Based on the pre-operative evaluation by neurosurgeon, the subject is a candidate for ? % resection of enhancing region Candidate for sphincter-sparing surgical resection prior to initiation of neoadjuvant therapy according to the primary surgeon Patient must have consultation with a surgeon within days prior to step registration; the surgeon must confirm that the patients disease is resectable by pleurectomy decortication (P/D) or extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP) and that the patient is an appropriate candidate for the surgical procedures Patient must be a candidate to receive at least doses of mFOLFOX chemotherapy If the patient is otherwise not deemed a good study candidate by sole discretion of the principal investigator All patients must be evaluated by a medical oncologist, radiation oncologist, and thoracic surgeon within weeks of enrollment into study to document that they are a candidate for chemoradiation and whether or not they are candidates for consideration of surgical resection (not required to be a surgical candidate) Any other medical condition that in the investigators opinion would not make the patient a good candidate for the study PHASE II EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Any other medical condition that in the investigators opinion would not make the patient a good candidate for the study Not a surgical candidate or surgery is not scheduled within days from starting the study drug Subject is considered an appropriate candidate (per Investigator assessment) for induction therapy with cycles of R-CHOP- immunochemotherapy. Deemed a suitable candidate for esophagectomy by the treating surgeon as documented in a pre-operative assessment visit per standard practice at each participating institution Documentation by at least one physician that patient is not a candidate for surgical debulking Any other medical condition that in the Investigators opinion would not make the patient a good candidate for the study May be candidate for, have failed, or does not wish to undergo radiation therapy Not surgical candidate An IRE candidate (IRE is Percutaneous irreversible electroporation) Patient is a candidate for salvage resection Candidate for surgical placement of an intraperitoneal port, as determined by a gynecologic oncology surgeon No indication for chemotherapy; candidate for observation Candidate for curative resection or urgent surgical procedure(s) needed Parts A, A & B: Participants must have pathological evidence of a diagnosis of advanced and/or metastatic cancer and must be, in the judgment of the investigator, an appropriate candidate for experimental therapy Documentation that the patient is a candidate for surgical resection of their lung cancer by an American Board of Thoracic Surgery certified surgeon A medically appropriate candidate for ibrutinib treatment (based on the judgement of the clinical investigator). Candidate for local consolidation therapy to at least one site of disease Surgical candidate per neurosurgeon discretion Not a surgical candidate per neurosurgeons discretion Not a radiosurgical candidate per radiation oncologists discretion Determined not to be a surgical candidate due to medical co-morbidities Have absence of metastatic disease as determined by conventional imaging studies and be considered a good surgical candidate by the treating physician. Candidate for OsteoCool RF ablation per the labeled indication applicable in their respective country/region Documentation that the patient is a candidate for surgical resection of their lung cancer by an American Board of Thoracic Surgery-certified surgeon Have at least one non-contiguous lesions that is distinct from the radiation candidate lesion that is able to be evaluated radiographically or clinically Clinically, subject is a candidate for cytoreductive nephrectomy Not a candidate for or eligible for but refused Gamma Knife radiosurgery Not eligible for surgery for recurrence or poor surgical candidate Not a candidate for curative treatments (i.e., resection, transplantation) Patients should not be deemed candidate for curative hepatic resection For Phase I portion: patient must be a candidate for nivolumab as standard of care regardless of line of therapy; for Phase II portion: patient must be a candidate for nivolumab as second-line therapy for advanced stage NSCLC Uncontrolled major active infectious, cardiovascular, pulmonary, hematologic, or psychiatric illnesses that would make the patient a poor study candidate Subject is not a suitable candidate for surgical intervention Must be a candidate for MRI imaging Patient is a candidate for a maximum of one further line of established therapy (prior to treatment with ACTolog). Patient must be a surgical candidate with therapeutic goal of eradicating all known disease with one additional surgery; portal venous embolization is permitted to ensure resectability Candidate for TSEB based on investigator determination Patient must be deemed a surgical candidate as documented by surgeon within their respective institutional standards Medical or psychological conditions that, according to the PI, would make the patient unsuitable candidate for cell therapy Severe active comorbidities which would make the patient an unacceptable candidate for this clinical trial per physician discretion In their treating physicians opinion is a good candidate for BCG therapy Individuals who are not a good candidate for BCG in their treating physicians opinion Patient is a candidate for, and agrees to proceed with additional bevacizumab treatment. Investigator determination that the patient is an appropriate candidate for reduced intensity allogeneic SCT with the standard Massey Cancer Center (MCC)-Virginia Commonwealth University Health System (VCUHS) Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) Program regimen employed in this trial Candidate for additional therapy consisting of radiation with gemcitabineradiosensitization Consultation with interventional radiologist and deemed an appropriate candidate for TARE Subject considered by the investigator as unsuitable candidate for receipt of an investigational drug, or unstable to be followed up throughout the entire duration of the study Presence of or determined by neurosurgery to be a candidate for an implanted catheter in the ventricles to receive NK cell infusion Be an appropriate candidate for receiving RFA as a medically indicated treatment as evaluated by the following factors: Patients must not have any systemic illness which precludes them from being an operative candidate Patients must not be considered a candidate for a complete surgical cytoreductive surgery; this determination will be made through either discussion at MD Anderson peritoneal surface malignancy multidisciplinary review or consultation with MD Anderson peritoneal surgeon Must be deemed a surgical candidate by the surgical oncology service Histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the rectum in patients with no prior therapy who are candidate for surgical resection Surgical candidate per pancreatobiliary surgeon after multi-disciplinary discussion Palliative indication due to reasons other than surgical candidate status Consideration by the Investigator, for any reason, that the subject is an unsuitable candidate to receive veliparib (ABT-) and/or breast irradiation Patient is considered a poor surgical candidate for removal of renal mass as determined by anesthesiology pre-operative assessment or the surgical team, medical team; (no major psychiatric illnesses) Patient is a candidate for elective rectal resection Documented metastasis of the primary tumor to the CNS and not a candidate for surgical intervention nor require immediate radiation therapy to relieve symptoms Medical or surgical history that in the treating physicians opinion would make the subject not a suitable candidate for i.p. therapy; examples would include surgically documented extensive intraperitoneal adhesions or large volume ascites No candidate neoantigen identified during screening. Patient meets criteria to be a surgical candidate Not surgical candidate because of significant co-morbidity A treatment regimen containing ibrutinib unless patient is not a candidate Patients must have surgical consult to verify patient is a surgical candidate within days prior to registration No candidate neoantigen identified during screening Candidate for first-line therapy with sunitinib initiated - weeks after nephrectomy Patient is not a candidate for breast conservation Any other significant medical or psychological conditions that would make the patient unsuitable candidate for cell therapy at the discretion of the PI Candidate for intralesional therapy Patient is not a surgical candidate due to medical comorbidities determined by a thoracic surgeon or patient refusal Must be deemed a candidate for curative resection by the surgical oncologist who will be performing the operation Patients must not have any systemic illness which precludes them from being an operative candidate as determined by anesthesia preoperative evaluation; this includes but is not limited to, sepsis, liver failure, pregnant or lactating females Candidate for primary chemoradiation as decided by an interdisciplinary team including otolaryngology, medical oncology, and radiation oncology Candidate for MLA based on the size, location, and shape of the recurrent tumor as determined by the performing neurosurgeon Patient must be deemed a surgical candidate Candidate for a protocol of higher priority; for the purpose of this study, the following protocols will be considered of higher priority: - Patient must be a candidate for salvage radiotherapy to the prostate bed The patient has either refused or is not considered an appropriate immediate candidate for transplantation and is considered to be at high risk for recurrence by having at least one of the following prognostic factors: Patient is not a candidate for, or has not demonstrated a significant local response to chemotherapy, biologic, hormonal ,or other therapies Patient is not a surgical candidate or tumor is not surgically resectable, as documented by surgical oncologist Candidate for curative therapy including surgical resection or orthotopic liver transplantation Patient is not an eligible candidate for collection by apheresis or HPC transplant Candidate for surgical resection, transplantation, or local ablation. Considered by the investigator to be an appropriate candidate for a Phase clinical study; Not a candidate for fludarabine therapy based on either: Patient is deemed to be a surgical candidate by ENT Patient is deemed to not be a surgical candidate by ENT Candidate for chemotherapy Have advanced or metastatic cancer and be an appropriate candidate for experimental therapy. patient is not a candidate for standard therapy Determined by treating urologist to be a good candidate for BCG induction therapy Surgically resectable disease, and patient deemed an appropriate surgical candidate by a thoracic surgeon prior to enrollment Have advanced or metastatic cancer and be an appropriate candidate for experimental therapy. Candidate for potential curative therapies (i.e., resection or transplantation). Based on the pre-operative evaluation, is the tumor recurrence/progression a candidate for ? % resection? Consideration by the investigator, for any reason, that the subject is an unsuitable candidate to receive veliparib. Patients must have been previously treated:\r\n* >= rd line if bone marrow transplant (BMT) candidate OR\r\n* >= nd line if not BMT candidate OR\r\n* >= nd relapse for BMT candidate OR\r\n* >= st relapse for non- BMT candidate Candidate for primary chemoradiation as decided by both medical and radiation oncology Be considered an appropriate surgical candidate. Your doctor does not think you would be a good candidate for the study Patients can be Karnofsky performance status (KPS) >= , as long as primary provider feels that patient is candidate for combined modality chemoradiotherapy If their managing urologist does NOT deem them as a candidate for active surveillance. A candidate for: Subject has persistent esophageal cancer with local luminal involvement and who is not a surgical candidate or has completed or declined systemic therapy. Candidate for use of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) Is not a candidate for immediate hysterectomy, following evaluation by a physician, due to desire to preserve fertility, due to degree of obesity, due to comorbidities, or due to patient refusal of hysterectomy Is a candidate for immediate hysterectomy, following evaluation by a physician In judgement of a physician, is not a candidate for progestin agents Not a candidate for surgical resection based on unresectability, anatomy, anesthesia risk, patient preference Patients deemed not be a candidate for cement augmentation for any reason Patients not felt be a safe surgical candidate by pain management physician for placement of and intrathecal drug delivery system (IDDS) due to the presence of severe medical comorbidities Candidate for pregnancy Not a candidate for enzalutamide treatment, in the opinion of the Investigator Multifocal disease is allowed if it was removed by a single lumpectomy resection and the patient remained a candidate for breast conservation Patient is not a surgical candidate due to underlying cardiac or other serious comorbid condition Subject has been confirmed by a thoracic surgeon to be a surgical candidate for resection of the tumor targeted for ablation. Subject considered by the investigator as unsuitable candidate for receipt of NRT, or unstable to be followed up throughout the entire duration of the study Patient has significant medical or psychiatric conditions that would make the patient a poor protocol candidate ELIGIBILITY FOR THE -YEAR EXTENSION: Patient has a significant medical or psychiatric condition that would make the patient a poor protocol candidate Subject considered by the investigator as unsuitable candidate for receipt of an investigational drug, or unstable to be followed up throughout the entire duration of the study Significant medical or psychiatric conditions that would make the patient a poor protocol candidate Subjects must have subsolid (non solid or partially solid) nodules with size between and mm with any volume doubling time (VDT) not candidate to surgical excision and/or subsolid (non solid or partially solid) nodule larger than mm with VDT higher than days and not candidate to surgical excision Candidate for surgery and willing to undergo two surgical procedures (if chooses the PSDO arm) Medical clearance for surgery and considered an appropriate surgical candidate Patient does not meet medical clearance for surgery and is not considered an appropriate surgical candidate The patient has a lung nodule identified on chest CT and is a candidate for elective EMN bronchoscopic evaluation as determined by the treating pulmonologist, Good operative candidate Not a surgical candidate Deemed a surgical candidate and has agreed to surgery to remove a portion of the liver containing tumor Patient must be a candidate for SLNB Patient is considered a poor surgical candidate due to non-malignant systemic disease The patient is not a candidate for robotic assisted hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy Patients will have biochemical and/or clinical evidence of primary hyperparathyroidism and be a surgical candidate for definitive parathyroid surgery Women may also be excluded at the discretion of their surgeon if he or she feels that the patient is not an appropriate candidate Surgical candidate Candidate for surgical resection Candidate for bronchoscopy Breast cancer non-candidate for hormone therapy alone.