The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 10531035] [evidence NAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 3000607] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell. A layer of such cells lines the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium [goid 45446] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8954781] [evidence TAS]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [pmid 8954781] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. The D enantiomer is an important regulator of the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. It inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and activates phosphofructokinase [goid 6003] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. The D enantiomer is an important regulator of the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. It inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and activates phosphofructokinase [goid 6003] [pmid 2837207] [evidence IDA]; The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol [goid 6094] [pmid 12379646] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [pmid 12379646] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 12721358] [evidence EXP]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 8652] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid [goid 19344] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 7260241] [evidence TAS]; The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids [goid 6471] [pmid 10338144] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triacylglycerol, any triester of glycerol [goid 19433] [pmid 15178420] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein moiety consists of a lipid or lipids [goid 42159] [evidence IEA]; The regrowth of lost or destroyed tissues [goid 42246] [pmid 11577099] [evidence IEP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids [goid 50996] [pmid 16806135] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase [goid 51006] [pmid 16806135] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase [goid 51006] [pmid 15178420] [evidence IDA]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of acylglycerol within an organism or cell [goid 55090] [pmid 15178420] [evidence IMP]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of acylglycerol within an organism or cell [goid 55090] [pmid 11588264] [evidence IDA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 1610568] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neurite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurite is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites [goid 31175] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 7636245] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 8955192] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 7636245] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 7636245] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 7636245] [evidence TAS]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 8325635] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte [goid 30216] [pmid 8325635] [evidence NAS]; The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns [goid 31424] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrin consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group [goid 6779] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next [goid 33014] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next [goid 33014] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of uroporphyrinogen III [goid 6780] [pmid 2331520] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors [goid 6783] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [pmid 9434124] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9434124] [evidence TAS]; Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized microtubule-based cytoskeletal structures [goid 30951] [pmid 14718566] [evidence IMP]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 1704365] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism [goid 9611] [pmid 16891397] [evidence IEP]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction [goid 6310] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [evidence IEA]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between a cell and its substrate [goid 7044] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 2452834] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10429193] [evidence TAS]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [pmid 1438206] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30334] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom [goid 9308] [pmid 9169148] [evidence TAS]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the complement cascade, which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes; the initial steps of complement activation involve one of three pathways, the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway, all of which lead to the terminal complement pathway [goid 6956] [pmid 1711047] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9349813] [evidence TAS]; Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of chemicals [goid 7635] [pmid 9349813] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 9813070] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 11112355] [evidence ISS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant [goid 9790] [pmid 11112355] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte [goid 30216] [pmid 14632196] [evidence IDA]
Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6957] [evidence IEA]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 1648725] [evidence TAS]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix [goid 1953] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin [goid 8286] [pmid 8276809] [evidence IPI]; The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell [goid 30183] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30335] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation [goid 45671] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a phosphoinositide, a class of substances comprising phosphatidylinositol and its derivatives [goid 46854] [evidence ISS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin-like growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 48009] [pmid 7541045] [evidence IPI]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of organic cations into, out of, within or between cells. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage [goid 15695] [pmid 10072596] [evidence NAS]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The directed movement of substances within a cell [goid 46907] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 9682218] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [pmid 9682218] [evidence TAS]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 31145] [pmid 11285280] [evidence EXP]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 14593737] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 12791267] [evidence EXP]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 11179690] [evidence TAS]; Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon [goid 30031] [evidence IEA]
A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9144171] [evidence TAS]
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [evidence IEA]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 8985183] [evidence TAS]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [evidence IEA]; Progression through metaphase, the stage of mitosis at which chromosomes are firmly attached to the mitotic spindle at its equator but have not yet segregated to opposite poles [goid 89] [evidence IEA]; A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an oocyte to attain its fully functional state. Oocyte maturation commences after reinitiation of meiosis commonly starting with germinal vesicle breakdown, and continues up to the second meiotic arrest prior to fertilization [goid 1556] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 8141249] [evidence TAS]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence ISS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence ISS]
The retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen of soluble resident proteins. Sorting receptors retrieve proteins with ER localization signals, such as KDEL and HDEL sequences or some transmembrane domains, that have escaped to the cis-Golgi network and return them to the ER. Abnormally folded proteins and unassembled subunits are also selectively retained in the ER [goid 6621] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen of soluble resident proteins. Sorting receptors retrieve proteins with ER localization signals, such as KDEL and HDEL sequences or some transmembrane domains, that have escaped to the cis-Golgi network and return them to the ER. Abnormally folded proteins and unassembled subunits are also selectively retained in the ER [goid 6621] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 1325562] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 10458907] [evidence TAS]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 8405411] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 9437026] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus [goid 7584] [pmid 6145156] [evidence TAS]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 6145156] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9886848] [evidence TAS]; Any process induced by hormones that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8628] [pmid 8961277] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30334] [evidence IEA]
The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins [goid 184] [evidence IEA]; Cleavage of the 5'-cap of a nuclear mRNA triggered by shortening of the poly(A) tail to below a minimum functional length [goid 290] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of nucleotide-sugars into, out of, within or between cells. Nucleotide-sugars are any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative [goid 15780] [evidence IEA]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 10733931] [evidence IDA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 10206991] [evidence TAS]
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase [goid 185] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth [goid 1701] [evidence IEA]; The developmental process by which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 3007] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transforming growth factor beta receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7179] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the oesophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax [goid 30324] [evidence IEA]; Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase [goid 185] [pmid 8638164] [evidence TAS]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes [goid 16071] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 1360704] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease [goid 42493] [pmid 1360704] [evidence TAS]
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKK [goid 187] [pmid 14676841] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol [goid 6661] [pmid 14676841] [evidence IDA]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 1695320] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location [goid 8104] [pmid 14676841] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 14676841] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphoinositides, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of inositol. They are important constituents of cell membranes [goid 30384] [pmid 14676841] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the activity of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase [goid 43128] [pmid 14676841] [evidence IDA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a virion enters a host cell, including virion attachment and penetration [goid 46718] [pmid 14676841] [evidence TAS]; The process during virion attachment where a virion binds to a host cell receptor, resulting in a conformational change of the virus protein [goid 46813] [pmid 14676841] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine [goid 50731] [pmid 14676841] [evidence IDA]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine, any of a class of phospholipids in which the amino group of sphingosine is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxyl group of sphingosine is esterified to phosphorylcholine [goid 6684] [pmid 1740330] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine, any of a class of phospholipids in which the amino group of sphingosine is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxyl group of sphingosine is esterified to phosphorylcholine [goid 6684] [pmid 1740330] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine, any of a class of phospholipids in which the amino group of sphingosine is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxyl group of sphingosine is esterified to phosphorylcholine [goid 6684] [pmid 1740330] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine [goid 6685] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7670466] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 7670466] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances within a cell [goid 46907] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The hatching of the cellular blastocyst from the zona pellucida [goid 1835] [evidence IEA]; Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation [goid 6338] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 7801128] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a segment of DNA is incorporated into another, usually larger, DNA molecule such as a chromosome [goid 15074] [pmid 7801128] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the replication of a retroviral genome. Retroviruses use RNA as their nucleic acid and reverse transcriptase to copy their genome into the DNA of the host cells chromosomes [goid 45090] [pmid 14963118] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin [goid 8286] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15758] [evidence ISS]; Assembly of a stress fiber, the bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts [goid 43149] [evidence ISS]; Establishment and maturation of focal adhesions, complexes of intracellular signaling and structural proteins which provide a structural link between the internal actin cytoskeleton and the ECM, and also function as a locus of signal transduction activity [goid 48041] [evidence ISS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid) [goid 6665] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 6644] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus [goid 6606] [pmid 7603572] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances within a cell [goid 46907] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [pmid 7758945] [evidence TAS]; Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining [goid 7566] [pmid 7758945] [evidence TAS]
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9968] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity [goid 79] [pmid 8078588] [evidence IDA]; Progression from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 86] [pmid 17553787] [evidence IMP]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 17553787] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway activity [goid 30511] [pmid 16943770] [evidence IMP]; Any cell cycle checkpoint that blocks entry into S phase [goid 31575] [pmid 17553787] [evidence IMP]; A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus [goid 31668] [pmid 17553787] [evidence IMP]; A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus [goid 31670] [pmid 17597576] [evidence IMP]; Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule [goid 42326] [pmid 8078588] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation [goid 50680] [pmid 16943770] [evidence IMP]
The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [goid 6406] [pmid 7634337] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the activity of the GTPase ARF [goid 32312] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 12379217] [evidence IDA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide [goid 7187] [pmid 7905839] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by activation of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7191] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7193] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal [goid 7600] [pmid 9689128] [evidence TAS]; The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7626] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 2159143] [evidence TAS]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lens over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina [goid 2088] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells [goid 7043] [pmid 2584203] [evidence NAS]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 12019456] [evidence IEP]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 12019456] [evidence IEP]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 11012666] [evidence NAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 11012666] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 8464732] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid [goid 6554] [pmid 10775527] [evidence NAS]; The formation of a protein tetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits [goid 51262] [pmid 10567240] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex [goid 19884] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 31145] [pmid 11285280] [evidence EXP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 15029244] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 12791267] [evidence EXP]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The specific actions or reactions of an organism that recur with a regularity more frequent than every 24 hours [goid 7624] [pmid 12356293] [evidence IDA]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]
The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 9570951] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC) [goid 7223] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence NAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation [goid 45669] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) [goid 50808] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-ascorbic acid; L-ascorbic acid ionizes to give L-ascorbate, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate, which is required as a cofactor in the oxidation of prolyl residues to hydroxyprolyl, and other reactions [goid 19853] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-glucuronate, the dextrorotatory isomer of glucuronate [goid 42840] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O [goid 46185] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides [goid 6006] [pmid 2498333] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-ascorbic acid; L-ascorbic acid ionizes to give L-ascorbate, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate, which is required as a cofactor in the oxidation of prolyl residues to hydroxyprolyl, and other reactions [goid 19853] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-glucuronate, the dextrorotatory isomer of glucuronate [goid 42840] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O [goid 46185] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]
The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 30509] [pmid 16049014] [evidence IDA]; A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the activin family binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 32924] [pmid 16049014] [evidence IDA]; The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell [goid 40007] [evidence IEA]; The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field [goid 45165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [pmid 16049014] [evidence IDA]
A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells [goid 281] [pmid 12963707] [evidence IDA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The cell cycle process whereby chromatin structure is compacted prior to mitosis in eukaryotic cells [goid 7076] [pmid 12963707] [evidence IDA]; The cell cycle process whereby the directed movement of the mitotic spindle to a specific location in the cell occurs [goid 40001] [pmid 12963707] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis [goid 45840] [pmid 12963707] [evidence IDA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [pmid 7499195] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells [goid 50909] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 10099934] [evidence TAS]; Control of the spatial distribution of actin filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking [goid 7015] [pmid 10099934] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 10099934] [evidence NAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile [goid 6699] [pmid 11067870] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones [goid 6700] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component [goid 16043] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9608531] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [pmid 12504588] [evidence IDA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9608531] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis [goid 50772] [pmid 12504588] [evidence IDA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 7559389] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 10766765] [evidence TAS]; The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [evidence IEA]; The conversion of N-linked glycan structures from the initially transferred oligosaccharide to a mature form, by the actions of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. The early processing steps are conserved and play roles in glycoprotein folding and trafficking [goid 6491] [pmid 10766765] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9054414] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages [goid 9312] [pmid 10766765] [evidence TAS]; The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]
The cleavage of DNA during apoptosis, which usually occurs in two stages: cleavage into fragments of about 50 kbp followed by cleavage between nucleosomes to yield 200 bp fragments [goid 6309] [pmid 9989411] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A cascade of processes initiated by the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death) [goid 8630] [pmid 9989411] [evidence TAS]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
Pathways for DNA repair which occur after DNA has replicated, e.g. mismatch repair, and which involve translesion synthesis (TLS-type) DNA polymerases [goid 6301] [pmid 11162572] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 11162572] [evidence NAS]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 1460054] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 8861914] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages [goid 30099] [evidence IEA]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex [goid 19882] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex [goid 19882] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 2569462] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 2569462] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving malate, the anion of hydroxybutanedioic acid, a chiral hydroxydicarboxylic acid. The (+) enantiomer is an important intermediate in metabolism as a component of both the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle [goid 6108] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate [goid 6090] [pmid 7818469] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving malate, the anion of hydroxybutanedioic acid, a chiral hydroxydicarboxylic acid. The (+) enantiomer is an important intermediate in metabolism as a component of both the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle [goid 6108] [pmid 7818469] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving dioxygen (O2), or any of the reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (-OH) [goid 6800] [pmid 7818469] [evidence TAS]; The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor [goid 9060] [pmid 7818469] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 7818469] [evidence IDA]
The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7219] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The process of coupling valine to valyl-tRNA, catalyzed by valyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6438] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate [goid 7200] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal [goid 7600] [pmid 8795617] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane [goid 42391] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate [goid 7200] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane [goid 42391] [evidence IEA]
The proteolytic removal of a signal peptide from a protein during or after transport to a specific location in the cell [goid 6465] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 9878247] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction [goid 6310] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction [goid 6310] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity [goid 79] [pmid 9874798] [evidence TAS]; Heritable alterations in the activity of a gene that depend on whether it passed through the paternal or the maternal germline, but that are not encoded by DNA itself [goid 6349] [pmid 9874798] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [pmid 9874798] [evidence TAS]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 226] [pmid 16221885] [evidence IMP]; The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a mitochondrion along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins [goid 47497] [pmid 12762840] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized [goid 51297] [pmid 16221885] [evidence IMP]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [evidence ISS]
A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules [goid 1578] [pmid 15528209] [evidence IMP]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 12762840] [evidence IDA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 16297881] [evidence ISS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [pmid 15528209] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of a mitochondrion along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins [goid 47497] [pmid 12762840] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the anatomical structures of neurites are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A neurite is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites [goid 48812] [pmid 15528209] [evidence IEP]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 9153302] [evidence TAS]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 2844164] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells [goid 30574] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction [goid 6310] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 9813143] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 9588198] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]
The modification, often by sulfation, of sugars incorporated into heparan sulfate after polymerization [goid 15015] [pmid 9535912] [evidence TAS]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [pmid 9585423] [evidence TAS]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9585423] [evidence TAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose. The D-(+)-form is widely distributed in mannans and hemicelluloses and is of major importance in the core oligosaccharide of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins [goid 6013] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the onset of anaphase (chromosome movement) in the mitotic cell cycle [goid 30071] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages [goid 5977] [pmid 9402963] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 9402963] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational modification of a protein, particularly secretory proteins and proteins targeted for membranes or specific cellular locations [goid 16485] [pmid 12297508] [evidence IDA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8703017] [evidence NAS]
Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations [goid 7126] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 8550619] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 8550619] [evidence TAS]; The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 8550619] [evidence TAS]
The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels [goid 1816] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity [goid 6469] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of cholesterol within an organism or cell [goid 42632] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response [goid 50729] [evidence IEA]
The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [pmid 10212226] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [pmid 9119360] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 8524823] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions initiated by the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB is sequestered by the inhibitor I-kappaB, and is released when I-kappaB is phosphorylated by activated I-kappaB kinase [goid 7249] [pmid 15276183] [evidence EXP]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat [goid 45444] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding, selective interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid [goid 51101] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 9618262] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat [goid 45444] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding, selective interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid [goid 51101] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator [goid 6200] [pmid 17430889] [evidence IDA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol [goid 7026] [evidence ISS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7835084] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9384573] [evidence NAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism [goid 9611] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [pmid 1639750] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adrenal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This gland can either be a discrete structure located bilaterally above each kidney, or a cluster of cells in the head kidney that perform the functions of the adrenal gland. In either case, this organ consists of two cells types, aminergic chromaffin cells and steroidogenic cortical cells [goid 30325] [evidence ISS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]
Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [evidence IEA]
The regionalization process by which embryonic segments are divided into compartments that will result in differences in cell differentiation [goid 7386] [pmid 11331580] [evidence IDA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The characteristic movement of immature neurons from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature [goid 1764] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30334] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon outgrowth [goid 30517] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of the nucleus to a specific location within a cell [goid 40023] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension [goid 45773] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15758] [pmid 10860667] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. This process includes the actual movement of the solute, and any regulation and preparatory steps, such as reduction of the solute [goid 55085] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of AMP, adenosine monophosphate [goid 6196] [pmid 9291127] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9117] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety [goid 9168] [evidence IEA]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9763581] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle [goid 7346] [pmid 16510120] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a myeloid cell apoptosis [goid 33033] [pmid 9763581] [evidence IDA]; A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state [goid 43249] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm [goid 1824] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 8603043] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 30163] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 31145] [pmid 11285280] [evidence EXP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 15029244] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 12791267] [evidence EXP]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases [goid 7040] [pmid 1718978] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a lysosome [goid 7041] [pmid 2303452] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. Formerly known as mucopolysaccharides, they include hyaluronic acid and chondroitin, which provide lubrication in joints and form part of the matrix of cartilage. The three-dimensional structure of these molecules enables them to trap water, which forms a gel and gives glycosaminoglycans their elastic properties [goid 30203] [evidence IEA]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component [goid 16043] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion [goid 6885] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]
A system for the correction of errors introduced during DNA replication when an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination [goid 6298] [pmid 7980603] [evidence NAS]; A system for the correction of errors introduced during DNA replication when an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination [goid 6298] [evidence IEA]
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase [goid 188] [pmid 8602223] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 8277] [pmid 9858594] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9968] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 6446] [pmid 9372926] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 6446] [pmid 8961935] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10761934] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of chemicals [goid 7635] [pmid 10761935] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells [goid 50909] [pmid 10761934] [evidence TAS]
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [pmid 15849270] [evidence IGI]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30334] [pmid 15894287] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 8893823] [evidence TAS]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 11595174] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus [goid 7584] [pmid 8612280] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle [goid 7413] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 8272] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 8272] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 8272] [evidence IEA]
Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [evidence IEA]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [pmid 3891272] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose, a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate [goid 6011] [pmid 8631325] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide [goid 16310] [evidence NAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8441384] [evidence TAS]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [pmid 9465049] [evidence TAS]; The molecular events that lead to the integration of a viral genome into the host genome [goid 19047] [pmid 16291214] [evidence EXP]; The set of processes involved in the start of virus infection of cells [goid 19059] [pmid 12091904] [evidence EXP]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during DNA segregation and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart [goid 7051] [evidence IEA]; The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic locomotor organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole [goid 42384] [pmid 15337773] [evidence IDA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8703034] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 8703034] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid [goid 19370] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9799793] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8999963] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7188] [pmid 10880054] [evidence TAS]; Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme adenylate cyclase [goid 7190] [pmid 9224808] [evidence TAS]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 1303257] [evidence TAS]; The stopping of bleeding (loss of body fluid) or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part [goid 7599] [pmid 10880054] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7173] [pmid 8183552] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8183552] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle [goid 16050] [pmid 9762922] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 10910894] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9670926] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10910894] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 8816377] [evidence TAS]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [pmid 9417093] [evidence TAS]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the spliceosome, a ribonucleoprotein apparatus that catalyzes nuclear mRNA splicing via transesterification reactions [goid 245] [pmid 7527560] [evidence TAS]; The formation and assembly from one or more snRNA and multiple protein components of a ribonucleoprotein complex that in involved in formation of the spliceosome [goid 387] [pmid 15130578] [evidence EXP]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 1701240] [evidence TAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 11980910] [evidence IDA]; A process whereby non-proliferating myoblasts fuse to existing fibres or to myotubes to form new fibers. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers [goid 7520] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 11980910] [evidence IDA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 9878842] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of fatty acids into, out of, within or between cells. Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 15908] [pmid 9878842] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline [goid 42417] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 16849325] [evidence IMP]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 9677360] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 9425895] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9425895] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol [goid 6094] [evidence IEA]; The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol [goid 6094] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 12570871] [evidence NAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 12570871] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [pmid 12570871] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 12082544] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]; The assembly of a filopodium, a very long microspike extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or by the growth cone of a developing nerve cell axon [goid 46847] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [pmid 9074495] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving any pyrimidine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside) [goid 6213] [pmid 8786099] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]
The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan [goid 6487] [pmid 2466944] [evidence TAS]
A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules [goid 1578] [pmid 12427559] [evidence ISS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [pmid 12427559] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 12427559] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization [goid 31116] [pmid 12427559] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the DNA-dependent transcription of a specific gene or genes [goid 43193] [pmid 12427559] [evidence ISS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 9763657] [evidence IDA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9763657] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 9763657] [evidence IEP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 42127] [pmid 9763657] [evidence IEP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process whereby relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features [goid 45595] [pmid 9763657] [evidence IEP]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 3194393] [evidence TAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine [goid 18105] [evidence IEA]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 43280] [pmid 15030775] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 beta from a cell or group of cells [goid 50718] [pmid 15030775] [evidence IDA]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities [goid 6693] [pmid 10377395] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10377395] [evidence NAS]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix [goid 1953] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin [goid 8286] [pmid 8276809] [evidence IPI]; The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell [goid 30183] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30335] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation [goid 45671] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a phosphoinositide, a class of substances comprising phosphatidylinositol and its derivatives [goid 46854] [evidence ISS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin-like growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 48009] [pmid 7541045] [evidence IPI]
The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [pmid 10413680] [evidence NAS]; The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [pmid 7721854] [evidence NAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9367155] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9367155] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 9367155] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Repression of transcription by altering the structure of chromatin, e.g. by conversion of large regions of DNA into an inaccessible state often called heterochromatin [goid 6342] [pmid 10381378] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids [goid 6471] [pmid 10381378] [evidence TAS]; The removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid [goid 6476] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid [goid 6529] [pmid 2564390] [evidence IC ]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid [goid 6541] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 8652] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of glucose [goid 42149] [pmid 10085239] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [pmid 17409444] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle [goid 45931] [pmid 2569668] [evidence IDA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence NAS]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [evidence NAS]
The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 9326634] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 7776974] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9535219] [evidence NAS]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [pmid 9570794] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria [goid 9103] [pmid 10749855] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 16051] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 16051] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 16051] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 14557481] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30335] [pmid 16289578] [evidence IDA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neurite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurite is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites [goid 31175] [pmid 15894315] [evidence IDA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food [goid 42476] [pmid 15894315] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation [goid 50679] [pmid 14557481] [evidence TAS]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10380929] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 12231349] [evidence TAS]; The biosynthesis of a synapse [goid 7416] [pmid 12231349] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16339] [pmid 11322959] [evidence NAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
Addition of multiple ubiquitin moieties to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain [goid 209] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium [goid 43542] [pmid 15313892] [evidence IMP]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9092576] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA [goid 6351] [pmid 17409385] [evidence IC ]; The synthesis of 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), or an equivalent rRNA, from a DNA template [goid 42791] [pmid 17409385] [evidence IC ]; The synthesis of transfer RNA (tRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III promoter [goid 42797] [pmid 17409385] [evidence IC ]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The import of proteins across the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes into the matrix. Unfolded proteins enter the mitochondrial matrix with a chaperone protein; the information required to target the precursor protein from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix is contained within its N-terminal matrix-targeting sequence. Translocation of precursors to the matrix occurs at the rare sites where the outer and inner membranes are close together [goid 30150] [evidence NAS]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 8968749] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 7581448] [evidence TAS]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 7669037] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities [goid 6693] [pmid 8573067] [evidence IDA]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 8573067] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [pmid 8573067] [evidence IDA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane [goid 30866] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one [goid 6308] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one [goid 6308] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one [goid 6308] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one [goid 6308] [evidence IEA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]
The generation and maintenance of gametes. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell [goid 7276] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 11731616] [evidence IDA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 8607838] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8607838] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate [goid 6183] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate [goid 6228] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate [goid 6241] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate [goid 6183] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate [goid 6228] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate [goid 6241] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the extent of heart contraction, changing the force with which blood is propelled [goid 2026] [pmid 16675844] [evidence IMP]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase [goid 32781] [pmid 9738905] [evidence IMP]; Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue [goid 60048] [pmid 16675844] [evidence IMP]; Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue [goid 60048] [pmid 14985854] [evidence IMP]
The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. This process includes the actual movement of the solute, and any regulation and preparatory steps, such as reduction of the solute [goid 55085] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose [goid 6007] [pmid 8838793] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamin (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver [goid 6772] [pmid 8838793] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 6401] [pmid 9799596] [evidence TAS]
A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 11337497] [evidence IDA]; Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 6919] [pmid 11337497] [evidence IDA]; Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 6919] [pmid 10918594] [evidence NAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 10640778] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 3872918] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [pmid 12120696] [evidence NAS]; The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell in response to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor [goid 30101] [pmid 11987821] [evidence NAS]; The expansion of a B cell population by cell division. Follows B cell activation [goid 42100] [pmid 3135963] [evidence NAS]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection [goid 45089] [pmid 11987821] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class I [goid 45343] [pmid 8805651] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of virus particles into the cell [goid 46597] [pmid 10963806] [evidence NAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 9585434] [evidence NAS]
The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments [goid 266] [pmid 12509422] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial inner membrane [goid 7007] [pmid 12509422] [evidence IDA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 11017080] [evidence IMP]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; Merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment [goid 8053] [pmid 12509422] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in nerve cell axons [goid 19896] [pmid 11017080] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anti-apoptosis [goid 45768] [pmid 12509422] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
Cascade of at least three protein kinase activities culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase. MAPKKK cascades lie downstream of numerous signaling pathways [goid 165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The joining of two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane [goid 6944] [evidence IEA]; The initial attachment of a synaptic vesicle membrane to the presynaptic membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the synaptic vesicle and the target membrane [goid 16081] [pmid 10610180] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a melanocyte [goid 30318] [evidence IEA]; The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell [goid 43473] [evidence IEA]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in nerve cell axons [goid 8088] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [pmid 8621431] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]
The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6066] [evidence NAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [evidence IEA]
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity [goid 7171] [pmid 10660620] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 6520] [pmid 9598310] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 9598310] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6865] [evidence IEA]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 10744718] [evidence NAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 10625660] [evidence NAS]
Addition of multiple ubiquitin moieties to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain [goid 209] [pmid 16275645] [evidence IDA]; Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA. These processes includes those that shorten and lengthen the telomeric DNA sequences [goid 723] [pmid 16275645] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 16275645] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 10531035] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin moieties to a protein [goid 31398] [pmid 16275645] [evidence IDA]
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 10606657] [evidence TAS]
Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein [goid 51258] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 10749927] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase [goid 188] [pmid 8943324] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [pmid 8943324] [evidence TAS]; A cascade of protein kinase activities, culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a member of the JUN kinase subfamily of stress-activated protein kinases, which in turn are a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that is activated primarily by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress [goid 7254] [pmid 8943324] [evidence TAS]
The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I [goid 6120] [pmid 9878551] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The repair of single strand breaks in DNA. Repair of such breaks is mediated by the same enzyme systems as are used in base excision repair [goid 12] [pmid 14755728] [evidence IDA]; The repair of single strand breaks in DNA. Repair of such breaks is mediated by the same enzyme systems as are used in base excision repair [goid 12] [pmid 17519253] [evidence IDA]; The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix [goid 6302] [pmid 17519253] [evidence IDA]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]; Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein by altering the likelihood of its degradation or aggregation [goid 31647] [pmid 16777843] [evidence IMP]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus [goid 42542] [pmid 15044383] [evidence IDA]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane [goid 6996] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases [goid 7040] [pmid 10625677] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a melanocyte [goid 30318] [evidence IEA]; The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell [goid 43473] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 9545637] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 8877413] [evidence TAS]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 7814155] [evidence TAS]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [pmid 2440675] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 6401] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of glutamate binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7215] [pmid 7719709] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane [goid 42391] [pmid 11124978] [evidence IDA]
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell [goid 45197] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 8356058] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion [goid 7162] [pmid 9113980] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7266] [pmid 8356058] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8434008] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 8262133] [evidence TAS]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 9169138] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9009220] [evidence NAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 9009220] [evidence TAS]; A change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a nicotine stimulus [goid 35095] [pmid 18227835] [evidence IMP]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), e.g. adenosine, guanosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine and deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine (= deoxythymidine) [goid 9116] [pmid 11133996] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9117] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 9434767] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [pmid 10369266] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 10369266] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt receptor signaling pathway activity [goid 30178] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field [goid 43010] [evidence IEA]
The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation and is dependent upon two key components, the signal-recognition particle (SRP) and the SRP receptor. SRP is a cytosolic particle that transiently binds to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence in a nascent protein, to the large ribosomal unit, and to the SRP receptor in the ER membrane [goid 6614] [pmid 9511762] [evidence IC ]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [pmid 9344664] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This muscle is found in Nematodes [goid 7525] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]
The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]
The cell cycle process whereby replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets [goid 70] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis [goid 7088] [pmid 9430639] [evidence TAS]; Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations [goid 7126] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [pmid 11279069] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 8272] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 8272] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 8272] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of oxalate into, out of, within or between cells. Oxalate, or ethanedioic acid, occurs in many plants and is highly toxic to animals [goid 19532] [evidence IEA]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein [goid 1934] [pmid 8114739] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity [goid 45737] [pmid 8114739] [evidence IDA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 51726] [evidence IEA]
An action or movement due to the application of a sudden unexpected stimulus [goid 1964] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9480759] [evidence NAS]; Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism [goid 8344] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the sensory perception of pain, the series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal [goid 51930] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9325300] [evidence TAS]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]
The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine [goid 6306] [pmid 12183469] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [pmid 12183469] [evidence IDA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls [goid 9253] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cell wall [goid 16998] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 12514189] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues other than as a moiety of nucleic acid; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide [goid 6516] [pmid 10936055] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 10936055] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell in response to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor [goid 30101] [pmid 11081504] [evidence NAS]
The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments [goid 266] [pmid 12509422] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial inner membrane [goid 7007] [pmid 12509422] [evidence IDA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 11017080] [evidence IMP]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; Merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment [goid 8053] [pmid 12509422] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in nerve cell axons [goid 19896] [pmid 11017080] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anti-apoptosis [goid 45768] [pmid 12509422] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 10660600] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence ISS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 10660600] [evidence IDA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level [goid 50794] [evidence ISS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51223] [pmid 16410077] [evidence IMP]
The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [pmid 9346309] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 9600961] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9548457] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9548457] [evidence TAS]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [evidence ISS]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 43161] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 8530467] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 30509] [pmid 15621726] [evidence EXP]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 10373550] [evidence TAS]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The covalent addition to a protein of ISG15, a ubiquitin-like protein [goid 32020] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The covalent addition to a protein of ISG15, a ubiquitin-like protein [goid 32020] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 9547260] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a transformation is induced in the topological structure of a double-stranded DNA helix, resulting in a change in linking number [goid 6265] [evidence IEA]; The process by which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating unpaired template strands for DNA replication [goid 6268] [evidence IEA]; Cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes [goid 12501] [pmid 17172417] [evidence NAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide [goid 16310] [pmid 17481653] [evidence NAS]; The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg [goid 40016] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease [goid 42493] [pmid 16127745] [evidence IEP]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 8946909] [evidence EXP]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 1956398] [evidence TAS]; The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation at an RNA polymerase II-specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II [goid 6368] [pmid 9405375] [evidence EXP]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9199934] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The cell cycle process whereby chromatin structure is compacted prior to mitosis in eukaryotic cells [goid 7076] [pmid 14532007] [evidence IDA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 1909027] [evidence TAS]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [pmid 7910562] [evidence IDA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7219] [pmid 11101851] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 11101851] [evidence IDA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 2311577] [evidence NAS]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]; The assembly of a filopodium, a very long microspike extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or by the growth cone of a developing nerve cell axon [goid 46847] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 10598593] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 10903894] [evidence NAS]
Any process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction [goid 6310] [evidence IEA]; Any epigenetic process that activates or increases the rate of gene expression [goid 45815] [pmid 8630032] [evidence ISS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8321221] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation [goid 7398] [pmid 8661133] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids [goid 6690] [pmid 8631948] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process by which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body [goid 8016] [pmid 8631948] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 8702541] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 8641425] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 9731529] [evidence IC ]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of RNA, ribonucleic acids, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 50658] [pmid 17004321] [evidence IDA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 8946909] [evidence EXP]; The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation at an RNA polymerase II-specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II [goid 6368] [pmid 9405375] [evidence EXP]
Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [evidence IEA]; The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The enzymatic addition of a sequence of 40-200 adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA primary transcript [goid 6378] [pmid 7984242] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which a pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner [goid 6379] [pmid 7984242] [evidence TAS]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of glutamate binding to a cell surface receptor coupled to effectors through GTP-binding proteins [goid 7216] [pmid 9808458] [evidence TAS]
The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan [goid 6487] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan [goid 6487] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan [goid 6487] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 7987303] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [pmid 11252894] [evidence EXP]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins [goid 16044] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7665596] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone [goid 9755] [pmid 12626323] [evidence EXP]
The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a vacuole [goid 7034] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the trans-Golgi network where they are recycled for further rounds of transport [goid 42147] [pmid 11102511] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a vacuole [goid 7034] [evidence IEA]
A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 2037293] [evidence TAS]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anti-apoptosis [goid 19987] [pmid 11126360] [evidence IMP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30334] [pmid 15034570] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon outgrowth [goid 30517] [pmid 10667797] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 11126360] [evidence NAS]
Process involving non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals [goid 6953] [evidence IEA]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [pmid 9548260] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [evidence IEA]; Prevention of degradation of mRNA molecules. In the absence of compensating changes in other processes, the slowing of mRNA degradation can result in an overall increase in the population of active mRNA molecules [goid 48255] [pmid 11997512] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [evidence IEA]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]
A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 10801775] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10801775] [evidence TAS]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase by phosphorylation by a JUN kinase kinase (JNKK) [goid 7257] [pmid 8195146] [evidence ISS]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 8195146] [evidence ISS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 9413992] [evidence NAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9413992] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 10205266] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence ISS]
Selection of a splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome [goid 6376] [evidence ISS]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [pmid 8948631] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete) [goid 7281] [pmid 10893231] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant [goid 9790] [pmid 10893231] [evidence NAS]; The process by which double-stranded RNAs silence cognate genes. Involves posttranscriptional gene inactivation ('silencing') both of transgenes or dsRNA introduced into a germline, and of the host gene(s) homologous to the transgenes or dsRNA. This silencing is triggered by the introduction of transgenes or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), and occurs through a specific decrease in the level of mRNA of both host genes and transgenes [goid 16246] [pmid 10893231] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7875320] [evidence TAS]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 7875320] [evidence TAS]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 9450966] [evidence NAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 8004088] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 9878555] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9878555] [evidence TAS]
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [pmid 17647292] [evidence NAS]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]; Any process of regulating the production and elimination of erythrocytes within an organism [goid 34101] [pmid 17647292] [evidence IMP]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 8661025] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands [goid 7422] [pmid 8661025] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 3194393] [evidence TAS]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 10531035] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
Repression of transcription by altering the structure of chromatin, e.g. by conversion of large regions of DNA into an inaccessible state often called heterochromatin [goid 6342] [pmid 10381378] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids [goid 6471] [pmid 10381378] [evidence TAS]; The removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid [goid 6476] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 10585455] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
A system for the correction of errors introduced during DNA replication when an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination [goid 6298] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [pmid 10101297] [evidence ND ]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell [goid 8360] [pmid 11353404] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of, within or between cells. Phospholipids are any lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 15914] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin [goid 1890] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 6644] [pmid 9588182] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8804307] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8621446] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 8621446] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network) [goid 6891] [pmid 8455721] [evidence TAS]; The joining of two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane [goid 6944] [pmid 8455721] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron [goid 30182] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, apical regions of the cell [goid 45176] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane [goid 30866] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane [goid 30866] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane [goid 30866] [evidence IEA]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 6894932] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane [goid 30866] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 11175748] [evidence IDA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 11175748] [evidence IMP]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of rRNA, ribosomal RNA, a structural constituent of ribosomes [goid 16075] [pmid 11175748] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 11175748] [evidence IMP]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
The incorporation of iron and exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster [goid 16226] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride synthesized from adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 46963] [pmid 12716889] [evidence IDA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [evidence IEA]; The process of sparing immature T cells in the thymus which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death [goid 45059] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9485181] [evidence IC ]; The process of sparing immature T cells in the thymus which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death [goid 45059] [evidence ISS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol [goid 46488] [evidence IEA]
The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains [goid 18149] [evidence IEA]; The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains [goid 18149] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion [goid 45785] [evidence ISS]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]
The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 10531035] [evidence NAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin. The myosin may be organized into filaments [goid 31032] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 7929060] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells [goid 50909] [evidence IEA]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes [goid 16071] [pmid 7556077] [evidence NAS]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 8900170] [evidence TAS]; The stepwise addition of the components of the GPI anchor on to phosphatidylinositol lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane [goid 16254] [pmid 11102867] [evidence EXP]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving creatine (N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine), a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle [goid 6600] [pmid 10893433] [evidence EXP]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphocreatine, a phosphagen of creatine which is synthesized and broken down by creatine phosphokinase [goid 46314] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis [goid 15986] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [evidence IEA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6873] [pmid 99214639] [evidence IC ]; Any process involved in maintaining the equilibrium of a cell's volume. The cell's volume refers to the three-dimensional space occupied by a cell [goid 6884] [pmid 99214639] [evidence NAS]; The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure [goid 8217] [pmid 99214639] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 10477754] [evidence TAS]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 6706] [pmid 6957717] [evidence TAS]; The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 9252398] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a complex capable of relaying a signal within a cell. Complex formation involves dimerization of a receptor protein tyrosine kinase followed by the association of several different intracellular signaling molecules with the cytoplasmic tails of the receptors [goid 7172] [pmid 9924018] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 9020193] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 11520933] [evidence EXP]; The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine [goid 18108] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions) [goid 30900] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
The production of light by certain enzyme-catalyzed reactions in cells [goid 8218] [evidence IEA]; The covalent or noncovalent linking of a chromophore to a protein [goid 18298] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9733643] [evidence TAS]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [evidence IEA]; The production of light by certain enzyme-catalyzed reactions in cells [goid 8218] [evidence IEA]; The covalent or noncovalent linking of a chromophore to a protein [goid 18298] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [pmid 10226785] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell [goid 8360] [pmid 11353404] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of, within or between cells. Phospholipids are any lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 15914] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of a protein from the nucleus into the cytoplasm [goid 6611] [pmid 10358091] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules [goid 7031] [pmid 1301993] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of long-chain fatty acids into a peroxisome [goid 15910] [pmid 9521874] [evidence TAS]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers [goid 9411] [pmid 9297979] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 30162] [pmid 10512713] [evidence NAS]
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6221] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid [goid 6541] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6221] [evidence IEA]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 9736772] [evidence NAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills [goid 21549] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar Purkinje cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a Purkinje cell fate. A Purkinje cell is an inhibitory GABAergic neuron found in the cerebellar cortex that projects to the deep cerebellar nuclei and brain stem [goid 21702] [evidence IEA]; The process that mediates the transfer of information from Purkinje cells to granule cell precursors resulting in an increase in rate of granule cell precursor cell proliferation [goid 21937] [evidence IEA]
The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 8530049] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [pmid 11850811] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level [goid 1666] [pmid 11595184] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general. Includes protein modification [goid 19538] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an estrogen binding to its receptor [goid 30520] [pmid 11850811] [evidence NAS]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [pmid 11595184] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 45732] [pmid 11595184] [evidence IDA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC) [goid 7223] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 10500199] [evidence NAS]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [pmid 2327978] [evidence TAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the activity of the GTPase ARF [goid 32312] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation [goid 45648] [evidence IEA]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 15047853] [evidence IGI]; The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [goid 6406] [pmid 15047853] [evidence IGI]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence IEA]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 8824284] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence NAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [pmid 8359595] [evidence ND ]; A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 33554] [evidence IEA]; Control of the spatial distribution of intermediate filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking [goid 45109] [pmid 12857878] [evidence IMP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a protein from a cell or group of cells [goid 50708] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [pmid 7511586] [evidence TAS]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 9030597] [evidence TAS]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 8703114] [evidence ISS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [evidence IEA]; The conversion of N-linked glycan structures from the initially transferred oligosaccharide to a mature form, by the actions of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. The early processing steps are conserved and play roles in glycoprotein folding and trafficking [goid 6491] [pmid 10766765] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide [goid 6688] [pmid 9073076] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages [goid 9311] [pmid 10766765] [evidence TAS]
The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 31145] [pmid 11285280] [evidence EXP]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 15029244] [evidence EXP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 14593737] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 10793135] [evidence EXP]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts [goid 1707] [evidence ISS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence ISS]; The regionalization process by which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis [goid 9952] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activity of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway [goid 17015] [pmid 14555988] [evidence IMP]; The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field [goid 45165] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [pmid 14555988] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence ISS]; The process by which the anatomical structures of the paraxial mesoderm are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 48340] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule [goid 51098] [evidence ISS]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth [goid 1701] [evidence ISS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence ISS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [evidence ISS]; The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping [goid 30326] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers [goid 45445] [evidence ISS]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The directed movement of oligopeptides into, out of, within or between cells. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages [goid 6857] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease [goid 42493] [pmid 7585126] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid [goid 19370] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The molecular events that lead to the integration of a viral genome into the host genome [goid 19047] [pmid 16291214] [evidence EXP]; The set of processes involved in the start of virus infection of cells [goid 19059] [pmid 12091904] [evidence EXP]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins [goid 6561] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins [goid 6562] [pmid 8621661] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein [goid 51258] [evidence IEA]
Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 9396811] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase [goid 43462] [pmid 17194691] [evidence IDA]
The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [evidence IEA]; The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2126343] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 2126343] [evidence TAS]; The actions or reactions of an adult relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg [goid 7628] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone [goid 9755] [evidence IEA]
The process by which specialized cells known as osteoclasts degrade the organic and inorganic portions of bone, and endocytose and transport the degradation products [goid 45453] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 12885772] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances within a cell [goid 46907] [pmid 12885772] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 50804] [evidence IEA]
The process of coupling cysteine to cysteinyl-tRNA, catalyzed by cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6423] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor [goid 30521] [pmid 15572661] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 15572661] [evidence NAS]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9990033] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 8277] [pmid 10471929] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9968] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation [goid 45665] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 12231349] [evidence TAS]; The biosynthesis of a synapse [goid 7416] [pmid 12231349] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16339] [pmid 11322959] [evidence NAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 3027901] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [pmid 8756537] [evidence IDA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [pmid 12004135] [evidence IDA]; The modification of histones by addition of methyl groups [goid 16571] [pmid 12004135] [evidence IDA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triacylglycerol, any triester of glycerol [goid 19432] [pmid 15364929] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triacylglycerol, any triester of glycerol [goid 19433] [pmid 15364929] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 8610] [evidence IEA]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [pmid 9931472] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence IEA]; The process of assisting in the correct noncovalent assembly of posttranslational proteins and is dependent on additional protein cofactors. This process occurs over one or several cycles of nucleotide hydrolysis-dependent binding and release [goid 51085] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 9830037] [evidence TAS]
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]
The process by which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating unpaired template strands for DNA replication [goid 6268] [pmid 15777841] [evidence IDA]; The process by which DNA replication is started; this involves the separation of a stretch of the DNA double helix, the recruitment of DNA polymerases and the initiation of polymerase action [goid 6270] [pmid 1545807] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 9495531] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 9495531] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid [goid 6541] [evidence IEA]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 9724729] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general. Includes protein modification [goid 19538] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [pmid 10426319] [evidence NAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 12244321] [evidence NAS]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 9361039] [evidence TAS]; The actions or reactions of an organism in response to a visual stimulus [goid 7632] [pmid 12205563] [evidence NAS]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [pmid 12006559] [evidence NAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 12006559] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 1569101] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 1569101] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a precursor cell type acquires characteristics of a more mature T-cell. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose definin characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex [goid 30217] [pmid 11809807] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43124] [pmid 11809807] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [pmid 11809807] [evidence NAS]
A process whereby force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope [goid 6941] [evidence IEA]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 2170109] [evidence TAS]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]
The characteristic morphogenetic movements where the primitive heart tube loops asymmetrically. This looping brings the primitive heart chambers into alignment preceeding their future integration [goid 1947] [evidence ISS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; The assembly of a flagellum. In bacteria, this is a whiplike motility appendage present on the surface of some species; in eukaryotes, flagella are threadlike protoplasmic extensions used to propel flagellates and sperm. Flagella are composed of flagellin and have the same basic structure as cilia but are longer in proportion to the cell and present in much smaller numbers [goid 9296] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of melanosomes into, out of, within or between cells [goid 32402] [evidence ISS]; The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic locomotor organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole [goid 42384] [pmid 17574030] [evidence IMP]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
Any process which produces a purine nucleoside from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis [goid 6166] [evidence IEA]; Any process that generates adenine, 6-aminopurine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis [goid 6168] [evidence IEA]; The specific actions or reactions of an organism relating to grooming, cleaning and brushing to remove dirt and parasites [goid 7625] [evidence IEA]; Any process which produces a purine nucleoside from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis [goid 6166] [evidence IEA]; Any process that generates adenine, 6-aminopurine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis [goid 6168] [evidence IEA]; The specific actions or reactions of an organism relating to grooming, cleaning and brushing to remove dirt and parasites [goid 7625] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), e.g. adenosine, guanosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine and deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine (= deoxythymidine) [goid 9116] [evidence IEA]
Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [evidence IEA]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [pmid 3891272] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline [goid 42417] [pmid 14506261] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell or group of cells [goid 46928] [pmid 14506261] [evidence IDA]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 12071859] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence NAS]
The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [evidence ISS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The biosynthesis of a synapse [goid 7416] [evidence ISS]; The process by which synaptic vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes, mediated by molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces [goid 16080] [evidence ISS]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16339] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation [goid 45664] [evidence ISS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [pmid 7673224] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 8549832] [evidence TAS]; The posttranslational modification of peptidyl-lysine to form hypusine, N6-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-L-lysine [goid 8612] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational modification of peptidyl-lysine to form hypusine, N6-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-L-lysine [goid 8612] [pmid 16452303] [evidence EXP]; The chemical reactions resulting in the breakdown of spermidine to form deoxyhypusine by the enzyme [eIF-5A]-deoxyhypusine synthase. The reaction occurs in four steps: 1. spermidine + NAD+ = dehydrospermidine + NADH + H+; 2. dehydrospermidine + [enzyme]-lysine = 1,3-diaminopropane + [enzyme]-lysine-N6=CH(CH2)3NH2; 3. [enzyme]-lysine-N6=CH(CH2)3NH2 = [eIF-5A]-lysine-N6=CH(CH2)3NH2; 4. [eIF-5A]-lysine-N6=CH(CH2)3NH2 + NADH + H+ = [eIF-5A]-deoxyhypusine + NAD+ [goid 50983] [pmid 8549832] [evidence TAS]
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase [goid 188] [pmid 9030581] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 9030581] [evidence TAS]; A cascade of protein kinase activities, culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a member of the JUN kinase subfamily of stress-activated protein kinases, which in turn are a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that is activated primarily by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress [goid 7254] [pmid 9030581] [evidence TAS]
The discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule following their attachment to the zona pellucida surrounding the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the disperasl of the acrosomal contents into the egg [goid 7340] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 12036598] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to early sorting endosomes. Clathrin vesicles transport substances from the trans-Golgi to endosomes [goid 6895] [pmid 12036598] [evidence NAS]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [pmid 12036598] [evidence NAS]; Any viral process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the antiviral response of the host cell or organism [goid 50690] [pmid 16103193] [evidence EXP]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [pmid 8521520] [evidence TAS]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 9118951] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells [goid 50909] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants [goid 6703] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 10753906] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [pmid 8817329] [evidence TAS]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 8817329] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a male gamete over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell [goid 7286] [evidence IEA]; The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy) [goid 9566] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the central nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron [goid 21954] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neurite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurite is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites [goid 31175] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 43491] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation [goid 48715] [evidence IEA]
A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This is the process whereby most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells [goid 6887] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [evidence IEA]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 10224093] [evidence NAS]
The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants [goid 8210] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. This process includes the actual movement of the solute, and any regulation and preparatory steps, such as reduction of the solute [goid 55085] [evidence IEA]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 11056049] [evidence NAS]
The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [pmid 3207429] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [evidence IEA]
Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 2341148] [evidence TAS]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 3265688] [evidence TAS]; The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 3265688] [evidence TAS]; The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 2341148] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 10830164] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10463072] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process by which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body [goid 8016] [pmid 10830164] [evidence TAS];  [goid 8627] [pmid 15044459] [evidence IDA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone [goid 9755] [pmid 12626323] [evidence EXP]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid [goid 105] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6164] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid [goid 6548] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 8652] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins [goid 9086] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives [goid 9396] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The process of directing proteins towards and into the mitochondrion, mediated by mitochondrial proteins that recognize signals contained within the imported protein [goid 6626] [pmid 10552927] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 10552927] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The import of proteins into the mitochondria inner membrane. Inner membrane proteins are first imported into the matrix space where the matrix-targeting sequence is removed; how these proteins then are incorporated into the inner membrane is not known [goid 45039] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 11030628] [evidence TAS]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 1741406] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte without a nucleus, as found in mammals [goid 43353] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation [goid 45651] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 10531035] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 10531035] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of queuosines, any of a series of nucleosides found in tRNA and having an additional pentenyl ring added via an NH group to the methyl group of 7-methylguanosine. The pentenyl ring may carry other substituents [goid 8616] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 8135837] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism or cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hyperosmotic environment, i.e. an environment with a higher concentration of solutes than the organism or cell [goid 6972] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8135837] [evidence TAS]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase by phosphorylation by a JUN kinase kinase (JNKK) [goid 7257] [pmid 8805275] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle fusion to the presynaptic membrane [goid 31630] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate [goid 35249] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane [goid 42391] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporay increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential [goid 60079] [evidence IEA]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 10498613] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 7753550] [evidence TAS]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 2 type immune response [goid 2829] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10747856] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 42127] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgE isotypes [goid 48295] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 6644] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]; The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns [goid 31424] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9660868] [evidence TAS]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary small nuclear RNA (snRNA) transcript into a mature snRNA molecule [goid 16180] [pmid 16239144] [evidence IDA]
Any process involved in the development or functioning of the immune system, an organismal system for calibrated responses to potential internal or invasive threats [goid 2376] [pmid 15786719] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6164] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of AMP, adenosine monophosphate [goid 6167] [pmid 15786719] [evidence IDA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of zinc (Zn) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6829] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix [goid 30198] [evidence IEA]; The specification and formation of a polarized embryonic epithelial sheet [goid 42249] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 8626802] [evidence IDA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gut over time, from its formation to the mature structure during embryonic development. The gut is the region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus [goid 48566] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 10899953] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells [goid 32465] [pmid 16760425] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding, selective interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid [goid 43388] [evidence IEA]
The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
Construction of the vitelline membrane portion of the egg shell, a rigid structure required to maintain the shape of the egg [goid 30704] [evidence IEA]; Construction of the vitelline membrane portion of the egg shell, a rigid structure required to maintain the shape of the egg [goid 30704] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 10356395] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 10751421] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 8325635] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte [goid 30216] [evidence NAS]; The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns [goid 31424] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10491199] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 10491199] [evidence TAS]
The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands [goid 7422] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of myo-inositol into, out of, within or between cells. Myo-inositol is 1,2,3,4,5/4,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms [goid 15798] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment [goid 43576] [evidence IEA]
The process by which the sperm binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer of the egg. The process begins with the attachment of the sperm plasma membrane to the zona pellucida and includes attachment of the acrosome inner membrane to the zona pellucida after the acrosomal reaction takes place [goid 7339] [pmid 9126492] [evidence NAS]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [pmid 9126492] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 8530094] [evidence TAS]
Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence ISS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [evidence ISS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 9799612] [evidence NAS]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism [goid 6974] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8062391] [evidence IDA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8647858] [evidence TAS]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [pmid 8663358] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule [goid 16126] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [evidence IEA]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 9826712] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism [goid 6974] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 9766643] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine [goid 50730] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 1382605] [evidence TAS]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 10438519] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine [goid 50730] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [pmid 9037075] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9037075] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus [goid 9268] [pmid 9062189] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 366724] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cell wall [goid 16998] [evidence IEA]; The rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm [goid 19835] [evidence IEA]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10777582] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 10777582] [evidence TAS]
A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 9389754] [evidence TAS]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 2154602] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9389754] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [evidence IEA]
A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules [goid 1578] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell [goid 16358] [evidence IEA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 31145] [pmid 11285280] [evidence EXP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 15029244] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 12791267] [evidence EXP]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 1569959] [evidence NAS]
The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 1690992] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 9731529] [evidence IC ]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 1704889] [evidence TAS]
A cyclic metabolic pathway that converts waste nitrogen in the form of ammonium to urea [goid 50] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid [goid 6527] [pmid 282632] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 8652] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine (2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid) via the intermediate compound ornithine [goid 42450] [evidence IEA]
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [pmid 9548260] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [evidence IEA]; Prevention of degradation of mRNA molecules. In the absence of compensating changes in other processes, the slowing of mRNA degradation can result in an overall increase in the population of active mRNA molecules [goid 48255] [pmid 11997512] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 7887897] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 7887897] [evidence TAS]; Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining [goid 7566] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant [goid 42360] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat [goid 45444] [evidence ISS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 226] [pmid 11237715] [evidence TAS]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion [goid 7162] [pmid 9271581] [evidence NAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructoselysine, a fructose molecule containing a lysine moiety in place of a hydroxyl group [goid 30393] [pmid 11016445] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes [goid 6402] [pmid 2081593] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis [goid 45765] [pmid 3470787] [evidence IDA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 11825910] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The process by which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation [goid 6914] [pmid 11825910] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 11825910] [evidence IDA]
The pathways by which inorganic sulfate is processed and incorporated into sulfated compounds [goid 103] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 9771708] [evidence TAS]
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 8845167] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 7842011] [evidence TAS]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 9756912] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 9013868] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms [goid 6020] [pmid 17412958] [evidence IDA]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 9774689] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells [goid 30574] [evidence IEA]
The process by which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation [goid 6914] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 9765397] [evidence TAS]; A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 9765397] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [evidence IEA]; Any process, such as recognition of nutrient depletion, that activates or increases the rate of macroautophagy to bring cytosolic macromolecules to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation [goid 16239] [evidence IEA]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [pmid 9119399] [evidence NAS]
The discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule following their attachment to the zona pellucida surrounding the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the disperasl of the acrosomal contents into the egg [goid 7340] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
A cascade of processes initiated by the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death) [goid 8630] [evidence IEA]; The activation, by oxidative stress, of any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8631] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers [goid 9411] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a virus reproduces. Usually, this is by infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle [goid 16032] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus [goid 42307] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the transfer of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters, from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane [goid 42347] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43065] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 43280] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response [goid 50728] [evidence IEA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 10783265] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline. They are important constituents of cell membranes [goid 46470] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [pmid 1918003] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxin stimulus [goid 9636] [pmid 1918003] [evidence TAS]
The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [pmid 7602097] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 7602097] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7602097] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 7602097] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of metal ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6875] [pmid 10390358] [evidence TAS]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 10390358] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16338] [evidence ISS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8083195] [evidence TAS]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transforming growth factor beta receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7179] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 9843994] [evidence TAS]; The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell [goid 40007] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [pmid 14517293] [evidence IDA]
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6958] [evidence IEA]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 9144535] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 9425281] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9425281] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9603476] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
A cyclic metabolic pathway that converts waste nitrogen in the form of ammonium to urea [goid 50] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid [goid 6526] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid [goid 6536] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 8652] [evidence IEA]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 10381382] [evidence NAS]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 2775266] [evidence TAS]; Assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament [goid 30041] [pmid 9843499] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [pmid 11390640] [evidence IDA]
The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 1370465] [evidence IEP]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant [goid 9790] [evidence ISS]
Cascade of at least three protein kinase activities culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase. MAPKKK cascades lie downstream of numerous signaling pathways [goid 165] [pmid 9006902] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IEP]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 15001576] [evidence IDA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [pmid 9727029] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 9266833] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are activated by members of the JAK (janus activated kinase) family of tyrosine kinases, following the binding of cytokines to their cognate receptor. Once activated, STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes [goid 7259] [pmid 9266833] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9968] [evidence IEA]
Addition of multiple ubiquitin moieties to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain [goid 209] [pmid 11278995] [evidence IDA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 8524284] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III-specific promoter [goid 6383] [pmid 8524284] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template [goid 9301] [pmid 8524284] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 10623617] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 10542291] [evidence IMP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ubiquitin + protein lysine = AMP + diphosphate + protein N-ubiquityllysine [goid 51438] [pmid 15601820] [evidence IMP]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [evidence IEA]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants [goid 48598] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 1840704] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 1840704] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 1840704] [evidence TAS]
Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 6919] [evidence NAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9311998] [evidence TAS]; The stimulation of the activity of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase through phosphorylation at specific residues [goid 7250] [pmid 9430227] [evidence NAS]; The stimulation of the activity of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase through phosphorylation at specific residues [goid 7250] [pmid 11464292] [evidence NAS];  [goid 8625] [pmid 9311998] [evidence NAS]; The conversion of proteins that induce or sustain apoptosis to an active form [goid 8633] [pmid 14644197] [evidence EXP]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 10549288] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IEP]
The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 1384048] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 2563162] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1311924] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin [goid 8286] [pmid 7537849] [evidence IPI]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin [goid 8286] [pmid 7559478] [evidence IPI]; A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 43491] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin-like growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 48009] [pmid 7541045] [evidence IPI]
The formation of O-glycans by addition of glycosyl groups either to the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or to the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine [goid 6493] [pmid 9083067] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9083067] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus [goid 7584] [pmid 9083068] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 6446] [pmid 10534406] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes [goid 31047] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages [goid 5977] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9060999] [evidence TAS]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 12218053] [evidence IDA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor [goid 30521] [pmid 12218053] [evidence IDA]
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase [goid 188] [pmid 8602223] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 8277] [pmid 10747990] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9968] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [evidence IEA]
The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I [goid 6120] [pmid 9878551] [evidence NAS]; The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I [goid 6120] [pmid 9647766] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving dioxygen (O2), or any of the reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (-OH) [goid 6800] [pmid 16826196] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 16826196] [evidence IMP]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 16826196] [evidence IMP]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby phagocytes engulf external particulate material. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles [goid 6909] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [pmid 10430867] [evidence IMP]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]
Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence IEA]
Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [pmid 8248134] [evidence NAS]; The process by which DNA replication is started; this involves the separation of a stretch of the DNA double helix, the recruitment of DNA polymerases and the initiation of polymerase action [goid 6270] [pmid 8248134] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 8248134] [evidence NAS]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm [goid 19835] [evidence IEA]
Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [pmid 7553852] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 7553852] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9441746] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The resealing of a cell plasma membrane after cellular wounding due to, for instance, mechanical stress [goid 1778] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid) [goid 6665] [evidence IEA]; The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms [goid 7585] [pmid 10378403] [evidence TAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 10378403] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the surface tension of a liquid. Surface tension is the property that makes a liquid behave as if it had an elastic skin on its surface at the interface with a gas or an immiscible liquid [goid 50828] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote [goid 7338] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 8921387] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
A cellular process resulting in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells. Cytokinesis usually occurs after growth, replication, and segregation of cellular components [goid 910] [pmid 11278869] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7266] [pmid 11278869] [evidence TAS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 11278869] [evidence NAS]; The discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule following their attachment to the zona pellucida surrounding the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the disperasl of the acrosomal contents into the egg [goid 7340] [pmid 11278869] [evidence NAS]; The binding and fusion of a sperm, having penetrated the zona pellucida, with the plasma membrane of the oocyte. Binding occurs at the posterior (post-acrosomal) region of the sperm head [goid 7342] [pmid 11278869] [evidence NAS]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [pmid 11278869] [evidence NAS]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell [goid 30317] [pmid 11278869] [evidence TAS]
The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 9653648] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The process by which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. Examples in animals would include blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and other endothelial or epithelial tubes [goid 1763] [evidence IEA]; The embryonically driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin [goid 1892] [evidence IEA]
The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a ligand-bound type II transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) receptor dimer with a type I TGF-beta receptor dimer, following ligand binding, to form a heterotetrameric TGF-beta receptor complex [goid 7181] [pmid 8093006] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9261155] [evidence TAS]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size [goid 40014] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a follicular dendritic cell [goid 2268] [evidence IEA]; The process by which germinal centers form. A germinal center is a specialized microenvironment formed when activated B cells enter lymphoid follicles. Germinal centers are the foci for B cell proliferation and somatic hypermutation [goid 2467] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 8360178] [evidence IDA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix [goid 30198] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spleen over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spleen is a large vascular lymphatic organ composed of white and red pulp, involved both in hemopoietic and immune system functions [goid 48536] [evidence IEA]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 226] [evidence IEA]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [pmid 9927460] [evidence TAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7188] [pmid 8626574] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a tachykinin, i.e. a short peptide with the terminal sequence (Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2), binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7217] [pmid 17986524] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 8277] [pmid 8288567] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1664410] [evidence TAS]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dermatan sulfate, any glycosaminoglycan with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units [goid 30208] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dermatan sulfate, any glycosaminoglycan with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units [goid 30208] [pmid 10781601] [evidence IDA]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [pmid 2327978] [evidence TAS]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The removal of one or more ubiquitin moieties from a protein [goid 16579] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [goid 6406] [pmid 11566096] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 11566096] [evidence IEP]
The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [evidence IEA]; An immune response mediated through a body fluid [goid 6959] [pmid 7786324] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages [goid 9311] [evidence ISS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 8830667] [evidence TAS]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 8325635] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte [goid 30216] [pmid 8325635] [evidence NAS]; The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns [goid 31424] [evidence IEA]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7173] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9968] [pmid 10773671] [evidence NAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cytokine or chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 19221] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation [goid 45627] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation [goid 45629] [evidence ISS]
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG [goid 6890] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG [goid 6890] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG [goid 6890] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG [goid 6890] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network) [goid 6891] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins [goid 16044] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The addition of COPI proteins and adaptor proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat [goid 48205] [pmid 16956762] [evidence EXP]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 17029291] [evidence ISS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills [goid 21549] [pmid 11588169] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of S phase of mitotic cell cycle activity [goid 45749] [pmid 17029291] [evidence ISS]
The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase [goid 32781] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling, the process by which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 50848] [evidence ISS]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component [goid 16043] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 9852133] [evidence TAS]; Transport of substances into, out of or within a mitochondrion [goid 6839] [evidence IEA]; The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor [goid 9060] [pmid 9852133] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The stepwise addition of the components of the GPI anchor on to phosphatidylinositol lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane [goid 16254] [pmid 11102867] [evidence EXP]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
Any process that reduces the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion [goid 7042] [pmid 11722572] [evidence IMP]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [pmid 10992246] [evidence IEP]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; Generation of cells within the nervous system [goid 22008] [pmid 10992246] [evidence IEP]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 30163] [pmid 10740217] [evidence NAS]; A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state [goid 42551] [pmid 10992246] [evidence NAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues [goid 1574] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 1601877] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosphingolipids, any compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide [goid 6687] [pmid 1601877] [evidence TAS]; The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development [goid 19915] [evidence IEA]; Covalent attachment of a glycosyl residue to a lipid molecule [goid 30259] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester [goid 15936] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 6644] [pmid 10527825] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]
Any process by which a centrosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell [goid 51642] [pmid 16154161] [evidence TAS]
The series of events required for a sweet taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal [goid 1582] [pmid 16720576] [evidence IDA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 16720576] [evidence IC ]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required to receive an umami taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Umami taste is the savory taste of meats and other foods that are rich in glutamates [goid 50917] [pmid 11917125] [evidence IDA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 9598316] [evidence TAS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 8269511] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
Pathway by which 3-methyl branched fatty acids are degraded. These compounds are not degraded by the normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway, because the 3-methyl blocks the dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl group by hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The 3-methyl branched fatty acid is converted in several steps to pristenic acid, which can then feed into the beta-oxidative pathway [goid 1561] [pmid 10777549] [evidence TAS]; The reactions of the C2 pathway bring about the metabolic conversion of two molecules of 2-phosphoglycolate to one molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate, which can be used by the C3 cycle, and one molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2) [goid 9854] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6865] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances within a cell [goid 46907] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 9873016] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 2423416] [evidence TAS]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 2423416] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 9857044] [evidence TAS]
The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 1533223] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds; includes nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium [goid 6807] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds; includes nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium [goid 6807] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds; includes nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium [goid 6807] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6826] [pmid 10409623] [evidence NAS]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of iron ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6879] [pmid 15319276] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are activated by members of the JAK (janus activated kinase) family of tyrosine kinases, following the binding of cytokines to their cognate receptor. Once activated, STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes [goid 7259] [pmid 10383417] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 10383417] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 3260773] [evidence NAS]; The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [pmid 3260773] [evidence NAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 10395802] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 10395802] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase [goid 32515] [pmid 16916641] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase [goid 32516] [pmid 16916641] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein [goid 35307] [pmid 16916641] [evidence IDA]; Any process the stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein [goid 35308] [pmid 16916641] [evidence IDA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 8898719] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7608176] [evidence TAS]
Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA. These processes includes those that shorten and lengthen the telomeric DNA sequences [goid 723] [evidence IEA]; The maintenace of proper telomeric length by the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase [goid 7004] [pmid 10581025] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, and compounds derived from amino acids, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6519] [pmid 7759552] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxin stimulus [goid 9636] [pmid 7759552] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6820] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrion [goid 43681] [pmid 15644312] [evidence IMP]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence NAS]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 9765390] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 8621628] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7769088] [evidence TAS]; Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism [goid 7530] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the receptor possesses catalytic activity or is closely associated with an enzyme such as a protein kinase [goid 7167] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine [goid 18108] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cytokine or chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 19221] [evidence IEA]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 10932188] [evidence NAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence ISS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7157] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7157] [evidence ISS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a virion enters a host cell, including virion attachment and penetration [goid 46718] [pmid 12885915] [evidence NAS]
An inflammatory response driven by antigen recognition by antibodies bound to Fc receptors on mast cells or basophils, occurring within minutes after exposure of a sensitized individual to the antigen, and leading to the release of a variety of inflammatory mediators such as histamines [goid 16068] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 7997240] [evidence TAS]
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase [goid 188] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9966] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 9177773] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis or release of nitric oxide following a stimulus during an acute inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels [goid 2537] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 6520] [pmid 8954799] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water [goid 6809] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 8954799] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6865] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of levorotatory isomer amino acids into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15807] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of arginine, 2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15809] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15819] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of ornithine, 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15822] [evidence IEA]; A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor [goid 42116] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents [goid 50727] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16339] [pmid 9199196] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages [goid 5977] [pmid 9402963] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 9402963] [evidence TAS]
The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels [goid 1816] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 8668213] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [pmid 15790681] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin from other compounds, including tyrosine [goid 6583] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; The deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell, occurring during development [goid 48066] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 1516833] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent [goid 278] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a complex capable of relaying a signal within a cell. Complex formation involves dimerization of a receptor protein tyrosine kinase followed by the association of several different intracellular signaling molecules with the cytoplasmic tails of the receptors [goid 7172] [pmid 10490659] [evidence TAS]; A cascade of protein kinase activities, culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a member of the JUN kinase subfamily of stress-activated protein kinases, which in turn are a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that is activated primarily by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress [goid 7254] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anti-apoptosis [goid 45768] [pmid 10756100] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade [goid 46328] [pmid 10490659] [evidence IDA]
Process by which cytoskeletal filaments are directly or indirectly linked to the plasma membrane [goid 7016] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells [goid 7043] [pmid 15494027] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 11907066] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety [goid 9168] [evidence IEA]
[goid 7182] [evidence IEA];  [goid 7184] [evidence IEA]; The binding of a protein or protein complex to the barbed (or plus) end of an actin filament, thus preventing the addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits [goid 51016] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10748158] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 10748158] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 9450929] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 9857195] [evidence IDA]; Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation [goid 6338] [pmid 8649394] [evidence TAS]; The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation at an RNA polymerase II-specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II [goid 6368] [pmid 9450929] [evidence IDA]; The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation at an RNA polymerase II-specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II [goid 6368] [pmid 9857195] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 9450929] [evidence IDA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of propionate, the anion derived from propionic acid [goid 19543] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8223438] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. This process includes the actual movement of the solute, and any regulation and preparatory steps, such as reduction of the solute [goid 55085] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 2649253] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15758] [pmid 2649253] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of glucose within an organism or cell [goid 42593] [pmid 14562105] [evidence IDA]; The process whereby a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. This process includes the actual movement of the solute, and any regulation and preparatory steps, such as reduction of the solute [goid 55085] [evidence IEA]
The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I [goid 6120] [pmid 9878551] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) [goid 6198] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length [goid 6939] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a tumor cell [goid 2347] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 9774969] [evidence IDA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 9662378] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway [goid 45747] [pmid 11641404] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [pmid 12446784] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 12446784] [evidence IDA]; The formation of a protein homotetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical subunits [goid 51289] [pmid 10373484] [evidence IPI]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [evidence IEA]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7205] [pmid 9468526] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9468526] [evidence NAS]; The orderly movement of a germ cell, a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes, through the embryo from its site of production to the place where the gonads will form [goid 8354] [pmid 9305923] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids [goid 19216] [pmid 9468526] [evidence NAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor [goid 30521] [pmid 9468526] [evidence NAS]; The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from a phosphorylated lipid, any member of a group of substances soluble in lipid solvents but only sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents [goid 46839] [pmid 9468526] [evidence TAS]
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKK [goid 187] [evidence IEA]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7839144] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines [goid 42035] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity [goid 45860] [pmid 11980910] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 11980910] [evidence IDA]; Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue [goid 60048] [evidence IEA]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations [goid 7126] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9891060] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 17148] [pmid 9891060] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines [goid 42035] [pmid 9891060] [evidence IC ]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The directed movement of inorganic anions into, out of, within or between cells. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage [goid 15698] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 43271] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 9264] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood [goid 1568] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin [goid 1890] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester [goid 15936] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 2674141] [evidence TAS]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein [goid 19886] [evidence IEA]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein [goid 19886] [pmid 8765029] [evidence IDA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue [goid 9187] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate [goid 46069] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate [goid 46069] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile [goid 6699] [pmid 7508385] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones [goid 6707] [pmid 7508385] [evidence IDA]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 7508385] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones [goid 8207] [pmid 7508385] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics [goid 8209] [pmid 7508385] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile [goid 30573] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 7508385] [evidence IDA]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein moiety consists of a lipid or lipids [goid 42157] [evidence IEA]
The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, during exocytosis [goid 6904] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, during exocytosis [goid 6904] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, during exocytosis [goid 6904] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9079676] [evidence TAS]
A signal transduction pathway, induced by DNA damage, that blocks cell cycle progression (in G1, G2 or metaphase) or slows the rate at which S phase proceeds [goid 77] [pmid 9154802] [evidence TAS]; Progression through G2 phase, one of two 'gap' phases in the mitotic cell cycle; G2 is the interval between the completion of DNA synthesis and the beginning of mitosis [goid 85] [pmid 9154802] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [pmid 16102918] [evidence IDA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity [goid 6469] [pmid 10433554] [evidence NAS]; The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9966] [pmid 10486217] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9966] [pmid 10433554] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation [goid 45664] [pmid 11824616] [evidence IMP]; A process that modulates synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers [goid 48167] [pmid 11824616] [evidence IMP]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [pmid 10898795] [evidence IDA]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence IEA]
A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This is the process whereby most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells [goid 6887] [pmid 11406615] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity [goid 7194] [pmid 7524088] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [pmid 7524088] [evidence TAS]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 8670213] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one [goid 6308] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one [goid 6308] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one [goid 6308] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one [goid 6308] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 10438470] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10438470] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6820] [pmid 10581036] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones [goid 6707] [pmid 10377398] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 10377398] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9016955] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide [goid 6805] [evidence IEA]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence IEA]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a fungus that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 50832] [evidence IEA]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals [goid 302] [pmid 16644728] [evidence IMP]; Any process by which an organism or cell protects itself from ultraviolet radiation (UV), which may also result in resistance to repeated exposure to UV [goid 9650] [pmid 17053817] [evidence IMP]; Any process by which an organism or cell protects itself from ultraviolet radiation (UV), which may also result in resistance to repeated exposure to UV [goid 9650] [pmid 16644728] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) [goid 42744] [pmid 18379038] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [pmid 16644728] [evidence IMP]; The formation of a protein tetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits [goid 51262] [pmid 11134921] [evidence IDA]; The formation of a protein tetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits [goid 51262] [pmid 10656833] [evidence IDA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex [goid 2504] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8775462] [evidence NAS]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex [goid 2504] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [pmid 8567683] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6164] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate [goid 6188] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The orderly movement of cells from one site to another along a substrate such as the extracellular matrix; the migrating cell forms a protrusion that attaches to the substrate [goid 6929] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10486209] [evidence TAS]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [pmid 10464311] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 10464311] [evidence TAS]
A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules [goid 1578] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell [goid 16358] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol [goid 7026] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol [goid 7026] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol [goid 7026] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 7959015] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes [goid 6633] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones [goid 6695] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7959015] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation [goid 46320] [pmid 16054041] [evidence EXP]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 9990021] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 96241570] [evidence IMP]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 9852097] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues [goid 8203] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule [goid 16126] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 7589107] [evidence TAS]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cobalt (Co) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6824] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom, into, out of or within a cell [goid 15889] [pmid 2777761] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size [goid 40014] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [pmid 10786676] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 10786676] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex [goid 19882] [evidence IEA]; The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell in response to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor [goid 30101] [pmid 11239445] [evidence NAS]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10380929] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 12231349] [evidence TAS]; The biosynthesis of a synapse [goid 7416] [pmid 12231349] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16339] [pmid 11322959] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid [goid 6691] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 7907794] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 7907794] [evidence TAS]; The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping [goid 30326] [evidence IEA]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 10512762] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the forms of vitamin K, quinone-derived vitamins which are involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in mammals. Vitamin K substances share a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and vary in the aliphatic side chains attached to the molecule [goid 42373] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation [goid 50820] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [pmid 9710638] [evidence TAS]
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKK [goid 187] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 9480848] [evidence TAS]; The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer [goid 51260] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 2598267] [evidence TAS]; The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells [goid 30574] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 12231349] [evidence TAS]; The biosynthesis of a synapse [goid 7416] [pmid 12231349] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16339] [pmid 11322959] [evidence NAS]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide moiety of a glycoprotein [goid 6044] [pmid 10318803] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate [goid 19276] [pmid 10318803] [evidence IDA]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin. The myosin may be organized into filaments [goid 31032] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide [goid 7187] [pmid 1565658] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 1565658] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of P-1,4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues [goid 6032] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The repair of alkylation damage, e.g. the removal of the alkyl group at the O6-position of guanine by O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) [goid 6307] [pmid 8600462] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification [goid 6694] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification [goid 6694] [pmid 15583024] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues [goid 5978] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues [goid 5978] [pmid 1731614] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 9691087] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus [goid 9749] [evidence ISS]
Progression through M phase, the part of the cell cycle comprising nuclear division [goid 279] [pmid 8885239] [evidence NAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [pmid 11739746] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 11739746] [evidence IDA]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7646528] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis [goid 45765] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction [goid 6310] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 9813143] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 9588198] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels [goid 19229] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals in which an ion or small molecule is formed or released into the cytosol, thereby helping relay the signal within the cell [goid 19932] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction [goid 45987] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 1825698] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels [goid 19229] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals in which an ion or small molecule is formed or released into the cytosol, thereby helping relay the signal within the cell [goid 19932] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction [goid 45987] [evidence IEA]
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 14536081] [evidence IDA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8321221] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation [goid 7398] [pmid 8661133] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8595418] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 8595418] [evidence TAS]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 8595418] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 19722] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 10103005] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 10103005] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process by which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier [goid 42552] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron [goid 48663] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system [goid 48709] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 1301160] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase [goid 43087] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 8135837] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism or cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hyperosmotic environment, i.e. an environment with a higher concentration of solutes than the organism or cell [goid 6972] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8135837] [evidence TAS]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase by phosphorylation by a JUN kinase kinase (JNKK) [goid 7257] [pmid 8805275] [evidence TAS]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid [goid 19370] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 8660976] [evidence TAS]
The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 12673577] [evidence IEP]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 12673577] [evidence IEP]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 8040310] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 3967651] [evidence TAS]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level [goid 1666] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle [goid 6099] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fumarate, the anion of trans-1,2-ethenedicarboxylic acid, the diastereoisomer of maleate. It is a key intermediate in metabolism and is formed in the TCA cycle from succinate and converted into malate [goid 6106] [pmid 8200987] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]; Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the equilibrium of cell number within a population of cells in a tissue [goid 48873] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes [goid 16071] [pmid 11328870] [evidence NAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 45744] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 9989271] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline [goid 6656] [pmid 9989271] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9989271] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 8654] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 6644] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 6644] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of glutamate binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7215] [pmid 1709304] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 8521824] [evidence IDA]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell [goid 30183] [evidence ISS]; The expansion of a B cell population by cell division. Follows B cell activation [goid 42100] [evidence ISS]; A series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell [goid 50853] [evidence ISS]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol [goid 6094] [evidence IEA]; The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol [goid 6094] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end uses the homologous intact duplex as the template [goid 731] [pmid 9488738] [evidence TAS]; The process by which a DNA strand is synthesized from template DNA during replication by the action of polymerases, which add nucleotides to the 3' end of the nascent DNA strand [goid 6271] [pmid 7774928] [evidence TAS]; Repair of the gap in the DNA helix by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase after the portion of the strand containing the lesion has been removed by pyrimidine-dimer repair enzymes [goid 6297] [pmid 9111189] [evidence EXP]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 8661155] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 31145] [pmid 11285280] [evidence EXP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 15029244] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 12791267] [evidence EXP]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]
Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The cell cycle process whereby replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets [goid 70] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; A signal transduction based surveillance mechanism that ensures the fidelity of cell division by preventing the premature advance of cells from metaphase to anaphase prior to the successful attachment of kinetochores to spindle microtubules (spindle assembly) [goid 7094] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 31145] [pmid 11285280] [evidence EXP]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 14593737] [evidence EXP]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 10082581] [evidence TAS];  [goid 6980] [pmid 10082581] [evidence TAS]; The activation, by oxidative stress, of any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8631] [pmid 10082581] [evidence TAS]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 9886373] [evidence NAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a complex capable of relaying a signal within a cell. Complex formation involves dimerization of a receptor protein tyrosine kinase followed by the association of several different intracellular signaling molecules with the cytoplasmic tails of the receptors [goid 7172] [pmid 8490660] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 8530500] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation [goid 42102] [pmid 12110186] [evidence IMP]; The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific [goid 42110] [pmid 12110186] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 12567487] [evidence NAS]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 3136546] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 3136546] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 3136546] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 3136546] [evidence TAS]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]
A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The directed movement of substances into, out of or mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis. It passes many of the materials to lysosomes for degradation [goid 16197] [evidence IEA]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 10381382] [evidence NAS]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 2775266] [evidence TAS]; Assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament [goid 30041] [pmid 9843499] [evidence TAS]
The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan [goid 6487] [pmid 10521544] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages [goid 9311] [pmid 10409699] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 6644] [evidence IEA]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [pmid 8871553] [evidence TAS]
Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA. These processes includes those that shorten and lengthen the telomeric DNA sequences [goid 723] [pmid 12135483] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring [goid 1516] [pmid 10922363] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes [goid 6633] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8114727] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement into, out of, within or between cells of quaternary ammonium compounds, any compound that can be regarded as derived from ammonium hydroxide or an ammonium salt by replacement of all four hydrogen atoms of the NH4+ ion by organic groups [goid 15697] [pmid 10966924] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15844] [evidence IEA]; Any process which modulates appetite, the desire or physical craving for food [goid 32098] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of histamine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans [goid 51615] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9724754] [evidence NAS]; Any process by which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are activated by members of the JAK (janus activated kinase) family of tyrosine kinases, following the binding of cytokines to their cognate receptor. Once activated, STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes [goid 7259] [pmid 10805787] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor [goid 30521] [pmid 15572661] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 15572661] [evidence NAS]
The formation and assembly from one or more snRNA and multiple protein components of a ribonucleoprotein complex that in involved in formation of the spliceosome [goid 387] [pmid 15130578] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of snRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [goid 6408] [pmid 7651522] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of snRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [goid 6408] [pmid 7651522] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 7651522] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of RNA from the nucleus into the cytoplasm [goid 46833] [pmid 7651522] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cobalt (Co) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6824] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6826] [pmid 9241278] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6081] [pmid 8645224] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane [goid 9437] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell [goid 42136] [pmid 2925663] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone [goid 42445] [pmid 2925663] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 2925663] [evidence IDA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6865] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of levorotatory isomer amino acids into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15807] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight [goid 1654] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lens over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina [goid 2088] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 3670288] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9151699] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 9733768] [evidence TAS]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]
The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [evidence NAS]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Protection of epithelial surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract from proteolytic and caustic digestive agents [goid 30277] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6820] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [pmid 1183472] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 8272] [pmid 1183472] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of bicarbonate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15701] [pmid 12736153] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of oxalate into, out of, within or between cells. Oxalate, or ethanedioic acid, occurs in many plants and is highly toxic to animals [goid 19532] [pmid 1183472] [evidence IDA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis [goid 50772] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis [goid 50772] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis [goid 50772] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 9288916] [evidence TAS]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code) [goid 6415] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis [goid 50772] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of P-1,4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues [goid 6032] [evidence IEA]; The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote [goid 7338] [evidence IEA]; The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 9341614] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 9447982] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9447982] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9447982] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of, within or between cells. Phospholipids are any lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 15914] [evidence IEA]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 7929457] [evidence TAS]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline [goid 1843] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9753320] [evidence TAS]; Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis, mediated by cytochrome c [goid 8635] [pmid 9267021] [evidence IDA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions) [goid 30900] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 10441496] [evidence TAS]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell [goid 8360] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [pmid 9268630] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues [goid 8203] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9268630] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating deprivation of sterols. Sterols are a group of steroids characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule [goid 6991] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary small nuclear RNA (snRNA) transcript into a mature snRNA molecule [goid 16180] [pmid 16239144] [evidence IDA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 30539] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines [goid 42036] [pmid 11111040] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan) [goid 9072] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation from tryptophan of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties [goid 6587] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan) [goid 9072] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 7969172] [evidence TAS]; A cascade of protein kinase activities, culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a member of the JUN kinase subfamily of stress-activated protein kinases, which in turn are a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that is activated primarily by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress [goid 7254] [pmid 8654373] [evidence IDA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 10075738] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9422762] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 7929412] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor [goid 30521] [pmid 15572661] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 15572661] [evidence NAS]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of levorotatory isomer amino acids into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15807] [evidence IEA]
A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell [goid 1837] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the DNA-dependent transcription of a specific gene or genes [goid 43193] [evidence ISS]
The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation [goid 9314] [pmid 10521921] [evidence NAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I [goid 6120] [pmid 9878551] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate [goid 6183] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate [goid 6228] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate [goid 6241] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 1851158] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9117] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding, selective interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid [goid 43388] [pmid 17975005] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation [goid 50679] [pmid 16862176] [evidence IMP]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]
The pathways by which inorganic sulfate is processed and incorporated into sulfated compounds [goid 103] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 9771708] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride. It is an intermediate in the formation of a variety of sulfo compounds in biological systems [goid 50428] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [pmid 10022914] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1840698] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7173] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 8347598] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process by which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body [goid 8016] [evidence IEA]; The migration of epithelial cells along or through a wound gap to reestablish a continuous epithelium [goid 35313] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation [goid 48661] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte migration [goid 51549] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10380929] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 10380929] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes [goid 6633] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 9630216] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [evidence IEA]; The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure [goid 8217] [evidence ISS];  [goid 19371] [pmid 14511332] [evidence NAS]; The growth phase of the hair cycle. Lasts, for example, about 3 to 6 years for human scalp hair [goid 42640] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents [goid 50727] [pmid 14511332] [evidence NAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding, selective interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid [goid 43392] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding, selective interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid [goid 43392] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]
A process whereby force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope [goid 6941] [pmid 7569978] [evidence TAS]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [pmid 10481174] [evidence TAS]; Formation of myofibrils, the repeating units of striated muscle [goid 30239] [pmid 9804419] [evidence IMP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 9804419] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 7514601] [evidence NAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The stepwise addition of the components of the GPI anchor on to phosphatidylinositol lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane [goid 16254] [pmid 11102867] [evidence EXP]
The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6826] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
Cascade of at least three protein kinase activities culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase. MAPKKK cascades lie downstream of numerous signaling pathways [goid 165] [pmid 17200152] [evidence IDA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin moieties to a protein [goid 31398] [pmid 16352719] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes [goid 43068] [pmid 17200152] [evidence IDA]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 16980962] [evidence IMP]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 16321986] [evidence IDA]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 16269541] [evidence IDA]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 17442267] [evidence IDA]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 17200152] [evidence IDA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
Any process preventing the degeneration of the photoreceptor, a specialized cell type that is sensitive to light [goid 45494] [pmid 12872122] [evidence IMP]; The process by which the identity of an organ is maintained. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized [goid 48496] [pmid 12872122] [evidence IMP]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component [goid 16043] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9630226] [evidence TAS]; Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 6919] [pmid 10692450] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10973496] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions initiated by the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB is sequestered by the inhibitor I-kappaB, and is released when I-kappaB is phosphorylated by activated I-kappaB kinase [goid 7249] [pmid 10848577] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein [goid 7260] [pmid 10692450] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 2644542] [evidence TAS]; The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 2179953] [evidence TAS]; The molecular events that lead to the integration of a viral genome into the host genome [goid 19047] [pmid 16291214] [evidence EXP]; The set of processes involved in the start of virus infection of cells [goid 19059] [pmid 12091904] [evidence EXP]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication [goid 45069] [pmid 7590732] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication [goid 45069] [pmid 11250896] [evidence IMP]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass [goid 9059] [evidence IEA]; The stepwise addition of the components of the GPI anchor on to phosphatidylinositol lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane [goid 16254] [pmid 11102867] [evidence EXP]; The glycosylation of a peptidyl-tryptophan residue by the transfer of alpha-mannopyranose from dolichyl-activated mannose to the indole ring [goid 18406] [pmid 16280320] [evidence TAS]; The transfer of mannose from dolichyl activated mannose to the hydroxyl group of a seryl or threonyl residue of a protein acceptor molecule, to form an O-linked protein-sugar linkage [goid 35269] [pmid 16280320] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass [goid 9059] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass [goid 9059] [evidence IEA]
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 10950922] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The movement of leukocytes within or between different tissues and organs of the body [goid 50900] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphoinositide to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 48015] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]
In base excision repair, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase [goid 6284] [pmid 10854423] [evidence TAS]; The repair of alkylation damage, e.g. the removal of the alkyl group at the O6-position of guanine by O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) [goid 6307] [pmid 1645538] [evidence TAS]; The disruption of the bond between the sugar in the backbone and the A or G base, causing the base to be removed and leaving a depurinated sugar [goid 45007] [pmid 10583946] [evidence EXP]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16338] [evidence ISS]
The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 9845349] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which nutrients are taken up from the contents of the intestine [goid 50892] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51051] [pmid 2675563] [evidence IDA]
A system for the correction of errors introduced during DNA replication when an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination [goid 6298] [evidence IEA]
The incorporation of iron and exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster [goid 16226] [evidence IEA]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 10432293] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10432293] [evidence TAS]
The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain (extracellular domain) [goid 6509] [pmid 15274632] [evidence IDA]; The series of successive proteolytic cleavage events that take place after a Notch receptor binds a ligand, and which lead to the release of the Notch Intracellular Domain (NICD), which is the active form of the receptor [goid 7220] [pmid 12297508] [evidence IMP]; The posttranslational modification of a protein, particularly secretory proteins and proteins targeted for membranes or specific cellular locations [goid 16485] [pmid 15274632] [evidence IDA]; The proteolytic cleavage of a transmembrane protein leading to the release of an intracellular domain [goid 31293] [pmid 12297508] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease [goid 42987] [pmid 12297508] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme [goid 43085] [pmid 15274632] [evidence IDA]; The posttranslational modification of a protein, particularly secretory proteins and proteins targeted for membranes or specific cellular locations [goid 16485] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme [goid 43085] [evidence IEA]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 9684878] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9883723] [evidence TAS]; The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron [goid 7405] [pmid 9883723] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands [goid 7422] [evidence IEA]; Any process that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical [goid 50930] [evidence IEA]
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 8710515] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides [goid 6006] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [pmid 9275162] [evidence NAS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant [goid 9790] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk [goid 30879] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 10673340] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Passage through a cell cycle control point late in G1 phase of the mitotic cell cycle just before entry into S phase; in most organisms studied, including budding yeast and animal cells, passage through start normally commits the cell to progressing through the entire cell cycle [goid 7089] [pmid 8208557] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 8208557] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [pmid 10463611] [evidence NAS]
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The proliferation of cells in the inner cell mass [goid 1833] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6825] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6826] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The series of events in which a calcium ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal [goid 5513] [pmid 10676964] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 11287421] [evidence TAS]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 11287421] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10676964] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 11287421] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process by which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body [goid 8016] [pmid 11287421] [evidence TAS]; The process by which voltage-gated potassium channels become localized together in high densities. In animals, voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels are clustered beneath the myelin sheath in regions immediately adjacent to paranodes, called juxtaparanodes, and along the inner mesaxon within the internode [goid 45163] [pmid 11287421] [evidence IDA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 45947] [pmid 9593750] [evidence NAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10218979] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 7556958] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme adenylate cyclase [goid 7190] [pmid 7589426] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus [goid 7584] [pmid 7556958] [evidence TAS]
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence NAS]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 11520933] [evidence EXP]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [goid 6406] [pmid 9465063] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of a protein from the nucleus into the cytoplasm [goid 6611] [pmid 8596953] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm [goid 6913] [pmid 10381392] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm [goid 6913] [pmid 12210765] [evidence IDA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 15371445] [evidence IDA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 17187778] [evidence IDA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 14622290] [evidence IMP]; The posttranslational modification of peptidyl-lysine to form hypusine, N6-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-L-lysine [goid 8612] [pmid 16452303] [evidence EXP]; Any process involved directly in viral genome replication, including viral nucleotide metabolism [goid 19079] [pmid 7759117] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 45948] [pmid 1850732] [evidence IDA]
The cellular homeostatic process by which a muscle fiber is preserved in a stable functional or structural state [goid 46716] [evidence ISS]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 10030672] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism [goid 6974] [pmid 12011095] [evidence IDA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 10030672] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a progesterone binding to its receptor [goid 50847] [pmid 12011095] [evidence IDA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6066] [pmid 7828891] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6081] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 7828891] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
Addition of multiple ubiquitin moieties to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain [goid 209] [pmid 15781469] [evidence IDA]; The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 16307917] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of SMAD signaling proteins by ubiquitination and targeting to the proteasome [goid 30579] [pmid 15781469] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin moieties to a protein [goid 31398] [pmid 11146632] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids [goid 31943] [pmid 11146632] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 32436] [pmid 11146632] [evidence IDA]; The process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein [goid 51604] [pmid 16307917] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate [goid 6183] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate [goid 6228] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate [goid 6241] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9117] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside triphosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on its glycose moiety [goid 9142] [evidence NAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence ISS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence ISS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [evidence ISS]; A cascade of protein kinase activities, culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a member of the JUN kinase subfamily of stress-activated protein kinases, which in turn are a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that is activated primarily by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress [goid 7254] [pmid 10708748] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence ISS]; The process of elimination of immature T cells in the thymus which react strongly with self-antigens [goid 45060] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of S-adenosylmethionine, S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15805] [pmid 14674884] [evidence IMP]
An immune response which is associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis, and which is typically orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines by T-helper 1 cells, most notably interferon-gamma, IL-2, and lymphotoxin [goid 42088] [pmid 10023777] [evidence IDA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [pmid 8497321] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine [goid 50731] [pmid 10587647] [evidence IDA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7219] [evidence IEA]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 12354302] [evidence IDA]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 10531035] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 10531035] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 30163] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues other than as a moiety of nucleic acid; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide [goid 6516] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 30163] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of unfolded or misfolded proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation [goid 30433] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 12524539] [evidence TAS]; The proteolytic degradation of lamins during apoptosis, leading to the irreversible breakdown of the nuclear lamina [goid 6922] [pmid 11331782] [evidence IDA]; The rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm [goid 19835] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The series of events involved in visual perception in which a sensory light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal [goid 50908] [pmid 7571473] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10761931] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 10761931] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgG isotypes [goid 48304] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus [goid 50776] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of tetracycline into, out of, within or between cells. Tetracycline is a broad spectrum antibiotic that blocks binding of aminoacyl tRNA to the ribosomes of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms (and those of organelles) [goid 15904] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antibiotic stimulus. An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms [goid 46677] [evidence IEA]
The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation [goid 6338] [pmid 12592387] [evidence NAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 12592387] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 12592387] [evidence NAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 9733768] [evidence TAS]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Rab family [goid 32313] [evidence IEA]
The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm [goid 45] [pmid 15755735] [evidence IMP]; The process by which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation [goid 6914] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
In base excision repair, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase [goid 6284] [evidence IEA]; The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids [goid 6471] [pmid 7260241] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence ISS]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 8378324] [evidence TAS]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 8378324] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the large and small ribosomal subunits into a functional ribosome [goid 42256] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 9154127] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9168114] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9168115] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant [goid 9790] [evidence IEA]
The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) [goid 50808] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Process by which cytoskeletal filaments are directly or indirectly linked to the plasma membrane [goid 7016] [pmid 7836469] [evidence TAS]; The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [pmid 7836469] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) [goid 50808] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
Repression of transcription by altering the structure of chromatin, e.g. by conversion of large regions of DNA into an inaccessible state often called heterochromatin [goid 6342] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids [goid 6471] [evidence ISS]; The removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid [goid 6476] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 9653196] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus [goid 7584] [pmid 9653196] [evidence TAS]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 7920628] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific [goid 42113] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]
The hatching of the cellular blastocyst from the zona pellucida [goid 1835] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1542665] [evidence NAS]; Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining [goid 7566] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation [goid 50679] [evidence IEA]
A conserved series of molecular signals found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; involves autophosphorylation of a histidine kinase and the transfer of the phosphate group to an aspartate that then acts as a phospho-donor to response regulator proteins [goid 160] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) [goid 6198] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue [goid 9187] [pmid 9618252] [evidence NAS]
The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9169133] [evidence TAS]
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 8280052] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 8839867] [evidence TAS]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness [goid 51017] [evidence IEA]; The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness [goid 51017] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 9614071] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 8912632] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 9614071] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9614071] [evidence TAS]; The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness [goid 51017] [evidence IEA]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 11920266] [evidence IDA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete) [goid 7281] [pmid 10893231] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant [goid 9790] [pmid 10893231] [evidence NAS]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9582122] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9789079] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 31145] [pmid 11285280] [evidence EXP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 15029244] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 12791267] [evidence EXP]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9070220] [evidence TAS]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9602068] [evidence NAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of organic anions into, out of, within or between cells. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage [goid 15711] [pmid 9007731] [evidence TAS]
Pathways for DNA repair which occur after DNA has replicated, e.g. mismatch repair, and which involve translesion synthesis (TLS-type) DNA polymerases [goid 6301] [pmid 11162572] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 11162572] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
[goid 6112] [pmid 9537324] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9537324] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 9537324] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues [goid 8203] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops or reduces the rate of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds [goid 51346] [evidence IEA]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 1715024] [evidence TAS]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [pmid 10369684] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine, aminoethanoic acid [goid 6546] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
[goid 6112] [pmid 9537324] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9537324] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 9537324] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues [goid 8203] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops or reduces the rate of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds [goid 51346] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any biological process in an organism that recur with a regularity of approximately 24 hours [goid 7623] [pmid 10217146] [evidence TAS]; The covalent or noncovalent linking of a chromophore to a protein [goid 18298] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels [goid 19229] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals in which an ion or small molecule is formed or released into the cytosol, thereby helping relay the signal within the cell [goid 19932] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction [goid 45987] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 1825698] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels [goid 19229] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals in which an ion or small molecule is formed or released into the cytosol, thereby helping relay the signal within the cell [goid 19932] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction [goid 45987] [evidence IEA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Rab family [goid 32313] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10366710] [evidence NAS]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10380929] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 10380929] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 10648427] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 10648427] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to early sorting endosomes. Clathrin vesicles transport substances from the trans-Golgi to endosomes [goid 6895] [pmid 11381253] [evidence NAS]; Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location [goid 8104] [pmid 11381254] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
The joining of two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane [goid 6944] [pmid 9657962] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]
The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]
The joining of two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane [goid 6944] [pmid 10192385] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 10192385] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 17726538] [evidence ISS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [pmid 2387396] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [pmid 17036048] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 beta from a cell or group of cells [goid 50718] [pmid 17036048] [evidence IDA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol [goid 6094] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The process by which glucose is oxidized, coupled to NADPH synthesis. Glucose 6-P is oxidized with the formation of carbon dioxide (CO2), ribulose 5-phosphate and reduced NADP; ribulose 5-P then enters a series of reactions interconverting sugar phosphates. The pentose phosphate pathway is a major source of reducing equivalents for biosynthesis reactions and is also important for the conversion of hexoses to pentoses [goid 6098] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes [goid 6633] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, an important intermediate in glycolysis [goid 19682] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]
The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts [goid 1707] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]; The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts [goid 1707] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The process by which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA [goid 6353] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [evidence IEA]; Branching of the ureteric bud [goid 1658] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9467961] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9467961] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 9467961] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9624153] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [pmid 12145317] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [pmid 9799594] [evidence IDA]
The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal [goid 7602] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 10399917] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 10835680] [evidence TAS]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 8900189] [evidence TAS]; Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 7017] [evidence ISS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8900189] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation [goid 2052] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The differentiation of cells that will contribute to the structure and function of the hypothalamus [goid 21979] [evidence IEA]; The progression of the neurohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The neurohypophysis is the part of the pituitary gland that secretes hormones involved in blood pressure regulation [goid 21985] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase [goid 32515] [pmid 16916641] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase [goid 32516] [pmid 16916641] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein [goid 35307] [pmid 16916641] [evidence IDA]; Any process the stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein [goid 35308] [pmid 16916641] [evidence IDA]
The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 8632896] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell [goid 30183] [pmid 15576473] [evidence IEP]; The regulated release of a substance by a cell, a group of cells, or a tissue [goid 46903] [pmid 15576473] [evidence TAS]
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 8968090] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 8968090] [evidence TAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete) [goid 7281] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 43491] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1922062] [evidence TAS]
The cleavage of DNA during apoptosis, which usually occurs in two stages: cleavage into fragments of about 50 kbp followed by cleavage between nucleosomes to yield 200 bp fragments [goid 6309] [pmid 9989411] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A cascade of processes initiated by the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death) [goid 8630] [pmid 9989411] [evidence TAS]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of terminal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of deoxyribonucleotides [goid 738] [pmid 15565158] [evidence IDA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The process by which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA [goid 6353] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 6401] [pmid 10409438] [evidence TAS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 10409438] [evidence IEP]; The process by which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present [goid 16049] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present [goid 16049] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars [goid 6024] [pmid 8449405] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 9134435] [evidence TAS]
The proliferation of cells in the inner cell mass [goid 1833] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The cell cycle process whereby chromatin structure is compacted prior to mitosis in eukaryotic cells [goid 7076] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cell wall [goid 16998] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 9030690] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [pmid 7798248] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transforming growth factor beta receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7179] [pmid 8697098] [evidence TAS]; The regulated release of proteins from a cell or group of cells [goid 9306] [pmid 8697098] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester [goid 15937] [evidence IEA]
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10604473] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the receptiveness of a female to male advances [goid 7621] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon outgrowth [goid 30517] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [evidence IEA]
In base excision repair, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase [goid 6284] [evidence IEA]; In nucleotide excision repair a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts) [goid 6289] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of organic anions into, out of, within or between cells. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage [goid 15711] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles [goid 6892] [pmid 9378760] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
The elongation of dermatan sulfate proteoglycan chains by alternate addition of N-acetylhexosamine and GlcUA residues to the GAG-protein linkage region tetrasaccharide of dermatan sulfate [goid 50652] [pmid 11788602] [evidence TAS]; The elongation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan chains by alternate addition of N-acetylhexosamine and GlcUA residues to the GAG-protein linkage region tetrasaccharide of chondroitin sulfate [goid 50653] [pmid 11788602] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of glycolipids, compounds containing (usually) 1-4 linked monosaccharide residues joined by a glycosyl linkage to a lipid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 46836] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [evidence IEA]; The series of events in which a gravitational stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal [goid 9590] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively [goid 42472] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH [goid 9435] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH [goid 9435] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH [goid 9435] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transforming growth factor beta receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7179] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [pmid 9326317] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars [goid 6024] [pmid 12907669] [evidence IDA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10878610] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharide chain component of heparan sulfate proteoglycan [goid 15014] [pmid 17761672] [evidence IMP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9169421] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 9647693] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence ISS]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 12535537] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a virion enters a host cell, including virion attachment and penetration [goid 46718] [pmid 12450395] [evidence TAS]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 14593112] [evidence IDA]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [pmid 8898360] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence ISS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 9832420] [evidence TAS];  [goid 8625] [pmid 9774341] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [pmid 1621094] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]
The removal of the oligonucleotide that contains the DNA damage. The oligonucleotide is formed by dual incisions that flank the site of DNA damage [goid 718] [pmid 10583946] [evidence EXP]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 8946909] [evidence EXP]; The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation at an RNA polymerase II-specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II [goid 6368] [pmid 9405375] [evidence EXP]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 8692841] [evidence IDA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote [goid 7338] [pmid 9381176] [evidence TAS]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 2849458] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9690476] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 9690476] [evidence TAS]
The uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles [goid 6898] [pmid 2373685] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [pmid 11160515] [evidence IDA]; A series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell [goid 50852] [evidence IEA]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 12218053] [evidence IDA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor [goid 30521] [pmid 12218053] [evidence IDA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity [goid 6469] [pmid 11641396] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication [goid 45070] [pmid 11641396] [evidence IDA]; Any process that increases the levels of viral proteins in a cell [goid 46726] [pmid 11641396] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transcription of the viral genome [goid 46782] [pmid 11641396] [evidence IDA]; Any host process that results in the inhibition of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby facilitating viral replication. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction [goid 50689] [pmid 11641396] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication [goid 45070] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transcription of the viral genome [goid 46782] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 2011739] [evidence TAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 8537403] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10436159] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10428028] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7266] [pmid 10436159] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 8689688] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 10428028] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension [goid 45773] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 14625278] [evidence IC ]
A series of reactions initiated by the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB is sequestered by the inhibitor I-kappaB, and is released when I-kappaB is phosphorylated by activated I-kappaB kinase [goid 7249] [pmid 10657303] [evidence NAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]
A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2118648] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neurite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurite is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites [goid 31175] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 8457378] [evidence TAS]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of choline into, out of, within or between cells. Choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine [goid 15871] [pmid 10677542] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix [goid 30155] [pmid 12606567] [evidence IDA]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions initiated by the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB is sequestered by the inhibitor I-kappaB, and is released when I-kappaB is phosphorylated by activated I-kappaB kinase [goid 7249] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions initiated by the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB is sequestered by the inhibitor I-kappaB, and is released when I-kappaB is phosphorylated by activated I-kappaB kinase [goid 7249] [pmid 15276183] [evidence EXP]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages [goid 30099] [evidence IEA]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10531379] [evidence NAS]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [pmid 9516430] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 8896564] [evidence TAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 9398857] [evidence TAS]; Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline [goid 7140] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 8584] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 8585] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 42127] [evidence IEA]; Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline [goid 7140] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 8584] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 8585] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 42127] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules [goid 2474] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 6461010] [evidence NAS]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex [goid 19882] [evidence IEA]
The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 1384048] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [pmid 12972596] [evidence IDA]; Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase complex at the promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter [goid 6352] [pmid 9836642] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 9730600] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant [goid 9790] [evidence IEA]; Ordering of successions of nucleosomes into regular arrays so that nucleosomes are positioned at defined distances from one another [goid 16584] [pmid 9836642] [evidence IDA]; Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin that require energy from the hydrolysis of ATP, ranging from local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation, mediated by ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling factors [goid 43044] [evidence IEA]
A cascade of processes initiated by the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death) [goid 8630] [evidence IEA]; The activation, by oxidative stress, of any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8631] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers [goid 9411] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a virus reproduces. Usually, this is by infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle [goid 16032] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus [goid 42307] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the transfer of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters, from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane [goid 42347] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43065] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 43280] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response [goid 50728] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 8334160] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [pmid 8334160] [evidence TAS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell [goid 30317] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor [goid 30521] [evidence IEA]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 8277] [pmid 12652642] [evidence IDA]
A rise in body temperature above the normal, often as a response to infection [goid 1660] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 1924307] [evidence TAS]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 10748004] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 6209582] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 3493774] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug [goid 30168] [evidence IEA]; The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein [goid 51258] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 10948432] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth [goid 1701] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 8541325] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9799603] [evidence TAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 9799603] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 8610] [pmid 10843999] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 7797563] [evidence TAS]
An acute behavioral change resulting from a perceived external threat [goid 1662] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8816493] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 8816493] [evidence TAS]; Learning by associating a stimulus (the cause) with a particular outcome (the effect) [goid 8306] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell [goid 48666] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [pmid 9087410] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism [goid 9611] [pmid 9087410] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate [goid 9258] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 10233894] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein moiety consists of a lipid or lipids [goid 42157] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein moiety consists of a lipid or lipids [goid 42157] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 9334332] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [pmid 10207103] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide [goid 7187] [pmid 7512962] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 7512962] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichol-linked oligosaccharide, usually by a stepwise addition of glycosyl chains to endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound dolichol-P [goid 6488] [pmid 12684507] [evidence IGI]; Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location [goid 8104] [pmid 16957052] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]; The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid in the endoplasmic reticulum [goid 33577] [pmid 12684507] [evidence IGI]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus [goid 51592] [pmid 17196169] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus [goid 51592] [pmid 12445460] [evidence IDA]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of P-1,4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues [goid 6032] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a mitochondrial DNA template, usually by a specific mitochondrial RNA polymerase [goid 6390] [pmid 17337445] [evidence TAS]
The process of removing one or more ADP-ribose residues from a protein [goid 51725] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin [goid 8286] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15758] [evidence ISS]; Assembly of a stress fiber, the bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts [goid 43149] [evidence ISS]; Establishment and maturation of focal adhesions, complexes of intracellular signaling and structural proteins which provide a structural link between the internal actin cytoskeleton and the ECM, and also function as a locus of signal transduction activity [goid 48041] [evidence ISS]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]
The process of the formation of the constituents of the ribosome subunits, their assembly, and their transport to the sites of protein synthesis [goid 42254] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates [goid 30097] [evidence NAS]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete) [goid 7281] [pmid 10893231] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant [goid 9790] [pmid 10893231] [evidence NAS]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 96215313] [evidence NAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [evidence NAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [evidence NAS]; The process by which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present [goid 16049] [pmid 96215313] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [pmid 96215313] [evidence NAS]
[goid 19642] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells [goid 44262] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
Cell motility due to movement of cilia or flagella [goid 1539] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy) [goid 9566] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell [goid 30317] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 7622051] [evidence TAS]
In base excision repair, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase [goid 6284] [pmid 9489705] [evidence TAS]; A system for the correction of errors introduced during DNA replication when an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination [goid 6298] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The disruption of the bond between the sugar in the backbone and the C or T base, causing the base to be removed and leaving a depyrimidinated sugar [goid 45008] [pmid 11937636] [evidence EXP]; The disruption of the bond between the sugar in the backbone and the C or T base, causing the base to be removed and leaving a depyrimidinated sugar [goid 45008] [pmid 10583946] [evidence EXP]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase III promoter [goid 16480] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 8654] [pmid 9083101] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 2198571] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2198571] [evidence TAS]; The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine [goid 18108] [pmid 15886098] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered [goid 51353] [pmid 12893824] [evidence IDA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA];  [goid 8625] [pmid 9044836] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein [goid 1932] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cytokine or chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 19221] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein [goid 42518] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat [goid 45444] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway activity [goid 46426] [pmid 9727029] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway activity [goid 46426] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling [goid 46627] [evidence ISS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein [goid 51258] [evidence IEA]
The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7626] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [evidence IEA]; The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a neuron to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 7158] [evidence NAS]; The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [evidence NAS]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within a tRNA molecule to produce a tRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically [goid 6400] [pmid 12403464] [evidence IDA]
The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6865] [pmid 15632147] [evidence IDA]
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane, where they fuse and release their contents by exocytosis [goid 6893] [pmid 17574030] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; A process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an organelle [goid 33365] [pmid 17574030] [evidence IMP]; The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic locomotor organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole [goid 42384] [pmid 17574030] [evidence IMP]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 9284905] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester [goid 15937] [evidence IEA]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 10976108] [evidence IDA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 3380101] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 2734021] [evidence TAS]; Any epigenetic process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of gene expression [goid 45814] [pmid 10976108] [evidence IDA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [pmid 9122178] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [pmid 8986748] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15858] [pmid 8986748] [evidence TAS]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [pmid 11170751] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 7893747] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 7893747] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [evidence IEA]
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase [goid 188] [pmid 8943324] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [pmid 8943324] [evidence TAS]; A cascade of protein kinase activities, culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a member of the JUN kinase subfamily of stress-activated protein kinases, which in turn are a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that is activated primarily by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress [goid 7254] [pmid 8943324] [evidence TAS]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a fungus [goid 9620] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a nematode [goid 9624] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specializes features of an eosinophil [goid 30222] [evidence IEA]
The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium [goid 30855] [pmid 10514386] [evidence IDA]
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9968] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity [goid 6469] [evidence ISS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity [goid 43405] [pmid 15299019] [evidence IDA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 15146077] [evidence IC ]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 10085124] [evidence NAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 10085124] [evidence NAS]; The reproductive process in which the parent is separated from its offspring either by giving birth to live young or by laying eggs [goid 7567] [pmid 10085124] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving arachidonic acid, a straight chain fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. Arachidonic acid is the all-Z-(5,8,11,14)-isomer [goid 19369] [pmid 10085124] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue [goid 46475] [pmid 10085124] [evidence IDA]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances within a cell [goid 46907] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances within a cell [goid 46907] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 30163] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 8975702] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 1310900] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 10913253] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process by which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body [goid 8016] [pmid 15598648] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IPI]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [pmid 16762037] [evidence IMP]; Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end uses the homologous intact duplex as the template [goid 731] [pmid 1730053] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [evidence IEA]; Repair of the gap in the DNA helix by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase after the portion of the strand containing the lesion has been removed by pyrimidine-dimer repair enzymes [goid 6297] [pmid 9111189] [evidence EXP]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction [goid 6937] [pmid 9570949] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9570949] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one [goid 6308] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]
Cascade of at least three protein kinase activities culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase. MAPKKK cascades lie downstream of numerous signaling pathways [goid 165] [pmid 11395482] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 19722] [pmid 11395482] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity [goid 45859] [pmid 11395482] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [pmid 11395482] [evidence TAS]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 11395482] [evidence IDA]
The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of iron ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6879] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates [goid 30097] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 1630447] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 1630447] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any type I interferon. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families [goid 45351] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6221] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid [goid 6541] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6221] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The process by which clathrin triskelia are assembled into the ordered structure known as a clathrin cage [goid 48268] [evidence IEA]; The uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles [goid 6898] [pmid 10436022] [evidence IDA]; The process by which clathrin triskelia are assembled into the ordered structure known as a clathrin cage [goid 48268] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6957] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6958] [evidence IEA]; The rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm [goid 19835] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 9398840] [evidence NAS]; An immune response mediated through a body fluid [goid 6959] [evidence IEA]; An immune response mediated through a body fluid [goid 6959] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 11516653] [evidence NAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [pmid 12011975] [evidence TAS]; Assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament [goid 8154] [pmid 11516653] [evidence NAS]; The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [pmid 12011975] [evidence TAS]; The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine [goid 18108] [pmid 17101133] [evidence IDA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation at an RNA polymerase II-specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II [goid 6368] [pmid 10882741] [evidence IDA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 10882741] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of global transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45817] [pmid 10882741] [evidence IDA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation [goid 7398] [pmid 9618173] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8804307] [evidence TAS]; Maintenance of transcription by remodelling of chromatin into an 'open configuration'. Once established, this regulation is mitotically stable and is maintained over many cell divisions. It is also heritable [goid 48096] [pmid 12917342] [evidence IMP]
Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6958] [evidence IEA]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [pmid 12149247] [evidence NAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 12149247] [evidence IDA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 12149247] [evidence NAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix [goid 30198] [pmid 12149247] [evidence NAS]; An ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, chiefly by the proteolytic action of plasmin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots [goid 42730] [pmid 12149247] [evidence IDA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism [goid 9056] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism [goid 9056] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 12711221] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; The modification of histones by removal of acetyl groups [goid 16575] [pmid 10523670] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell [goid 30183] [pmid 12711221] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development [goid 45843] [pmid 12711221] [evidence TAS]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic chromatin [goid 6325] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [pmid 8681378] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 8681378] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 8681378] [evidence TAS]; Any process induced by intracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8629] [pmid 8681378] [evidence TAS]
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through a stage including a notochord and neural tube until birth or egg hatching [goid 43009] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [pmid 10444591] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction [goid 6310] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7205] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 2175712] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]
The series of events in which a calcium ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal [goid 5513] [pmid 10676964] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10676964] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 10676964] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 11481438] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 42127] [pmid 11481438] [evidence NAS]
The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein [goid 19886] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]
The process by which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation [goid 6914] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase complex at the promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter [goid 6352] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription [goid 51090] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase complex at the promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter [goid 6352] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription [goid 51090] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 8946909] [evidence EXP]; The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation at an RNA polymerase II-specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II [goid 6368] [pmid 9405375] [evidence EXP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription [goid 51090] [evidence IEA]
The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The characteristic movement of immature neurons from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature [goid 1764] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [pmid 1655803] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]; The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task) [goid 7613] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10334993] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine [goid 8206] [pmid 10334992] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9070926] [evidence TAS]; The progression of the pituitary gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands [goid 21983] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of the hindlimb are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 35137] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate [goid 51216] [evidence IEA]
Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 6446] [pmid 8663286] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [pmid 9660815] [evidence TAS]; The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 9660815] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 9660815] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activity of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway [goid 17015] [pmid 9660815] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 30162] [pmid 9660815] [evidence IDA]; The regulated release of growth hormone from secretory granules into the blood [goid 30252] [pmid 9660815] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process whereby relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features [goid 45595] [pmid 9660815] [evidence TAS]
Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate [goid 7389] [pmid 9207795] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 9653196] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus [goid 7584] [pmid 9653196] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; An immune response mediated through a body fluid [goid 6959] [pmid 8666937] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 31145] [pmid 11285280] [evidence EXP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 15029244] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 12791267] [evidence EXP]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process by which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets [goid 7059] [pmid 11266451] [evidence NAS]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances within a cell [goid 46907] [evidence IEA]
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [evidence IEA]; Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate [goid 7389] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell [goid 40007] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate [goid 51216] [evidence IEA]
The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell in response to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor [goid 30101] [pmid 11081504] [evidence NAS]
Addition of multiple ubiquitin moieties to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain [goid 209] [pmid 12732143] [evidence IDA]; The removal of the oligonucleotide that contains the DNA damage. The oligonucleotide is formed by dual incisions that flank the site of DNA damage [goid 718] [pmid 10583946] [evidence EXP]; The repair of UV-induced T-T, C-T and C-C dimers [goid 6290] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers [goid 9411] [pmid 12732143] [evidence IDA]; The ubiquitination by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein. Ubiquitination occurs on the lysine residue by formation of an isopeptide crosslink [goid 51865] [pmid 12732143] [evidence IDA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to a cell surface receptor [goid 7214] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid [goid 6569] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid [goid 19674] [pmid 14704851] [evidence EXP]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix [goid 30199] [evidence IEA]; The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells [goid 30574] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix [goid 30199] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8141249] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [evidence IEA]
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine [goid 6306] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [evidence IEA]; The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine [goid 6306] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary small nuclear RNA (snRNA) transcript into a mature snRNA molecule [goid 16180] [pmid 16239144] [evidence IDA]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9169421] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 9647693] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence ISS]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 12535537] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a virion enters a host cell, including virion attachment and penetration [goid 46718] [pmid 12450395] [evidence TAS]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane [goid 6643] [pmid 9792633] [evidence TAS]
The cell cycle process whereby chromatin structure is compacted prior to mitosis in eukaryotic cells [goid 7076] [evidence IEA]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence ISS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine [goid 6685] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide [goid 16310] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol [goid 46488] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol [goid 46488] [evidence IEA]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus [goid 6997] [pmid 11792814] [evidence NAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus [goid 7030] [pmid 12808039] [evidence IDA]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell [goid 42692] [pmid 11792814] [evidence IDA]
Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 8610] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The process of coupling cysteine to cysteinyl-tRNA, catalyzed by cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6423] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The process of coupling cysteine to cysteinyl-tRNA, catalyzed by cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6423] [pmid 11347887] [evidence IDA]; The process of coupling cysteine to cysteinyl-tRNA, catalyzed by cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6423] [pmid 17303165] [evidence IDA]; The process of coupling cysteine to cysteinyl-tRNA, catalyzed by cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6423] [pmid 10908348] [evidence IDA]; The process of coupling cysteine to cysteinyl-tRNA, catalyzed by cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6423] [pmid 11347887] [evidence IDA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 8269511] [evidence NAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of a ribosomal small subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm [goid 56] [pmid 16037817] [evidence IMP]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a trophectoderm cell [goid 1829] [pmid 17576768] [evidence IDA]; The characteristic morphogenetic movements where the primitive heart tube loops asymmetrically. This looping brings the primitive heart chambers into alignment preceeding their future integration [goid 1947] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 3203386] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation [goid 45597] [pmid 17576768] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 17576768] [evidence IDA]; The cellular homeostatic process by which a muscle fiber is preserved in a stable functional or structural state [goid 46716] [evidence IEA]
Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [evidence IEA]
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain (extracellular domain) [goid 6509] [pmid 15274632] [evidence IDA]; The process by which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets [goid 7059] [pmid 9298903] [evidence TAS]; The series of successive proteolytic cleavage events that take place after a Notch receptor binds a ligand, and which lead to the release of the Notch Intracellular Domain (NICD), which is the active form of the receptor [goid 7220] [pmid 15274632] [evidence TAS]; The intracellular signaling cascade that results when a cell is triggered to undergo apoptosis [goid 8632] [pmid 8939861] [evidence TAS]; The posttranslational modification of a protein, particularly secretory proteins and proteins targeted for membranes or specific cellular locations [goid 16485] [pmid 15274632] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease [goid 42987] [pmid 15274632] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme [goid 43085] [pmid 15274632] [evidence IDA]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]
The covalent or non-covalent attachment of lipid moieties to an amino acid in a protein [goid 6497] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein [goid 31401] [evidence ISS]; A process by which one or more moieties of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to a target protein [goid 32446] [pmid 16963840] [evidence IDA]; The process by which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm in response to the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum [goid 34263] [pmid 17256008] [evidence IMP]
The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [pmid 15958728] [evidence IC ]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [pmid 15958728] [evidence IC ]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 15162379] [evidence NAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any biological process in an organism that recur with a regularity of approximately 24 hours [goid 7623] [pmid 9616112] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 9576906] [evidence IGI]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network) [goid 6891] [pmid 10747018] [evidence ISS]; The process by which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation [goid 6914] [pmid 12507496] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase [goid 32781] [pmid 10747018] [evidence ISS]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [evidence IEA]
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [pmid 1313424] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization [goid 30502] [pmid 1313424] [evidence NAS]; The regulated release of saliva from the salivary glands. In man, the saliva is a turbid and slightly viscous fluid, generally of an alkaline reaction, and is secreted by the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual glands. In the mouth the saliva is mixed with the secretion from the buccal glands. In man and many animals, saliva is an important digestive fluid on account of the presence of the peculiar enzyme, ptyalin [goid 46541] [pmid 1718282] [evidence NAS]
Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [pmid 8223854] [evidence IDA]; A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals [goid 45730] [pmid 8223854] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 9230079] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 9359840] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament [goid 30833] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament [goid 30833] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 10486569] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates levels of neurotransmitter [goid 1505] [pmid 8391122] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [pmid 8391122] [evidence IMP]; The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to a cell surface receptor [goid 7214] [pmid 8391122] [evidence IMP]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [pmid 9593722] [evidence NAS]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 8125259] [evidence TAS]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 1889752] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the sperm binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer of the egg. The process begins with the attachment of the sperm plasma membrane to the zona pellucida and includes attachment of the acrosome inner membrane to the zona pellucida after the acrosomal reaction takes place [goid 7339] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell [goid 30317] [evidence IEA]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 9422736] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7173] [pmid 9422736] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6865] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of arginine, 2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15809] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 1348489] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6865] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of arginine, 2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15809] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 10552934] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10552934] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 10552934] [evidence TAS]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [pmid 9285411] [evidence TAS]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of nonidentical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer [goid 51291] [pmid 15485874] [evidence IDA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7626] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an auditory hair cell [goid 42491] [evidence IEA]
The process by which the sperm binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer of the egg. The process begins with the attachment of the sperm plasma membrane to the zona pellucida and includes attachment of the acrosome inner membrane to the zona pellucida after the acrosomal reaction takes place [goid 7339] [pmid 9126492] [evidence NAS]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [pmid 9126492] [evidence NAS]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 10391904] [evidence TAS]
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron [goid 30182] [evidence NAS]
Any process that modulates the activity of the GTPase ARF [goid 32312] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [pmid 12651155] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis [goid 30100] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10903717] [evidence IDA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence NAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 9006963] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9006963] [evidence TAS]
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 1657398] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 51726] [evidence IEA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8400237] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 7989345] [evidence TAS]
The process leading to the rupture of the follicle, releasing the centrally located oocyte into the oviduct [goid 1542] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The regular alternation, in the life cycle of haplontic, diplontic and diplohaplontic organisms, of meiosis and fertilization which provides for the production offspring. In diplontic organisms there is a life cycle in which the products of meiosis behave directly as gametes, fusing to form a zygote from which the diploid, or sexually reproductive polyploid, adult organism will develop. In diplohaplontic organisms a haploid phase (gametophyte) exists in the life cycle between meiosis and fertilization (e.g. higher plants, many algae and Fungi); the products of meiosis are spores that develop as haploid individuals from which haploid gametes develop to form a diploid zygote; diplohaplontic organisms show an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. In haplontic organisms meiosis occurs in the zygote, giving rise to four haploid cells (e.g. many algae and protozoa), only the zygote is diploid and this may form a resistant spore, tiding organisms over hard times [goid 19953] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants [goid 42448] [evidence IEA]
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 226] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III-specific promoter [goid 6383] [evidence IEA]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 10799545] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [pmid 9008160] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cadmium (Cd) ion stimulus [goid 46686] [evidence IEA]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9312132] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation [goid 45672] [pmid 17241109] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption [goid 45780] [pmid 17241109] [evidence IDA]
The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm [goid 45] [evidence ISS]; The process by which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation [goid 6914] [evidence ISS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence ISS]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [evidence IEA]
The series of events in which a calcium ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal [goid 5513] [pmid 10692449] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 10692449] [evidence IDA]; The process that modulates the membrane potential involved in the propagation of a signal in a neuron [goid 19228] [pmid 10692449] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels [goid 19229] [pmid 10692449] [evidence TAS]
Progression through G1 phase, one of two 'gap' phases in the mitotic cell cycle; G1 is the interval between the completion of mitosis and the beginning of DNA synthesis [goid 80] [pmid 7680771] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 8946909] [evidence EXP]; The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation at an RNA polymerase II-specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II [goid 6368] [pmid 9405375] [evidence EXP]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 15053879] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 8703017] [evidence TAS]
A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [evidence ISS]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence ISS]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription [goid 51091] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription [goid 51091] [evidence ISS]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of unfolded or misfolded proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation [goid 30433] [evidence ISS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate [goid 6183] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate [goid 6228] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate [goid 6241] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9117] [evidence IEA]
The 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell [goid 7020] [pmid 11694571] [evidence IDA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 226] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6958] [evidence IEA]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [evidence IEA]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 2563376] [evidence TAS]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 2365061] [evidence TAS]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 15504738] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 12791985] [evidence EXP]; The process by which a DNA strand is synthesized from template DNA during replication by the action of polymerases, which add nucleotides to the 3' end of the nascent DNA strand [goid 6271] [pmid 7774928] [evidence TAS]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 15504738] [evidence NAS]; Repair of the gap in the DNA helix by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase after the portion of the strand containing the lesion has been removed by pyrimidine-dimer repair enzymes [goid 6297] [pmid 9111189] [evidence EXP]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphoinositide to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 48015] [pmid 15504738] [evidence NAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism [goid 6974] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 9114008] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [pmid 10884438] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 9114008] [evidence TAS]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 8950995] [evidence TAS]
The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 7693129] [evidence TAS]; Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of a mechanical stimulus [goid 7638] [evidence IEA]; The maintenance of junctions between cells [goid 45217] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence IEA]; Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations [goid 7126] [pmid 12499397] [evidence IDA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 45948] [pmid 16001084] [evidence IDA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG [goid 6890] [pmid 11030615] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network) [goid 6891] [pmid 11056392] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood [goid 1568] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm [goid 1824] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin [goid 1890] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9459001] [evidence TAS]; Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate [goid 7389] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine that occurs in the synaptic cleft during synaptic transmission [goid 1507] [pmid 9689136] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific asymmetric distribution [goid 8105] [pmid 9689136] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell [goid 42135] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cocaine, an alkaloid obtained from the dried leaves of the shrub Erythroxylon coca. It is a cerebral stimulant and narcotic [goid 50783] [pmid 8622553] [evidence TAS]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid) [goid 6665] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine [goid 8206] [pmid 17105727] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine [goid 8206] [pmid 11489889] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of O-glycosides, any compound in which a glycosyl group has been substituted into a hydroxyl group [goid 16142] [pmid 17105727] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of O-glycosides, any compound in which a glycosyl group has been substituted into a hydroxyl group [goid 16142] [pmid 11489889] [evidence NAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 7715707] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III-specific promoter [goid 6383] [pmid 7715707] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template [goid 9301] [pmid 7715707] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
The close range interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes them to change their fates and specify the development of an organ [goid 1759] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2470007] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 2470007] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 8543] [pmid 17133345] [evidence EXP]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 2470007] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thymus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thymus is a symmetric bi-lobed organ involved primarily in the differentiation of immature to mature T cells, with unique vascular, nervous, epithelial, and lymphoid cell components [goid 48538] [evidence IEA]
The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes [goid 1570] [evidence ISS]; The process that modulates blood pressure by the detection of carbon dioxide levels in the brain stem. Increased levels activate the sympathetic vasoconstrictor mechanism increasing the force with which blood flows through the circulatory system [goid 1980] [evidence ISS]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction [goid 6937] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops or reduces the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase [goid 32780] [pmid 10806205] [evidence IMP]; Any process that stops or reduces the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase [goid 32780] [pmid 11735257] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops or reduces the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase [goid 32780] [pmid 7957210] [evidence IDA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of cardiac ventricle muscle is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 55010] [pmid 11815426] [evidence IMP]; Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue [goid 60048] [pmid 11735257] [evidence IMP]
The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 9326634] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic chromatin [goid 6325] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an estrogen binding to its receptor [goid 30520] [pmid 12200431] [evidence IDA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor [goid 30521] [pmid 12200431] [evidence IDA]; The movement of nucleosomes along a DNA fragment [goid 42766] [pmid 12200431] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a glucocorticoid binding to its receptor [goid 42921] [pmid 12200431] [evidence IDA]; Maintenance of transcription by remodelling of chromatin into an 'open configuration'. Once established, this regulation is mitotically stable and is maintained over many cell divisions. It is also heritable [goid 48096] [pmid 12200431] [evidence TAS]
Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation [goid 2052] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The differentiation of cells that will contribute to the structure and function of the hypothalamus [goid 21979] [evidence IEA]; The progression of the neurohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The neurohypophysis is the part of the pituitary gland that secretes hormones involved in blood pressure regulation [goid 21985] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid [goid 6672] [pmid 8955159] [evidence TAS]
Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
A transamidation reaction that results in the cleavage of the polypeptide chain and the concomitant transfer of the GPI anchor to the newly formed carboxy-terminal amino acid of the anchored protein. The cleaved C-terminal contains the C-terminal GPI signal sequence of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain [goid 16255] [pmid 11483512] [evidence TAS]; A transamidation reaction that results in the cleavage of the polypeptide chain and the concomitant transfer of the GPI anchor to the newly formed carboxy-terminal amino acid of the anchored protein. The cleaved C-terminal contains the C-terminal GPI signal sequence of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain [goid 16255] [pmid 1846368] [evidence EXP]
The characteristic movement of immature neurons from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature [goid 1764] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10320330] [evidence TAS]; Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [evidence IEA]; The specific actions or reactions of an organism relating to the intake of food, any substance (usually solid) that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build tissue [goid 42755] [evidence IEA]
The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes [goid 1570] [evidence ISS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 12481031] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the onset of anaphase (chromosome movement) in the mitotic cell cycle [goid 30071] [evidence IEA]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 15047853] [evidence IGI]; The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [goid 6406] [pmid 15047853] [evidence IGI]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10833454] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [pmid 15609325] [evidence NAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7197] [pmid 8663391] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands; muscarinic acetylcholine receptors activate inhibitory G proteins and can be activated by the fungal alkaloid muscarine [goid 7213] [pmid 3272174] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8063729] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of dopamine into, out of, within or between cells. Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline [goid 15872] [evidence IEA]; The sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a nerve cell (neuron) in response to stimulation [goid 19226] [evidence IEA]
The stepwise addition of the components of the GPI anchor on to phosphatidylinositol lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane [goid 16254] [pmid 11102867] [evidence EXP]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 8734615] [evidence TAS]
The formation of either of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, mainly thyroxine and triiodothyronine. This is achieved by the iodination and joining of tyrosine molecules to form the precursor thyroglobin, proteolysis of this precursor gives rise to the thyroid hormones [goid 6590] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 10841549] [evidence NAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of selenocysteine, an essential component of glutathione peroxidase and some other proteins [goid 16260] [pmid 8986768] [evidence NAS]
The stepwise addition of the components of the GPI anchor on to phosphatidylinositol lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane [goid 16254] [pmid 11102867] [evidence EXP]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 2303035] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates [goid 30097] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte [goid 30218] [evidence IEA]; The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field [goid 45165] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 2828034] [evidence TAS]
Any process by which a pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner [goid 6379] [pmid 7742370] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species [goid 6801] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions involving hydrogen peroxide [goid 10310] [pmid 16636067] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals [goid 60263] [pmid 16636067] [evidence TAS]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 7758105] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7758105] [evidence TAS]; The conversion of proteins that induce or sustain apoptosis to an active form [goid 8633] [pmid 14644197] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IEP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development [goid 51798] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 10764806] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight [goid 1654] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8227122] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 3202857] [evidence NAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 10200270] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid [goid 19370] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes [goid 6402] [pmid 2081593] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis [goid 45765] [pmid 3470787] [evidence IDA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry [goid 7368] [evidence IEA]; The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or a point [goid 9798] [evidence IEA]; The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the rostro-caudal axis of a somite, prior to the morphological formation of a somite boundary [goid 32525] [evidence IEA]; The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the rostro-caudal axis of a somite, prior to the morphological formation of a somite boundary [goid 32525] [evidence ISS]; The process by which the anatomical structures of the tail are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The tail is the hindmost part of some animals [goid 35121] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide moiety of a glycoprotein [goid 6044] [pmid 11352640] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide moiety of a glycoprotein [goid 6044] [pmid 11181564] [evidence IC ]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione [goid 6790] [pmid 11352640] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of keratan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat units consisting of beta-1,4-linked D-galactopyranosyl-beta-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate and with variable amounts of fucose, sialic acid and mannose units; keratan sulfate chains are covalently linked by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylose to peptidyl-threonine or serine residues [goid 18146] [pmid 11278593] [evidence IDA]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 11468188] [evidence IDA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [pmid 11279069] [evidence NAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Rab family [goid 32313] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 7585125] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase complex at the promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter [goid 6352] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6164] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate, by the stepwise assembly of a purine ring on ribose 5-phosphate [goid 6189] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine bases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine [goid 9113] [evidence IEA]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
Process involving non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals [goid 6953] [evidence IEA]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cell wall [goid 16998] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10499587] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 10499587] [evidence TAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 9478965] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of excitation of rhodopsin by a photon and the events then required to return the rhodopsin containing cell to the unexcited state [goid 9586] [pmid 9478965] [evidence TAS]; Maintenance of the excited state of a photoreceptor cell to produce a steady state current as a result of signals generated by rhodopsin activation by a photon [goid 16058] [pmid 9478965] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 9020843] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 8277] [pmid 1656454] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of excitation of rhodopsin by a photon and the events then required to return the rhodopsin containing cell to the unexcited state [goid 9586] [pmid 1656454] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of excitation of rhodopsin by a photon [goid 16056] [pmid 9147475] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKK [goid 187] [pmid 10101031] [evidence TAS]; A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 10101031] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 7558011] [evidence TAS]; Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme adenylate cyclase [goid 7190] [pmid 8022409] [evidence TAS]; A cascade of protein kinase activities, culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a member of the JUN kinase subfamily of stress-activated protein kinases, which in turn are a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that is activated primarily by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress [goid 7254] [pmid 10101031] [evidence TAS]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 7836474] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 9763671] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 9763671] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-xylose, a naturally occurring plant polysaccharide [goid 42732] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase [goid 43087] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood [goid 1568] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 7981670] [evidence TAS]; The covalent attachment of a geranylgeranyl moiety to a protein amino acid [goid 18348] [pmid 8380507] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase [goid 43087] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages [goid 9312] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine forming N4-glycosyl-L-asparagine; the most common form is N-acetylglucosaminyl asparagine; N-acetylgalactosaminyl asparagine also occurs; this modification typically occurs in extracellular peptides with an N-X-(ST) motif. Partial modification has been observed to occur with cysteine, rather than serine or threonine, in the third position; secondary structure features are important, and proline in the second or fourth positions inhibits modification [goid 18279] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]
The process by which the anatomical structures of an epithelial sheet are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells [goid 2011] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 1741056] [evidence TAS]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 1406935] [evidence TAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 12234663] [evidence IDA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages [goid 30099] [pmid 12234663] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 10544019] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of zinc (Zn) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6829] [pmid 10681536] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 30001] [evidence IEA]
Cascade of at least three protein kinase activities culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase. MAPKKK cascades lie downstream of numerous signaling pathways [goid 165] [pmid 7535768] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 7535768] [evidence TAS]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 10521354] [evidence NAS]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars [goid 6027] [pmid 11698403] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm [goid 45] [pmid 12446702] [evidence ISS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 15169837] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The process of directing proteins towards a membrane using signals contained within the protein [goid 6612] [pmid 12446702] [evidence ISS]; The process by which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation [goid 6914] [pmid 12446702] [evidence IGI]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation [goid 6338] [pmid 11532953] [evidence NAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10662543] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6820] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 10363975] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 6446] [pmid 9054404] [evidence TAS]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [pmid 2110361] [evidence ND ]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon [goid 30030] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues [goid 5978] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues [goid 5978] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues [goid 5978] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10194769] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [pmid 11252894] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins [goid 16044] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10026142] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [pmid 9124532] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 15474493] [evidence NAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cytokine or chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 19221] [pmid 15474493] [evidence NAS]
The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer [goid 51260] [pmid 9642292] [evidence IDA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The formation of O-glycans by addition of glycosyl groups either to the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or to the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine [goid 6493] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]
A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 8332913] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1833184] [evidence TAS]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 8543] [pmid 17133345] [evidence EXP]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 8543] [pmid 17086194] [evidence EXP]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization [goid 30500] [evidence IEA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of phosphate ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 30643] [evidence IEA]
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis [goid 15986] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 9524069] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 7578244] [evidence TAS]
The process whereby segments assume individual identities; exemplified in insects by the actions of the products of the homeotic genes [goid 7379] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of sensory organs over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 7423] [pmid 8001130] [evidence TAS]; The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms [goid 7585] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively [goid 42472] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation [goid 45647] [pmid 8620536] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 1648701] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle [goid 6099] [pmid 10673423] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [pmid 10673423] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 10673423] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 6644] [pmid 1644792] [evidence TAS]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme phospolipase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7202] [pmid 7649993] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 10777477] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [pmid 12711221] [evidence TAS]; The modification of histones by removal of acetyl groups [goid 16575] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 8576257] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 31145] [pmid 11285280] [evidence EXP]; The covalent addition to a protein of ISG15, a ubiquitin-like protein [goid 32020] [pmid 16428300] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 15029244] [evidence EXP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 14593737] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 10793135] [evidence EXP]
Process involved in cell fate commitment. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment [goid 1709] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of middle ear are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window) [goid 42474] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of viscerocranium are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The viscerocranium is the part of the skull comprising the facial bones [goid 48703] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 8654] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 9524131] [evidence IDA]; The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9461128] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a drug, a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15893] [pmid 16738539] [evidence NAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 7687743] [evidence IDA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 11520933] [evidence EXP]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
Process by which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a mesoderm cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed [goid 7500] [pmid 10207104] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 8277] [pmid 9651375] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9968] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 7838710] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [pmid 8041632] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 8092987] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 1512466] [evidence TAS]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [pmid 11279069] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 12606037] [evidence IDA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a protein from a cell or group of cells [goid 50708] [pmid 12606037] [evidence IDA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 2879245] [evidence NAS]
The process by which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube [goid 2009] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of carbon dioxide (CO2) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15670] [evidence IEA]; The regulated release of a substance by a cell, a group of cells, or a tissue [goid 46903] [evidence IEA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [pmid 7836447] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]
The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation [goid 6338] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [pmid 11124022] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [pmid 9396714] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 7639753] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15858] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15858] [pmid 9396714] [evidence TAS]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B or T cell [goid 50851] [pmid 11113139] [evidence IC ]
The directed movement into, out of or within the cell of urea, the water-soluble compound H2N-CO-NH2, produced in the liver via the ornithine-urea cycle [goid 15840] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement into, out of or within the cell of urea, the water-soluble compound H2N-CO-NH2, produced in the liver via the ornithine-urea cycle [goid 15840] [pmid 8647271] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9767135] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]
The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [evidence IEA]; The conversion of N-linked glycan structures from the initially transferred oligosaccharide to a mature form, by the actions of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. The early processing steps are conserved and play roles in glycoprotein folding and trafficking [goid 6491] [pmid 10766765] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide [goid 6688] [pmid 9073076] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages [goid 9311] [pmid 10766765] [evidence TAS]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins [goid 184] [pmid 11163187] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9930702] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues [goid 8203] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating deprivation of sterols. Sterols are a group of steroids characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule [goid 6991] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6725] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6725] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6725] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6725] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol [goid 6094] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [evidence IEA]; The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [evidence IEA]; The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]
Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [pmid 8207080] [evidence NAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor [goid 30521] [pmid 15572661] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 15572661] [evidence NAS]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [pmid 15308636] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9599022] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of water (H2O) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6833] [pmid 8855281] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 7559426] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 7528931] [evidence TAS]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 7528931] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 10754298] [evidence TAS]; A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 10754298] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10754298] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 10754298] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism [goid 9611] [pmid 10754298] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The covalent addition to a protein of ISG15, a ubiquitin-like protein [goid 32020] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The covalent addition to a protein of ISG15, a ubiquitin-like protein [goid 32020] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated; it is a metabolite derived from several pathways (e.g. glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino-acid catabolism) and is further metabolized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is a key intermediate in lipid and terpenoid biosynthesis [goid 6084] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group [goid 6637] [evidence ISS]
The endonucleolytic cleavage of the damaged strand of DNA 5' to the site of damage. The incision occurs at the junction of single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA that is formed when the DNA duplex is unwound. The incision follows the incision formed 3' to the site of damage [goid 6296] [pmid 8990169] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The disruption of the bond between the sugar in the backbone and the C or T base, causing the base to be removed and leaving a depyrimidinated sugar [goid 45008] [pmid 11937636] [evidence EXP]; The disruption of the bond between the sugar in the backbone and the C or T base, causing the base to be removed and leaving a depyrimidinated sugar [goid 45008] [pmid 10583946] [evidence EXP]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II promoter [goid 42795] [pmid 9418884] [evidence IDA]; The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III promoter [goid 42796] [pmid 9418884] [evidence IDA]
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme phospolipase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7202] [pmid 7681836] [evidence TAS]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [pmid 7681836] [evidence TAS]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 7681836] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal [goid 7600] [pmid 7681836] [evidence TAS]; Behavior associated with the intake of food [goid 7631] [pmid 7681836] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 8349705] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [pmid 9224655] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [pmid 8543009] [evidence NAS]; Any process involved in maintaining the equilibrium of a cell's volume. The cell's volume refers to the three-dimensional space occupied by a cell [goid 6884] [pmid 8543009] [evidence NAS]; Any process involved in maintaining the equilibrium of a cell's volume. The cell's volume refers to the three-dimensional space occupied by a cell [goid 6884] [pmid 9224655] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9224655] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8543009] [evidence NAS]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 9488487] [evidence NAS]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [pmid 12237128] [evidence IDA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; A signal transduction based surveillance mechanism that ensures the fidelity of cell division by preventing the premature advance of cells from metaphase to anaphase prior to the successful attachment of kinetochores to spindle microtubules (spindle assembly) [goid 7094] [pmid 9790499] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9790499] [evidence TAS]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10825161] [evidence TAS]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The stepwise addition of the components of the GPI anchor on to phosphatidylinositol lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane [goid 16254] [pmid 11102867] [evidence EXP]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides [goid 6006] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides [goid 6006] [pmid 1530890] [evidence NAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence NAS]; The regionalization process by which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis [goid 9952] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron [goid 30182] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions) [goid 30900] [evidence IEA]
Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations [goid 7126] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete) [goid 7281] [evidence NAS]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 2524838] [evidence NAS]; The formation and assembly from one or more snRNA and multiple protein components of a ribonucleoprotein complex that in involved in formation of the spliceosome [goid 387] [pmid 15130578] [evidence EXP]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 2531083] [evidence TAS]
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 16098148] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The directed killing of a target cell by a natural killer cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors [goid 42267] [pmid 11120798] [evidence NAS]; The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein [goid 51258] [evidence IEA]
A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 19722] [pmid 15128762] [evidence IDA]; A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug [goid 30168] [pmid 15128762] [evidence IEP]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [pmid 12645956] [evidence NAS]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary small nuclear RNA (snRNA) transcript into a mature snRNA molecule [goid 16180] [pmid 16239144] [evidence IDA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6873] [pmid 12106695] [evidence NAS]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 10341080] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; An acute behavioral change resulting from a perceived external threat [goid 1662] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1321750] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to a cell surface receptor [goid 7214] [evidence IEA]; Learning by associating a stimulus (the cause) with a particular outcome (the effect) [goid 8306] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors [goid 6783] [pmid 3758678] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 10391245] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [pmid 10391245] [evidence TAS]; The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms [goid 7585] [pmid 10391245] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51302] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 51726] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9447981] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [evidence IEA]; The conversion of N-linked glycan structures from the initially transferred oligosaccharide to a mature form, by the actions of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. The early processing steps are conserved and play roles in glycoprotein folding and trafficking [goid 6491] [pmid 10766765] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9054414] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages [goid 9311] [pmid 10766765] [evidence TAS]
A conserved series of molecular signals found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; involves autophosphorylation of a histidine kinase and the transfer of the phosphate group to an aspartate that then acts as a phospho-donor to response regulator proteins [goid 160] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) [goid 6198] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue [goid 9187] [pmid 9618252] [evidence NAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
Lengthening of the distance between poles of the mitotic spindle [goid 22] [pmid 9885575] [evidence TAS]; A cellular process resulting in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells. Cytokinesis usually occurs after growth, replication, and segregation of cellular components [goid 910] [pmid 9885575] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 42127] [pmid 11598121] [evidence IDA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 7961975] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal [goid 7602] [pmid 8288249] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 16951145] [evidence IMP]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 8662091] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L enantiomer anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15813] [evidence ISS]
The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone of a motor neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 8045] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 7760007] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7760007] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone of a motor neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 8045] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]