Histologically or cytologically confirmed diagnosis of cancer (including epithelial carcinoma, sarcoma, and melanoma); the diagnosis can be done at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) or at participating institutions Histologic diagnosis is mandatory for all patients prior to study entry; study eligibility will be based on institutional pathology; however, performance (and ultimate submission for Central Pathology review) of immunohistochemically (IHC) stained slides for INI11 (to rule out CNS AT/RT), GFAP, EMA, neuronal markers (synaptophysin) for all tumors, as well as a reticulin stain for medulloblastomas displaying any degree of desmoplasia on conventional microscopy, is required; in addition, requested, but not required, are IHC slides for P53 and MIB-1/Ki-67 for all tumors Histology slides reviewed and agreement between two clinical pathologists (not required to be at same institution) that pathology fulfills COMET eligibility criteria. In cases of disagreement between the two pathology reviews about whether or not a case fulfills the eligibility criteria, a third pathology review will be required. Patients must have paraffin tissue from the diagnostic or relapse biopsy available to be submitted for central pathology review and integral molecular subtyping; this review is mandatory prior to registration to confirm eligibility and should be initiated as soon as possible; determination of cell-of-origin subtype will be performed using the lymphoma subtyping test (LST) assay Patients must be newly diagnosed and have a confirmed molecular diagnosis of classical histologic type (non large cell/anaplastic [LC/A]) WNT medulloblastoma from rapid central pathology screening review on APEC14B1 (immunohistochemistry [IHC]/molecular screening [positive nuclear beta (B)-catenin by IHC and positive for catenin beta 1 [CTNNB1] mutation) and confirmation of =< 1.5 cm^2 maximal cross-sectional area of residual tumor from rapid central imaging review Tumor tissue that is determined by central pathology review prior to step 2 registration to be of sufficient quantity for central analysis of MGMT status Patients must have specimens available and institutions must be planning to submit for centralized pathology review and for integrated translational medicine objectives Patients must have pathologically (histologically or cytologically) proven diagnosis of MCC by local pathology review The patient must have a newly diagnosed unifocal intracranial meningioma, gross totally resected, and histologically confirmed as WHO grade II based upon pathology findings at the enrolling institution; WHO grade will be assigned according to WHO 2016 criteria NOTE: Central pathology review must occur between steps 1 and 2 of registration; once appropriate pathology specimens are received, central pathology review will occur within 15 days, and must confirm WHO grade II meningioma before the patient can proceed to step 2 registration and randomization Histologically confirmed diagnosis of WHO grade II meningioma confirmed by central pathology review prior to step 2 registration Pre-registration: Patients must have local diagnosis of papillary craniopharyngioma and have tissue slides available for submission to central pathology review; central pathology review will include immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing for BRAF V600E mutation (VE1 clone) and beta-catenin IHC (membranous, non-nuclear pattern) if needed to confirm diagnosis of papillary craniopharyngioma Patients must be newly diagnosed with histologically-proven primary pediatric hepatic malignancies including hepatoblastoma or hepatocellular carcinoma, except as noted below; note that rapid central pathology review is required in some cases; please note: all patients with histology as assessed by the institutional pathologist consistent with pure small cell undifferentiated (SCU) HB will be required to have testing for INI1/SMARCB1 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) according to the practices at the institution The pathology from the primary surgery must be reviewed and finalized at either Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham & Women's Hospital or the pathology department at any participating institutions Biopsy-proven, systemic DLBCL with a proliferation rate =< 90%, that has been confirmed by an acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) Malignancy Clinical Trial Consortium (AMC)-approved site pathologist using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical stains; if a hard copy of the pathology report is unavailable at the time of enrollment into the screening segment, a verbal report by the pathologist confirming the diagnosis must be documented in the medical chart; a hardcopy of the pathology report must be available prior to randomization (enrollment into the Treatment Segment); Note: measurable disease is not an entry requirement Histologically proven intra-cranial or spinal ependymoma or anaplastic ependymoma; there must be pathologic or imaging confirmation of tumor progression or regrowth; the patient’s histologic diagnosis must be confirmed on central pathology review prior to registration step 2\r\n* If a patient has already had central pathology review at MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) (for example, from a previous enrollment to protocol CERN08-02), the central pathology does not need to be repeated; previous pathology confirmation can be utilized for this study’s pathology eligibility testing A diagnosis of locally-assessed, biopsy-proven EBV+ PTLD with a pathology sample available for central review Archival tissue confirming the diagnosis must be reviewed by Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH)/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI)/Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) pathology Patients for whom the clinical pathology report includes only IHC as 3+ (does not reflex to ISH) may enroll without written report of ISH determined HER2 copy number, provided the investigational site confirms that archival tissue is available. Availability of a representative tumor specimen and the corresponding pathology report for retrospective central confirmation of the diagnosis of FL or DLBCL Presence of luminal B pathology Tumor tissue, from either initial diagnosis or subsequent surgery, on formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) slides (n = 12) must be available and submitted to the Pathology Laboratory at Children’s Medical Center-Dallas for correlative biological studies (including phosphorylated S6 235/236, phosphorylated S6 240/244, phosphorylated 4EBP1, phosphorylated PRAS40 (pT246), phosphorylated P70S6K, and PTEN expression); Note: central review of these slides is required, but may be completed concurrently with patient registration; completion of central review is not required prior to starting therapy Patients previously treated outside of the University of Wisconsin (UW) must have their pathology slides sent to the UW for review and confirmation\r\n* NOTE: a copy of the pathology report is sufficient for registration Pathologic diagnosis must be based on pathology or pathology review by Department of Pathology at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) or another Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center (DF/HCC) institution and must be finalized within two weeks of the radiation start date Patients who undergo surgical resection will be allowed regardless of human papilloma virus (HPV) status provided they have one of the following criteria: \r\n* Positive margins on pathology\r\n* Evidence of extracapsular spread on nodal pathology\r\n* Gross residual disease on postoperative or simulation imaging\r\n* N2/3 disease\r\n* T3/4 disease\r\n* Multifocal perineural invasion and/or lymphovascular space invasion Mutational status requires a pathology report, genomic sequencing, or immunohistochemical report of a mutation or activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway PHASE II: Mutational status requires a pathology report, genomic sequencing, or immunohistochemical report of a mutation or activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway Surgical and pathology reports that document surgery was limited to biopsy and histologic confirmation. In the case of recurrent radiographically gross disease, pathologic diagnosis may be from time of original biopsy and/or surgery; pathology should be reviewed and confirmed at the participating institution Patients must have histologically or cytologically confirmed LCH, ECD or HS; confirmation of outside pathology at Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH) will be performed but is not mandatory prior to study enrollment History of esophageal cancer more extensive than T1a or not meeting criteria for low risk of recurrence (confirmed by EMR pathology results negative for positive margin, poorly differentiated carcinoma, and lymphovascular invasion) For patients with invasive breast cancer sentinel node biopsy (SLNB) must be performed; if SLNB performed prior to BCS and precision breast IORT, pathology report must confirm no evidence of nodal disease; SLNC may also be performed concurrently with BCS; if this is the case the pathology will not be available prior to IORT Tumor size (based on evaluation of images or pathology if patient in the post-pathology cohort) must be less than or equal to 3 cm Progressive, histologically or cytologically diagnosed low or intermediate grade, neuroendocrine tumors confirmed by the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (NCI) or a pathology laboratory at the enrolling institution; disease progression is defined according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria for progression of disease or any new lesions seen on 68-Gallium DOTATATE within 18 months prior to enrollment (per principal investigator [PI] discretion and if 68-Gallium DOTATATE is performed at the enrolling institution) Must have pathology proven breast cancer. Pathology must be invasive ductal or lobular All pathologic diagnoses of subjects from all enrolling sites will be confirmed with tissue block review of previously obtained specimens by Scott VandenBerg, M.D., Ph.D; this will be done in order to assure uniformity in the above subtypes for these sometimes difficult to diagnose tumors; once consent is obtained, subjects’ tissue/slides and corresponding pathology report should be forwarded for central review at University of California at San Diego (UCSD) BMBx consistent with HCL, reviewed by Laboratory of Pathology, NCI; BMBx may be negative in HCLv in patients with increasing peripheral blood HCLv cells and spleen size Biopsy proven KSHV-associated MCD, confirmed in the Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (CCR) Patients must have histologically or cytologically confirmed prostate cancer confirmed by either the Laboratory of Pathology at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center or Walter Reed National Military Medical Center at Bethesda prior to starting this study. If no pathological specimen is available, patients may enroll with a pathologist’s report showing a histological diagnosis of prostate cancer and clinical course consistent with the disease. Have a diagnosis of multiple myeloma (MM); the MM diagnosis must be confirmed by internal pathology review of a fresh biopsy specimen at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (FHCRC/SCCA) Cytologically or histologically confirmed prostate cancer for which no curative standard approved therapy is available by either the laboratory of pathology at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center or Walter Reed National Military Medical Center at Bethesda prior to starting this study; if no pathologic specimen is available, patients may enroll with a pathologist’s report showing a histological diagnosis of prostate cancer and a clinical course consistent with the disease STRATUM A: Participants with recurrent, progressive, or refractory non-WNT non-SHH (NWNS) medulloblastoma or ependymoma as confirmed through central pathology review STRATUM B: Participants with recurrent, progressive, or refractory CNS tumors as confirmed through central pathology review STRATUM C: Participants with recurrent, progressive, or refractory SHH Medulloblastoma and presence of either a or b as confirmed by central pathology review of the tumor specimen: a) copy number loss of 9q b) PTCH1 mutation City of Hope (COH) Clinical Pathology confirms HER2+ tumor expression by immunohistochemistry (>= 20%, 1+) Have a diagnosis of BCMA+ multiple myeloma (MM) (>= 5% BCMA+ by flow cytometry on CD138 co-expressing plasma cells obtained within 45 days of study enrollment); the MM diagnosis must be confirmed by internal pathology review of a fresh biopsy specimen at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC)/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (SCCA) Histopathological documentation of prostate cancer confirmed in either the Laboratory of Pathology at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center, or Walter Reed National Military Medical Center prior to enrollment; if no pathologic specimen is available, patients may enroll with a pathologist’s report showing a histologic diagnosis of prostate cancer and a clinical course consistent with the disease Have a histological diagnosis of advanced STS (by local pathology review), for which treatment with doxorubicin, ifosfamide and mesna is deemed appropriate by the investigator. Confirmation of diagnosis by internal pathology review of initial or subsequent biopsy or other pathologic material at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC)/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (SCCA)/University of Washington (UW)/Harborview Medical Center (HMC) Has cardiac pathology, defined as: Evidence of brain pathology or increase intracranial pressure. Histologically-proven (preferably confirmed by National Institute of Health [NIH] pathology review if initial pathology was done outside of NIH, but not mandatory), surgically inoperable, PHEO/PGL patients CRITERIA FOR LEUKAPHERESIS AND PRE-THERAPY EVALUATION: History or presence of clinically relevant central nervous system (CNS) pathology that, in the opinion of the PI or designee, is a contraindication to lymphodepleting chemotherapy or huJCAR014 infusion Histologically or cytologically confirmed TNBC based on the most recent analyzed biopsy or other pathology specimen. TNBC determination as per local institution as per standard guidelines. Participants must have histologically or cytologically confirmed carcinoma; central pathology review is not required; however, pathology will be reviewed at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC) at Johns Hopkins Patients with Gilbert’s disease and absent hepatic pathology by history and clinical assessment maybe treated on study with bilirubin > the ULN for the institution if other liver function studies are within the normal range Patients must have a prior diagnosis of grade IV glioma (glioblastoma) per 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, that has progressed after standard radiotherapy (RT) and temozolomide (TMZ) (Note: Pathology will need to be reviewed locally but registration can occur based on pathology report) Confirmation of diagnosis by internal pathology review of initial or subsequent biopsy or other pathologic material at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC)/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (SCCA) Confirmation of MCC by internal pathology review of initial or subsequent biopsy or other pathologic material Non-Ductal Pathology: Lobular or Colloid type presence Histological confirmation of expressing CD20 antigen as determined by pathology at the respective institution and central pathology review at Mayo Clinic Rochester; Notes: for phase I, all types of B-cell lymphomas are allowed to participate; for phase II, only DLBCL patients are allowed to participate; for phase I only, patients with primary mediastinal large B-cell (PMLBCL) or transformed lymphoma are allowed to participate; additional notes regarding slide submission: central pathology review is mandatory, but is retrospective in nature; slides must be submitted =< 30 days after registration to allow for confirmation of DLBCL diagnosis and to have sufficient material for GCB/ABC assessment by a gene-expression profiling method; patients can be enrolled prior to submission of slides; for phase II, if central review of pathology shows that the patient does not have DLBCL or the amount of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) material is not considered sufficient for cell-of-origin (COO) analysis, the patient may remain on the study but the patient should be replaced PHASE II STUDY METASTATIC CASTRATE-RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCER COHORT 4 ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA (MEDI+O ONLY):\r\nHistopathological confirmation of prostate cancer by the Laboratory of Pathology of the NCI or Pathology Department of the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center is required prior to entering this study; patients whose pathology specimens are no longer available may be enrolled if the patient has a clinical course that is consistent with prostate cancer and available documentation from an outside pathology laboratory of the diagnosis; all efforts should be made to have the material forwarded to the research team for use in correlative studies in cases where original tissue blocks or archival biopsy material is available Patients whose pathology has squamous cell features unless there is an unequivocal determination of non-squamous pathology High-grade peritoneal carcinomatosis from appendiceal adenocarcinoma\r\n* Moderate or poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma or “high-grade” carcinoma as designated by University of California San Diego (UCSD) pathologic testing\r\n* May be initially determined from pre-CRS/HIPEC tumor pathology (for screening purposes), but must be confirmed with UCSD pathology from resected tumors as part of CRS/HIPEC Diagnosis of hematologic malignancy meeting at least one of the disease status criteria outlined below; diagnoses from outside laboratories must be confirmed by review in the NCI laboratory of pathology Histologically confirmed high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2, CIN3, or CIN2/3); a copy of the pathology report is required at the time of enrollment; only patients that had their biopsy performed at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Colposcopy clinic will be included City of Hope (COH) Clinical Pathology confirms IL13R alpha 2+ tumor expression by immunohistochemistry (>= 20%, 1+) COH pathology review confirms that research participant's diagnostic material is consistent with a lymphoproliferative B-cell neoplasm City of Hope (COH) pathology review confirms that research participant’s diagnostic material is consistent with history of ALL with history of recurrence/progression/minimal residual disease (MRD) following prior therapy; additionally, CD19 positivity must be documented in a pathology report; however, it is not a requirement that the CD19 testing be performed by a COH pathologist; patients in second complete remission (CR2) or higher with history of CD19+ ALL on previous bone marrow biopsy are also eligible for the study COH pathology review confirms that research participant’s diagnostic material is consistent with ALL; additionally, CD19 positivity must be documented in a pathology report; however it is not a requirement that the CD19 testing be performed by a COH pathologist Baseline laryngeal pathology that would warrant intervention that could affect voice or swallow function Lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) on pathology specimen. Kaposi sarcoma pathologically confirmed by Department of Pathology, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health Pathology confirmation of HL with City of Hope (COH) pathology review Participants must have histologically proven primary (or locally recurrent after prior surgery) soft tissue sarcoma of the retroperitoneum; patients in the phase II portion of the trial will be primary soft tissue sarcomas only; extraskeletal chondrosarcoma is allowed; pathology must be reviewed at treating institution or Dana-Farber (DF)/Harvard Cancer Center (HCC) affiliate prior to study entry (for locally recurrent participants, biopsy and pathology review may be from time of original diagnosis); NOTE: for patients with retroperitoneal neoplasms that have ambiguous histological and/or immunohistochemical findings, the diagnoses of carcinoma, melanoma, and lymphoma should be excluded by immunohistochemical studies with antibodies to broad spectrum cytokeratin (AE1/AE3), S-100, cluster of differentiation (CD)45, or LCA (leucocyte common antigen), respectively; if these diagnoses are excluded by immunohistochemistry, then patients presenting with primary non-visceral retroperitoneal masses that are felt to be \consistent with sarcoma\ shall be considered eligible for this trial Patients must have recurrent or refractory intracranial ependymoma (including myxopapillary, clear cell, papillary, tanycytic, and anaplastic ependymoma) or subependymoma; patients with primary diagnosis of intracranial ependymoma with spinal cord metastases or relapse are eligible; the diagnosis must be confirmed by the Collaborative of Ependymoma Research Network (CERN) enrolling site's pathologist on tissue from either the initial presentation or time of recurrence prior to registration; for central pathology review and trial biological studies, submission of a paraffin block with tumor measuring at least 1 cm x 1 cm in area is preferred, but 15 x 5 micro molar (m) unstained sections on slides may be provided by the referring laboratory instead; tissue must be submitted within 60 days after enrollment for central processing and analysis Pathology reviewed and the diagnosis confirmed at Stanford University Medical Center AR positive tumours defined as any nuclear AR staining by IHC (enrolment may be based on local pathology findings; subsequent review of AR expression by central pathology laboratory will be carried out) History or presence of clinically relevant CNS pathology Male having a diagnosis of clinically-significant prostate cancer (CsPCa) made within the past 12 months (Gleason 7-9) with no evidence of metastatic disease; all outside pathology will be re-reviewed at University of Southern California (USC) to verify diagnosis Histologically proven diagnosis of salivary cancer by central pathology review Participants must undergo central pathology review to histologically confirm the diagnosis of glioblastoma or variants (1 unstained slide or 1 haematoxylin and eosin [H&E] slide must be submitted to and reviewed by a pathologist at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute [DFCI] Coordinating Center prior to enrollment of the participant for central pathology review); participants will not be eligible if the prior diagnosis was low-grade glioma and a subsequent histological diagnosis of glioblastoma or variants was made (e.g. secondary GBM) Patients must have pathologically confirmed, previously untreated, unresected squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, hypopharynx, oropharynx, oral cavity, or carcinoma of unknown head/neck primary within 60 days prior to step 1 registration; submission of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained slides and formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue block (or punch biopsy of FFPE block) to the biospecimen bank at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) for central review for oropharyngeal and unknown primaries and for p16 analysis for all other non- oropharyngeal primaries is mandatory for all patients; investigators should check with their pathology department regarding release of biospecimens before approaching patients about participation in the trial; for oropharyngeal and unknown primaries, submission of H&E and p16 stained slides to the biospecimen bank at UCSF for central review is also required prior to step 2 registration\r\n* Note: fine needle aspirates (FNA) samples are not acceptable since they do not provide enough material for PD-L1 and p16 testing For patients with oropharyngeal cancer only: p16 negative, confirmed by central pathology review p16 positive by immunohistochemistry (defined as greater than 70% strong nuclear or nuclear and cytoplasmic staining of tumor cells, confirmed by central pathology review) Pathology review by the study institution is required Patients must be newly diagnosed and have a confirmed histologic diagnosis of nodular desmoplastic (ND) medulloblastoma or medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity (MBEN) from rapid central pathology screening review; please note: patients with Gorlin syndrome are eligible Patient must agree to submit tissue (i.e., the original haematoxylin/eosin [H/E]-stained slides and immunohistochemistry studies) for central pathology review post-registration Histologically confirmed follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma, World Health Organization (WHO) classification grade 1, 2, or 3a (> 15 centroblasts per high-power field with centrocytes present)\r\n* Bone marrow biopsies as the sole means of diagnosis are not acceptable, but they may be submitted in conjunction with nodal biopsies\r\n* Fine-needle aspirates are not acceptable\r\n* Failure to submit pathology within 60 days of patient registration will be considered a major protocol violation Significant ongoing immunologic rejection based on pathology and clinical diagnosis (from time of transplant until randomization) Adequate sections or a paraffin block from the original diagnostic specimen must be submitted for review by the lymphoma pathology group Patients must have documented low-grade serous carcinoma; confirmation must occur by prospective pathology review prior to study entry; the prospective pathology review can be done on tissue from the recurrent carcinoma or from original diagnostic specimen If central pathology review indicates a diagnosis other than ATC, the participant may continue treatment with lenvatinib per standard of care, at the discretion of the treating investigator. Participants deemed to have another diagnosis (not ATC) will be taken off this study and replaced for the purpose of efficacy analyses. AMKL PATIENTS: Patients must have a confirmed diagnosis (by blood or bone marrow) of relapsed/refractory acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL), as defined by World Health Organization (WHO) criteria\r\n* NOTE: if diagnosis was performed an outside facility, a copy of the report is sufficient for registration purposes; however, local pathology review at one of the main sites should still be obtained MF PATIENTS: Patients must have a confirmed diagnosis (by blood or bone marrow) of myelofibrosis (MF), as defined by WHO criteria\r\n* NOTE: if diagnosis was performed an outside facility, a copy of the report is sufficient for registration purposes; however, local pathology review at one of the main sites should still be obtained Pathology confirmed by treating institution’s pathology department Availability of a representative tumor specimen and the corresponding pathology report for retrospective central confirmation of the diagnosis of FL Patients must have a histologically proven diagnosis of endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma by endometrial curettage or biopsy within 8 weeks prior to registration; central pathology review will be required as part of the study but not for registration purposes Availability of a representative tumor specimen and the corresponding pathology report for retrospective central confirmation of the diagnosis of FL or DLBCL For patients with stage I or II disease, specimens for rapid central review have been submitted and the rapid central review diagnosis and staging must be available to be provided on the AHEP0731 eligibility case report form (CRF) Patients with stage I or II disease who do not have specimens submitted for rapid central pathology review by day 14 after initial surgical resection Availability of a representative tumor specimen and the corresponding pathology report for retrospective central confirmation of the diagnosis of FL or DLBCL Pathology material: hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain and immunohistochemistry (IHC) slides or a representative formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue block along with the pathology report from initial diagnosis, should be sent to be reviewed, and the diagnosis confirmed by Mayo Clinic department (retrospective diagnostic review: treatment may commence prior to the Mayo Clinic review) Participants must have pathologically confirmed soft-tissue sarcoma, which is metastatic or unresectable, sarcoma with no curative multimodality options (pathology review required for patients with pathology not previously reviewed at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute [DFCI], Brigham and Women's Hospital [BWH] or Massachusetts General Hospital [MGH]) Central pathology review submission; Note: this review for MART-1 positivity is mandatory prior to randomization to confirm eligibility If slides of the primary tumor are not available for review, a biopsy of the recurrent or persistent tumor is required to confirm at least 50% clear cell histomorphology; the percentage of involvement must be documented in the pathology report or in an addendum to the original report City of Hope (COH) pathology review confirms that research participant's diagnostic material is consistent with history of intermediate or high grade B-cell NHL (e.g., DLBCL, MCL, or transformed NHL) Collection of archival tissue specimens – outside institution biopsies need to be reviewed by Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH) pathology department for confirmation of MCC; available slides and blocks from outside institutions will be requested by the patient coordinator and sent to the BWH pathology department for review; if unavailable, new tumor biopsy will be required prior entering in the study Adults with a confirmed pathologic diagnosis of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma by the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (NCI) when such tissue is available to confirm or in the event that outside tissue is not available:\r\n* An outside pathology report confirms the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma (Pheo)/paraganglioma (PGL), AND\r\n* The patient has nuclear medicine imaging studies that would only be positive in an adult patient with a diagnosis of Pheo/PGL (fluorordopa [F-DOPA], Dotatate, fluorodopamine [F-Dopamine] or metaiodobenzylguanidine [MIBG]) Patients must have a histologically confirmed diagnosis of metastatic or locally advanced, unresectable:\r\n* Soft tissue sarcomas (non-liposarcoma)\r\n* Osteosarcoma\r\n* Liposarcoma-high grade, de-differentiated, or myxoid\r\n* Note: pathology is not required to be reviewed at the treating institution; a copy of the pathology report is sufficient for eligibility purposes History of or current relevant CNS pathology Diagnosis of malignancy must be confirmed by the department of pathology at the institution where the patient is being enrolled prior to patient enrollment Patients must have a histologically or cytologically confirmed non-central nervous system (CNS) primary solid malignancy at the time of initial diagnosis; NOTE: brain lesions are not required to have pathologic confirmation; in addition, a copy of the pathology report for the primary tumor is sufficient for registration purposes Histopathological documentation of prostate cancer confirmed in the Laboratory of Pathology at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center, or Walter Reed National Military Medical Center prior to enrollment; if no pathologic specimen is available, patients may enroll with a pathologist's report showing a histologic diagnosis of prostate cancer and a clinical course consistent with the disease Patients must have histologically or cytologically confirmed prostate cancer confirmed by either the Laboratory of Pathology at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center at Bethesda prior to starting this study; if no pathologic specimen is available, patients may enroll with a pathologist's report showing a histological diagnosis of prostate cancer and a clinical course consistent with the disease Cytologic or histologic proof pancreatic ductal carcinoma is required prior to study entry; diagnosis must be confirmed by a Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Center (DFHCC) institution pathology department prior to registration Patients with Gilbert’s disease and absent hepatic pathology by history and clinical assessment maybe treated on study with bilirubin > the ULN for the institution if other liver function studies are within the normal range Original breast core biopsy specimen available for pathologic review and staining by Yale School of Medicine Department of Pathology Histolo-cytologically proven PMLBL (phase II)\r\n* PMLBL without central nervous system (CNS) involvement\r\n* Slides will be reviewed by the national pathology panel, but review is not mandatory before registration Cytologic or histologic proof pancreatic ductal carcinoma is required prior to study entry; diagnosis must be confirmed by the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) pathology department Tumor specimen must be available for a central pathology review and prognostic and predictive biomarker evaluation Histologically confirmed CD30+ disease by central laboratory assessment and pathology review Histologically documented mantle cell lymphoma with co-expression of CD20 and CD5 and lack of CD23 expression by immunophenotyping and at least one of the following confirmatory tests: 1) positive immunostaining for cyclin D1; 2) the presence of t(11;14) on cytogenetic analysis; OR 3) molecular evidence of B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 1 (bcl-1)/immunoglobulin heavy locus (IgH) rearrangement\r\n* Cases that are CD5-negative and/or CD23-positive will be eligible provided that the histopathology is consistent with mantle cell lymphoma AND positive for cyclin D1, t(11;14), or bcl-1/IgH rearrangement\r\n* A tissue block or unstained slides (10 – 20 slides) will be submitted to the Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI) Pathology Department for central pathology review\r\n* A diagnosis based on peripheral blood or bone marrow aspirate is allowed; if the diagnosis is based only on blood, in addition to the immunophenotype and molecular confirmation above, a peripheral blood smear must be available for central pathology review; if the diagnosis is based on a bone marrow, the bone marrow core biopsy or aspirate clot tissue block will be submitted to the RPCI Pathology Department: if the tissue block is not available please submit the diagnostic smears for review Cytologic or histologic proof of pancreatic ductal carcinoma is required prior to study entry; diagnosis must be confirmed by the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) pathology department prior to registration Patients previously treated outside of Northwestern must have their pathology slides sent to Northwestern for review and confirmation\r\n* NOTE: a copy of the pathology report is sufficient for registration Participants must have histologically or cytologically confirmed carcinoma; central pathology review is not required; however, pathology will be reviewed at Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH)/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) TP53 sequencing by NGS performed by central pathology lab Participants must have undergone biopsy or attempted surgical resection and\r\nmust have histologically confirmed medulloblastoma or pineoblastoma; confirmation\r\nof pathology at treating institution is preferred prior to beginning study treatment, but may be received two weeks after radiation start Diagnosis of malignancy must be confirmed by the department of pathology at the institution where the patient is enrolled prior to patient enrollment Patients must have histologically confirmed alveolar soft part sarcoma; pathology should be confirmed at the Laboratory of Pathology, National Institutes of Health Kaposi’s sarcoma pathologically confirmed by Center for Cancer Research (CCR) pathology Tumor material available for central 1p/19q assessment, central O6-methylguanine-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methyltransferase promoter methylation status assessment, isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation analysis, and central pathology review Patients must have a histologically confirmed diagnosis of a malignancy known to express GD2; such tumors include medulloblastoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the central nervous system (CNS), high grade astrocytomas, malignant glioma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, ependymoma, rhabdoid tumors, sarcomas, melanoma or small cell lung carcinoma; for patients with other tumor types, GD2 expression must be confirmed by immunohistochemical staining and assessed by the Department of Pathology using prior frozen tissue, bone marrow or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology Stage IIB-IV mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome who have failed at least one standard systemic therapy or are not candidates for standard therapy; (pathology should be reviewed and diagnosis confirmed at Thomas Jefferson University Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center) Histologically confirmed metastatic and/or advanced malignant mesothelin-positive solid tumors as determined by central pathology lab review Histologically confirmed metastatic and/or advanced mesothelin-positive PDA as determined by central pathology lab review Histology slides and pathology material must be available at the site for each patient before enrollment in order to be sent to the leading institution of the study for central pathology review and pharmacodynamic studies TREATMENT: NCI Laboratory of Pathology confirmation of diagnosis of sarcomas, melanomas, germ cell tumors, or epithelial malignancies metastatic to the lungs, mediastinum, or pleura must have been obtained Histologic sections for all patients must be submitted for pathology review; failure to submit pathology materials will render the patient non-evaluable for response but evaluable for toxicities Subjects must have HER2-positive tumors and written clinical pathology report documentation of HER2 status available for Sponsor's Medical Monitor review. Subjects for whom the clinical pathology report includes only IHC as 3+ (does not reflex to ISH) may enroll without a written report of ISH determined HER2 copy number, provided the investigative site confirms that archival tissue is available. Cytologic or histologic proof of pancreatic ductal carcinoma is required prior to study entry; this diagnosis must be confirmed by pathology review at a Dana-Farber (DF)/Harvard Cancer Center (HCC) institution Histological confirmation of intermediate or high grade soft-tissue sarcoma. Tissue must be sent to a central pathology lab for review but will not preclude entry onto the study. Final assignment of tumor grade and histology will be based on the designation provided by the central pathology review. The Phase II, single-arm NF Cohort (Arm G) will be required to submit tissue and pathology report for central pathology review. Histologically proven ependymoma or anaplastic ependymoma; there must be pathologic or imaging confirmation of tumor progression or regrowth; the patients histologic diagnosis must be confirmed on central pathology review prior to registration step 2 A diagnosis of locally-assessed, biopsy-proven EBV+ PTLD with a pathology sample available for central review Histologically proven, unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic liposarcoma (dedifferentiated, myxoid round cell, or pleomorphic) or leiomyosarcoma. Participants must have a pathology report indicating the diagnosis of liposarcoma or leiomyosarcoma that has been reviewed by the sponsor before randomization may occur Pathology specimens (example [e.g.], tumor blocks or unstained slides) for potential centralized pathology review and biomarker studies Collection of the specimen: Pathology specimens (example (e.g.), tumor blocks or unstained slides) for potential centralized pathology review and biomarker studies is not applicable Histopathological confirmation of carcinoma in the setting of clinical and radiological characteristics which, together with the pathology, are highly suggestive of a diagnosis of HCC Patients must have unequivocal evidence for tumor recurrence or progression by histology as determined by review of pathology by an attending neuro-pathologist at UCSF Patients must have a histologically confirmed diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL); the World Health Organization (WHO) classification will be used to sub-classify the NHL; original pathology reports will be used to confirm eligibility; review of biopsy tissue slides will be attempted, but not necessary for eligibility Exhibits signs of respiratory tract pathology (including a sore throat preoperatively) Airway pathology/facial abnormality Referred to Section of Speech Pathology and Audiology for swallowing evaluation Patients with nerve pathology or clinically identified neuropathy Previous or existing pathology of the external or middle ear which would preclude auditory testing and/or intratympanic dexamethasone delivery Previous or existing pathology of the central nervous system with potential to impact auditory pathways (i.e. major head trauma, meningitis, encephalitis, brain metastasis, vestibular schwannoma) Salivary gland hypofunction regardless of underlying pathology Previous diagnosis of Barrett’s esophagus, confirmed by pathology Diagnosis of an abnormal Pap will be confirmed by pathology report Women diagnosed with DCIS or ADH lesions detected by pathology Patients with high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions (CIN2/3) confirmed by colposcopy, biopsy, and review of the biopsy pathology slides by two pathologists There is documented concordance* between the initial breast imaging finding and the core biopsy pathology report; the core needle biopsy must contain FEA or IPWA, according to the local pathologist; (it is possible that the central pathology review which is done after the patient is registered on this protocol will have a diagnosis discrepant from that made by the original institution’s pathologist; in that case, the study team will communicate this to the original institution’s site investigator within one week of the date of the central pathology review having been finalized); patients may have a personal history of prior or concurrent fibroadenoma and a prior history of proliferative breast lesions with or without atypia\r\n* Concordance is a determination by the radiologist (or his or her covering provider) performing an image-guided core needle biopsy that the pathology report from this procedure corresponds to the imaging appearance of a given lesion and that the said lesion’s most representative portion has been sampled Discordance between the initial breast imaging finding and the core biopsy pathology report Pathology proven diagnosis of colon or colorectal carcinoma. Patients must have histologically confirmed primary or metastatic cancer; if biopsies were performed at an outside facility, the histology must be reviewed and confirmed by the Department of Pathology at the City of Hope Patients must have a history of histologically or cytologically confirmed prostate cancer; the outside pathology report is acceptable for study entry; every effort will be made to acquire the outside pathology slides to be confirmed by the Laboratory of Pathology, NCI Pathologic evidence (either diagnostic pathology slides or pathology report) of a diagnosis of World Health Organization (WHO) grade II or III glioma prior to treatment with temozolomide or PCV chemotherapy Location of cancer specified in the pathology report Pathology reviewed by Moffitt pathologist Pathology not reviewed by Moffitt pathologist Exposure risk for KSHV infection (including being a first or second generation immigrant from an endemic area, or male-to-male sexual activity) or evidence of KSHV infection demonstrated by one of:\r\n* Molecular evidence of KSHV in whole blood, confirmed by testing at Focus Laboratories, CA (human herpes virus-8 [HHV-8] quantitative polymerase chain reaction [PCR], Focus Unit Code 45700)\r\n* Immunohistochemical evidence of KSHV in tissues (for example by staining for latency\r\nassociated nuclear antigen [LANA] or viral [v] IL-6) confirmed in the Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI)\r\n* Presence of KS or primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) (KSHV-associated malignancies), confirmed in the Laboratory of Pathology, CCR, NCI Biopsy proven KSHV-associated multicentric Castleman disease (MCD), confirmed in the Laboratory of Pathology, CCR, NCI Women must have newly diagnosed histologically confirmed ER positive (+) DCIS scheduled to undergo surgical therapy; the pathology report (signed pathology report from attending pathologist) from each individual institution will be used to determine eligibility\r\n* Note: After the patient has completed the study and the slides have been sent to Northwestern University (NU), our pathologists will review the slides to confirm the diagnosis\r\n* Note: DCIS suspicious for micro invasion is eligible on core biopsy Inability to return to Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) for frequent scheduled hydration sessions post-chemotherapy Histologically diagnosed metastatic cancer (diagnosis made or confirmed at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center [MSKCC] for MSKCC participants; institutional pathologic determination accepted from participating multicenter sites) Histological diagnosis of melanoma confirmed at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Histologic proof of melanoma reviewed and confirmed by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Diagnosis of NB as defined by international criteria, i.e., histopathology (confirmed by the Memorial Sloan-Kettering [MSK] Department of Pathology) or bone marrow metastases plus high urine catecholamine levels Confirmed tissue diagnosis of esophageal squamous cell cancer, adenocarcinoma or poorly differentiated carcinoma, with pathology reviewed at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Patients must have histologically confirmed MM by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) pathologist, with MM cells expressing BCMA, previously treated with 2+ prior lines of therapy including an immunomodulatory imide drug (IMiD) and a PI, either with refractory, persistent, or progressive disease PSA doubling time (PSADT) =< 6 months, based upon >= 3 consecutive measurements collected in the past 12 months, at least 4 weeks apart, calculating using the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) calculator Diagnosis of NB as defined by a) histopathology (confirmed by the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center [MSK] Department of Pathology), or b) BM metastases or metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG)-avid lesion(s) plus high urine catecholamine levels As per self report, identifying as an informal caregiver to Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) patients of any site or stage of cancer A diagnosis of dedifferentiated liposarcoma confirmed at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Diagnosis of NB as defined by international criteria, i.e., histopathology (confirmed by the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center [MSKCC] Department of Pathology) or bone marrow metastases plus high urine catecholamine levels The preoperative Memorial Sloan-Kettering (MSK) nomogram estimates the patient’s likelihood of freedom from metastatic recurrence within the first 12 years following radical or partial nephrectomy to be =< 80% Patients must have recurrent OS; OS must be verified by histopathology review by the site's Department of Pathology; (patients registered at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center [MSKCC] must have pathology confirmed by MSKCC Department of Pathology) Patients must have histologic or cytologic proof of a non-hematologic malignancy confirmed by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) pathologic review Patients must have a diagnosis of neuroblastoma (International Classification of Disease for Oncology [ICD-O] morphology 9500/3) confirmed by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) pathologic review Previously untreated stage IV lung adenocarcinoma confirmed at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Diagnosis of NB as defined by international criteria, i.e., histopathology (confirmed by the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center [MSKCC] Department of Pathology) or BM metastases plus high urine catecholamine levels Symptomatic multiple myeloma, International Staging System (ISS) stage 1-3 with confirmed diagnosis of multiple myeloma at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Diagnosis of NB defined by a) histopathology (confirmed by the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center [MSKCC] Department of Pathology), or b) bone marrow (BM) metastases or meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG)-avid lesion(s) plus high urine catecholamine levels Previous systemic anti-cancer therapy for T-cell lymphoma must have been discontinued at least 3 weeks prior to treatment; for the dose expansion phase, in progressing subjects, a 2 week washout may be allowed after discussion with Memorial Sloan-Kettering (MSK) principal investigator Medical illness unrelated to Hodgkin lymphoma, which, in the opinion of the attending physician and/or Memorial Sloan Kettering (MSK) principal investigator, makes participation in this study inappropriate Diagnosis of neuroblastoma (NB) as defined by international criteria, i.e., histopathology (confirmed by the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center [MSKCC] Department of Pathology) or bone marrow metastases plus high urine catecholamine levels Patients must have the diagnosis of NB in accordance with the international criteria, i.e., either histopathology (confirmed by the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center [MSKCC] Department of Pathology) or bone marrow (BM) involvement plus elevated urinary catecholamines The target tumor is limited to neuroblastoma and other GD2-positive solid tumors; diagnosis should be histologically verified at Children’s Hospital of Michigan (CHM) or Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Morphologic confirmation of a diagnosis of AML or ALL at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Patients must have pathologically or cytologically Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) confirmed diagnosis of gastric or GEJ adenocarcinoma For the dose-escalation phase, a phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) mutation is also required; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) or outside documentation is acceptable Subjects with a history of coronary artery disease may be included if they have had a normal stress test within 60 days of enrollment and/or were cleared by Memorial Sloan Kettering (MSK) cardiology Histologically confirmed high-grade upper tract transitional cell carcinoma at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) or a participating site and/or radiographically visible tumor stage T2-T4a N0/X M0 disease with positive selective urinary cytology; hydronephrosis associated with tumor on imaging or biopsy will be considered invasive by definition Newly diagnosed or recurrent thymoma - World Health Organization (WHO) A, AB, B1, B2, or B3 or thymic carcinoma, pathologically confirmed at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) or City of Hope Confirmed histologic diagnosis of invasive adenocarcinoma of the breast, including Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) pathology confirmation Histologic confirmation of prostate cancer at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Diagnosis of NB as defined by international criteria i.e., histopathology (confirmed by the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center [MSKCC] Department of Pathology) or bone marrow metastases plus high urine catecholamine levels Medically appropriate candidate for radical cystectomy, as per Memorial Sloan-Kettering (MSK) or participating site attending urologic oncologist Histopathological documentation of prostate cancer confirmed in either the Laboratory of Pathology at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), or Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) or Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) prior to enrollment; if no pathologic specimen is available, patients may enroll with a pathologist’s report showing a histologic diagnosis of prostate cancer and a clinical course consistent with the disease Previous systemic anti-cancer therapy must have been discontinued at least 3 weeks prior to treatment and adverse effects must have resolved to =< grade 1 or baseline; in the phase IIa portion, in progressing subjects, a 2 week washout may be allowed after discussion with the Memorial Sloan-Kettering (MSK) principal investigator Locally and/or regionally advanced (M0) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (American Joint Committee on Cancer [AJCC] stage III-IVB), cytologically or pathologically confirmed by Department of Pathology at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), for which curative-intent radiation therapy is planned Patients must have Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) pathologically confirmed diagnosis of one of the following tumor types: \r\n* Ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer\r\n* Ovarian carcinosarcoma\r\n* Endometrial cancer\r\n* Endometrial carcinosarcoma Patients currently on the phase I trial combining perifosine + temsirolimus (Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center [MSKCC] Institutional Review Board [IRB] #09-058: Phase I/II Trial of Temsirolimus and Perifosine for Recurrent or Progressive Malignant Gliomas; National Cancer Institute [NCI]-Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program #8249) who cannot continue treatment on the Phase I trial because of inadequate drug supply are eligible and will be continue being treated at the current dose they are receiving Pathologically or cytologically Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) confirmed esophagogastric adenocarcinoma Patients with synovial sarcoma confirmed by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) pathological review Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) pathologically-proven diagnosis of locally advanced stage III not amenable to definitive, curative treatment or stage IV or recurrent non-small cell lung cancer Patients who are unwilling to consent to mandatory tumor biopsy; patients with archival tissue permitted to enroll on study per Memorial Sloan-Kettering (MSK) principal investigator discretion Histological documented diagnosis of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) confirmed by a Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) pathologist. Undergoing a laparotomy procedure via a vertical midline incision for any indication with the gynecology service at Memorial Sloan Kettering (MSK) Histologically proven recurrent World Health Organization (WHO) grade II (atypical) or grade III (anaplastic) intracranial supratentorial meningioma; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) central review of histology is not required History of breast cancer or endometrial cancer confirmed at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) or outside pathology report Histologic proof of melanoma reviewed and confirmed by Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Advanced renal cell carcinoma of non-clear cell histology with papillary features, histologically confirmed by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) pathology; advanced disease is defined as unresectable, locally recurrent disease or metastatic disease; availability of additional tissue for correlative studies is NOT an inclusion requirement Histologically documented (pathology confirmed at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center [MSKCC]), incurable, locally advanced or metastatic solid tumor malignancy, lymphoma, or MPN; the safety-expansion phase will be open to accrual only for patients with MPN Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) histologically confirmed ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal carcinoma EXPANSION COHORT ONLY: Metastatic or locally advanced unresectable urothelial carcinoma with histologic or cytologic confirmation at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) or Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Histologically confirmed diagnosis of GCT (nonseminoma or seminoma in men; non-dysgerminomas, dysgerminomas, or germinomas in women or patients with pineal gland GCT) at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) of any primary site (includes female GCT and intracranial GCT) Pathologic evidence of advanced stage IV or recurrent lung adenocarcinoma reviewed at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Patient must have pathologically or cytologically Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) confirmed esophageal, gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma by the enrolling institution Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC)-reviewed pathologically proven diagnosis of primary bladder urothelial carcinoma without evidence of regional (nodal) or distant spread (cT1-T4a, Nx or N0) Patients must have adequate access for leukapheresis procedure as assessed by staff from the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Donor Room Pathologically confirmed diagnosis of malignant pleural mesothelioma at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Patients with breast cancer that is pathologically confirmed at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) (pathology from outside institutions is acceptable for the screening phase of the protocol) and defined by the following:\r\n* HER2 negative (in cases of mixed HER2 results, the most recent pathology results considered reflective of the active cancer will be considered) \r\n* Previously treated with at least 1 chemotherapy regimen for metastatic disease and documented progression Histologically confirmed metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), including nasopharynx World Health Organization (WHO) type I-III histologies; patients can have simultaneous loco-regional disease; central biopsy review at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) is not required Lung adenocarcinoma histology confirmed at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Pathologic evidence of advanced (non-operable or metastatic) biopsy-proven stage IV or recurrent lung cancer reviewed at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) confirmed diagnosis of multiple myeloma that has relapsed or is resistant after therapy with at least one immunomodulatory drug (i.e. lenalidomide, thalidomide) and at least one proteasome inhibitor Patients who have undergone T-cell depleted allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) for: Patients meeting the following exclusion criteria will be excluded from the functional MRI portion only:\r\n* Metallic implant exclusions will be determined per institutional policies\r\n** Pacemakers and defibrillators are excluded\r\n** Stents etc. will be evaluated according to Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) policy\r\n* Unmanageable claustrophobia\r\n* High risk for nephrogenic systemic fibrosis Histologically confirmed intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (also variously reported as peripheral cholangiocarcinoma, cholangiolar carcinoma or cholangiocellular carcinoma) (ICC); confirmation of the diagnosis at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) or at the enrolling institution must be obtained prior to initiation of protocol therapy Histologically-confirmed metastatic adenocarcinoma of the breast (confirmation will be done at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center [MSKCC]) History of histologically confirmed colorectal adenocarcinoma metastatic to the liver with no clinical or radiographic evidence of extrahepatic disease; confirmation of diagnosis must be performed at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Scheduled for partial nephrectomy at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) (open or minimally invasive technique) during which renal ischemia is anticipated Pathologically confirmed recurrent or metastatic advanced solid tumor, for which there is no curative-intent treatment option; pathology confirmation must be performed at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) A diagnosis of cancer with no restrictions placed on type of cancer, other than that patients with metastatic disease will be excluded; eligibility criteria are not restricted to Memorial Sloan Kettering (MSK) confirmed biopsy/diagnosis; participating institution's testing is sufficient for other study sites Patients scheduled for radical prostatectomy for the treatment of prostate cancer with one of the consenting surgeons at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Patients who will receive induction chemotherapy followed by combined chemoradiotherapy at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) for localized stage I-III esophageal or gastroesophageal junction cancer FOCUS GROUP: IC to a Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) patient with GBM who died a year or more ago Histologically or cytologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ); pathology must be confirmed at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center As per medical record, radical prostatectomy (RP) conducted either at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) or at another institution Currently a patient of Dr. Christian Nelson at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Counseling Center Pathologically confirmed gastric, gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) or esophageal, adenocarcinoma at either Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) or a participating site (biopsy may be performed at other institutions but slides must be confirmed at MSKCC or a participating site, as is routine care at our institution) Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK) histologically confirmed early-stage operable breast cancer (patients with HER-2 negative or HER-2 positive breast cancer are eligible) PHASE II: Completed initial surgical consult with breast cancer surgeon at Cancer Institute of New Jersey (CINJ)/Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)/Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and is considering CPM, regardless of the surgical treatment of their primary breast cancer (lumpectomy/mastectomy) Patient in the Sarcoma, Solid Tumor Gastrointestinal (ST GI), or Thoracic Medicine service at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK) Scheduled to receive anthracycline chemotherapy followed by anti-HER2 therapy at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Histologic diagnosis confirmed by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) pathologist as mantle cell lymphoma Cancer treatment expected plan to include hospitalization for surgical treatment for at least 2 days at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) as per the patients’ clinical team Histologically-confirmed invasive breast cancer by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) History of non-metastatic breast cancer (ductal carcinoma in situ [DCIS] or stage I, II, or III) as recorded in the medical record at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), by self-report, or by outside correspondence, including a study checklist signed by a physician for patients outside of MSKCC Memorial Sloan Kettering (MSK) histologically confirmed metastatic breast cancer Stage 1-4 invasive breast cancer that is histologically confirmed at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Classified as International Society of Lymphology (ISL) stage II or higher as determined by a Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) certified lymphedema therapist (CLT) Female subjects of childbearing potential must have a negative serum pregnancy test as per Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) guidelines Clinical breast exam interpreted as benign (not suspicious for cancer) at Memorial Sloan Kettering (MSK) All pathology will be reviewed at Memorial Sloan-Kettering (MSK) to confirm diagnosis Baseline MP-MRI, which is obtained at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) main campus on the 3-tesla Philips MRI unit as part of the standard (clinical) staging assessment demonstrates at least one dominant or visible lesion which measures >= 0.5 cm in maximum axial diameter as assessed on T2-weighted images Histologically-confirmed (confirmation done at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center [MSKCC]) metastatic adenocarcinoma of the breast Patients selecting treatment outside of Memorial Sloan Kettering (MSK) Scheduled to undergo surgery at Memorial Sloan-Kettering (MSK) Planned radical prostatectomy at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Patients with history of histologically-confirmed malignant solid tumor (histology confirmed by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center [MSKCC] Department of Pathology); NOTE: an exception will be made for patients with brain lesions; patients identified by a radiologist to have a brain lesion with high suspicion for neoplasm given MRI features will be enrolled, prior to histological confirmation Patients who are already eligible for and are to be treated with hypofractionated or single dose radiation for their spinal lesions\r\n* Note: The patients must have their treatments at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Patients with the diagnosis of neuroblastoma must meet both of the following criteria: \r\n* Diagnosis confirmed by histological assessment by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Department of Pathology or by the presence of bone marrow (BM) metastases PLUS elevated urinary catecholamines\r\n* Relapsed or refractory stage 4 disease or relapsed or refractory stage v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene neuroblastoma derived homolog (MYCN)-amplified 2B or 3 disease Histologically confirmed diagnosis of melanoma, breast cancer, or gynecologic cancer at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Registered patient at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Pathologic confirmation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Patients with history of histologically-confirmed solid malignancy and/or lymphoma (histology confirmed by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Department of Pathology) Patients with (current or past) history of solid malignancy, myeloproliferative neoplasm, myeloma, and/or lymphoma histology confirmed by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Department of Pathology Histologically confirmed diagnosis of melanoma or malignant brain tumor at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Patients with histologically-confirmed (confirmation done at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center [MSKCC]) malignancies Histology confirmed by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Department of Pathology Staging imaging workup including a baseline MRI of the prostate and pelvis performed at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Women presenting for evaluation at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) with biopsy proven invasive ductal cancer (IDC) or invasive lobular cancer (ILC) Patients with histologically confirmed prostate cancer at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Patients with primary locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma (0-18 cm from the anal verge) confirmed by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) pathologist and eligible to undergo chemoradiation and surgical resection at MSKCC Radiographically resectable PDAC as adjudicated by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) surgical oncologist without evidence of distant metastases by computed tomography (CT) or by laparoscopy, if performed at the discretion of the surgeon* Be seen regularly (at least monthly) at a Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) gastrointestinal (GI) medical oncology clinic All Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) prognostic scores allowed