Tumor verified by a thoracic surgeon to be in a location that will permit sublobar resection
No prior intra-thoracic radiation therapy; NOTE: previous radiotherapy as part of treatment for head and neck, breast, or other non-thoracic cancer is permitted so long as possible radiation fields would not overlap; previous chemotherapy or surgical resection specifically for the lung cancer being treated on this protocol is NOT permitted; no prior lung resection on the ipsilateral side
No prior mediastinal or thoracic radiotherapy
Prior breast or thoracic radiation therapy (RT) for any condition
Patients must have histologic proof of malignancy suitable for thoracic radiation therapy
Received more than  Gy of radiation in the thoracic region within  weeks prior to study enrollment
Prior treatment with radiation to the thoracic region
Prior radiotherapy or radiosurgery (including prophylactic cranial radiation and/or thoracic radiation) must have been completed at least  weeks prior to randomization
PHASE II INCLUSION CRITERIA: Prior radiotherapy or radiosurgery (including prophylactic cranial radiation and/or thoracic radiation) must have been completed at least  weeks prior to randomization
Prior thoracic radiotherapy
Patients must be registered on study no earlier than  days and no later than  days prior to Step  registration after completing chemotherapy, Note:\r\n* Post-chemotherapy restaging imaging must be completed no earlier than  days prior to Step  registration\r\n For patients with limited-stage small cell lung cancer who receive thoracic radiotherapy concomitant with chemotherapy, patients must be registered on study no earlier than  days and no later than  days prior to Step  registration after completing thoracic radiotherapy\r\n For patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer who are being considered for consolidative thoracic radiotherapy after chemotherapy, concomitant administration of consolidative thoracic radiotherapy and protocol-specified prophylactic cranial irradiation with or without hippocampal avoidance is permitted; if consolidative thoracic radiotherapy is performed prior to study registration, then patients must be registered on study no earlier than  days and no later than  days prior to Step  registration after completing thoracic radiotherapy
No prior chemotherapy or thoracic radiotherapy for lung cancer
Prior radiotherapy to thoracic area.
Prior thoracic radiation is allowable if degree of overlap with the esophageal radiotherapy treatment is deemed to be safe by the treating radiation oncologist
The patient will receive thoracic stereotactic body radiotherapy at MD Anderson.
Patients with a history of prior thoracic radiation >  gray (Gy)
No prior breast or thoracic radiotherapy
Subjects must not have prior breast or thoracic radiotherapy
No prior mediastinal or thoracic radiation
Prior thoracic irradiation
previous unilateral thoracic surgical procedure or trauma
The vertebral body site to be treated must be located from the second to the twelfth thoracic vertebrae (T-T)
Patients who have received thoracic radiation >  gray (Gy) within six months of the first dose of pembrolizumab
Patients with malignant celiac nodes are eligible if the primary lesion is in the mid-thoracic or distal thoracic esophagus or it is involving the gastroesophageal junction
Has been treated with anti-cancer therapy or thoracic radiation therapy within  days
Prior breast or thoracic radiation therapy (RT) for any condition
Radiologic workup must demonstrate that the thoracic disease is confined to only one hemi-thoracic cavity and must be deemed potentially resectable by the surgical team
Patients with a history of non-breast malignancies are eligible as long as they have not received prior radiotherapy to the thoracic region, and have a greater than  year interval without evidence of recurrence
Prior thoracic radiation therapy preventing hemithoracic pleural IMRT
Prior systemic chemotherapy, major surgery, or thoracic radiation within  weeks of study initiation.
Measurable disease as assessed by modified RECIST for MPM for thoracic disease (Appendix A) and RECIST . for extra-thoracic disease (Appendix B).
Subject has an air leak ?  mL/min, as measured by a digital thoracic drainage system (DTDS)
Participants must initiate study treatment with thoracic radiation therapy =<  weeks ( days) from the last dose of platinum-based first line chemotherapy;\r\n* Thoracic radiation therapy must not be administered <  weeks ( days) from the last dose of platinum-based first line chemotherapy\r\n* Ipilimumab/nivolumab study therapy must not be administered <  days and not more than  days from the last dose of thoracic radiotherapy
Prior breast or thoracic radiation therapy (RT) for any condition
Participants with prior mediastinal or thoracic radiotherapy. Prior tangential RT to prior breast cancer is acceptable.
Treatment with thoracic or mediastinal radiotherapy within  weeks prior to initiation of study drug
Prior systemic chemotherapy (for lung cancer) and/or thoracic/neck radiotherapy for any reason and/or surgical resection of present cancer
Patient is not a candidate for or declines consolidative thoracic radiotherapy.
Patients receiving any systemic chemotherapy or thoracic radiotherapy within  weeks prior to study treatment.
Patients previously treated with radiation therapy to the thoracic or lumbar spinal levels of involved disease will not be included
Patients cannot have more than  lung lesions\r\n* Patients with a single lung lesion other than the primary tumor and no other thoracic or extra-thoracic disease will not be eligible
Prior thoracic radiotherapy that would lead to overlap with the current radiation treatment field
Patients who cannot tolerate thoracic radiotherapy or targeted therapy
Prior chemotherapy, radiation for any malignancy in which they received any thoracic radiotherapy
Deemed surgically resectable by a thoracic surgeon
Patients must have a prior diagnosis of cancer inside the thoracic cavity; both primary thoracic malignancies (such as lung cancer) as well as metastatic lesions (such as metastatic breast cancer or colorectal cancer to the lungs) are allowed; patient must have pathologic confirmation of the recurrent thoracic tumor, or have an enlarging thoracic mass (as seen on two computed tomography [CT] scans at least  weeks apart, with either a > % or >  mm increase in longest dimension)
Patients that have had prior ipsilateral chestwall/thoracic radiation
Evaluation by a thoracic surgeon and a radiation oncologist within  months of registration
Prior thoracic radiotherapy
Has received prior chemotherapy for any malignant disorder, thoracic radiation therapy or prior surgical resection of an esophagogastric tumor
Patients with uncontrollable progression of extra-thoracic disease will be excluded from study
Tumor verified by a thoracic surgeon to be in a location that will permit a sublobar resection
Patient participants will have an appointment in the Thoracic Oncology Program at the Brigham and Womens Hospital
Patients must have surgically resectable disease treatable by esophagectomy, as assessed by a thoracic surgeon
Tumors with significant involvement of the proximal stomach which, in the opinion of the treating thoracic surgeon, would require an esophagogastrectomy
Diagnosed with breast, GYN, GI, GU, or thoracic cancer
Unable to start nintedanib/placebo treatment between  -  weeks after completing the last dose of thoracic radiation
Seen at Supportive Care, cardiopulmonary center, thoracic radiation oncology or thoracic medical oncology
Patients who have known metastatic disease or other bulk disease in the thoracic or cervical regions
Adult patients scheduled for thoracic surgery
Prior malignancy in which they received any thoracic radiotherapy unless the treating physician considers it unlikely to impact the clinical outcome of the patient
Patients whove received a therapeutic course of antibiotics within  days prior to thoracic surgery
Prior chemotherapy or thoracic radiation within the past  years
Prior thoracic radiotherapy directed to the ipsilateral lung or prior surgical wedge resection in the involved lobe
Patients getting a planned wedge resection as the only thoracic resectional procedure
Prior thoracic surgery on the same side of the lung as the SPN.
Previous thoracic surgery
Histologic proof of malignancy suitable for thoracic radiation therapy
Patient must have been valuated by a thoracic radiation oncologist within the past  weeks and deemed an appropriate candidate for stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR)
Patients with thoracic disease to be treated using radiotherapy will be eligible for this study
Patients must be planned for at least  Gy of thoracic radiation
Patients who are seen by members of the Thoracic Surgical oncology Group at Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center for their initial surgical consultation