have imaging documenting a primary tumor, or involved lymph node, >= 2.5 cm in greatest dimension Stage IAX (bulk defined as single lymph node mass >10 cm in diameter), IB-IV disease Patients may have lymph node positive or negative disease, as long as they have clinical or pathologic stage II or III breast cancer; patients may have the lymph nodes assessed by any method deemed appropriate by the treating physicians, including pre-neoadjuvant therapy sentinel lymph node biopsy Histologic diagnosis of melanoma belonging to the following American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM stages:\r\n* Tx or T1-4 and\r\n* N1b, or N2b, or N2c, or N3 and/or\r\n* M 0 or M1 (if considered surgically operable)\r\n** Patients are eligible for this trial either at presentation for primary melanoma with concurrent regional nodal and/or in-transit metastasis and/or distant metastasis, or at the time of clinically detected nodal and/or in-transit recurrence and/or distant metastasis and may belong to any of the following groups: \r\n** Primary melanoma with clinically apparent (overt) regional lymph node metastases\r\n** Clinically detected recurrence of melanoma at the proximal regional lymph node(s) basin\r\n** Clinically detected primary melanoma involving multiple regional nodal groups\r\n** Clinically detected site of nodal metastatic melanoma arising from an unknown primary\r\n** Patients with intransit or satellite metastases with or without lymph node involvement are allowed if they are considered surgically resectable at baseline\r\n** Patients with distant metastases with or without intransit or lymph node involvement are allowed if they are considered potentially surgically resectable at baseline\r\n** NOTE: All patients must be determined to be surgically resectable at baseline to be eligible for this neoadjuvant study PRE-REGISTRATION INCLUSION CRITERIA: Diagnosis or clinical signs of urothelial carcinoma with clinical stage T2 or greater disease without lymph node involvement where neoadjuvant chemotherapy of cisplatin and gemcitabine are indicated Diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma with stage T2 or greater disease without lymph node involvement where neoadjuvant chemotherapy of cisplatin and gemcitabine are indicated Lymph node positive urothelial carcinoma Biopsy confirmed, untreated, low-grade B-cell lymphoma, including follicular (Grade 1, 2, or 3A) [Harris, Swerdlow et al. 2008] or marginal, or CLL/SLL with lymph node involvement. Subjects with FIGO Clinical Stage I endometrial cancer undergoing minimally invasive hysterectomy with lymph node mapping. Any lymph node > 3 cm or multistation N2 lymphadenopathy At least two extracranial lesions that are easily accessible for biopsy, in the judgment of the treating physician. Easily accessible tumors may include cutaneous, subcutaneous, and superficial lymph node metastases. At least one enlarged lymph node that is considered accessible for percutaneous injection by the investigator and that is at least 2 cm in longest dimension Lymphoma patients in which the delay of surgery until the lymph node resection date or other factors associated with the study are not feasible Note: Skin, lymph node, or soft tissue involvement; carpal tunnel syndrome; or bone marrow amyloid as the sole clinical manifestations of amyloidosis are not sufficient for inclusion. Participants with enlarged para-aortic lymph node involvement on imaging that is suspicious for metastasis CD20+ B cells in lymph node biopsy or other lymphoma pathology specimen. Subjects must have provided written, informed consent prior to any study procedures: collection of blood and lymph node (LN) tissue specimens for this protocol Patients must have histologically or cytologically confirmed prostate cancer with EXTENSIVE metastatic disease and have been on androgen deprivation therapy for < 90 days; hormonal therapy must not have commenced more than 90 days prior to study\r\n* Definition of extensive disease: Metastases involving at least one lesion in any bony structures beyond the vertebral column and pelvic bone or any involvement with viscera; in the absence of visceral lesion, there must be four or more bone lesions; patients with disease limited to vertebral column and/or pelvis alone with or without lymph mode or lymph node only disease involvement are not eligible for this trial Patients who are required because of their disease to see primarily oncologists for follow-up will be excluded (i.e., those diagnosed with lymph node or distant metastasis, those with a new primary cancer) The patient is a candidate for surgical intervention, with lymph node mapping being a part of the surgical plan Lymph node-positive breast cancer or high-risk lymph node-negative breast cancer. The latter is defined by any one of the following criteria: Node-positive disease The patient is a candidate for surgical intervention, with lymph node dissection being a part of the surgical plan Healthy adult patients who are undergoing LEFT modified radical or selective (including zone IV) lymph node dissection for any indication; this includes patients who have had prior neck surgery No prior salvage therapies (including salvage radiotherapy and/or salvage lymph node dissection) Planned prostatectomy with lymph node dissection Planned prostatectomy with lymph node dissection Subjects with known or suspected lung cancer with mediastinal adenopathy as defined by a mediastinal lymph node > 0.5 cm in short axis on EBUS or any lymph node with uptake on fludeoxyglucose F-18 (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) scan that is higher than background PET activity Planned prostatectomy with lymph node dissection Radiographic evidence of at least one bone, lymph node, or liver metastasis, that is amenable to iodinated contrast injection, as judged by the study radiologist Patient with indications for mediastinal lymph node (LN) sampling per 13th American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) guidelines Planned prostatectomy with lymph node dissection Node positive Planned prostatectomy with lymph node dissection Ultrasound showing accessible abnormal ipsilateral axillary lymph node (cortical thickness >= 3 mm, eccentric cortical thickening, or rounded morphology with effacement of fatty hilum) Lymph node not amenable to core biopsy Patient is unlikely to undergo lymph node excision (i.e. elderly patient) Evidence of metastases (pelvic lymph node involvement is not an exclusion criteria); for patients with recurrent prostate cancer, oligometastatic disease (3 or fewer visible metastases) is not an exclusion criterion Any patient who has bilateral lymph node mapping or dissection Patient is scheduled for radical cystectomy and lymph node dissection Subject has been diagnosed with melanoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, or other tumor where tumor resection or biopsy is planned and lymph node mapping is appropriate Has had previous surgery or radiation to node basins that would be involved in the intraoperative lymph node mapping (ILM) procedure Be scheduled for staging endoscopic ultrasound with the intent for lymph node evaluation. Subjects with known or suspected lung cancer with mediastinal adenopathy as defined by a mediastinal lymph node > 1 cm in short axis or a normal sized lymph node with uptake on fludeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) scan that is higher than background PET activity Patients in which only one lymph node station is expected to be sampled by the performing clinician Metastatic disease on standard staging imaging (beyond regional lymph node involvement)\r\n* Absence of metastatic disease (beyond regional lymph node involvement) as defined by a negative bone scan, NaF PET, CT chest/abdomen/pelvis, or total body MRI Has cervical cancer and is a candidate for surgical intervention, with lymph node dissection being a part of the surgical plan. Patients referred for EUS-guided tissue acquisition because of a (I) pancreatic mass lesion or (II) lymph node Subject has a clinical negative node status (i.e. T0-3, N0, M0). Patients with a new diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma, with a clinically palpable or radiographically concerning node (> 10 mm, positron emission tomography [PET] avid, or of unusual shape on any imaging modality) who will undergo lymph node biopsy (sentinel node biopsy, dissection, lymph node sampling etc); these patients can be pediatric or adult patients Prior chemotherapy or radiotherapy (to the lymph node basin) Primary papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), which appears to be stage T3 or T4 on imaging or with macroscopic lymph node involvement AND requires surgical resection Persistent or locally recurrent PTC with macroscopic lymph node involvement which requires surgical resection No evidence of distant metastatic disease; patients with regional lymph node involvement are eligible Medical conditions and/or prior surgical procedures that have the potential to substantially alter the lymphatic drainage pattern from the primary tumor to the lymph node basin. Inability to localize 1 or 2 lymph node drainage basin(s) via lymphatic mapping. Women with node negative disease Patients with clinically detected or suspicious lymph node involvement not readily amenable to surgical treatment (>= cN2 disease) All clinically suspicious mediastinal N1, N2, or N3 lymph nodes (> 1 cm short-axis dimension on CT scan and/or positive on PET scan) confirmed negative for involvement with NSCLC by one of the following methods: mediastinoscopy, anterior mediastinotomy, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)/endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) guided needle aspiration, CT-guided, video-assisted thoracoscopic or open lymph node biopsy within 180 days of randomization History of and/or current evidence of ectopic mineralization/calcification, including but not limited to soft tissue, kidneys, intestine, myocardia, or lung, excepting calcified lymph nodes and asymptomatic arterial or cartilage/tendon calcifications. Limited stage disease patients, with disease restricted to one hemithorax with regional lymph node metastases, including ipsilateral hilar, ipsilateral and contralateral mediastinal, and ipsilateral supraclavicular lymph nodes\r\n* Patients with disease involvement of the contralateral hilar or supraclavicular lymph nodes are not eligible\r\n* Patients with pleural effusions that are visible on plain chest radiographs, whether cytologically positive or not, are not eligible unless they have a negative thoracentesis\r\n* Patients with cytologically positive pleural or pericardial fluid, regardless of the appearance on plain x-ray, are not eligible Clinically negative lymph nodes as established by imaging (pelvic and/or abdominal computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance [MR]), (but not by nodal sampling, or dissection) within 90 days prior to registration \r\n* Patients with lymph nodes equivocal or questionable by imaging are eligible if the nodes are =< 1.5 cm Patients with evidence of disease outside of the pelvis, including presence of positive periaortic or inguino-femoral nodes Metastatic disease invading the esophagus, stomach, intestines, or mesenteric lymph nodes if not a candidate for surgery for these lesions. Biopsy proven (from primary lesion and/or lymph nodes) diagnosis of cancer of the nasopharynx Patients with clinical stage IA2, IB or IIA squamous, adenosquamous, or adenocarcinoma of the cervix who have any/all of the following high-risk features after surgery:\r\n* Positive pelvic nodes\r\n* Positive parametrium\r\n* Positive para-aortic nodes- completely resected, PET/CT negative (PET only required if positive para-aortic nodes during surgery) Locally advanced disease as determined by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) stage >= primary tumor (T) 3 and/or any T, lymph nodes (N)+ disease without metastatic disease (Mx) Radiographic evidence of metastatic disease; patients with node-positive disease (=< 2 positive nodes) at the time of radical prostatectomy are eligible; patients with pelvic nodes up to 2 cm by short axis at the time of screening are eligible; patients with any enlarged lymph nodes in the retroperitoneum or above the aortic bifurcation or with pelvic nodes >= 2 cm must be excluded Patients with locally advanced BCC of the head and neck, consisting of at least one histologically or cytologically confirmed lesion >= 20 mm in longest diameter that is considered to be inoperable or to have a medical contraindication to surgery, in the opinion of a Mohs dermatologic surgeon, head and neck surgeon, or plastic surgeon; locally advanced disease is considered to include involved lymph nodes of the neck; a patient with regionally involved lymph nodes in the neck is considered eligible; the patient should be considered a candidate for radiotherapy and should not have medical contraindications to receipt of radiation therapy\r\n* If a patient has distant metastatic spread of BCC (e.g., spread to distant areas outside the regional lymph nodes, clearly non contiguous areas of bone involvement, or distant metastasis to lung, brain, or other visceral organs), the patient should be considered as having distant metastasis and is not eligible\r\n* Note: all lesions that the investigator proposes to follow as target lesions during the course of the study must have previously been histologically confirmed as BCC\r\n* Acceptable contraindications to surgery include: \r\n** BCC that has recurred in the same location after two or more surgical procedures and successful curative resection is deemed unlikely \r\n** Complete surgical resection is not possible or is deemed excessively morbid (e.g. invasion into cranial nerves or skull base, proximity to brain, spinal canal, or orbit) \r\n** Anticipated substantial morbidity and/or major deformity from surgery (e.g. removal of a major facial structure, such as nose, ear, eyelid, eye, or jaw; or requirement for upper limb amputation) \r\n** Medical contraindication to surgery \r\n** Patient refusal of surgery due to anticipated morbidity \r\n** Other conditions considered to be contraindicating must be discussed with data coordinator before enrolling the patient Oligometastatic disease sites not eligible based on concern for toxicity: \r\n* Trachea involvement (direct invasion, tumors close to or abutting trachea are eligible)\r\n* Heart (direct invasion or involvement, pericardial lymph nodes can be treated) Oligometastatic disease sites not eligible: \r\n* Trachea involvement (direct invasion, tumors close to or abutting trachea are eligible)\r\n* Heart (direct invasion or involvement, pericardial lymph nodes can be treated) No pelvic lymph nodes > 1.5 cm in greatest dimension unless the enlarged lymph node is biopsied and negative. Biopsy proven involvement of supraclavicular lymph nodes Evidence of metastatic renal cell carcinoma on imaging and/or biopsy; involvement of regional lymph nodes is permitted Pelvic lymph nodes > 1.5 cm in greatest dimension unless the enlarged lymph node is biopsied and negative. Enlarging lymph nodes > 2 cm INCLUSION - TREATMENT: No evidence of treatment related change in the lymph nodes on pathologic review Disease Status: Patients must have progressive disease. Progression is based on 2008 iwCLL definition but excluding patients who have treatment related lymphocytosis as the sole progressive factor. Therefore, patients must have at least one of the following:\r\n* >= 50% increase in the products of at least two lymph nodes on two consecutive determinations two weeks apart (at least one lymph node must be >= 2 cm); appearance of new palpable lymph nodes\r\n* >= 50% increase in the size of the liver and/or spleen as determined by measurement below the respective costal margin; appearance of palpable hepatomegaly or splenomegaly, which was not previously present\r\n* Decrease in hemoglobin >= 2 gm/dL, or decrease >= 50% in platelet or granulocyte count with a bone marrow biopsy showing CLL cell infiltrate\r\n* Progressive lymphocytosis, >= 50% higher than lowest absolute blood lymphocyte count (ALC) on single agent ibrutinib therapy, excluding ibrutinib treatment-related lymphocytosis\r\n* If receiving ibrutinib as part of a clinical trial: meets criteria for disease progression based on trial defined criteria No evidence of metastases on imaging. This risk group does not require metastatic studies, but if performed they must be negative, or negative by composite review with an attending radiologist. Suspicious lymph nodes permissible if < 10 mm Therapy must be initiated within 120 days of surgical resection of the sentinel lymph nodes and within 6 months of initial diagnosis Documented metastases of prostate cancer outside of the pelvis (pelvic lymph nodes are allowed) Oligometastatic disease defined as disseminated metastases beyond regional lymph nodes that meet the following criteria:\r\n* No visceral metastases\r\n* Less than four bony metastases Radiation oncologist does not plan to treat regional lymph nodes beyond standard whole breast tangent fields History and or current evidence of ectopic mineralization/calcification including but not limited to the soft tissue, kidneys, intestine, myocardium and lung with the exception of calcified lymph nodes and asymptomatic coronary calcification Radiographic evidence of metastatic disease; patients with node-positive disease (? 4 positive nodes) at the time of radical prostatectomy are eligible; patients with pelvic nodes less than 1.5 cm by short axis at the time of screening are eligible; patients with any enlarged lymph nodes in the retroperitoneum or above the aortic bifurcation or with pelvic nodes ? 1.5 cm must be excluded Subjects who have been previously treated with definitive and/or adjuvant/salvage radiotherapy to the primary site and/or regional lymph nodes with concurrent ADT are allowed if the last hormone therapy delivered > 6 months prior Men with brain or visceral metastases (except regional lymph nodes) defined by CT or MRI imaging of the abdomen or pelvis No lymph nodes larger than 3 cm in the greatest dimension. No retropharyngeal nor level IV (or lower) lymphadenopathy (i.e. nodes in level I-III only). Patients with histological and/or cytological evidence of BPDCN in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, skin, and/or other sites that is persistent/recurrent following prior treatment for BPDCN. Patients enrolled in the Expansion Phase of the Study: Patients with histological and/or cytological evidence of BPDCN in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, skin, and/or other sites that is either previously untreated or is persistent/recurrent following prior treatment for BPDCN. Eligibility criteria for UCART123 administration The patient has three or less observable metastatic lesions. Metastatic lesions include distant M1 lymph node group; which will be counted as one site (M1 metastatic lymph nodes to include cervical, mediastinal, gastric, retroperitoneal lymph nodes will be counted as one lesion). Osseous metastases or visceral metastases will each count as one metastatic site. Each central nervous system (CNS) metastases will count as one metastatic site. Satellite lesions in the primary esophageal malignancy such as skipped esophageal primaries are not considered metastatic sites. Symptomatic metastatic sites can be treated locally prior to randomization or by palliative radiation Incurable disease defined by the presence of metastases to other organs (stage IV) or disease beyond regional lymph nodes who have already received chemoradiation therapy, or have been assessed by Radiation Oncology consultation as not being candidates for chemoradiation therapy; dysphagia grade >= 3 to tumor obstruction For patients with left-sided tumors and enlarged nodes (> 1.0 cm in the shortest diameter) on the aortopulmonary window setting, the aortopulmonary nodes must be biopsied by extended mediastinoscopy, Chamberlain procedure, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) approach, or ultrasound-guided biopsy to ensure that the patient does not have N2 disease. At the time of cervical mediastinoscopy, esophageal endoscopic ultrasound-guided biopsy, or endobronchial ultrasound-guided biopsy, the following nodal stations must be examined and biopsied, if present:\r\n* Ipsilateral nodal station 4\r\n* Contralateral nodal station level 4, and \r\n* Subcarinal nodes (level 7)\r\nFor left-sided tumors, any lymph node in the superior or anterior mediastinum > 1.0 cm in the shortest axis on CT or positive on PET must be identified and biopsied. Eligibility requires that any PET-positive mediastinal or distant sites must be biopsy-negative. Patients must have clinically or radiographically evident measureable disease at the primary site and/or nodal stations; patients may undergo a diagnostic tonsillectomy, and diagnostic lymph node excision (< 2 nodes) is also allowable Oligometastatic prostate cancer: stage T1-4, N0-1 and/or M1a-b (up to 5 metastatic lesions-including bone lesions and non-regional lymph nodes) Oligometastatic disease; in order to be eligible, the patient must have a total of < 4 metastatic bone and/or metastatic lymph node sites based on bone and/or soft tissue lesions as defined by any of the following:\r\n* Bone metastases will be defined by bone imaging; if the patient has technetium bone scan, and/or F-18 sodium fluoride (NaF) PET performed, either study may be used for documenting metastases? both scans do not need to show the number of metastases required for study entry; for patients undergoing PSMA PET, only PSMA avid lesions that are consistent with metastasis will be counted as a site of metastasis\r\n* Distant metastatic lymph node disease; a lymph node >= 1 cm in shortest dimension will be noted as involved with disease; distant metastatic lymph nodes will be determined as any lymph nodes outside the confines of the true pelvis; for patients undergoing PSMA PET, only PSMA avid lesions are consistent with metastasis will be counted as a site of metastasis\r\n* Any other soft tissue lesion deemed by the physician to be consistent with distant metastatic disease; for patients undergoing PSMA PET, only PSMA avid lesions that have a computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) correlate consistent with metastasis will be counted as a site of metastasis Patient must have an initial nodal ultrasound that does not demonstrate more than four suspicious lymph nodes, any suspicious lymph nodes should be biopsied to determine if nodal metastatic disease present Patient is participating in a NST protocol in which surgical excision of the breast and or lymph nodes are required Histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the prostate (clinical stage T1c–T3b, N0, M0) without involvement of lymph nodes, bone, or visceral organs Incurable HPVOC, as defined by:\r\n* Relapsed or progressive disease at the primary site and/or regional lymph nodes after initial treatment (e.g. surgery, radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) with no potentially curative option (i.e. surgery or radiation); OR\r\n* Distant metastasis Patients with matted lymph nodes, defined as three nodes abutting one another with loss of intervening fat plane that is a replaced with radiologic evidence of extracapsular spread Tumor characteristics - any of the following are excluded:\r\n* Evidence of distant metastases\r\n* Tumors whose location is restricted to the tubular esophagus (i.e., without involvement of the GEJ or cardia)\r\n* Tumors whose proximal end are at the level of the carina or higher\r\n* Invasion of the tracheobronchial tree or presence of tracheoesophageal fistula\r\n* Palpable supraclavicular nodes, biopsy-proven involvement of supraclavicular nodes, or radiographically involved supraclavicular nodes (> 1.5 cm in greatest dimension)\r\n* T1N0M0, T4Nany, or in situ carcinoma\r\n* Tumor must not extend 5 or more cm into the stomach Oligometastatic prostate cancer: stage T1-4, N0-1 and/or M1a-b (up to 5 metastatic lesions-including bone lesions and non-regional lymph nodes) Patients with clinical evidence of disease beyond the uterus, including presence of suspicious aortic or inguinal nodes on imaging or clinical exam History or evidence of advanced urothelial carcinoma, including enlarged lymph nodes and/or distant metastases Patients who are already MRD- (both in the blood and the bone marrow) after frontline therapy and have lymph nodes < 3.5 cm Presence of an evaluable metastatic lesion (locoregional lymph nodes are acceptable) Unresectable adenocarcinoma of the breast involving chest wall, regional nodes, or distant site Surgical Stage III disease includes those patients with positive adnexa, parametrial involvement, tumor invading the serosa, positive pelvic and/or para-aortic nodes, or vaginal involvement. Involvement of lymph nodes superior to the common iliac bifurcation, and/or outside the pelvis (distant lymph nodes). Lymph node involvement is defined by histopathological confirmation, or by a short axis measurement >10mm on standard imaging (CT or MRI, but not PET). Imaging studies can include but is not limited to the following: ultrasound, CT of pelvis and abdomen and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of pelvis/prostate and abdomen\r\n* The ultrasound, MRI or CT based volume estimation of the patient’s prostate gland should not be greater than 80 grams (Repeat measurement after hormone downsizing allowed)\r\n* Clinically negative lymph nodes, within 90 days of study enrollment, established by imaging (abdominal and pelvic CT or MRI) OR by nodal sampling OR by dissection; nodes > 2.0 cm should be biopsied; patients with lymph nodes equivocal or questionable by imaging are eligible if the nodes are < 2.0 cm in the short axis\t\r\n* MRI pelvis/prostate feasible for staging and planning\r\n* Patients with contraindications to MRI are not eligible Clinically negative lymph nodes as established by abdominal-pelvic computed tomography (CT), no more than 90 days prior to registration; CT only for clinical classification of > T3 (with contrast if renal function is acceptable; a non-contrast CT is permitted if the patient is not a candidate for contrast), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nodal sampling, or dissection; patients with lymph nodes equivocal or questionable by imaging are eligible if those nodes are < 1 cm in short axis diameter N1 patients are ineligible, as are those with pelvic lymph nodes >= 1 cm in short axis diameter, defined as pathologically enlarged per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1, by CT or MRI of the abdomen and pelvis, unless the enlarged lymph nodes are negative after sampling Subjects deemed to have residual hilar or mediastinal lymph node disease (defined as nodal size > 1 cm in short-axis diameter on CT scan); nonmalignant etiologies for enlarged lymph nodes may be evaluated per standard clinical practice ARM 2 - BPDCN: Research participants with a diagnosis of BPDCN, according to World Health Organization (WHO) classification by hematopathology, who underwent at least 1 line of systemic therapy for BPDCN and who have persistent or recurrent disease in at least one of the following are eligible: peripheral blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, cutaneous lesions or other sites OR participant who are at high risk for disease recurrence Patients may have radiographic evidence of metastasis in regional lymph nodes (N1 disease as defined by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Prostate Cancer Guideline version 3.2012) at the discretion of the treating physicians, if regional lymph nodes can be included in the planned radiation field Prostate cancer metastases to the bones, viscera, or non-regional lymph nodes (lymph nodes other than pelvic lymph nodes within the radiation treatment field) Patients with lymph nodes equivocal or questionable by imaging are eligible if the nodes are =< 2.0 cm Cohort 1: Resected patients at high risk of recurrence; patients must meet at least one of the following criteria\r\n* Melanoma of mucosal origin\r\n* Desmoplastic/spindle cell melanoma\r\n* Primary melanoma of the head or neck with at least one of the following:\r\n** Macroscopic (clinically detectable or evidence on radiographic imaging) lymph node involvement\r\n** N2c or N# disease\r\n* Patients with non-head and neck primaries must have had preoperative/pathologic macroscopic lymph node involvement, defined by clinically evident on exam or imaging evaluation, plus at least one of the following by clinical, imaging, or pathologic evaluation:\r\n** >= 2 cervical or axillary nodes\r\n** >= 3 groin lymph nodes\r\n** Extracapsular extension (ECE) of tumor\r\n** Lymph nodes >= 3cm Cohort 2: Neoadjuvant/definitive approach; patients must meet at least one of the following criteria\r\n* Melanoma of mucosal origin\r\n* Desmoplastic/spindle cell melanoma\r\n* Patients with radiographic evidence of tumor invasion into surrounding local structures rendering them inoperable\r\n* Head and neck melanomas with any macroscopic nodal involvement\r\n* Macroscopic nodal involvement; in addition, patients must also meet one of the following criteria\r\n** Recurrent nodal disease, with any number and size of nodes\r\n** >= 2 cervical or axillary nodes\r\n** >= 3 groin lymph nodes\r\n** Lymph nodes >= 3cm\r\n** ECE of tumor Pathologic T-stage >= T3a and/or positive lymph nodes Prior surgical procedures that would alter the drainage patterns and would prevent us from identifying sentinel lymph nodes (SN) Patients with SLL: tumor biopsy immunohistochemistry diagnostic of SLL or blood/bone marrow immunophenotype similar to CLL without lymphocytosis and enlarged lymph nodes. The primary tumor and/or regional lymph nodes must be evaluable radiographically Evidence of limited extrahepatic disease on preoperative radiological studies is acceptable if the life threatening component of disease is in the liver. Limited extrahepatic disease is defined in this protocol as follows: metastasis in bone, subcutaneous, lung or lymph nodes that is amenable to resection or radiation and has a defined treatment plan. Patients with extra-hepatic tumor burden which does not have a defined treatment plan (i.e. monitor or is unable to be resected or radiated) must not be included in the trial. Clinically negative lymph nodes as established by imaging (pelvic +/- abdominal computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]), nodal sampling, or dissection, except as noted immediately below:\r\n* Patients with intermediate risk factors only do not require abdominopelvic imaging, but these studies may be obtained at the discretion of the treating physician\r\n* For men with any high risk feature (PSA > 20, Gleason score > 8, or clinical stage T3), a pelvic CT or MRI, are required; it is recommended that the duration between these scans and study registration be less than 60 days, but if the time period is > 60 days and the opinion of the clinician is that repeat studies would offer limited benefit, then these studies do not need to be repeated; a lymph node will be considered radiographically positive if it is > 1.5 cm in size, occurs within the expected distribution for prostate cancer metastasis (i.e. internal iliac or obturator fossa), and is without classic benign features (i.e. fatty hilum); patients with lymph nodes equivocal or questionable by imaging are eligible for inclusion in this study cN0 stage based on pelvic MRI. Any nodes ? 10 mm in longest dimension are considered malignant, regardless of nodal morphology. For pelvic nodes < 10 mm in longest dimension, if nodes are seen and are deemed to be morphologically benign in the opinion of the radiologist and surgeon, the patient is eligible. Patients with visible pelvic sidewall nodes are excluded High-quality cross-sectional imaging by computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonant imaging (MRI) performed within 6 weeks prior to enrollment and showed a resectable, but high-risk, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCCA) confined to the liver, bile duct, and /or regional lymph nodes. Tumors will be considered high-risk if the high-quality, contrast-enhanced CT and/or MRI +/- positron emission tomography (PET) scan showed:\r\n* T-stage >= Ib (Ib – IV)\r\n* Solitary lesion > 5 cm\r\n* Multifocal tumors or satellite lesions present confined to the same lobe of the liver as the dominant lesion but still technically resectable\r\n* Presence of major vascular invasion but still technically resectable\r\n* Suspicious or involved regional lymph nodes (N1)\r\n* No distant extrahepatic disease (M0) Diagnosis of stage IB to III node-positive breast cancer; NOTE: Stages include: T4a-cNany, TxN2, TxN1\r\n* For patients with T1N1 disease, ONE of the following criteria is strongly suggested, but not required:\r\n** Grade 3\r\n** =< 60 years of age at time of screening for this study\r\n** Lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) \r\n** 2 or more lymph nodes positive\r\n** If only 1 lymph node positive, measures 5 mm or greater\r\n** Hormone-negative disease\r\n** Positive lymph nodes after chemotherapy\r\n** Extracapsular extension\r\n** Close or positive margin\r\nNOTE: Patients with evidence of infraclavicular (axillary level III), supraclavicular or internal mammary adenopathy on ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging after diagnosis will be included ONLY if this disease can be included in the initial treatment field and supplemented with a 10 Gy boost at the time of mastectomy flap boost Patients with one or more positive lymph nodes as determined by radiographic assessment of MRI or computed tomography (CT)\r\n* NOTE: lymph nodes noted on MRI or CT to be > 1.5 cm on the short axis will require review by the local reference radiologist per institutional Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) review practices; if the lymph nodes are considered suspicious on repeat review, they must be confirmed negative for study participation No clinically or pathologically involved lymph nodes on imaging Patients must be randomized within 84 days (12 weeks) of surgical resection; if more than one surgical procedure is required to render the patient disease-free, the patient must be randomized within 12 weeks of the last surgery\r\n* NOTE: patients with clinically positive lymph nodes for melanoma involvement or those with positive lymph nodes identified through lymphoscintigraphic and/or dye lymphographic techniques in the groin, axilla, or neck should have additional lymphadenectomy in those sites; the complete lymph node dissection procedure would be considered as the last surgery in counting the 84 days unless a subsequent surgical procedure(s) was clinically required to ensure the disease free status Radiographically matted nodes, defined as 3 abutting nodes with loss of the intervening fat plane Supraclavicular nodes, defined as nodes visualized on the same axial imaging slice as the clavicle Clinical staging for the primary tumor can be cT1c (must be 2.0 cm) or T2–T4 if clinically node negative; if the regional lymph nodes are cN1 and cytologically or histologically positive or if cN2–N3 with or without a biopsy, the primary breast tumor can be cT0–T4 Patients must have non-metastatic pancreatic cancer not immediately amenable to surgical resection; these are defined as follows\r\n* No distant metastases\r\n* Any involvement (defined as loss of fat plane on contrast CT) of any of the following vessels:\r\n** Hepatic artery \r\n** Superior mesenteric artery \r\n** Celiac axis \r\n** Superior mesenteric vein \r\n** Aorta\r\n* Metastases to lymph nodes beyond the field of resection Patients with histologically confirmed advanced cervical cancer (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and adenosquamous cell carcinoma): International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) clinical stages IB2/IIA with positive para-aortic lymph nodes or FIGO clinical stages IIB/IIIB/IVA with positive pelvic and/or para-aortic lymph nodes; nodal status will be confirmed by PET/CT scan, fine needle biopsy, extra peritoneal biopsy, laparoscopic biopsy or lymphadenectomy Cervical cancer:\r\n* Patients with the following pathology findings may be treated with pelvic radiation with or without weekly cisplatin at the treating physician’s discretion; the decision to add weekly cisplatin for these patients is at the treating physician’s discretion\r\n** Patients with intermediate-risk features including two of the following histologic findings after radical hysterectomy:\r\n*** 1/3 or more stromal invasion\r\n*** Lymph-vascular space invasion\r\n*** Large clinical tumor diameter (> 4 cm)\r\n** Patients with cervical cancer treated with a simple hysterectomy with negative margins\r\n* Patients with any of the following criteria following radical hysterectomy are eligible for this study and must receive weekly cisplatin:\r\n** Positive resected pelvic nodes and para-aortic nodes negative if removed: Note: if para-aortic nodes are not removed, CT abdomen or PET CT must demonstrate no evidence of lymphadenopathy\r\n** Microscopic parametrial invasion with negative margins Measurable disease as determined by contrast-enhanced CT scan with primary lung tumor distinct from mediastinal lymph nodes Positive ipsilateral mediastinal node or nodes (N2) with or without positive ipsilateral hilar nodes (N1); N2 nodes must be separate from primary tumor by either CT scan or surgical exploration and the maximum nodal diameter of involved N2 nodes cannot exceed 3.0 cm; N2 status must be pathologically confirmed to be positive within 12 weeks prior to registration by one of the following:\r\n* Mediastinoscopy\r\n* Mediastinotomy (Chamberlain procedure)\r\n* Transesophageal needle biopsy using endoscopic ultrasound (EUS-TBNA)\r\n* Endobronchial ultrasound biopsy using endoscopic ultrasound guidance (EBUS-TBNA)\r\n* Thoracotomy\r\n* Video-assisted thoracoscopy\r\n* Transbronchial needle biopsy by Wang technique (TBNA)\r\n* Fine needle aspiration under CT guidance\r\nNote: Demonstration of N2 status DOES NOT require sampling of all potentially positive nodes; it is adequate to document any N2 node as positive at the time of registration; for left sided lesions, the following nodal levels should be biopsied: 2L, 4L, 2R, 4R and 7 or stations 5 and 6 whenever possible to rule out microscopically involved lymph nodes; for right sided lesions levels 2R, 4R, 2L, 4L and 7 should be sampled whenever possible to rule out microscopically involved lymph nodes; investigators are strongly encouraged to biopsy multiple stations of mediastinal lymph nodes at the time of invasive staging in addition to those nodes that are abnormal on PET/CT or CT scan; PET/CT positivity in the ipsilateral mediastinal lymph nodes will not be sufficient to establish N2 nodal status; ipsilateral mediastinal lymph nodes associated with right sided tumors must be biopsied; the mediastinal nodal biopsy or aspiration can only be omitted in the special circumstance in which ALL of the following are true:\r\n* The tumor is left sided\r\n* Paralyzed left true vocal cord documented by bronchoscopy or indirect laryngoscopy; note: bronchoscopy is not required but is at the discretion of the patient’s surgeon; it is recommended in patients who have central tumors or disease near the carina or in another position that may impact resectability, or to document paralyzed recurrent laryngeal nerve, in cases of aortopulmonary (AP) nodal involvement\r\n* Nodes visible in the AP (level 5) region on CT scan\r\n* Distinct primary tumor separate from the nodes is visible on CT scan\r\n* Histologic (biopsy) or cytologic (needle aspiration or sputum) proof of non-small cell histology from the primary tumor\r\nRegardless of method of documentation of N2 disease, the following must be documented:\r\n* From the Operative and Pathology reports, all mediastinal nodes shown to be both positive and negative (including contralateral nodes) must be designated on the I1 form according to the Lymph Node Map\r\n* If the procedures to document N2 eligibility were done at a non-member facility, the patient is still eligible if the institution principal investigator (PI) reviews the outside pathology slides and report with the institution's pathologist in conjunction with the outside operative report, and generates a report that verifies the original diagnosis and lymph node mapping, as consistent with the staging requirements of the protocol Measurable liver confined disease with bi-dimensional measurements, required within 4 weeks of screening; lesions reported on imaging as “too small to characterize”, abdominal lymph nodes < 2.0 cm or ascites in the setting of cirrhosis are not considered metastatic disease unless cytology proven Distant metastases of breast cancer beyond regional lymph nodes Stage:\r\n* any T, N1 (i.e. a palpable mobile unilateral inguinal lymph node), M0, or;\r\n* any T, N2 (i.e. palpable mobile multiple or bilateral inguinal lymph nodes), M0, or;\r\n* any T, N3 (i.e. fixed inguinal nodal mass or any pelvic lymphadenopathy), M0 Has histological and/or cytological evidence of BPDCN in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, skin, and/or other sites that is either previously untreated or is persistent/recurrent following prior treatment for BPDCN. Has histological and/or cytological evidence of BPDCN in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, skin, and/or other sites that is either previously untreated or is persistent/recurrent following prior treatment for BPDCN. Presence of clinically apparent or suspected metastasis to sites other than lymph nodes or peritoneal surfaces confirmed extra-hepatic metastases. Limited indeterminate extra-hepatic lesions in the lung and/or lymph nodes are permitted (up to 5 lesions in the lung, with each individual lesion <1 cm; any number of lymph nodes with each individual nodes <1.5 cm) Patients must have one of the following biopsy proven gynecological cancer and a decision to treat with radiotherapy and concurrent cisplatin chemotherapy (RT-CT)\r\n* Newly diagnosed epithelial carcinoma of the cervix, cT1B-3B, N0/1, M0/1\r\n** Patient may have small volume metastatic disease in para-aortic or supraclavicular lymph nodes or at other metastatic sites as long as, in the best judgment of the treatment team, a radical course of pelvic radiotherapy is warranted to assure local disease control\r\n* Newly diagnosed epithelial carcinoma of the upper 1/3 vagina, T1-3, N0/1, M0/1\r\n** Patient may have small volume metastatic disease in para-aortic or supraclavicular lymph nodes or at other metastatic sites as long as, in the best judgment of the treatment team, a radical course of pelvic radiotherapy is warranted to assure local disease control\r\n* Newly diagnosed endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterus, cT1-3, N0/1, M0 unsuitable for primary surgery because of the extent of local disease; these patients are eligible if a prior decision has been made to treat radically with neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by surgery or further radiotherapy (including brachytherapy) depending on response\r\n* Central pelvis or sidewall recurrence of epithelial carcinoma of the cervix of endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterus after previous surgery without previous pelvic radiotherapy Metastatic disease documented by bone lesions on bone scan or by measurable soft tissue disease by CT/MRI. Patients whose disease spread is limited to regional pelvic lymph nodes are not eligible Evidence of bone, brain, visceral or soft tissue metastasis, including lymph nodes on pelvic computed tomography (CT) (>= 2 cm in longest diameter) Patients must have tumors determined to be easily accessible for biopsy (e.g. pleural-based lesions, peripheral lymph nodes, soft tissue metastases, large liver metastases, etc) Lymph nodes as only sites of metastases Confirmed presence of extra-hepatic disease except lung nodules and mesenteric or portal lymph nodes ? 2.0 cm each No clinical evidence of regional lymph node metastasis\r\n* Computed tomography (CT) (with contrast if renal function is acceptable; a noncontrast CT is permitted if the patient is not a candidate for contrast), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nodal sampling, or dissection of the pelvis within 120 days prior to step 1 registration\r\n* Patients with pelvic lymph nodes equivocal or questionable by imaging are eligible if the nodes are =< 1 cm in the short axis Positive lymph-nodes or metastatic disease from prostate cancer on imaging studies Patients must have no evidence of metastatic disease or clinically enlarged lymph nodes on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen and pelvis and CT chest obtained within 28 days of registration (a negative biopsy is required for lymph nodes >= 1 cm in size to confirm lack of involvement); patients with lymph nodes >= 1 cm in whom a biopsy is deemed not feasible are not eligible; patients with elevated alkaline phosphatase or suspicious bone pain should also undergo baseline bone scans to evaluate for bone metastasis Mediastinoscopy or endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) guided biopsy of mediastinal lymph nodes is required for all patients; must be done within 10 weeks of study entry Invasive mediastinal staging - all patients with CT and/or PET evidence of hilar (level 10) or mediastinal lymph nodes > 1.0 cm in the shortest diameter must be staged by either cervical mediastinoscopy, esophageal endoscopic ultrasound guided biopsy, or endobronchial ultrasound guided biopsy Ability to have breast conservation as determined by the judgment of the radiation oncologist, for which the radiation oncologist has determined that he or she will only treat the whole breast and not regional lymph nodes Any \clinical\ T4 tumor as defined by primary tumor/regional lymph nodes/distant metastasis (TNM), including inflammatory breast cancer Residual carcinoma in one or more regional lymph nodes that would meet AJCC 6th edition criteria for N1 - N3 disease. Clinically negative lymph nodes as established by imaging (pelvic +/- abdominal computed tomography [CT] scan or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]), nodal sampling, or dissection within 60 days prior to registration, except as noted immediately below: \r\n* Patients with a single intermediate risk factor only do not require abdominopelvic imaging, but these studies may be obtained at the discretion of the treating physician; patients with 2 or 3 risk factors are required to undergo pelvic +/- abdominal CT or MRI\r\n* Patients with lymph nodes equivocal or questionable by imaging are eligible without biopsy if the nodes are =< 1.5 cm; any node larger than this on imaging will require negative biopsy for eligibility Patients with hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes =< 1 cm and no abnormal hilar or mediastinal uptake on positron emission tomography (PET) will be considered N0; patients with > 1 cm hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes on CT or abnormal PET (including suspicious but non-diagnostic uptake) may be eligible if directed tissue biopsy of all abnormal identified areas are negative for cancer Patients with histologically proven prostate cancer treated with surgery, radiation, or the combination of surgery and radiation for prostate cancer (metastatic to regional lymph nodes) with resection of the nodes, who now has a rising PSA value after definitive local therapy, and no visible metastatic disease on conventional imaging studies No evidence of metastatic or nodal disease as determined by radionuclide bone scans computed tomography (CT)/MRI; non-pathological lymph nodes must be less than 20 mm in the short (transverse) axis Patients to be included are those with measurable, localized amyloid deposits (larynx, subcutaneous tissue, muscle, lung, lymph nodes, etc) or clinically evident systemic disease (liver, kidney, heart, etc) Patients with metastatic disease invading the esophagus, stomach, intestines, or mesenteric lymph nodes will not be eligible COHORT A: History or presence of distant metastatic lymph node(s) (e.g., retroperitoneal or non-regional pelvic lymph nodes) are allowed Localized disease. The malignancy is confined to one affected hemithorax. Mediastinal N2 lymph nodes via cervical mediastinoscopy or EBUS (endobronchial ultrasound) must be negative in order to be eligible Patients must have had node negative (pN0) disease found at the time of surgery; if a nodal dissection was not performed at the original surgery then patients must be N0, as defined by a lack of radiographic or clinical evidence of local-regional tumor recurrence, including pelvic lymph nodes >= 2 cm in short-axis diameter Post-mastectomy radiotherapy is required for all participants with a primary tumor ? 5 cm or involvement of ? 4 lymph nodes. For participants with primary tumors < 5 cm or with < 4 involved lymph nodes, provision of post-mastectomy radiotherapy is at the discretion of the treating physician. Study registration must occur within 84 days of completion of radiation. Residual disease in the breast or lymph nodes at the time of definitive surgical treatment. For lymph nodes to be considered measurable (i.e., target or evaluable lesions), they must be >= 20 mm in at least one dimension, using spiral CT Nodal status: Involvement of lymph nodes beyond the field of resection should be considered unresectable due to distant spread and therefore not eligible for this protocol. No clinical evidence of metastatic prostate cancer, or enlarged pelvic lymph nodes in the imaging studies Adequate excision: surgical removal of all clinically evident disease in the breast and lymph nodes as specified in protocol Involved pelvic or para-aortic lymph nodes by imaging or pathology Inclusion Criteria:\n\n Primary tumour characteristics:\n\n 1. Histological proof of newly diagnosed primary adenocarcinoma of the rectum\n\n 2. Locally advanced tumour fulfilling at least one of the following criteria on pelvic\n MRI indicating high risk of failing locally and/or systemically (T4a, i.e. overgrowth\n to an adjacent organ or structure like the prostate, urinary bladder, uterus, sacrum,\n pelvic floor or side wall (according to TNM version 5), cT4b, i.e. peritoneal\n involvement, extramural vascular invasion (EMVI+). N2, i.e. four or more lymph nodes\n in the mesorectum showing morphological signs on MRI indicating metastatic disease.\n Positive MRF, i.e. tumor or lymph node < 1 mm from the mesorectal fascia. Enlarged\n lateral nodes, > 1 cm (lat LN+)\n\n Exclusion Criteria:\n\n 1. Extensive growth into cranial part of the sacrum (above S3) or the lumbosacral nerve\n roots indicating that surgery will never be possible even if substantial tumour\n down-sizing is seen\n\n 2. Presence of metastatic disease or recurrent rectal tumour\n\n 3. Familial Adenomatosis Polyposis coli (FAP), Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer\n (HNPCC), active Crohn¡¦s disease or active ulcerative Colitis\n\n 4. Concomitant malignancies, except for adequately treated basocellular carcinoma of the\n skin or in situ carcinoma of the cervix uteri. Subjects with prior malignancies must\n be disease-free for at least 5 years\n\n 5. Known DPD deficiency\n\n 6. Any contraindications to MRI (e.g. patients with pacemakers)\n\n 7. Medical or psychiatric conditions that compromise the patient's ability to give\n informed consent\n\n 8. Concurrent uncontrolled medical conditions\n\n 9. Any investigational treatment for rectal cancer within the past month\n\n 10. Pregnancy or breast feeding\n\n 11. Patients with known malabsorption syndromes or a lack of physical integrity of the\n upper gastrointestinal tract\n\n 12. Clinically significant (i.e. active) cardiac disease (e.g. congestive heart failure,\n symptomatic coronary artery disease and cardiac dysrhythmia, e.g. atrial fibrillation,\n even if controlled with medication) or myocardial infarction within the past 12 months\n\n 13. Patients with symptoms or history of peripheral neuropathy Patients with clinical evidence of disease beyond the uterus, including presence of suspicious aortic or inguinal nodes on imaging or clinical exam Subjects with or without palpable lymph nodes Women with fludeoxyglucose F-18 (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) positive or indeterminate pelvic lymph nodes and negative paraaortic nodes Patients with pc-ALCL that has spread systemically (e.g., to lymph nodes, bone marrow, or visceral organs) may be included so long as pc-ALCL was the primary diagnosis for at least 6 months before systemic involvement was confirmed; MF patients must be stage IB or greater Sites of metastatic disease to be treated on protocol are limited to bone, spine, soft-tissue, and lymph nodes only If the lesion(s) to be treated are soft-tissue or lymph nodes, unidimensionally measurable disease is required; bone & spine lesions are eligible even if considered non-measurable; measurable disease is defined as:\r\n* >= 10 mm for soft-tissue lesions\r\n* >= 15 mm on the short axis of lymph nodes Patients with newly diagnosed stage IV NSCLC with an untreated primary must have no more than 3 active extracranial metastatic lesions other than the primary site and regional lymph nodes\r\n* Patients with metastatic disease treated by local therapy at the time of registration but untreated thoracic disease will be included Cumulative diameter of lung lesions must be =< 7 cm (excluding lymph nodes) Patients with one or more positive lymph nodes considered suspicious as determined by clinical assessment on MRI or CT History and/or current evidence of ectopic mineralization/calcification, including but not limited to soft tissue, kidneys, intestine, myocardia, or lung, except calcified lymph nodes and asymptomatic arterial or cartilage/tendon calcifications. Histologic involvement of 2 or more regional lymph nodes Patients with evidence of metastatic disease by conventional imaging studies, enlarged pelvic or aortic lymph nodes > 2cm; or histologically positive lymph nodes Pre-treatment clinical stage of primary tumor (T)3-4 lymph nodes (N) any metastasis (M) 0 or T any N positive M0 as determined by laparoscopy, CT scan (or PET/CT), or endoscopic ultrasound (histologic confirmation of lymph involvement is not required); therefore, patients can have measurable or non-measurable disease\r\n* Patients with T1-2N0M0 tumors or patients with metastatic disease are NOT eligible Any of the following as the only site(s) of disease: palpable lymph nodes not visible on imaging studies, skin lesions, or bone marrow involvement only Nodal status: Involvement of lymph nodes beyond the field of resection should be considered unresectable due to distant spread and therefore not eligible for this protocol. Patients must have histologically or cytologically confirmed localized (T1N1-3M0 or T2-4NanyM0, stage IB-III) Siewert type 1 or type 2 esophageal adenocarcinoma that is amenable to surgical resection as determined by a thoracic surgeon and for which all disease (primary tumor and involved lymph nodes) can be treated with radiation, as determined by a radiation oncologist Extrahepatic metastases or malignant nodes beyond the periportal region; celiac, pancreaticoduodenal and para-aortic nodes > 2 cm are ineligible; note that benign non-enhancing periportal lymphadenopathy is not unusual in the presence of hepatitis and is permitted, even if the sum of enlarged nodes is > 2.0 cm Histologic or cytologic diagnosis of stage III non-small cell lung cancer; patients will need to meet the following criteria for stage IIIA or IIIB diagnosis:\r\n* IIIA\r\n** Histologic or cytologic diagnosis of ipsilateral mediastinal lymph node involvement, or\r\n** Tumors greater than 7 cm or with chest wall invasion, or involvement of one of the following diaphragm, phrenic nerve, mediastinal pleura or parietal pericardium with hilar or mediastinal lymph node involvement\r\n** More than one mediastinal lymph node enlarged on computed tomography (CT) scan and the same lymph nodes positive on positron emission tomography (PET) scans or\r\n** Paralyzed left vocal cord with separate lung primary distinct from the aorto-pulmonary lymph nodes on the CT scan\r\n* IIIB\r\n** Histologic or cytologic diagnosis of N3 lymph node involvement; or\r\n** Enlarged N3 lymph nodes on CT scan that are positive on PET scan as well; patient must not have extension of lymph node involvement to cervical lymph nodes other than supraclavicular lymph nodes; or\r\n** Right sided primary with left vocal cord paralysis; or\r\n** Evidence of tumor extension into the mediastinum and/or mediastinal structures either at the time of mediastinoscopy, bronchoscopy or on CT scans\r\n** Patients with a nodules in the same lung but no other areas of involvement\r\n** Patients with prior surgically resected stage I NSCLC who did not receive any adjuvant therapy, who now have stage IIIA or B NSCLC will be eligible Patients with confirmed unresectable Stage IIB or Stage III non-small cell lung cancer of any histologic-subtype appropriate for definitive concurrent chemotherapy and radiation as determined by multi-disciplinary assessment; all detectable tumor should be encompassable by radiation therapy fields, including both the primary tumor and the involved regional lymph nodes For subjects with measurable nodal disease, the increase in the sum of diameters of the largest lymph nodes (up to 3 nodes) exceeds 1 cm per day OR the diameter of the largest lymph node exceeds 5 cm during the 5 day wash out. 2. For subjects with lymphocytosis, the increase in the ALC exceeds 2x109/L per day OR the ALC exceeds 100,000 x109/L during the 5-day wash out; b. Arm C: No minimum washout is required after discontinuation of ibrutinib (or other BTK inhibitors) c. Approved PI3 kinase inhibitors: Subjects may start study treatment within 3 days of discontinuation of approved PI3 kinase inhibitors. Patients with stage II disease and clinical suspicion for metastatic disease based on reported symptoms, physical examination findings, or laboratory abnormalities must have staging studies demonstrating no evidence of metastatic disease (with exception of axillary lymph nodes or mammary nodes); patients with stage III disease must have staging studies demonstrating no evidence of metastatic disease (with exception of axillary lymph nodes or mammary nodes), even if asymptomatic with normal physical examination and laboratory values; such staging studies must include: chest imaging (chest x-ray, computed tomography [CT], or MRI), abdominal/pelvis imaging (CT or MRI), and bone imaging (bone scan or positron emission tomography [PET]-scan); abnormalities that are indeterminate and too small to biopsy should be followed with further imaging, as appropriate, but do not exclude patients from the study; abnormalities that are suspicious and large enough to biopsy exclude patients from the study, unless a biopsy is performed and is negative for metastatic disease Presence of at least ONE single accessible AND palpable lymph node in the cervical, supraclavicular, axillary, inguinal, or femoral regions; the size of the lymph nodes must be larger than 2x2 cm in the horizontal and perpendicular axes Presence of at least ONE single accessible AND palpable lymph node in the cervical, supraclavicular, axillary, inguinal, or femoral regions; the size of the lymph nodes must be larger than 2 x 2 cm in the horizontal and perpendicular axes Palpable lymph nodes > 3 cm in maximal dimension Histologically or cytologically confirmed diagnosis of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) with measurable disease per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) Version 1.1; ES-SCLC is defined as: small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) that has spread beyond one hemithorax and regional lymph nodes on the same side (e.g., supraclavicular) to the contralateral hemithorax, lymph nodes, or more distant locations in the body Patients with bulky lymph nodes (LNs) (?10 cm) or marked splenomegaly (i.e. extending into pelvis or crossing the midline). Clinical or radiographic evidence of metastatic disease to regional lymph nodes will be allowed, provided it is amenable to resection Direct evidence of hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes or distant metastases after appropriate staging studies Patients with extrahepatic disease or whose HCC involves the local vasculature, regional lymph nodes or distant metastatic sites Distant metastases of breast cancer beyond regional lymph nodes Radiation oncologist is planning to treat regional lymph nodes including internal mammary nodes and meet acceptable protocol dosimetric requirements Is a candidate for unilateral post?mastectomy radiation therapy as per National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines (post?mastectomy radiation therapy is indicated for most patients with positive lymph nodes at time of surgery and infrequently for selected node?negative patients) Patients with evidence of metastatic disease, including:\r\n* Positive malignant cytology of the pleural, pericardium or peritoneum\r\n* Radiographic evidence of distant organ involvement\r\n* Non-regional lymph nodes that cannot be contained within a radiation field No evidence of metastatic disease as determined by radionuclide bone scans and computed tomography (CT)/MRI; lymph nodes must be less than 20 mm in the short (transverse) axis Women with local (i.e., same breast, surgical scar, chest wall) or regional (i.e., lymph nodes) recurrent disease Extensive extrahepatic tumor (not just confined to lymph nodes/bone metastases) Patients with involved lymph nodes are candidates for the study as long as regional nodal radiation is not required by the treating physician The patient has clinical or radiological evidence of metastatic cancer including palpably abnormal or enlarged lymph nodes Patients with T1 or T2 disease with N2 or T3N1-2 disease (stage IIIA) are eligible if they are medically inoperable; patients with T4 with any N or any T with N3 disease are eligible; radiographic evidence of mediastinal lymph nodes > 2.0 cm in the largest diameter is sufficient to stage N2 or N3 disease; if the largest mediastinal node is < 2.0 cm in diameter and this is the basis for stage III disease, then at least one of the nodes must be proven positive cytologically or histologically Current or prior metastases beyond regional lymph nodes Completed neoadjuvant therapy with an approved regimen that includes trastuzumab and at least four cycles (12 weeks) of taxane-containing chemotherapy and underwent surgery with final pathology showing evidence of residual disease in the breast or axilla (residual ductal carcinoma in situ or microinvasive disease not eligible) or underwent surgery as a first intervention and was found to be pathologically node-positive: ? 4 positive lymph nodes (pN2 or pN3) regardless of hormone receptor status or 1-3 positive lymph nodes (pN1) if hormone receptor negative. Patients with micrometastases (pN1mi) are not eligible. Completed or receiving appropriate radiation therapy if indicated: For patients undergoing total mastectomy surgery as a first intervention, post-mastectomy radiation to the chest wall, infraclavicular and supraclavicular areas is required for patients with ? 4 positive lymph nodes. Radiation to the internal mammary lymph nodes is not required per protocol but is allowed at the discretion of the patient's treating radiation oncologist. For patients with 1-3 positive lymph nodes, post-mastectomy radiation to the chest wall, infraclavicular, supraclavicular, and internal mammary areas is not required per protocol but is allowed at the discretion of the patient's treating radiation oncologist. For patients undergoing breast conserving surgery (BCS) as a first intervention, whole breast irradiation with or without a boost, and radiation to the infraclavicular and supraclavicular areas is required for patients with ? 4 positive lymph nodes. Radiation to the internal mammary lymph nodes is not required but is allowed at the discretion of the patient's treating radiation oncologist. For patients with 1-3 positive lymph nodes, whole breast irradiation with or without a boost is required. Radiation to the infraclavicular, supraclavicular, and internal mammary areas is not required per protocol but is allowed at the discretion of the patient's treating medical oncologist. For patient's undergoing mastectomy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy post-mastectomy radiation to the chest wall, infraclavicular and supraclavicular areas is required for patients presenting with clinical N2 or N3 disease or with ? 4 positive lymph nodes identified pathologically at the time of surgery. Radiation to the internal mammary lymph nodes is not required per protocol but is allowed at the discretion of the patient's treating radiation oncologist. For patients with 0-3 positive lymph nodes identified pathologically, post-mastectomy radiation to the chest wall, infraclavicular, supraclavicular and internal mammary areas is not required per protocol but is allowed at the discretion of the patient's treating radiation oncologist. For patient's undergoing BCS after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, whole breast irradiation with or without a boost is required. For patients with clinical N2 or N3 disease or with ? 4 positive lymph nodes identified pathologically at the time of surgery, radiation to the infraclavicular and supraclavicular areas is required. Radiation to the internal mammary lymph nodes is not required per protocol but is allowed at the discretion of the patient's treating radiation oncologist. For patients with 0-3 positive lymph nodes identified pathologically, radiation to the infraclavicular, supraclavicular and internal mammary areas is not required per protocol but is allowed at the discretion of the patient's treating radiation oncologist. The patient has clinical or radiological evidence of metastatic cancer including palpably abnormal or enlarged lymph nodes (i.e., all patients should be any T, N0, M0) Staging at the time of enrollment indicates NO/N1 (does not involve lymph nodes or includes involvement in nodes within ipsilateral hilum), Have histologic or cytologic biopsy-proven diagnosis of unresectable stage III or distant metastatic melanoma, irrespective of histologic type (i.e. cutaneous, unknown primary, mucosal, or ocular); patients with resectable bulky stage IIIB or stage IIIC melanoma (for example at least 2.5-cm in shortest diameter for lymph nodes infiltrated by tumor and at least 2-cm in longest diameter for non-lymph nodes infiltrated by tumor) can also be entered into the study at the discretion of the principal investigator For patients with metastatic renal tumors to be enrolled, a histologic diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma must exist and any burden of disease >= 1 cm by CT or MRI is acceptable; the metastatic sites may be kidney, intra-abdominal (such as liver), brain, bone, or lymph nodes; lung lesions are NOT eligible because of the motion artifact caused by respiration Patients with distant metastatic disease beyond N1 (regional) lymph nodes on conventional imaging studies (computed tomography [CT], MRI or bone scan) Evidence of distant disease outside of regional lymph nodes Indication for EBUS-guided needle biopsy based on suspicion of either benign or malignant disease in mediastinal or hilar lymph nodes Has previously untreated localized gastric or GEJ adenocarcinoma as defined by T3 or greater primary lesion or the presence of any positive nodes - N+ (clinical nodes) without evidence of metastatic disease. Willing to undergo biopsy of a metastatic lesion (in patients with reasonably accessible metastatic lesions such as chest wall, skin, subcutaneous tissue, lymph nodes, bones, peripheral lung, and liver metastases) Measurable nodes on the recent cross sectional imaging (computed tomography [CT], MRI, ultrasound [US]) or suspicious lymph nodes for metastasis Patients who have had their primary site tumor removed by surgery but still present with grossly enlarged lymph nodes are eligible for this study Patients that underwent previous surgical resection for the same disease (except for biopsy or surgery removing primary site tumor but still present with grossly enlarged lymph nodes) Patients with hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes < 1 cm and no abnormal hilar or mediastinal uptake on PET will be considered N0; patients with > 1 cm hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes on CT or abnormal PET/CT (including suspicious but non-diagnostic uptake) may still be eligible if directed tissue biopsy of all abnormally identified areas are negative for cancer The subject has clinical or radiological evidence of metastatic cancer including palpably abnormal or enlarged lymph nodes. Patients with hypermetabolic activity and uptake in the neck, axilla, breast and inguinal region on scan, defined visually as significant lesion suspicious for malignancy by a nuclear medicine physician or trainee; (we will include a subset of patients with normal lymph nodes during screening; this subset of patients will be imaged as a negative control for this study) Lymphnode negative and a clinical tumor classification of T2 (?3.5cm)-T4 or with 1-3 positive lymph nodes and a clinical tumor classification of T2-T4 DCIS or LCIS are allowed in addition to invasive cancer at T2 or T3 level. Pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes must be negative on CT-scan or MRI of the abdomen and pelvis performed within 12 weeks prior to enrollment into the study Breast imaging should include imaging of the ipsilateral axilla; for subjects with a clinically negative axilla, a sentinel lymph node biopsy will be performed either up front or after preoperative therapy at the discretion of the subject’s physicians; for subjects with a clinically positive axilla, a needle aspiration, core biopsy or sentinel lymph node (SLN) procedure will be performed prior to registration to confirm the presence of metastatic disease in the lymph nodes; while not mandated by the protocol, it is strongly recommended that participants with positive lymph nodes undergo a level I and II lymph node dissection at the time of definitive surgery; participants with axillary adenopathy only are not eligible for this study All subjects (both adjuvant and neoadjuvant) must have sentinel lymph node biopsy and/or axillary lymph node dissection, as per pre-specified institutional guidelines Patients must have undergone axillary staging by sentinel node biopsy or axillary lymph node dissection (ALND)\r\n* For patients with 1-3 positive lymph nodes, sentinel node biopsy alone is allowed provided that the patient completed either whole breast or chest wall radiation and the primary tumor is < 5 cm\r\n* All patients with >= 4 positive lymph nodes must have completed ALND (with or without prior sentinel node biopsy) The patient must have completed one of the procedures for evaluation of pathologic nodal status listed below.\r\n* Sentinel lymphadenectomy alone:\r\n** If pathologic nodal staging based on sentinel lymphadenectomy is pN0 or pN1b;\r\n** If pathologic nodal staging based on sentinel lymphadenectomy is pN1mi or pN1a and the patient has undergone breast conserving surgery (with planned breast radiotherapy), the primary tumor must be T1 or T2 by pathologic evaluation and the nodal involvement must be limited to 1 or 2 positive nodes\r\n* Sentinel lymphadenectomy followed by removal of additional non-sentinel lymph nodes if the sentinel node (SN) is positive; or\r\n* Axillary lymphadenectomy with or without SN isolation procedure No prior ipsilateral axillary surgery, such as excisional biopsy of lymph node(s) or treatment of hidradenitis Breast surgery (lumpectomy or mastectomy) and sentinel lymph node surgery must be completed within 56 days of the completion of the last dose of neoadjuvant chemotherapy A minimum of 1 sentinel node and a maximum of 6 total nodes (sentinel + non-sentinel) are identified and excised by the surgeon; patients who do not have an identifiable sentinel lymph node will not proceed to registration/randomization At least one lymph node (sentinel or non-sentinel) with a metastasis greater than 0.2 mm in greatest dimension identified on intra-operative pathologic assessment\r\n* Note: Isolated tumor cells (metastases less than or equal to 0.2 mm) will be treated as node negative disease (N0i+)\r\n* Note: If on final pathology, more than 8 lymph nodes are seen pathologically, then the patient should discontinue study\r\n* Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is not to be performed prior to registration/randomization For cases where ALND has not been performed and one of the following is true: 1) intra-operative evaluation of sentinel lymph node could not be/was not performed and final pathology identified a positive lymph node (sentinel or non-sentinel) with metastasis greater than 0.2 mm OR 2) lymph node (sentinel or non-sentinel) considered negative on intra-operative evaluation was found to be positive on final pathology (with metastasis greater than 0.2 mm) Breast surgery (lumpectomy or mastectomy) and sentinel lymph node surgery must be completed within 56 days of the completion of the last dose of neoadjuvant chemotherapy; negative margin (by either breast conservation or mastectomy) on final pathology where negative margin is defined as no tumor on ink At least one lymph node (sentinel or non-sentinel) with a metastasis greater than 0.2 mm in greatest dimension identified on final pathology (for cases where intra-operative evaluation was not performed, or was negative and completion dissection was not performed) Among the minimum of 1 and the maximum of 6 lymph nodes (sentinel + non-sentinel) identified and excised by the surgeon, no more than 8 lymph nodes (sentinel and non-sentinel) were found by the pathologists to have been actually excised; \r\n* Note: Isolated tumor cells (metastases less than or equal to 0.2 mm) will be treated as node negative disease (N0i+) At the time of definitive surgery, all removed axillary nodes must be histologically free from cancer; acceptable procedures for assessment of axillary nodal status at the time of surgery include:\r\n* Axillary node dissection\r\n* Sentinel node biopsy alone provided that at least 2 sentinel lymph nodes are removed; removal of at least 3 sentinel lymph nodes and use of dual tracer for lymphatic mapping are strongly recommended or\r\n* Sentinel node biopsy followed by axillary node dissection\r\nNote: patients are eligible whether there is residual invasive carcinoma in the surgical breast specimen or whether there is evidence of pathologic complete response; patients who are found to be pathologically node-positive at the time of surgery, based on sentinel node biopsy alone, are candidates for A011202, a study developed by the Alliance in Oncology, an National Cancer Institute (NCI) Cooperative Group; if A011202 is open at the investigator's institution, patients should be approached about participating in the A011202 study Documentation of axillary nodal positivity before neoadjuvant therapy by sentinel node biopsy alone Completed adequate axilla surgery defined as:\r\n* ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY PATIENTS:\r\n** Sentinel lymph node biopsy alone if negative or if lymph node(s) only contain micrometastases (=< 2.0 mm) OR \r\n** Positive sentinel lymph node biopsy followed by axillary nodal dissection or radiotherapy as per local guidelines OR\r\n** Axillary dissection\r\n* NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY PATIENTS:\r\n** Sentinel lymph node biopsy performed before neoadjuvant chemotherapy:\r\n*** If negative or if lymph node(s) only contain micrometastases (=< 2.0 mm), additional axillary surgery is not required\r\n*** If positive, axillary node dissection or axillary nodal radiotherapy should follow completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy\r\n** Sentinel lymph node biopsy performed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy:\r\n*** If negative, additional axillary surgery not mandated\r\n*** If positive (micrometastases are regarded as positive), additional axillary surgery is required unless the patient is enrolled in a phase III multicenter clinical trials proposing radiotherapy as alternative treatment of the axilla; the trial must be pre-approved by the OlympiA Executive Committee\r\n** Axillary dissection It is preferred that axillary lymph node sampling is performed after completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy to allow more accurate assessment of pathologic response; patients must have a complete axillary lymph node dissection after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the following situations (exceptions will be granted for patients participating in the Alliance A11202 trial):\r\n* Patients had documented pathologic involvement of the axillary nodes (fine needle aspiration [FNA] or core biopsy) before neoadjuvant chemotherapy and had sentinel node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy with positive sentinel node(s)\r\n* Patient had documented pathologic involvement of the axillary nodes (FNA or core biopsy) before neoadjuvant chemotherapy and had only 1 sentinel lymph node removed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy\r\n** NOTE: Patients who undergo sentinel node biopsy before starting neoadjuvant treatment and do not undergo post neoadjuvant assessment of the axillary nodes or who have negative axillary nodes on post neoadjuvant assessment must have >= 1 cm residual invasive cancer in the breast after completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy Complete resection of known breast disease by one of the following surgeries:\r\n* Lumpectomy with sentinel lymph node or axillary lymph node dissection\r\n* Mastectomy alone with sentinel lymph node or axillary lymph node dissection\r\n* Mastectomy plus reconstruction with sentinel lymph node or axillary lymph node dissection Previous excisional biopsy of the breast cancer or sentinel lymph node biopsy Surgical axillary staging procedure prior to randomization. Exception: FNA or core biopsy of an axillary node is permitted for any patient. A pre-neoadjuvant therapy sentinel lymph node biopsy for patients with clinically negative axillary nodes is prohibited. Participant agreement to undergo appropriate surgical management including axillary lymph node surgery and partial or total mastectomy after completion of neoadjuvant treatment Axillary lymph node dissection prior to initiation of neoadjuvant therapy pStage T1-T4N0-N3M0 or ypStage T0-4N0-N3M0\r\n* Note: The axilla must be staged by sentinel node biopsy alone, sentinel node biopsy followed by axillary node dissection, or axillary lymph node dissection alone Phase II: No prior chemotherapy, irradiation, or definitive therapeutic surgery (e.g., mastectomy or lumpectomy or axillary dissection) for this malignancy; patients who have had a prior sentinel lymph node biopsy for this malignancy are eligible INCLUSION - TREATMENT: Patients are required to undergo lumpectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy Patients must have a negative sentinel lymph node biopsy Phase I: patients must be candidates to receive paclitaxel chemotherapy in combination with trastuzumab and pertuzumab\r\n* Phase II: no prior chemotherapy, radiation, or definitive therapeutic surgery (e.g., mastectomy, lumpectomy or axillary dissection) for this malignancy; patients who have had a prior sentinel lymph node biopsy for this malignancy are eligible\r\n* Note: patients who receive equal to or less than 1 cycle of therapy (up to 4 weeks) will be allowed to enroll on this trial Breast imaging should include imaging of the ipsilateral axilla; for subjects with a clinically negative axilla, a sentinel lymph node biopsy will be performed either before or after preoperative therapy at the discretion of the subject’s physicians; for subjects with a clinically positive axilla, a needle aspiration, core biopsy or sentinel lymph node (SLN) procedure will be performed to determine the presence of metastatic disease in the lymph nodes Treatment with mastectomy or segmental mastectomy and axillary evaluation (sentinel node evaluation, axillary sampling, or axillary lymph node dissection); if the patient has T0 disease, breast surgery is not required Patients with invasive disease are required to have axillary staging including: sentinel node biopsy alone if sentinel node is negative, sentinel node biopsy followed by axillary dissection with a minimum of 6 axillary nodes sampled if sentinel node is positive, or axillary dissection alone (with a minimum of 6 axillary nodes); patients with DCIS are not required to have axillary staging Patients must be eligible to undergo surgery, either lumpectomy or mastectomy for local treatment of the breast cancer; surgical margins at discretion of surgeon per National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines; axillary exploration at discretion of surgeon but all patients minimally have sentinel lymph node evaluation at time of surgery Prior axillary lymph node sampling (sentinel lymph node biopsy or axillary lymph node dissection); fine needle aspiration (FNA) of axillary lymph node is acceptable Sentinel lymph node biopsy Patients with clinically suspicious axillary lymph node involvement must have either aspiration cytology or biopsy prior to beginning therapy No prior chemotherapy, irradiation, or definitive therapeutic surgery (eg, mastectomy or lumpectomy or axillary dissection) for this malignancy; patients who have had a prior sentinel lymph node biopsy for this malignancy are eligible Patients must be node-negative (N0) or have only microscopic disease (=< 2 mm) in the nodes (N1mi); patients are required to have axillary staging; options for axillary staging include:\r\n* Negative sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB)\r\n* Level I-II axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) (6 or more nodes removed)\r\n* Positive SLNB followed by completion ALND (6 or more nodes removed) Must be Stage 0, I, II (Tis, T1, or T2, N0, M0 per AJCC criteria 7th and/or 8th Ed.). If stage II, the tumor size must be < = 3.0 cm. A patient with invasive histology must have nodal stage pN0 by H&E stains on sentinel node biopsy or axillary lymph node dissection. Patients with invasive breast cancer are required to have axillary staging which can include sentinel node biopsy alone (if sentinel node is negative), sentinel node biopsy followed by axillary dissection or sampling with a minimum total of 6 axillary nodes (if sentinel node is positive), or axillary dissection alone (with a minimum of 6 axillary nodes); axillary staging is not required for patients with DCIS Patients with a breast cancer diagnosis of any subtype and a biopsy-proven positive axillary lymph node who will be treated first with chemotherapy Patients who have had previous axillary surgery, including sentinel lymph node biopsy The patient must have undergone either sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) or axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) demonstrating pathologic node-negativity (pN0); however, patients with immunohistochemical evidence of isolated tumor cells in a lymph node [pN0(i+)] are eligible if no deposit > 0.2 mm is identified Patients who underwent partial excisional biopsy or lumpectomy, segmental mastectomy or modified radical mastectomy or sentinel node biopsy are not eligible Participants must have a minimum of two intact lymph node basins (any combination of axillary and inguinal basins that have not undergone complete nodal dissection) Participants does not have a minimum of two intact lymph node basins (any combination of axillary and inguinal basins that have not undergone complete nodal dissection) Positive axillary node(s) Surgical axillary staging procedure prior to randomization; pre-neoadjuvant therapy sentinel node biopsy is not permitted Status post segmental mastectomy, after sentinel node biopsy and/or axillary node dissection (tumors < 5 mm in size do not require nodal assessment) or after mastectomy Patients will have undergone axillary staging by sentinel node biopsy or axillary lymph nodes dissection (ALND); patients must have at least one, but no more than three known positive lymph nodes (pN1a, pN1b or pN1c); patients with micrometastases as the only nodal involvement (pN1mi) are not eligible; patients with positive sentinel node are not required to undergo full axillary lymph node dissection; this is at the discretion of the treating physician; axillary node evaluation is to be performed per the standard of care at each institution Breast imaging should include imaging of the ipsilateral axilla; for subjects with a clinically negative axilla, a sentinel lymph node biopsy will be performed either before or after preoperative therapy at the discretion of the subject’s physicians; for subjects with a clinically positive axilla, a needle aspiration, core biopsy or sentinel lymph node (SLN) procedure will be performed to determine the presence of metastatic disease in the lymph nodes Adequate surgical treatment including resection of all clinically evident disease and ipsilateral axillary lymph node dissection. Histologically complete resection (R0) of the invasive and ductal in situ tumor is required in case of breast conserving surgery as the final treatment. No evidence of gross residual disease (R2) is required after total mastectomy (R1 resection is acceptable). Axillary dissection is not required in patients with a negative sentinel-node biopsy before (pN0, pN+(mic)) or after (ypN0, ypN+(mic) neoadjuvant chemotherapy. For Cohort A: include patients who have undergone sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) without completion axillary lymph nodal dissection (ALND) Status post segmental mastectomy or mastectomy and axillary node dissection with removal of at least 8 nodes Axillary lymph node dissection or positive sentinel lymph node prior to start of neoadjuvant therapy Patients with DCIS do not require an axillary staging procedure; for patients with invasive breast cancer (except T1mi), an axillary staging procedure should be performed (either sentinel lymph node biopsy alone or axillary dissection and the axillary node must be pathologically negative) and they should be pathologically node negative; Note: Patients with N0 (i+) tumors on sentinel lymph node mapping or dissection (i.e., if the tumor deposit is 0.2 mm or less as determined by immunohistochemistry or hematoxylin and eosin staining) will also be eligible Stage I-III breast cancer with the following criteria met:\r\n* If node-negative or if node status unknown (because it was not assessed), tumor must be > 5 mm (T1b) of any hormone receptor subtype (document estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor [ER/PR] status: if some ER/PR staining is present, ER and PR negative are defined as being positive in < 10% cells [per local pathology read])\r\n* If node-positive (N1-N3), T1mi, T1a, T1b, T1c, T2, or T3 tumors are eligible\r\n** Definition of node-negative disease (when node status known): If the patient has had a negative sentinel node biopsy and/or a negative axillary dissection, then the patient is determined to be node-negative; axillary nodes with single cells or tumor clusters =< 0.2 mm by either hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or IHC will be considered node-negative; any axillary lymph node with tumor clusters between 0.02 and 0.2 cm is considered a micrometastasis; patients with a micrometastasis are eligible; an axillary dissection is not required to be performed in patients with a positive sentinel node and management of the axilla will be left up to the treating provider; in cases where the specific pathologic size of lymph node involvement is subject to interpretation, the principal investigator will make the final determination as to eligibility; in these special situations, the investigator must document this approval in the patient medical record Randomisation and the primary study intervention, including staging sentinel node biopsy, must be completed by 120 days of original diagnosis. Patient unable or ineligible to undergo staging sentinel lymph node biopsy of the primary index lesion. Patient has undergone surgery on a separate occasion to clear the lymph nodes of the probable draining lymphatic field, including sentinel lymph node biopsy, of the index melanoma. Patients who underwent partial excisional biopsy, lumpectomy, segmental mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy or sentinel node biopsy and, therefore cannot be assessed for pathologic response accurately Patients must have HER2-positive stage I histologically confirmed invasive carcinoma of the breast; patients must have node-negative (N0) or micrometastases (N1mi) breast cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 7th edition\r\n* If the patient has had a negative sentinel node biopsy, then no further axillary dissection is required, and the patient is determined to be node-negative; if an axillary dissection, without sentinel lymph node biopsy is performed to determine nodal status, at least 6 axillary lymph nodes must be removed and analyzed and negative for the patient to be considered node-negative; axillary nodes with single cells or tumor clusters =< 0.2 mm by either hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or immunohistochemistry (IHC) will be considered node-negative\r\n* Any axillary lymph node with tumor clusters between 0.02 and 0.2 cm is considered a micrometastasis; patients with a micrometastasis are eligible; an axillary dissection is not required to be performed in patients with a micrometastasis found by sentinel node evaluation; in cases where the specific pathologic size of lymph node involvement is subject to interpretation, the principal investigator will make the final determination as to eligibility; the investigator must document approval in the patient medical record\r\n* Patients who have an area of a T1aN0, estrogen receptor positive (ER+), HER2 negative cancer in addition to their primary Her2 positive tumor are eligible Eligible patients must have appropriate staging studies identifying them as American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage T0 , T1 or T2 (=< 3 cm) treated with lumpectomy and axillary node dissection with at least 6 nodes sampled or sentinel node biopsy; patients with up to 3 positive nodes without microscopic or macroscopic evidence of extracapsular extension are eligible; patients with DCIS are not required to have axillary staging Prior axillary lymph node sampling (sentinel lymph node biopsy or axillary lymph node dissection); NOTE: fine needle aspiration (FNA) of axillary lymph node is acceptable Primary surgical treatment is planned to be a mastectomy or lumpectomy. Sentinel lymph node (LN) biopsy or axillary LN dissection (ALND) is planned as part of the subject's therapy. Participants who have undergone excisional biopsy of primary tumor and/or axillary lymph nodes or sentinel lymph node biopsy At least 6 months postop from axillary lymph node dissection Bilateral lymphedema or history of bilateral axillary lymph node dissection Patients undergoing unilateral mastectomy with or without sentinel node biopsy or axillary dissection Prior surgery including lumpectomy or mastectomy and sentinel node biopsy or axillary lymph node dissection Scheduled to undergo one of the following elective breast cancer surgery at Barnes-Jewish Hospital: axillary dissection, modified radical mastectomy, mastectomy with same day reconstruction, sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), partial mastectomy with SLNB, or simple mastectomy with SLNB Previous surgery other than lumpectomy or sentinel lymph node biopsy on the surgical breast or axilla Female clinical stage 0/1 breast cancers patients scheduled to undergo a unilateral, segmental mastectomy +/- sentinel lymph node dissection Mastectomy type: skin-sparing or nipple-sparing mastectomy with or without sentinel lymph node biopsy; may be unilateral or bilateral mastectomy Clinically N0 or pN0 including sentinel node negative Unilateral breast cancer with ipsilateral lumpectomy or mastectomy and lymph node dissection (sentinel biopsy or axillary dissection) All patients with a history of breast cancer surgery either lumpectomy, mastectomy, axillary node dissection or sentinel node biopsy at least one year ago and received either radiation therapy or chemotherapy or both Status post mastectomy with axillary exploration (sentinel node biopsy and/or axillary lymph node dissection) to receive PMRT Total mastectomy and axillary staging with sentinel lymph node dissection or axillary lymph node dissection (level I/II). Patients with a positive sentinel lymph node must have undergone a completion axillary lymph node dissection. Breast conserving surgery (BCS) and axillary staging with sentinel lymph node dissection or axillary lymph node dissection. Patients undergoing surgery as a first intervention with a positive sentinel lymph node must have undergone a completion axillary dissection level I/II unless they had clinically node negative T1-T2 tumors and fewer than 3 involved lymph nodes. Patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy that have a positive sentinel lymph node must have undergone a completion axillary lymph node dissection. One of these 2 surgical treatments and axillary staging with sentinel lymph node dissection or axillary dissection level I/II: Total mastectomy-patients with a positive sentinel lymph node must have undergone a completion axillary dissection level I/II BCS (lumpectomy)-patients with a positive sentinel lymph node must have undergone a completion axillary dissection level I/II unless they had clinically node negative T1-T2 tumors and fewer than 3 involved lymph nodes Patients not consenting to axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) Patients with head and neck malignancies, such as melanoma, non-melanoma cutaneous malignancies, or oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, that are candidates for sentinel lymph node biopsy\r\n* Newly diagnosed with clinically node negative head and neck cancer being staged with sentinel lymph node biopsy Axillary lymph node metastasis with pathologic confirmation by needle biopsy Clip placed in the sampled axillary lymph node at the time of the biopsy Scheduled for targeted axillary dissection (defined as selective localization and removal of the clipped node and sentinel lymph node dissection [SLND]) Participant must be eligible for a groin sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy Sentinel lymph node is deemed inaccessible to microscopic observation during the operative procedure (i.e. sentinel node maps to a deep location or area outside of the groin) Participants must have undergone sentinel node mapping or axillary dissection Participants who have evidence that axillary lymph node malignancy is causing lymphedema due to recurrence as per physician discretion Participants must have histologically confirmed melanoma and be deemed an appropriate surgical candidate with consent for a sentinel lymph node biopsy by their oncologic surgeon Participant must have stage of disease conducive to sentinel lymph node biopsy as determined by his or her oncologic surgeon Participants who choose not to proceed with sentinel lymph node biopsy Patients with a confirmed diagnosis of clinical stage 1 or 2 breast cancer who are undergoing breast cancer surgery with lumpectomy or mastectomy and planned axillary sentinel node biopsy procedure will be eligible for the study Tumor is accessible for local injection of the sentinel node tracer (for example oral cavity disease) Has had previous sentinel lymph node biopsy Patient has had previous ipsilateral axillary surgery such as excisional biopsy of lymph node(s), treatment of hidradenitis Have had a previous ipsilateral axillary dissection or lymph node biopsy Subjects scheduled for surgical intervention, with a sentinel lymph node biopsy procedure being a part of the surgical plan. Prior axillary lymph node surgery Will have administration of methylene blue or any blue dye for sentinel lymph node mapping on the day of the surgery prior to imaging the lumpectomy cavity with the LUM Imaging Device. Patients who have undergone either a total mastectomy or a lumpectomy are eligible; acceptable procedures for assessment of axillary nodal status at the time of surgery include:\r\n* Axillary node dissection;\r\n* Sentinel node biopsy alone; or\r\n* Sentinel node biopsy followed by axillary node dissection