Patients must also have measurable disease, defined as at least one lesion that can be accurately measured in at least one dimension; disease X-rays, scans or physical examinations used for tumor measurement must have been completed within  days prior to registration; if there is clinical suspicion for bone metastases at the time of enrollment (at the discretion of the investigator), bone scan should be performed at baseline (within  days prior to registration); all disease must be assessed and documented on the Baseline Tumor Assessment form
Metastases with indistinct borders making targeting not feasible\r\n* NOTE: A potential issue with bone metastases is that they often are not discrete; since many patients on this protocol will have bone metastases, this will be an important issue; theoretically, Houndsfield units might provide an appropriate measure; however, a sclerotic lesion against dense cortical bone will not have a sharp demarcation based on Houndsfield units (HU); therefore, we acknowledge that such determinations will pose a challenge and thus the physicians judgment will be required
Bone scan as clinically indicated within  days prior to registration
Bone Scan Progression: Appearance of one or more new lesions on bone scan attributable to prostate cancer.
Exercise Coordination Centre (ECC) review and approval of subject's screening bone scan/ areas with bone metastases.
Prior therapy for metastatic TNBC (chemotherapy, hormone therapy or biological therapy), Patients may receive bisphosphonates and other therapies to treat bone metastases, however if used, bone lesions will not be considered as measurable disease.
Patients must have measurable disease that is avid for phosphonate compounds as demonstrated by a positive technetium TC-m (Tc-m) bone scan; not all lesions must be positive on bone scan
Bone metastases
Bone metastases
Bone metastases as manifested by one or more lesions on a bone scan performed within  months of screening
Other bone and soft tissue sarcomas cohort only: Subjects with dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas, dedifferentiated giant cell tumor of bone, giant cell tumor of bone, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma of bone, or high-grade unclassified sarcomas of bone must have received at least one prior line of therapy unless no standard first-line therapy exists in which case enrollment as initial therapy is allowed.
Cohort B\r\n* Newly diagnosed low-volume metastatic disease with either:\r\n** Bone metastases as documented by radionuclide bone scan amenable to treatment with a maximum of  radiation isocenters* (note: a patient will be considered eligible if entering the study with a positive positron emission tomography (PET) scan without restriction to the number of isocenters and otherwise meets eligibility requirements) And/Or\r\n** Retroperitoneal nodes up to the level of the renal hilum with/without pelvic nodal metastasis < . cm in the short axis OR
Patients must have measurable disease by RECIST v., or evaluable disease with bone metastases demonstrated by Tc bone scan; patients with bone metastases only are allowed (NOTE: nodes >= . cm (not >=  cm) in the short axis are considered measurable, per The Prostate Cancer Working Group  [PCWG])
Combo C : Hypocalcemia, clinically significant bone disease or recent bone fracture (within  weeks prior study entry)
No clinical or imaging evidence of distant metastases by PA and Lateral CXR, Radionuclide Bone scan, and LFTs including total bilirubin, ALT, AST, and alkaline phosphatase
At least  osteolytic bone metastases must be present
Localized pain resulting from no more than two sites total of metastatic disease in the bone and/or benign bone tumors (Benign Bone Tumors are restricted to Europe and Canada only)
Bone disease progression defined by PCWG with  or more new metastatic lesions on bone scan.
Positive bone scan with  or more new lesions (PCWG)
Bone disease progression is defined by PCWG as two or more new lesions on bone scan
No evidence of metastasis on bone scan within  days prior to registration
Subjects with metastatic bone disease, progression defined by  or more new lesions in a radionuclide bone scan.
Metastatic disease as defined by two or more bone metastases confirmed by bone scintigraphy or radiographic soft tissue metastasis
Confirmed bone metastases on imaging
The patient should not have direct evidence of regional or distant metastases after appropriate staging studies, including no distant metastases (M) on bone scan within  days of study enrollment; equivocal bone scan findings are allowed if plain films are negative for metastasis; positron emission tomography (PET) or prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) scans can be performed instead of a bone scan
Bone-predominant metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC): at least two skeletal metastases on bone scan with no lung, liver, and/or brain metastasis (lymph node metastasis is allowed)
No evidence of bone metastases (M) on bone scan, only for PSA >  or Gleason >= , (sodium fluoride [NaF] positron emission tomography [PET]/CT is an acceptable substitute) performed no more than  days prior to registration; equivocal bone scan findings are allowed if plain films and/or MRI are negative for definite metastases
Bone scan completed within  days
No evidence of bone metastases (M) on bone scan within  days prior to registration
Subjects with pathologic long-bone fractures
No evidence of bone metastases (M) on bone scan\r\n* Patients with intermediate risk factors only do not require a bone scan, but these studies may be obtained at the discretion of the treating physician\r\n* Patients with any high risk factors are required to undergo a bone scan; it is recommended that the duration between these scans and study registration be less than  days, but if the time period is >  days and the opinion of the clinician is that repeat studies would offer limited benefit, then these studies do not need to be repeated\r\n* Equivocal bone scan findings are allowed if additional imaging (e.g. plain film x-rays, or CT) does not confirm metastasis
Previously administered chemotherapy or Ra-therapy within the context of diffuse bone or bone-marrow involvement (i.e. \superscan\ defined as bone scintigraphy in which there is excessive skeletal radioisotope uptake [> bone lesions] in relation to soft tissues along with absent or faint activity in the genitourinary tract due to diffuse bone/ bone marrow metastases)
Patients who are suffering from symptoms of bone metastases
Patient whose targeted (most painful) tumors are on bone and bone-lesion interface is deeper than cm from the skin.
Presence of metastatic disease on bone or computed tomography (CT) scan \r\n* Evaluable disease progression by modified RECIST . (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors)\r\n* Bone disease on bone scan
Oligometastatic prostate cancer patients who have not received primary therapy are eligible; (oligometastatic disease is defined as a patient with ?  metastatic bone lesions on the bone scan or tissue metastasis)
Subjects must have a negative bone scan
The subject must have clear evidence of metastases to bone on isotope bone scan at screening, with or without soft tissue metastases; in subjects with bone-only disease, at least two bone lesions must be evident on baseline imaging that are not within a previously irradiated field
Metastatic disease by bone scan
Soft tissue components of bone metastases >= . cm in longest axis\r\n* Soft tissue components of bone metastases < . cm that have been stable for >  months (must not have enlarged >  mm) are permitted
Multiple bone metastases within  weeks prior to study drug
Bone disease progression defined by ? new lesions on bone scan at Screening, or ? days of CD
Bone scan or positron emission tomography (PET) scan; required only if alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is ? x upper limit of normal (ULN) and/or there are symptoms of metastatic bone disease. A confirmatory imaging study is required if the results from the bone scan are questionable
Alkaline phosphatase =< . x IULN for patients without bone metastases and =< . x IULN for patients with bone metastases
Metastatic disease documented by bone lesions on bone scan or by measurable soft tissue disease by CT/MRI. Patients whose disease spread is limited to regional pelvic lymph nodes are not eligible
Bone-limited and exclusively metastases.
Patients with either measurable disease as defined by RECIST criteria or bone only disease are eligible; Note: those patients with both non-measurable disease and bone metastases are eligible\r\n* Non-measurable bone only disease: Non-measurable bone only disease may include any of the following: blastic bone lesions, lytic bone lesions without a measurable soft-tissue component, or mixed lytic-blastic bone lesions without a measurable soft-tissue component\r\n* Lytic bone lesions, with an identifiable soft tissue component, evaluated by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), can be considered as measurable lesions if the soft tissue component otherwise meets the definition of measurability previously described
Subjects with bone dominant disease with at least  skeletal metastases identified at baseline by bone scintigraphy and confirmed by CT/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Presence of metastases in soft tissue (skin, subcutaneous, muscle, fat, lymph nodes)and/or visceral metastases is allowed.
Progression of bone disease (evaluable disease) or (new bone lesion(s)) by bone scan.
No evidence of bone metastases (M) on bone scan (Na F positron emission tomography (PET)/CT is an acceptable substitute) within  days prior to step  registration\r\n* Equivocal bone scan findings are allowed if plain films and/or MRI are negative for metastasis
Bone-directed radiotherapy to pelvic region for ease of pain from painful bone metastases is allowed up to  days before
Progression of bone disease (evaluable disease) (new bone lesion(s)) by bone scan.
Bone scan progression: at least two new lesions on bone scan, plus a rising PSA as described in (c) below.
No evidence of bone metastases (M) on bone scan within the past  days prior to registration        \r\n* Bone scan not required for patients enrolled with a single intermediate-risk factor only but this scan may be obtained at the discretion of the treating physician; patients with  or  risk factors will require a negative bone scan for eligibility\r\n* Equivocal bone scan findings are allowed if plain film x-rays are negative for metastasis
Patients with Paget's disease of the bone
No distant metastases (M) on bone scan or NaF PET/CT within  weeks prior to registration; equivocal bone scan findings are allowed if the physician determines that distant metastases are unlikely based on clinical judgment
Presence of at least one metastatic bone lesion(s); patients with non-measurable bone-only disease are allowed
Presence of bone metastatic disease as assessed by at least two lesions on whole body metastable technetium-methylene diphosphonate (mTc-MDP) bone scintigraphy;
Bone metastases
Stage IV breast cancer with metastases to the bone and/or bone marrow
Pathological or radiographically confirmation of metastases to the bone and/or bone marrow; (the definition of radiologic diagnosis of bone metastasis is based on typical and highly reliable imaging findings in studies such as bone scan [new or multiple TCm positive lesions], PET/computed tomography [CT] [new or multiple FRG positive lesions], and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] [typical Tw replacement, Tw positive and T plus contrast media positive] for bone metastasis with  or more lesions; if the bone metastasis is highly suspected or not well defined by imaging, bone biopsy is necessary for confirmation)
Bone-only disease and/or disease that cannot be biopsied.
Symptomatic bone metastases
Current, untreated pathologic long-bone fractures or imminent pathologic long-bone fracture (cortical erosion on radiography > %)
Two or more bone metastases on bone scan within  weeks prior to randomization with no lung, liver, other visceral and/or brain metastasis.
Multiple skeletal metastases (? hot spots) on bone scan
Chronic conditions associated with non-malignant abnormal bone growth (e.g., confirmed Paget's disease of bone)
Two or more skeletal metastases (?  hot spots) on bone scintigraphy within  weeks of randomization
Chronic conditions associated with non-malignant abnormal bone growth (e.g. confirmed Paget's disease of bone)
COHORT A: The subject must have a history or presence of =<  bony metastatic lesions \r\n* Note: bone metastases (mets) that are not clearly identified on bone imaging, but are biopsy proven are allowed
Bone disease progression as defined by Prostate Cancer Working Group  guidelines (at least  new lesions) on bone scan; or
Patients currently receiving bone loss prevention treatment with bone-sparing agents must be on stable doses for at least  weeks prior to randomization
Patients with progressive, locally recurrent, or metastatic osteosarcoma (i.e. high-risk only) with no standard curative options available with at least one indicator lesion avid on mTc-MDP scan or a Sodium Fluoride (Na F) Bone PET scan will be eligible. In addition, subjects with extremely rare bone forming osteosarcoma-like tumors that behave like osteosarcoma phenotypically and are clinically treated like osteosarcoma (eg. Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone or malignant transformation of giant cell tumor of bone) may be included if they satisfy all of the inclusion criteria.
mTc-MDP bone scan with no significant uptake (i.e. \nothing\ for a bone-seeking isotope to target/ i.e. indicator lesion that would be expected to have the bone-seeking targeted uptake of -radium dichloride).
Patients with bone metastases only
Patients with \anaplastic\ features are eligible for this trial as defined by at least one of the following: a) any of the following metastatic presentations: exclusive visceral metastases, radiographically predominant lytic bone metastases identified by plain X-ray or CT scan, bulky (>  cm in longest dimension) lymphadenopathy or high-grade (Gleason > ) tumor mass in the prostate/pelvis; b) low PSA (=<  ng/ml) at initial presentation (prior to androgen ablation or at symptomatic progression in the castrate-setting) plus high volume (>= ) bone metastases; c) elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (>=  x ULN) or elevated serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (>=  x ULN) in the absence of other etiologies; d) short interval (=<  days) to castrate-resistant progression following initiation of hormonal therapy
 to  bone metastatic sites (metastatic lesions in the same bone that are within  cm of each other are considered as one site)
Negative bone scan within  months prior to enrollment to rule out possibility of metastases;
The subject must be willing to undergo sequential biopsy of bone or bone metastases
Patients with bone metastases only
Bone metastases and one of the following:
Metabolic bone disease, such as hyperparathyroidism, Paget's disease or osteomalacia
Metastatic prostate cancer to the bone as documented by positive bone scan imaging
Bone metastases and one of the following:
Metabolic bone disease, such as hyperparathyroidism, Paget's disease or osteomalacia
Presence of  or more bone metastasis
Bone metastases and one of the following:
Metabolic bone disease, such as hyperparathyroidism, Paget's disease or osteomalacia
Bone metastases and one of the following:
Metabolic bone disease, such as hyperparathyroidism, Paget's disease or osteomalacia
Bisphosphonates or Zometa for bone metastases
Bone disease progression defined by PCWG criteria (two or more new lesions on bone scan compared with prior scan)
 or more bone metastases demonstrated on bone scintigraphy
Patients who are suffering from symptoms of bone metastases or multiple myeloma bone lesions:
Children with any cancer diagnosis except for bone tumors or have bone metastasis
Receiving bone modifying agents for bone pain associated with metastatic disease or other chronic conditions
History of bone fractures
Measurable disease per RECIST . or bone-only disease with lytic component. Patients with bone-only metastatic cancer must have a lytic or mixed lytic-blastic lesion that can be accurately assessed by computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Patients with bone-only disease without a lytic component (ie, blastic-only metastasis) are not eligible.
Bone scan without evidence of skeletal metastases
Skeletal x-ray film or MRI confirmation of absent skeletal metastases if bone scan findings are equivocal
Biopsy proven or clinically obvious documented bone metastases from breast cancer (with the majority of the disease burden in the bone)
Patient has known bone metastases
Bone scan findings characteristic for metastatic prostate carcinoma
? new metastases on transaxial imaging or radionuclide bone scan
Patients must have measurable disease by RECIST v.. or bone disease as their only site of disease (with bone lesions confirmed by CT, MRI or bone X-ray).
No evidence of bone metastases (M) on bone scan within  days prior to registration (PET/CT is an acceptable substitute). Equivocal bone scan findings are allowed if bone CT or MRI of hot spots are negative for metastasis