Appropriate for protocol entry based upon the following minimum diagnostic workup:\r\n* History/physical examination including examination for encephalopathy, ascites, weight, height, and blood pressure within days prior to study entry\r\n* Assessment by radiation oncologist and medical oncologist or hepatologist who specializes in treatment of HCC within days prior to study entry\r\n* Pre-randomization scan (REQUIRED for all patients): Within days prior to study entry, CT scan chest/abdomen/pelvis or positron emission tomography (PET) CT chest/abdomen/pelvis with multiphasic liver CT or multiphasic liver magnetic resonance (MR) scan (MRI of abdomen and pelvis with contrast with CT chest) is permitted Absence of residual disease and absence of metastasis, as confirmed by a negative baseline computed tomography (CT) of the pelvis, abdomen, and chest no more than weeks prior to randomization. Confirmation of disease-free status will be assessed by an independent central radiologic review of imaging data. Investigations, including chest X-ray or computed tomography (CT) chest, bone scan (with radiographs of suspicious areas) and abdominal ultrasound or liver scan or CT abdomen have been performed between the first histologic diagnosis and the time of registration\r\n* Chest X-ray, view (or chest CT, or positron emission tomography [PET]/CT) is required only if clinically indicated or recommended by National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines\r\n* Bone scans (with x-rays of abnormal areas) are required only if indicated or recommended by NCCN guidelines\r\n* Abdominal imaging is required only if clinically indicated or recommended by NCCN guidelines Clinical stage: TN, TN, TN\r\n* N disease is to be estimated as four or more lymph nodes that are >= mm\r\n* Clinical staging should be estimated based on the combination of the following assessments: physical exam by the primary surgeon, computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan of the chest/abdomen/pelvis and either a pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or an ultrasound (endorectal ultrasound [ERUS]); if a pelvic MRI is performed, it is acceptable to perform CT of the chest/abdomen, omitting CT imaging of the pelvis Baseline chest computed tomography (CT) must be performed within month ( days) of randomization to ensure no evidence of disease; if clinically indicated, additional imaging studies must be performed to rule out metastatic disease Metastatic disease as evidenced by the presence of soft tissue and/or bone metastases on imaging studies (CT/magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] of abdomen/pelvis, bone scintigraphy or NaF PET/CT) Patients with T disease must have cross-sectional imaging of abdomen/pelvis demonstrating no evidence of nodal involvement or metastatic disease (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] or computed tomography [CT] scan) within days prior to registration; patients with T disease must have re-resection confirming =< T disease within days prior to registration Patients with evidence of extramedullary disease at diagnosis will have computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest, abdomen and pelvis to obtain baseline values within days prior to registration The following imaging workup to document metastases within days prior to study registration are required: CT scans of the chest, abdomen and pelvis with radionuclide bone scan OR whole body (at least skullbase to midthigh) positron emission tomography (PET)/CT No evidence of metastatic cancer on imaging including a bone scan and computed tomography (CT) scan of chest/abdomen/pelvis Patients with evidence of extramedullary disease at diagnosis will have computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis to obtain baseline values within days prior to registration Chest imaging =< months of enrollment, including computed tomography (CT)-scan or chest x-ray Systemic staging of the chest/abdomen (abd), pelvis is required for study entry; body fluid will be assessed based on this study Scans used to determine eligibility (CT scan of the chest/abdomen/pelvis and liver) must be performed within days prior to initiation of Induction Phase treatment. Absence of residual disease and absence of metastasis, as confirmed by a negative baseline computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging scan of the pelvis, abdomen, and chest no more than weeks prior to randomization Patients must have had at least a computed tomography (CT) of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis within weeks of registration in the trial; CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain is only required in the presence of neurologic symptoms Patients with muscle-invasive (i.e. T, T, T), locally advanced non-resectable, or metastatic urothelial carcinoma as assessed on baseline radiographic imaging obtained within days prior to study registration; the required radiographic imaging includes:\r\n* Abdomen/Pelvis computed tomography (CT) scan\r\n* Chest chest x-ray or CT scan Has visceral metastases with >= lung and/or liver metastases or individual lesion >= cm, as assessed by computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest/abdomen/pelvis within the last weeks prior to randomization Clinical stage TN, TN, TN; high risk T and low risk T stage patients are also allowed. Clinical staging should be estimated based on the combination of the following assessments: physical exam by the primary surgeon, computed tomography (CT) chest/abdomen/pelvis or positron-emission tomography (PET)/CT along with pelvic MRI and endoscopic rectal ultrasound (ERUS). If a pelvic MRI is performed, it is acceptable to perform CT of the chest/abdomen, omitting CT imaging of the pelvis. Locoregional lymph node metastases are permitted but patients with distant metastases are ineligible; imaging to evaluate for distant metastases should consist of a minimum of computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of abdomen/pelvis or CT urogram and a chest x-ray (CXR) or CT chest; patients for which there is clinical suspicion or symptoms of bone metastasis should have a bone scan completed to rule out metastatic disease prior to enrollment on study To be eligible for randomization, patients must: \r\n* Meet all the inclusion criteria;\r\n* Have no progression of disease after - weeks of osimertinib per RECIST .. (To assess for progressive disease patients must have the following imaging: \r\n** Either a positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scan or a CT scan of the chest/abdomen/pelvis (or CT chest) ** A CT scan or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain);\r\n* Have target lesions (lesions that will be treated with LCT if the patient is randomized to that arm). Patients that have a complete response (CR) to front-line osimertinib (e.g. no visible disease to target) will continue to be followed for progression on study but will not be randomized Must be tumor-free as assessed by the Investigator and validated by either computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the brain and chest, abdomen, and pelvis and a bone scan ? days from randomization. Absence of baseline imaging studies (CT abdomen/pelvis and Chest x-ray minimum) both prior to beginning chemotherapy and following chemotherapy Metastatic disease as evidenced by soft tissue and/or bony metastases on baseline bone scan and/or computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis Appropriate stage for study entry based on the following diagnostic workup:\r\n* History/physical examination within days prior to registration;\r\n* Computed tomography (CT) imaging of the chest, abdomen and pelvis within days prior to registration documenting disease consistent with FIGO stage Ill or IV disease (patients who cannot receive contrast may instead undergo magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] of abdomen and pelvis along with non-contrast chest CT); Pretreatment computed tomography (CT) chest /abdomen /pelvis within days of protocol enrollment Measurable disease on computed tomography (CT) scan of thorax, abdomen, and pelvis per RECIST v. criteria Patients with locally advanced unresectable or metastatic urothelial carcinoma as assessed on baseline radiographic imaging obtained within days prior to study registration; the required radiographic imaging includes:\r\n* Abdomen/Pelvis computed tomography (CT) scan\r\n* Chest chest x-ray or CT scan No evidence of metastases other than regional lymphadenopathy as assessed by imaging of the chest, abdomen and pelvis with CT of the chest and CT or MRI of the abdomen; regional lymph nodes, per th edition American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging manual () for kidney cancer, include the following positions: renal hilar, precaval, paracaval, retrocaval, interaortocaval, paraaortic, preaortic, and retroaortic No evidence of metastasis on staging computed tomography (CT) scans of the chest, abdomen and pelvis Metastatic disease as evidenced by the presence of soft tissue and/or bone metastases on imaging studies (CT of abdomen/pelvis, bone scintigraphy) No distant metastases, based on the following workup within days prior to registration\r\n* Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis or computed tomography (CT) abdomen/pelvis (A/P)\r\n* Bone scan or sodium fluoride positron emission tomography (PET), that if suspicious has MRI or plain X-rays to rule out bone metastasis Radiographically measurable or clinically evaluable disease by computed tomography (CT) scan of chest/abdomen/pelvis with and without contrast =< days prior to registration No evidence of metastatic disease based on imaging of the chest, abdomen and pelvis Computed tomography of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis (CT CAP) and bone scan performed within days prior to study entry and does not demonstrate metastatic disease Patients must have a CT of chest, abdomen, and pelvis with PET within days of enrollment; patients with evidence of lymphadenopathy in the neck must have a dedicated CT of neck Patients must have a computed tomography (CT) (preferred) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis within days of enrollment Patients with no evidence of distant metastatic disease based on CT scan of the chest/abdomen/pelvis; diagnostic laparoscopy, is recommended but not required and is at the discretion of the surgical oncologist; peri-pancreatic or regional lymphadenopathy that does not preclude a surgical resection is acceptable Patients must have no evidence of metastatic disease based on routine imaging (computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] of the chest/abdomen/pelvis, bone scan, etc.) Participants with multifocal disease, lymph node or distant metastases; Note: multiple pulmonary nodules < mm without a histological diagnosis detected incidentally in a non-screening CT scan may not be a basis for study exclusion because of the sensitivity/specificity of the CT scans of the chest/abdomen/pelvis CT, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or PET/CT imaging of the chest, abdomen, and pelvic regions within days prior to registration (for stage I patients, posterior-anterior [PA] and lateral chest x-ray is sufficient for chest imaging) Patients must have imaging of the chest/abdomen/pelvis, preferably with a computed tomography (CT) scan, and a bone scan within weeks prior to randomization; (NOTE: if a patient is unable to receive CT contrast, a magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] of the abdomen/pelvis and non-contrast chest CT should be performed; positron emission tomography/computed tomography [PET/CT] is not an acceptable alternative) Resectable disease at the time of enrollment based on high-quality, preoperative, cross-sectional imaging of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis (C/A/P) No evidence of metastatic disease on baseline imaging (chest x-ray [CXR] or chest CT, abdominal CT or MRI) ? metastases on conventional imaging with computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen/pelvis and whole body bone scan BLADDER: Patients may not have evidence of metastatic disease on baseline computed tomography (CT) or magnetic imaging resonance of the chest, abdomen, or pelvis Patients must have a FDG-PET-computed tomography (CT) of chest, abdomen, and pelvis within days of enrollment Negative metastatic workup with bone scan and computed tomography (CT) abdomen/pelvis, within months of study treatment, if indicated by PSA > Computed tomography (CT) chest, abdomen, and pelvis performed No distant metastases, based upon the following minimum diagnostic workup:\r\n* History/physical examination within days prior to registration\r\n* Whole body fludeoxyglucose F (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)/CT within days prior to registration\r\n** NOTE: if whole-body FDG-PET/CT is not performed, CT of the chest and CT (or MRI) of abdomen and pelvis must be obtained (imaging of abdomen and pelvis need not be repeated if already included in pancreas protocol study) Appropriate stage for protocol entry, including no distant metastases, based upon the following minimum diagnostic workup:\r\n* History/physical examination within days prior to registration\r\n* Computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or positron emission tomography (PET)-CT including the abdomen and pelvis should be performed for initial radiological staging; this may be performed pre- or post-surgery within days prior to registration; imaging performed post-operatively should show no evidence of residual disease; any evidence of malignancy identified on pre-operative imaging should have been completely resected surgically prior to protocol treatment; chest CT or chest x-ray must be performed within days prior to registration (unless a PET-CT has been performed) Appropriate diagnostic imaging performed including a CT or MRI of the brain and CTs of the thorax, abdomen, pelvis; CT of the neck and imaging of the extremities may be indicated depending on the clinical presentation must be complete and satisfactory within days of initiation of chemotherapy Histologically documented adenocarcinoma of the prostate with metastatic disease as evidenced by soft tissue (e.g. lymphoid) and/or bony metastases on baseline computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis and/or bone scan No evidence of systemic non-Hodgkin lymphoma as demonstrated by a computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis within weeks prior to registration (note: bone marrow biopsy is not required for registration but must be obtained prior to start of treatment) Patients will have a baseline computed tomography (CT) chest, abdomen and pelvis within days of registration Patients must not have any evidence of residual or metastatic renal cell cancer on computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, all with oral and intravenous (IV) contrast after nephrectomy and within a maximum of days prior to registration; a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the abdomen/pelvis with gadolinium and a non-contrast CT of the chest is an acceptable imaging alternative; non-contrast CT of the chest/abdomen/pelvis should only be performed if, in the opinion of the investigator, it is in the best medical interest of the patient to not receive IV contrast of any form; NOTE: positron emission tomography (PET)/CT is not an acceptable imaging alternative; patients who display subcentimeter pulmonary nodules (by CT scan) that are non-specific and considered unlikely to represent metastatic disease by the treating investigator will be considered eligible All patients must have no evidence of persistent or metastatic disease as documented by a post-resection computed tomography (CT) of the chest/abdomen/pelvis or by CT chest + magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abdomen/pelvis; the post-resection imaging studies should be performed within weeks of registration on study Imaging (positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scan, CT scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) of chest, abdomen, and pelvis must be performed within days prior to randomization and must demonstrate no evidence of metastatic disease. If findings noted in imaging study reports are equivocal, the determination of whether or not the findings represent metastatic disease will be at the investigator's discretion. Patients must have metastatic disease. Baseline imaging of chest, abdomen and pelvis (CT or MRI) within days prior to initiation of protocol therapy is required. To rule out metastatic disease, patients must have the following tests:\r\n* Bone scan within days prior to registration\r\n* Computed tomography (CT) of abdomen/pelvis within days prior to registration Negative radiographic metastatic work-up including whole body radionuclide bone scan, computed tomography (CT), and/or magnetic resonance (MR) scan of the pelvis and abdomen, and chest x-ray; patients with suspicious areas on conventional imaging studies may be included if they are biopsy negative Evidence of metastatic disease as determined by chest computed tomography (CT) scan, abdomen/pelvis CT scan (or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] with gadolinium and/or manganese) within six weeks of study entry; distant nodal disease is allowed if it is in the radiation port Baseline bone scan, chest x-ray and computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of abdomen/pelvis demonstrating no metastatic disease A bone scan and a CT or MRI abdomen/pelvis and chest x-ray (CXR) or chest CT scan, will have been performed within weeks of treatment start; radiographic assessments will be selected by the attending physician as clinically indicated There should be no evidence of metastatic disease on imaging of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis; this imaging should be either a contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan, or a contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan; positron emission tomography (PET) scans alone will not be adequate alternatives; there should be no evidence of occult metastatic disease in the abdomen, confirmed by laparoscopic examination Metastatic disease as evidenced by both lymphadenopathy and bony metastases or just bony metastases on baseline bone scan and/or computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen and pelvis within days of registration; chest imaging is only required if clinically indicated or if there is known disease in the chest For all patients a bone scan must be performed within days prior to registration for tumor assessment; computed tomography (CT) scans (abdomen and pelvis) and chest x-ray are optional, but must be repeated if used for disease assessment; for late induction registrations, tumor assessment imaging showing metastatic disease must be available prior to start of androgen deprivation therapy Imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) scan, computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis, and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen and pelvis must be performed and negative for metastatic disease within weeks of enrollment Evidence of metastatic disease as evidenced by a computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of abdomen and pelvis and/or whole body bone scan (WBS); to be done prior to treatment start and up to months prior to radical prostatectomy date Histologically confirmed, metastatic prostate cancer (positive bone scan and/or measurable disease on CT scan and/or MRI of the abdomen and pelvis). No evidence of metastatic disease as determined by chest computed tomography (CT) scan, abdomen/pelvis CT scan (or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] with gadolinium and/or manganese); all patients must be staged with a physical exam, chest CT, abdominal CT with intravenous contrast (or abdominal MRI with gadolinium and/or manganese) No evidence of metastatic disease on imaging by whole body bone scan and computerized tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the abdomen/pelvis within weeks prior to randomization Metastatic disease as evidenced by the presence of soft tissue and/or bone metastases on imaging studies (computed tomography [CT] of abdomen/pelvis, bone scintigraphy) No evidence of metastatic disease as determined by chest computed tomography (CT) scan, abdomen/pelvis CT scan (or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] with gadolinium and/or manganese) within six weeks of study entry; all patients must be staged with a physical exam, chest CT, abdominal CT with intravenous contrast (or abdominal [abd] MRI with gadolinium and/or manganese) Subjects must have baseline (screening/baseline) radiographic images, (e.g. brain, chest, abdomen, pelvis, and bone scans with specific imaging tests to be determined by the attending physician) within weeks of initiation of ipilimumab Patients must have no evidence of visceral or nodal metastatic disease proximal to the common iliac bifurcation on view chest x-ray or computed tomography (CT) of the chest and abdominal-pelvic imaging with computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen and pelvis; chest x-ray or CT of the chest and CT or MRI of the abdomen and pelvis must be obtained within days prior to registration; positron emission tomography (PET)/CT may be used as an alternative to CT or MRI or to resolve possible areas of metastases seen on cross sectional imaging Negative CT scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis within months prior to enrollment to rule out possibility of metastases; Patients must have the following within weeks prior to registration:\r\n* Computed tomography (CT) chest with intravenous (IV) and oral agent\r\n* CT pelvis/abdomen with IV and oral agent\r\n* MRI brain with gadolinium\r\n* For patients with known bone metastases, elevated alkaline phosphatase or symptoms raising suspicion of bone metastases, a baseline bone scan is required Computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT imaging of the chest, abdomen, and pelvic regions within days prior to registration (for stage I patients, posteroanterior [PA] and lateral chest x-ray is sufficient for chest imaging) Appropriate stage for study entry based on the following diagnostic workup:\r\n* History/physical examination =< days prior to registration;\r\n* Computed tomography (CT) chest, CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or positron emission tomography (PET)-CT that includes abdomen and pelvis should be performed for initial radiological staging; this may be performed pre- or post-surgery =< days prior to registration except in patients getting postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, who will require CT, MRI or PET-CT including the chest and abdomen and pelvis no more than days prior to registration; imaging performed postoperatively should show no evidence of residual disease Appropriate stage for protocol entry, including no distant metastases, based upon the following minimum diagnostic workup:\r\n* History/physical examination within days prior to registration \r\n* Assessment by medical oncologist who specializes in treatment of IHC within days of registration \r\n* Pre-randomization scan (REQUIRED for all patients): computed tomography (CT) scan chest/abdomen/pelvis with multiphasic liver CT scan within days prior to registration; if CT contrast is contraindicated, CT chest without contrast and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of abdomen and pelvis is permitted Have had a CT or MRI scan (chest, abdomen, pelvis and other suspected sites as applicable) to determine eligibility for randomization within weeks prior to randomization (hereafter referred to as the \eligibility scan\) All patients must have their disease status documented by a complete physical examination and imaging studies within weeks prior to the first dose of study drug. Imaging studies must include computerized tomography (CT) scan of neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis, and all known sites of resected disease in the setting of Stage IIIb/c or Stage IV disease, and brain magnetic resonance imaging ([MRI], brain CT allowable if MRI is contraindicated). Pre-operative computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abdomen and pelvis within days Post-operative computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis =< days prior to registration demonstrating no evidence of residual or recurrent malignancy No evidence of cancer within days prior to start of study treatment; this should be determined by imaging of the chest, abdomen and pelvis by computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); staging of the chest using chest x-ray in lieu of CT and/or MRI should not be used for this purpose Subjects must have had a negative bone scan, and computed tomography (CT) of abdomen and pelvis within weeks prior to registration; additional forms of imaging (Prostascint scan, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) may be substituted for a CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis if clinically indicated CT or magnetic resonance (MR) scan of abdomen and pelvis which does not suggest presence of metastatic disease outside of the pelvis Conventional chest abdomen and pelvis CT images demonstrating recurrent tumor must be submitted within days from acquisition to the American College of Radiology (ACR) Core Lab Cohort A only: Presence of at least three distinct metastatic lesions by standard imaging including whole body bone scan + cross-sectional imaging of the abdomen and pelvis obtained within weeks prior to protocol scan Completed radiographic evaluation with whole-body bone scan (mTc-MDP or NaF) and cross-sectional imaging (CT or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) of the abdomen and pelvis =< days prior to study enrollment Patients will have undergone or have agreed to undergo standard of care CT of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis; F-FSPG PET imaging will be performed as investigational studies Have undergone or agree to undergo standard of care imaging for ovarian cancer with CT chest, abdomen, and pelvis Completed staging evaluation with bone scan as well as CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen and pelvis at least days prior to study enrollment Baseline imaging to rule out distant metastatic disease (technetium Tc m [mTc] bone scan, sodium fluoride [NaF] PET, total body MRI, or computed tomography [CT] chest/abdomen/pelvis) Cohort B only:- Presence of at least three distinct metastatic lesions by standard imaging including whole body bone scan + cross-sectional imaging of the abdomen and pelvis obtained within weeks prior to protocol scan Negative or equivocal findings on standard-of-care imaging for restaging of disease in the previous days consisting of: Whole-body mTc bone scintigraphy or NaF PET-CT; and either CT or MRI of the pelvis (or the abdomen and pelvis). Computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis within days of Cycle Day . Pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes must be negative on CT-scan or MRI of the abdomen and pelvis performed within weeks prior to enrollment into the study