fs = [{'conversations': [{'from': 'human',
'value': 'Which side of the lung has a pleural effusion?'},
{'from': 'gpt',
'value': 'The right side of the lung has a pleural '
'effusion.'},
{'from': 'human',
'value': 'According to the CT image, does the patient has '
'cardiomegaly?'},
{'from': 'gpt',
'value': 'The image appeares to be a chest x-ray. '
'However, it indicates that the patient has '
'cardiomegaly, which means an enlarged heart. '
'Additionally, there are diffuse bilateral '
'interstitial infiltrates and a right-sided '
'pleural effusion present in the image.'},
{'from': 'human',
'value': "Additional Info: The patient's respiratory "
'status continued to worsen and on hospital day '
'number 14, requiring intubation and mechanical '
'ventilation for hypoxemic respiratory failure.'},
{'from': 'gpt',
'value': 'Thank you for providing additional information '
"about the patient's condition. Based on the "
'information you provided, it appears that the '
"patient's respiratory status continued to "
'worsen and on hospital day number 14, they '
'required intubation and mechanical ventilation '
'for hypoxemic respiratory failure. This '
"suggests that the patient's lung function has "
'significantly declined, and they may be '
'experiencing respiratory distress. It is '
'important for the medical team to closely '
"monitor the patient's condition and provide "
'appropriate treatment to manage their symptoms '
'and improve their lung function.'}],
'domain': {'chest_xray': True,
'ct_scan': False,
'gross': False,
'histology': False,
'mri': False},
'fig_caption': 'Chest X-ray. Cardiomegaly with diffuse bilateral '
'interstitial infiltrates and a right-sided pleural effusion.',
'fig_id': 'F2',
'fig_label': 'Figure 2',
'in_text_mention': ['His respiratory status continued to worsen and on '
'hospital day number 14 , he required intubation and '
'mechanical ventilation for hypoxemic respiratory '
'failure ( Figure 2 ) .'],
'pair_id': '18627621_F2',
'pmid': '18627621'},
{'conversations': [{'from': 'human', 'value': 'What are the arrows showing?'},
{'from': 'gpt',
'value': 'The arrows in the X-ray image are pointing to '
'areas of hyperlucency, which are surrounded by '
'a thin linear demarcation. Hyperlucency refers '
'to the increased brightness in those specific '
'areas on the X-ray, which may indicate that '
'there is less tissue or fluid density in those '
'regions. The thin linear demarcation is a '
'boundary that separates the hyperlucent areas '
'from the surrounding lung tissue. These '
'findings suggest that there may be an '
'underlying issue, such as a pneumothorax '
'(collapsed lung), bullae (air-filled sacs), or '
'another lung abnormality. Further evaluation '
'and tests will be needed to determine the exact '
'cause and appropriate treatment.'},
{'from': 'human',
'value': 'Do you see endotracheal tube placed?'},
{'from': 'gpt',
'value': 'Yes, it was probably taken following '
'endotracheal tube placement. An endotracheal '
'tube is a flexible plastic tube that is '
'inserted through the mouth or nose and into the '
'trachea (windpipe) to help maintain an open '
'airway and assist with breathing. In this '
'context, the X-ray is taken to assess the '
'positioning of the tube and identify any '
'potential complications, such as lung '
'hyperinflation or other abnormalities as '
'described in the findings.'},
{'from': 'human',
'value': 'Do you see any abnormalities in upper lobes?'},
{'from': 'gpt',
'value': 'Yes, there are abnormalities in the bilateral '
'upper lobes. The increased lucency in the '
'bilateral upper lobes suggests that there is '
'less tissue or fluid density in those areas, '
'which could be due to various reasons such as '
'lung disease, infection, or structural '
'abnormalities. It is important to consider the '
"patient's clinical history and symptoms, as "
'well as consult a healthcare professional for a '
'thorough evaluation and proper diagnosis of the '
'underlying cause of these findings.'}],
'domain': {'chest_xray': True,
'ct_scan': False,
'gross': False,
'histology': False,
'mri': False},
'fig_caption': 'Anteroposterior chest X-ray following endotracheal tube '
'placement showing hyperinflated lungs with multiple areas of '
'hyperlucency on the left lung base and left apex, surrounded '
'by a thin linear demarcation (arrows).',
'fig_id': 'fig1',
'fig_label': 'Figure 1',
'in_text_mention': ['Chest X-ray showed hyperinflation with increased '
'lucency in bilateral upper lobes ( Figure 1 ) .'],
'pair_id': '24511405_fig1',
'pmid': '24511405'},
{'conversations': [{'from': 'human', 'value': 'Where is the lesion located?'},
{'from': 'gpt',
'value': 'The lesion is located in the posterior aspect '
'of the right upper lobe of the lung.'},
{'from': 'human',
'value': 'Is it extending into the chest wall?'},
{'from': 'gpt',
'value': 'Yes, the CT scan suggests that the large '
'cavitating lesion in the right upper lobe is '
'likely extending into the chest wall.'},
{'from': 'human',
'value': 'Can you explain more about the cavitating '
'lesion?'},
{'from': 'gpt',
'value': 'Certainly. A cavitating lesion refers to an '
'abnormal mass or growth within the lung tissue '
'that has a cavity or hollow space inside it. '
'This cavity can be formed due to the necrosis '
'(death) of the tissue inside the lesion, '
'leading to the breakdown and disintegration of '
'the affected tissue. Cavitating lesions can be '
'caused by various factors, such as infections '
'(like tuberculosis or fungal infections), '
'autoimmune diseases, or malignancies (cancer). '
'In the context of the CT scan provided, the '
'large cavitating lesion in the right upper lobe '
'of the lung is suggestive of a malignant '
'(cancerous) growth. The cavity within the '
'lesion may be a result of the rapid and '
'uncontrolled growth of cancer cells, which can '
'lead to the destruction of surrounding healthy '
"tissue. It's important to note that further "
'diagnostic tests, such as a biopsy, would be '
'required to confirm the malignancy and '
'determine the specific type of cancer '
'involved.'}],
'domain': {'chest_xray': False,
'ct_scan': True,
'gross': False,
'histology': False,
'mri': False},
'fig_caption': 'Contrast-enhanced CT scan of the chest for patient #1. A '
'large cavitating lesion was identified in the right upper '
'lobe with pleural involvement and likely extension into the '
'chest wall. In addition, right hilar lymphadenopathy was '
'suspected. This was the primary malignant lesion in this '
'patient.',
'fig_id': 'F4',
'fig_label': 'Figure 4',
'in_text_mention': ['Computerized tomography ( CT ) scans of the chest ( '
'Figure 4 ) were obtained .',
'( Figure 4 ) and demonstrated a large cavitating lesion '
'in the posterior aspect of the right upper lobe with '
'probable pleural involvement likely representing the '
'primary lesion .'],
'pair_id': '16734899_F4',
'pmid': '16734899'},
{'conversations': [{'from': 'human',
'value': 'What is the color of the speciment?'},
{'from': 'gpt',
'value': 'It seems to be a tan gray color.'},
{'from': 'human', 'value': 'Does it have a hard surface?'},
{'from': 'gpt',
'value': 'No, the specimen seems to have a soft surface.'},
{'from': 'human', 'value': 'Is it a tumor?'},
{'from': 'gpt',
'value': 'It is likely that the specimen is a tumor. '
'However, as I mentioned earlier, further '
'testing and analysis would be necessary to '
'determine the nature of the tumor, whether it '
'is benign or malignant.'}],
'domain': {'chest_xray': False,
'ct_scan': False,
'gross': True,
'histology': False,
'mri': False},
'fig_caption': 'Gross image of the specimen; The specimen was measured at '
'5.2 × 5.0 × 5.0 cm and had a tan gray, soft, fish-fleshy cut '
'surface.',
'fig_id': 'F3',
'fig_label': 'Figure 3',
'in_text_mention': ['Grossly , the tumor measured 5.2 × 5.0 × 5.0 cm and had '
'a tan gray , soft , fish-fleshy cut surface ( Figure 3 '
') .'],
'pair_id': '18727836_F3',
'pmid': '18727836'},
{'conversations': [{'from': 'human',
'value': 'What organ is presented in the image?'},
{'from': 'gpt',
'value': 'It is likely a gross section of a lung.'},
{'from': 'human',
'value': 'What do the contours indicate?'},
{'from': 'gpt',
'value': 'They represent the external border of the lung '
'section that was examined, as well as the '
'extent of macroscopic (visible to the naked '
'eye) tumor present in the lung tissue.'},
{'from': 'human', 'value': 'How were the contours drawn?'},
{'from': 'gpt',
'value': 'It appears that they were placed digitally.'}],
'domain': {'chest_xray': False,
'ct_scan': False,
'gross': True,
'histology': False,
'mri': False},
'fig_caption': 'The gross section is photographed, and the lung parenchyma, '
'visible tumour, and any intrinsic fiducial landmarks are '
'contoured using Photoshop (Adobe Systems Incorporated, San '
'Jose, CA, U.S.A.).',
'fig_id': 'f5-co15-5-225e62',
'fig_label': 'FIGURE 5',
'in_text_mention': ['Using Photoshop ( Adobe Systems Incorporated , San Jose '
', CA , U.S.A. ) , contours were placed on the '
'photographic images to represent the external border of '
'the section , and the extent of macroscopic disease ( '
'Figure 5 ) .'],
'pair_id': '19008992_f5-co15-5-225e62',
'pmid': '19008992'},
{'conversations': [{'from': 'human', 'value': 'Which organ is shown?'},
{'from': 'gpt',
'value': 'The image shows the epidermis, which is the '
'outermost layer of the skin.'},
{'from': 'human',
'value': 'Which cell types are prominent?'},
{'from': 'gpt',
'value': 'The prominent cell types observed in the '
'epidermis are atypical lymphocytes.'},
{'from': 'human',
'value': 'What can you say about the lymphocytes?'},
{'from': 'gpt',
'value': 'The image shows linearly arranged atypical '
'lymphocytes in the epidermis of a patient. The '
'lymphocytes are single/haloed, which means they '
'are individually surrounded by a clear space, '
'giving the appearance of a halo. This '
'appearance is characteristic of atypical '
'lymphocytes in Mycosis Fungoides (MF), a type '
'of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.'}],
'domain': {'chest_xray': False,
'ct_scan': False,
'gross': False,
'histology': True,
'mri': False},
'fig_caption': 'Linearly arranged and single/haloed atypical lymphocytes in '
'epidermis in patient with patch stage MF were seen before '
'treatment (×400, H&E).',
'fig_id': 'fig1',
'fig_label': 'Figure 1',
'in_text_mention': ['Before treatment , epidermotropism was established in '
'all cases and linearly arranged cells were the most '
'prominent ( 93.8 % ) finding ( Figure 1 ) .'],
'pair_id': '22973172_fig1',
'pmid': '22973172'},
{'conversations': [{'from': 'human',
'value': 'What is the magnification level?'},
{'from': 'gpt',
'value': 'It seems to be a very high magnification. '
'However, it is important to note that the '
'actual magnification level of an image can vary '
'depending on the size of the monitor or screen '
'being used to view it, as well as other factors '
'such as the size of the original sample and the '
'imaging technique used.'},
{'from': 'human', 'value': 'What are those cells?'},
{'from': 'gpt',
'value': 'The cells are likely spermatogonia. '
'Spermatogonia are the undifferentiated male '
'germ cells that are located in the seminiferous '
'tubules of the testis. These cells undergo '
'mitosis and eventually differentiate and '
'develop into sperm cells through a process '
'called spermatogenesis.'},
{'from': 'human',
'value': 'What are the arrows pointing to?'},
{'from': 'gpt',
'value': 'The arrows in the image are pointing to the '
'spermatogonia. These are the early, '
'undifferentiated germ cells found in the testis '
'of a male kid. They will eventually develop '
'into sperm cells through the process of '
'spermatogenesis. The image is stained with '
'hematoxylin and eosin (H&E).'}],
'domain': {'chest_xray': False,
'ct_scan': False,
'gross': False,
'histology': True,
'mri': False},
'fig_caption': 'Photomicrograph of the testis of a two-month old male kid '
'showing the presence of propermatogonia (arrows), H&E., 1000 '
'X.',
'fig_id': 'fig5',
'fig_label': 'Figure 5',
'in_text_mention': ['These cells were termed as prespermatogonia which could '
'be seen in the sex cords of 2 month-old kids ( group-II '
') ( Figure 5 ) .'],
'pair_id': '22567313_fig5',
'pmid': '22567313'},
{'conversations': [{'from': 'human', 'value': 'Which organ is in the image?'},
{'from': 'gpt',
'value': 'The organ in the image is the sacrum, which is '
'part of the human skeletal system. The sacrum '
'is a large, triangular bone at the base of the '
'spine and at the upper and back part of the '
'pelvic cavity, where it is inserted like a '
'wedge between the two hip bones. Its upper part '
'connects with the last lumbar vertebra, and '
'bottom part with the coccyx (tailbone).'},
{'from': 'human', 'value': 'What are the arrows pointing?'},
{'from': 'gpt',
'value': 'The arrows in the MRI image are likely pointing '
'to areas of patchy, low-intensity edema. Edema '
'refers to an abnormal accumulation of fluid in '
'the tissues, which can be caused by various '
'conditions such as inflammation, injury, or '
'disease.'},
{'from': 'human',
'value': 'What does it tell about the sacrum?'},
{'from': 'gpt',
'value': 'The axial T1-weighted MRI image of the sacrum '
'shows patchy, low-intensity edema, as marked by '
'arrows. Additionally, the T1-weighted images '
'demonstrate symmetrical hypointense areas '
'within both sacral alar. In simpler terms, the '
'MRI image reveals swelling (edema) in the '
'sacrum region, which appears as patchy, '
'low-intensity areas on the image. Furthermore, '
'the sacral alar, which are the wing-like '
'structures on either side of the sacrum, '
'exhibit symmetrical hypointense (darker) areas. '
'This may indicate some sort of injury, '
'inflammation, or other pathological changes in '
'the sacrum region. Further analysis and '
'clinical correlation are needed to determine '
'the cause and significance of these findings.'}],
'domain': {'chest_xray': False,
'ct_scan': False,
'gross': False,
'histology': False,
'mri': True},
'fig_caption': 'Axial T1-weighted MRI image of sacrum. Note: Patchy, '
'low-intensity edema evident (arrows). Abbreviation: MRI, '
'magnetic resonance imaging.',
'fig_id': 'f2-imcrj-7-093',
'fig_label': 'Figure 2',
'in_text_mention': ['T1-weighted images of the sacrum demonstrated '
'symmetrical hypointense areas within both sacral alar ( '
'Figure 2 ) .'],
'pair_id': '24940083_f2-imcrj-7-093',
'pmid': '24940083'}]
