Patient at high-risk for surgery by meeting a minimum of one major criteria or two minor criteria as described below:\r\n* Major criteria\r\n** Forced expiratory volume in second (FEV) =< % predicted\r\n** DLCO =< % predicted\r\n* Minor criteria\r\n** FEV -% predicted\r\n** DLCO -% predicted\r\n** Pulmonary hypertension (defined as a pulmonary artery systolic pressure greater than mm Hg) as estimated by echocardiography or right heart catheterization\r\n** Poor left ventricular function (defined as an ejection fraction of % or less)\r\n** Resting or exercise arterial partial pressure of oxygen (pO) =< mm Hg or peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO) =< %\r\n** Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO) > mm Hg\r\n** Modified medical research council (MMRC) dyspnea scale >= \r\n** Study credentialed thoracic surgeon believes the patient is potentially operable but that a lobectomy or pneumonectomy would be poorly tolerated by the patient for tangible or intangible reasons DLCO/VA and FEV ? % of predicted on PFTs. Corrected diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) < %, total lung capacity (TLC) < %, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV) < % and/or receiving supplementary continuous oxygen Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV) and carbon monoxide diffusion capacity (DLCO) (adjusted for hemoglobin [Hb]) >= % adjusted Forced expiratory volume in second (FEV-) or diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) (corrected for hemoglobin) >= % predicted; timeline: within weeks prior to enrollment Pulmonary function (FVC, FEV and corrected DLCO) > % predicted. Pulmonary: FEV , FVC, DLCO (diffusion capacity) ? % predicted (corrected for hemoglobin) Diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide/alveolar volume ratio (DLCO/VA) and forced expiratory volume in second (FEV) >= % of predicted on pulmonary function tests (subjects must have pulmonary function tests performed to be eligible) Adequate pulmonary function, defined as ? grade dyspnea and SaO ? % on room air; if PFTs are performed based on the clinical judgment of the treating physician, patients with FEV ? % of predicted and DLCO (corrected) of ? % of predicted will be eligible Patients must be without evidence of unstable or decompensated myocardial disease; and must have adequate pulmonary reserve evidenced by forced expiratory volume in second (FEV) and diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) >= % predicted; carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO) < mm Hg and partial pressure of oxygen (pO) > mm Hg on room air arterial-blood gas (ABG) Patients with medically inoperable stage I disease (T or Ta [tumor size =< cm] NM) or selected stage IIa disease (T [tumor size > cm but =< cm] NM) who have poor lung function or other significant cardiovascular or other comorbidity such as diabetes are eligible. Patients with operable disease who choose to have SABR are also eligible. The standard justification for medical inoperability is based on pulmonary function and can include any of the following: baseline forced expiratory volume in second (FEV) < % of predicted value; diffusion capacity < % of predicted value; baseline hypoxemia or hypercapnia; exercise oxygen consumption < % of predicted value; severe pulmonary hypertension; severe cerebral, cardiac, or peripheral vascular disease; and severe chronic heart disease Oxygen saturation >= % on room air; pulmonary function tests (PFTs) required only if symptomatic or prior known impairment - must have pulmonary function > % corrected diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and forced expiratory volume in second (FEV) Oxygen saturation >= % on room air; pulmonary function tests (PFTs) required only if symptomatic or prior known impairment - must have pulmonary function > % corrected diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and forced expiratory volume in second (FEV) Pulmonary function test including diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) will be performed; forced expiratory volume in second (FEV) and DLCO should be greater than % of predicted normal value Patients must have BOS as defined by the NIH consensus criteria ( updated criteria); to meet the criteria for BOS, all of the following must be present, in addition to at least one distinctive manifestation of cGVHD:\r\n* FEV/vital capacity < . or the fifth percentile of predicted\r\n* FEV < % of predicted with >= % decline over less than years; FEV should not correct to > % with albuterol, and the absolute decline for the corrected values should still remain at >= % from pre-transplant\r\n* Absence of infection in the respiratory tract\r\n* One of the supporting features of BOS:\r\n** Evidence of air trapping by expiratory computed tomography (CT) or small airway thickening or bronchiectasis by high-resolution CT, or\r\n** Evidence of air trapping by PFTs: residual volume > % predicted or residual volume/total lung capacity elevated outside the % confidence interval\r\n* If a patient carries the diagnosis of cGVHD by virtue of organ involvement elsewhere, then only the first criteria above are necessary Adequate pulmonary function defined as NO severe or symptomatic restrictive or obstructive lung disease, and formal pulmonary function testing showing an forced expiratory volume in second (FEV) >= % of predicted and a diffusion capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) >= % of predicted, corrected for hemoglobin Diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) or forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV) > % predicted Pulmonary function tests: Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV) and carbon monoxide diffusion capacity (DLCO) (adjusted for Hb) >= % adjusted of predicted normal value RANDOMIZED PHASE II (ARMS K AND L): Patients must have FEV/FVC > % by pulmonary function test (PFT), unless due to large mediastinal mass from HL; carbon monoxide diffusion capacity (DLCO), FEV, and FVC all > % predicted value; all pulmonary function tests must be obtained within one month prior to registration Patients with any of the following pulmonary function abnormalities will be excluded: forced expiratory volume (FEV), < % predicted; diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO), < % predicted (post-bronchodilator); oxygen saturation >= % on room air; arterial blood gas will be drawn if clinically indicated Pulmonary (forced expiratory volume in second [FEV] > % predicted and corrected diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide [DLCOcor] > % predicted) Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV) > % of predicted measured, or diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) >= % of predicted measured Patient has diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) < % predicted or forced expiratory volume in second (FEV) < % of predicted, if applicable Corrected diffusion capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) < % of predicted, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV) < % of predicted, and/or receiving supplementary continuous oxygen; the FHCRC principal investigator (PI) of the study must approve of enrollment of all patients with pulmonary nodules Patients must have no significant obstructive airways disease (forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV] must be >= % of predicted) and must have acceptable diffusion capacity (corrected diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide [DLCO] > % of predicted) FEV and corrected DLCO of % or > of predicted. Patients with any of the following pulmonary function abnormalities will be excluded: forced expiratory volume (FEV), < % predicted; diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO), < % predicted (post-bronchodilator); partial pressure of oxygen (pO) < mm Hg or partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO) >= mm Hg on room air arterial blood gas Patients with any of the following pulmonary function abnormalities: forced expiratory volume (FEV), < % predicted; diffusion capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) < % predicted (post-bronchodilator); oxygen saturation less than % on room air Pulmonary function: oxygen saturation >= % on room air and pulmonary function > % corrected diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and forced expiratory volume in second (FEV) testing required only if symptomatic or prior known impairment Pulmonary function tests, including diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO), within weeks prior to registration; patients must have forced expiratory volume in second (FEV) >= . Liter or >= % predicted without bronchodilator Lung diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) > %, or forced expiratory volume at . seconds (FEV.) > % of predicted on pulmonary function testing (PFT) obtained within days of study enrollment Adequate pulmonary function based on the following pulmonary function tests done within weeks of registration:\r\n* Forced expiratory volume (FEV) at least . liters; if less than . liters, the predicted post-resection FEV must be at least . liters \r\n* Diffusion capacity should be >= % predicted Other serious medical conditions considered to represent contraindications to bone marrow transplant (BMT) (e.g. abnormally decreased cardiac ejection fraction, diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) < % predicted, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV) < % predicted, acquired immune deficiency syndrome [AIDS], etc.) Patients must have no significant obstructive airways disease (forced expiratory volume in second [FEV] must be >= %) and must have acceptable diffusion capacity (corrected diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide [DLCO] > % of predicted) Poor pulmonary function: \r\n* For patients receiving a TBI based preparative regimen: forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV), forced vital capacity (FVC), and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) (corrected for hemoglobin [Hgb]) =< % by pulmonary function tests (PFTs)\r\n* For patients receiving a non-TBI based preparative regimen: FEV, FVC, and DLCO =< % predicted (corrected for hemoglobin) for patients who have not received thoracic or mantle irradiation\r\n* For patients who have received thoracic or mantle irradiation, FEV and FVC < % predicted or DLCO =< of predicted; for children unable to perform PFTs because of developmental stage pulse oximetry =< % on room air (RA): no evidence of dyspnea at rest, no exercise intolerance\r\n* For children who are unable to cooperate for PFTs, required criteria are: no evidence of dyspnea at rest, no exercise intolerance, and not requiring supplemental oxygen therapy Patients must not have any known uncontrolled underlying pulmonary disease (e.g. forced expiratory volume in second [FEV] or diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide [DLCO] % or less of predicted OR oxygen [O] saturation % or less at rest on room air) DLCO > percent predicted Forced Expiratory Volume at one second (FEV) > . liters; Diffusion Capacity of Lung for Carbon Monoxide (DLCO) ? % predicted Inadequate pulmonary function with mechanical parameters < % predicted (FEV, FVC, TLC, DLCO). Diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) < % (corrected), total lung capacity (TLC) < %, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV) < % and/or receiving supplementary continuous oxygen Patients must be considered a candidate for surgical resection of the primary tumor; standard justification for deeming a patient medically operable based on pulmonary function for surgical resection of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include any of the following: baseline forced expiratory volume in second (FEV) > % predicted, post-operative predicted FEV > % predicted, diffusion capacity > % predicted, absent baseline hypoxemia and/or hypercapnia, exercise oxygen consumption > % predicted, absent severe pulmonary hypertension, absent severe cerebral, cardiac, or peripheral vascular disease, and absent severe chronic heart disease FEV < % predicted, FVC < % of predicted, DLCO (corrected for hemoglobin [Hgb]) < % predicted); pulmonary function tests (PFTs) within months prior to consent for Step I will be required for patients with underlying risk factors such as smoking history > pack years, or a history of pre-existing symptomatic lung disease (not including melanoma metastases to the lung) Clinically significant pulmonary dysfunction (FEV< % predicted or FVC < % of predicted, DLCO (corrected for Hgb) < % predicted) Subject has known pulmonary disease with diffusion capacity of lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) ? %, forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV) ? %, dyspnea at rest or requiring oxygen or any pleural neoplasm (Transient use of supplemental oxygen is allowed.) Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV) and diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) (adjusted for hemoglobin) >= % predicted Primary tumor must be technically resectable by an experienced thoracic cancer clinician, with a reasonable possibility of obtaining a gross total resection with negative margins (potentially curative resection, [PCR]); however, patients must have underlying physiological medical problems prohibiting PCR (i.e., problems with general anesthesia, the operation, the post-operative (op) recovery period, or removal of adjacent functioning lung) or refuse surgery; deeming a patient medically inoperable based on pulmonary function for surgical resection may include any of the following: baseline forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV) < % predicted; post-operative predicted FEV < % predicted; severely reduced diffusion capacity; baseline hypoxemia and/or hypercapnia; exercise oxygen consumption < % predicted; severe pulmonary hypertension; diabetes with severe end organ damage; severe cerebral, cardiac, or peripheral vascular disease; or severe chronic heart disease; any of these problems will qualify a patient for this trial Forced expiratory volume in second (FEV) >= % or diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) (hemoglobin [Hb]) >= % of predicted, unless pulmonary dysfunction is deemed to be due to chronic GVHD; for pediatric patients < years old, pulmonary function testing will not be required; rather, pediatric patients < years old who have pulmonary symptoms will be evaluated by a pulmonologist Participants must have adequate pulmonary function studies (PFTs), >= % of predicted on mechanical aspects (forced expiratory volume in second [FEV^], forced vital capacity [FVC]) and diffusion capacity (diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide [DLCO]) >= % of predicted (adjusted for hemoglobin); if the participant is unable to complete pulmonary function tests (PFTs) due to disease-related pain or other circumstances that make it difficult to reliably perform PFTs, documentation of pulmonary function adequate for transplant will occur via a CT scan without evidence of major pulmonary disease, and arterial blood gas results Forced expiratory volume in second (FEV) > % and diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) > % of predicted lower limit Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV) of >= liter and diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) >= % of predicted FEV, FVC and corrected DLCO > %. Recipient must have adequate pulmonary function defined as NO severe or symptomatic restrictive or obstructive lung disease, and formal pulmonary function testing showing an FEV >% (predicted) and a DLCO >% (predicted), corrected for hemoglobin. Diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO)/DLCO corrected for alveolar volume (VA) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV-.) > % of predicted on pulmonary function tests Patients must have adequate pulmonary reserve evidenced by predicted post-operative forced expiratory volume in second (FEV) and diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) equal to or greater than % predicted; partial pressure of carbon dioxide measurement (pCO) less than mm Hg and partial pressure of oxygen measurement (pO) greater than mm Hg on room air arterial blood gas measurement (ABG); and be on no immunosuppressive medications except inhaled corticosteroids Patient at high-risk of complications from lobectomy meeting a minimum of one major criteria or two minor criteria as described below:\r\n* Major criteria\r\n** Predicted postoperative forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV) =< %\r\n** Predicted postoperative DLCO =< %\r\n** Age >= \r\n* Minor criteria\r\n** Predicted postoperative FEV -%\r\n** Predicted postoperative DLCO -%\r\n** Pulmonary hypertension (defined by a pulmonary artery systolic pressure greater than mm Hg) as estimated by echocardiography or right heart catheterization\r\n** Poor left ventricular function (defined as an ejection fraction % or less)\r\n** Resting or exercising arterial partial pressure of oxygen (pO) =< mmHg or oxygen saturation (SpO) =< %\r\n** Partial pressure of carbon monoxide (pCO) > mm Hg\r\n** Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale >= Documented pulmonary disease with DLCO ?% or FEV ?%, provided that patients do not require more than L of oxygen per minute or, Forced expiratory volume in second (FEV) >= % or diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) (hemoglobin [Hb]) >= % of predicted, unless pulmonary dysfunction is deemed to be due to chronic GVHD A forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV) of % or greater, a diffusion capacity of % or greater, and a oxygen partial pressure (PO) of mm mercury (Hg) or greater on pulmonary function testing Corrected diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) < % of predicted, total lung capacity (TLC) < % of predicted, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV) < % of predicted, or receiving continuous supplementary oxygen Patients with poor lung function (forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV]% < % or diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide [DLCO] < % predicted or home oxygen requirement) and lung lesions undergoing non-anatomic lung resection (i.e. wedge resection) OR