The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9883723] [evidence TAS]; The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron [goid 7405] [pmid 9883723] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands [goid 7422] [evidence IEA]; Any process that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical [goid 50930] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 9744804] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of tetracycline into, out of, within or between cells. Tetracycline is a broad spectrum antibiotic that blocks binding of aminoacyl tRNA to the ribosomes of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms (and those of organelles) [goid 15904] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease [goid 42493] [pmid 9744804] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antibiotic stimulus. An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms [goid 46677] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]
The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, during exocytosis [goid 6904] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 2177841] [evidence IDA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2833708] [evidence TAS]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 9712705] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 9712705] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 8272] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of glucose within an organism or cell [goid 42593] [evidence ISS]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 10903763] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 10903763] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 10903763] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 3925348] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 8798675] [evidence TAS]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 8798675] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 8798675] [evidence TAS]
A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational modification of a protein, particularly secretory proteins and proteins targeted for membranes or specific cellular locations [goid 16485] [pmid 12297508] [evidence IDA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8703017] [evidence NAS]
Any process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction [goid 6310] [evidence IEA]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 7961977] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction [goid 6310] [evidence IEA]
An immune response mediated through a body fluid [goid 6959] [pmid 8202488] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8202488] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins [goid 184] [pmid 16488880] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [goid 6406] [pmid 16488880] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a molecule [goid 35303] [pmid 15721257] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 8158249] [evidence TAS]
The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 2971157] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9787077] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine [goid 6584] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom [goid 9308] [pmid 8661000] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [pmid 8521520] [evidence TAS]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 8640238] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells [goid 50909] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the size of blood vessels [goid 50880] [evidence IEA]; The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure [goid 8217] [pmid 6230082] [evidence IDA]; The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure [goid 8217] [pmid 6547996] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the size of blood vessels [goid 50880] [evidence IEA]
The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin [goid 30073] [pmid 12160727] [evidence IDA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [pmid 8262969] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 10598593] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 10903894] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification [goid 6694] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics [goid 6710] [pmid 12697717] [evidence IDA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 12244321] [evidence NAS]; The actions or reactions of an organism in response to a visual stimulus [goid 7632] [pmid 12205563] [evidence NAS]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [pmid 12006559] [evidence NAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 12006559] [evidence NAS]
The covalent or non-covalent attachment of a myristoyl moiety to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein [goid 6499] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth [goid 1701] [evidence IEA]; The covalent or non-covalent attachment of a myristoyl moiety to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein [goid 6499] [evidence IEA]; The covalent or non-covalent attachment of a myristoyl moiety to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein [goid 6499] [evidence NAS]; The addition of a lipoyl group to an amino acid residue in a protein [goid 9249] [pmid 9506952] [evidence TAS]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity [goid 6469] [pmid 10433554] [evidence NAS]; The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9966] [pmid 10486217] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9966] [pmid 10433554] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation [goid 45664] [pmid 11824616] [evidence IMP]; A process that modulates synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers [goid 48167] [pmid 11824616] [evidence IMP]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis [goid 7088] [pmid 1731328] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 1731328] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 1731328] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification [goid 6694] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination, a process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents [goid 18] [pmid 11031099] [evidence IEP]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9117] [pmid 11031099] [evidence NAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [pmid 11031099] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [pmid 11031099] [evidence NAS]; The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer [goid 51260] [pmid 11031099] [evidence NAS]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]
The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline [goid 1843] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell [goid 8360] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 1894621] [evidence IDA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions) [goid 30900] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field [goid 43010] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid [goid 6547] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid and its derivatives [goid 6760] [pmid 10029623] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances [goid 44237] [evidence IEA]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The enzymatic addition of a sequence of 40-200 adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA primary transcript [goid 6378] [pmid 1741396] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which a pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner [goid 6379] [pmid 1741396] [evidence TAS]
Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction [goid 6937] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 2434380] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 33209] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein from the Golgi to the plasma membrane [goid 43000] [pmid 15529338] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [pmid 11684708] [evidence IDA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
A process whereby force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length [goid 6939] [evidence ISS]; A process whereby force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope [goid 6941] [evidence IEA]; Formation of the myosin-based thick filaments of myofibrils [goid 30241] [evidence ISS]; Assembly of the extracellular matrix fibers that enables the matrix to recoil after transient stretching [goid 48251] [pmid 16444274] [evidence IMP]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 48739] [pmid 16444274] [evidence IMP]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 9684878] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine, aminoethanoic acid [goid 6546] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 12559088] [evidence IMP]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 12559088] [evidence IMP]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the nerve growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 48011] [pmid 12559088] [evidence IMP]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9840936] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation [goid 7398] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9840936] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Process involving non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals [goid 6953] [evidence IEA]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 12475184] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids [goid 19216] [pmid 11835318] [evidence NAS]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 1396582] [evidence TAS]; An immune response mediated through a body fluid [goid 6959] [pmid 9332365] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 9332365] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues [goid 5978] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 8613547] [evidence TAS]
The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan [goid 6487] [pmid 10915796] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [pmid 12663659] [evidence IDA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane [goid 6996] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases [goid 7040] [pmid 12663659] [evidence IDA]; The stopping of bleeding (loss of body fluid) or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part [goid 7599] [pmid 11836498] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a melanocyte [goid 30318] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of a pattern of pigment in the eye of an organism [goid 48075] [pmid 11836498] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation [goid 50821] [pmid 12663659] [evidence IPI]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]
Pathway by which 3-methyl branched fatty acids are degraded. These compounds are not degraded by the normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway, because the 3-methyl blocks the dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl group by hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The 3-methyl branched fatty acid is converted in several steps to pristenic acid, which can then feed into the beta-oxidative pathway [goid 1561] [evidence IEA]; The characteristic movement of immature neurons from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature [goid 1764] [evidence IEA]; Specific actions of a newborn or infant mammal that result in the derivation of nourishment from the breast [goid 1967] [evidence IEA]; The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7626] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a complex formed of a peroxisome targeting sequence (PTS) receptor bound to a PTS-bearing protein docks with translocation machinery in the preoxisomal membrane [goid 16560] [pmid 8858165] [evidence IMP]; The process by which a complex formed of a peroxisome targeting sequence (PTS) receptor bound to a PTS-bearing protein docks with translocation machinery in the preoxisomal membrane [goid 16560] [pmid 10704444] [evidence TAS]; The orderly movement of cells from one site to another in the cerebral cortex [goid 21795] [evidence IEA]; The microtubule-based process by which a peroxisome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. A peroxisome is a small membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules [goid 60152] [evidence IEA]
Process involved in cell fate commitment. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment [goid 1709] [evidence IEA]; Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline [goid 7140] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The regionalization process by which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis [goid 9954] [evidence IEA]; The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping [goid 30326] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A [goid 34653] [pmid 10823918] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway activity [goid 48387] [pmid 14532297] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dUTP, deoxyuridine (5'-)triphosphate [goid 46080] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [pmid 1325640] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 1325640] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9117] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving dUTP, deoxyuridine (5'-)triphosphate [goid 46080] [evidence IEA]
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotide sites in DNA, resulting in a change in its properties [goid 6304] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of unfolded or misfolded proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation [goid 30433] [pmid 12459480] [evidence IDA]
The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote [goid 7338] [pmid 1299558] [evidence TAS]
A system for the correction of errors introduced during DNA replication when an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination [goid 6298] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [pmid 10101297] [evidence ND ]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, and compounds derived from amino acids, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6519] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid [goid 6548] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-) [goid 19752] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine [goid 42423] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 16153702] [evidence IDA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 16501172] [evidence IMP]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant [goid 9790] [pmid 15108323] [evidence IEP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process whereby relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features [goid 45595] [pmid 16501172] [evidence IMP]
The uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles [goid 6898] [pmid 11060282] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 11290797] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of a lymphocyte in response to an external stimulus [goid 48247] [pmid 11017100] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 6520] [pmid 3308682] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylalanine, 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid [goid 6559] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine [goid 6729] [pmid 3308682] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 3308682] [evidence TAS]
The resealing of a cell plasma membrane after cellular wounding due to, for instance, mechanical stress [goid 1778] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 9635427] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphology and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components [goid 7005] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9635427] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons [goid 8089] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 30163] [evidence IEA]
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by the signaling molecule vasopressin. Vasopressin is produced in the hypothalamus, and affects vasoconstriction, and renal water transport [goid 1992] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 10858434] [evidence TAS]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme phospolipase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7202] [pmid 7805841] [evidence TAS]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [pmid 7929452] [evidence TAS]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP [goid 6510] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The developmental process by which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 902] [evidence ISS]; Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate [goid 7389] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell [goid 8360] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in a cell, occurring in response to some external stimulus [goid 43482] [evidence ISS]; Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, apical regions of the cell [goid 45176] [evidence ISS]
A process whereby force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope [goid 6941] [pmid 7569978] [evidence TAS]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [pmid 10481174] [evidence TAS]; Formation of myofibrils, the repeating units of striated muscle [goid 30239] [pmid 9804419] [evidence IMP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 9804419] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]
Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic chromatin [goid 6325] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an estrogen binding to its receptor [goid 30520] [pmid 12200431] [evidence IDA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor [goid 30521] [pmid 12200431] [evidence IDA]; The movement of nucleosomes along a DNA fragment [goid 42766] [pmid 12200431] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a glucocorticoid binding to its receptor [goid 42921] [pmid 12200431] [evidence IDA]; Maintenance of transcription by remodelling of chromatin into an 'open configuration'. Once established, this regulation is mitotically stable and is maintained over many cell divisions. It is also heritable [goid 48096] [pmid 12200431] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 10381623] [evidence TAS]; The intracellular signaling cascade that results when a cell is triggered to undergo apoptosis [goid 8632] [pmid 7478623] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence IEA]; Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA. These processes includes those that shorten and lengthen the telomeric DNA sequences [goid 723] [evidence IEA]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [pmid 9685725] [evidence TAS]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mature ribosome and of its subunits [goid 42255] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The generation and maintenance of gametes. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell [goid 7276] [evidence IEA]; The generation and maintenance of gametes. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell [goid 7276] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 2164002] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells [goid 30574] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The assembly of a filopodium, a very long microspike extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or by the growth cone of a developing nerve cell axon [goid 46847] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The assembly of a filopodium, a very long microspike extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or by the growth cone of a developing nerve cell axon [goid 46847] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote [goid 7338] [pmid 9177349] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9275222] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 9275222] [evidence TAS]; The covalent or noncovalent linking of a chromophore to a protein [goid 18298] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of glutamate binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7215] [pmid 8260617] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 10580501] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 10580501] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate [goid 51966] [pmid 9335499] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9792670] [evidence IMP]; The division of a mature peroxisome within a cell to form two or more separate peroxisome compartments [goid 16559] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9931487] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9009220] [evidence NAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 9009220] [evidence TAS]; A change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a nicotine stimulus [goid 35095] [pmid 18227835] [evidence IMP]
The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [evidence IEA]
Any process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction [goid 6310] [pmid 9630231] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9630231] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell [goid 30183] [evidence IEA]; The process by which immune receptor V, D, and J, or V and J gene segments, depending on the specific receptor, are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS) [goid 33151] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 1639063] [evidence TAS]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10380929] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 12231349] [evidence TAS]; The biosynthesis of a synapse [goid 7416] [pmid 12231349] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16339] [pmid 11322959] [evidence NAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells [goid 50909] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 9819444] [evidence TAS]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 31145] [pmid 11285280] [evidence EXP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 15029244] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 12791267] [evidence EXP]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules [goid 1578] [pmid 12427559] [evidence ISS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [pmid 12427559] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 12427559] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization [goid 31116] [pmid 12427559] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the DNA-dependent transcription of a specific gene or genes [goid 43193] [pmid 12427559] [evidence ISS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids with a chain length of C18 or greater [goid 38] [pmid 16940157] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, aliphatic compounds having a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length of C12-18 [goid 1676] [pmid 16940157] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group [goid 6637] [pmid 16940157] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group [goid 6637] [pmid 10944470] [evidence IDA]
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 9743322] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 8702936] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 8702936] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8702936] [evidence TAS]
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized, using parental DNA as a template for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases that synthesize the new strands [goid 6261] [pmid 8248204] [evidence TAS]; Repair of the gap in the DNA helix by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase after the portion of the strand containing the lesion has been removed by pyrimidine-dimer repair enzymes [goid 6297] [pmid 9111189] [evidence EXP]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The maintenace of proper telomeric length by the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase [goid 7004] [pmid 8954124] [evidence TAS]
The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation and is dependent upon two key components, the signal-recognition particle (SRP) and the SRP receptor. SRP is a cytosolic particle that transiently binds to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence in a nascent protein, to the large ribosomal unit, and to the SRP receptor in the ER membrane [goid 6614] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [pmid 7651517] [evidence TAS]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 7889574] [evidence TAS]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 7889574] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process by which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body [goid 8016] [pmid 9521325] [evidence TAS]
A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 8946682] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8946682] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine within an RNA molecule. This posttranscriptional base modification occurs in tRNA, rRNA, and snRNAs [goid 1522] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 10085068] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [pmid 8798464] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9925951] [evidence TAS]
A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 10499587] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 10499587] [evidence TAS]; The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure [goid 8217] [pmid 10499587] [evidence TAS]
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [pmid 16433694] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator [goid 6754] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion [goid 6885] [pmid 12414817] [evidence IMP]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 12414817] [evidence IMP]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 9916796] [evidence IMP]; The transport of protons against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from a source such as ATP hydrolysis, light, or electron transport [goid 15988] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 1644857] [evidence TAS]
The formation of O-glycans by addition of glycosyl groups either to the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or to the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine [goid 6493] [evidence IEA]
The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I [goid 6120] [pmid 9878551] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 2542247] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms [goid 7585] [pmid 2542247] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8473338] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8473338] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis [goid 16525] [pmid 11562499] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the origin and formation of neurons [goid 50769] [pmid 8226833] [evidence IDA]
Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [pmid 9207457] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 10512675] [evidence TAS]
The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]
Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [evidence IEA]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]
The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts [goid 1707] [evidence IEA]; The process involved in the specification of cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment [goid 1708] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue [goid 7498] [pmid 9933572] [evidence TAS]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9888994] [evidence TAS]; The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts [goid 1707] [evidence IEA]; The process involved in the specification of cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment [goid 1708] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 9278146] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA ploymerase III promoter [goid 6359] [pmid 9278146] [evidence TAS]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 9531537] [evidence TAS]
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1508180] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 1339443] [evidence TAS]; The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [pmid 11698403] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-fucose (6-deoxy-Lgalactose) [goid 42355] [pmid 11698403] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The introduction of semen or sperm into the genital tract of a female [goid 7320] [pmid 2912989] [evidence TAS]; The regular alternation, in the life cycle of haplontic, diplontic and diplohaplontic organisms, of meiosis and fertilization which provides for the production offspring. In diplontic organisms there is a life cycle in which the products of meiosis behave directly as gametes, fusing to form a zygote from which the diploid, or sexually reproductive polyploid, adult organism will develop. In diplohaplontic organisms a haploid phase (gametophyte) exists in the life cycle between meiosis and fertilization (e.g. higher plants, many algae and Fungi); the products of meiosis are spores that develop as haploid individuals from which haploid gametes develop to form a diploid zygote; diplohaplontic organisms show an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. In haplontic organisms meiosis occurs in the zygote, giving rise to four haploid cells (e.g. many algae and protozoa), only the zygote is diploid and this may form a resistant spore, tiding organisms over hard times [goid 19953] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
A process whereby force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope [goid 6941] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope [goid 6941] [evidence IEA]
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 12791985] [evidence EXP]; The process by which DNA replication is started; this involves the separation of a stretch of the DNA double helix, the recruitment of DNA polymerases and the initiation of polymerase action [goid 6270] [pmid 1549468] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]
The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer [goid 51260] [pmid 9642292] [evidence IDA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination [goid 6449] [pmid 8530410] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose [goid 6007] [evidence IEA]; Any process induced by extracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8624] [evidence IEA]; The conversion of proteins that induce or sustain apoptosis to an active form [goid 8633] [pmid 15231831] [evidence EXP]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cytokine or chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 19221] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of glucose within an organism or cell [goid 42593] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 43281] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation [goid 45579] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation [goid 45582] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation [goid 45637] [pmid 11417483] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; Uptake of cholesterol into the blood by absorption from the small intestine [goid 30299] [pmid 11138003] [evidence NAS]
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [pmid 8995410] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of a ribosomal small subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm [goid 56] [pmid 16037817] [evidence IMP]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 12621555] [evidence IEP]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 9278146] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA ploymerase III promoter [goid 6359] [pmid 9278146] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrion [goid 43681] [pmid 14557246] [evidence IDA]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [pmid 6647026] [evidence NAS]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 8290962] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism [goid 7530] [evidence IEA]; The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation [goid 7548] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichols, any 2,3-dihydropolyprenol derived from four or more linked isoprene units [goid 19408] [pmid 8179616] [evidence IDA]; The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers; protein oligomers may be composed of different or identical monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer [goid 51259] [evidence ISS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 7822789] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [pmid 7822789] [evidence NAS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 1361685] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience [goid 7612] [pmid 1361685] [evidence TAS]; Behavior associated with the intake of food [goid 7631] [pmid 8264796] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell [goid 50852] [pmid 7722293] [evidence IDA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8397371] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [evidence IEA]
Any host process that results in the promotion of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby limiting viral replication [goid 2230] [pmid 17121840] [evidence IDA]; The synthesis of DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6410] [pmid 17121840] [evidence IDA]; Any base modification or substitution events that result in alterations in the coding potential or structural properties of RNAs as a result of changes in the base-pairing properties of the modified ribonucleoside(s) [goid 16553] [pmid 17121840] [evidence IDA]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [pmid 17121840] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retroviral genome replication [goid 45869] [pmid 17121840] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the viral life cycle, the set of processes by which a virus reproduces and spreads among hosts [goid 48525] [pmid 17121840] [evidence IDA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10075657] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 10075657] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 12711221] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; The modification of histones by removal of acetyl groups [goid 16575] [pmid 10523670] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell [goid 30183] [pmid 12711221] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development [goid 45843] [pmid 12711221] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate [goid 7200] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 12420224] [evidence IDA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2342480] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7188] [pmid 12420224] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 12721358] [evidence EXP]; A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone [goid 9755] [pmid 12626323] [evidence EXP]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [pmid 10570961] [evidence IEP]; The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9447981] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cell wall [goid 16998] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an antibiotic, a substance produced by or derived from certain fungi, bacteria, and other organisms, that can destroy or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms [goid 17000] [evidence IEA]
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]
The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide [goid 7187] [pmid 7905839] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by activation of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7191] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7193] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal [goid 7600] [pmid 9689128] [evidence TAS]; The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7626] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 2159143] [evidence TAS]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [evidence NAS]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 19722] [evidence IEA]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the nuclear localization signal of a protein with nuclear envelope proteins such as importins [goid 59] [pmid 15229283] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 9348540] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm [goid 6913] [pmid 9348540] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear pore [goid 6999] [pmid 9348540] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]
The process of directing proteins towards a membrane using signals contained within the protein [goid 6612] [pmid 10230395] [evidence NAS]; The formation of a cell surface protrusion, such as a lamellipodium or filopodium, at the leading edge of a migrating cell [goid 6930] [pmid 12037664] [evidence NAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 9391086] [evidence NAS]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 9883737] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 12037664] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species [goid 6801] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions involving hydrogen peroxide [goid 10310] [pmid 16636067] [evidence IMP]; Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals [goid 60263] [pmid 16636067] [evidence IMP]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]
A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 9043864] [evidence NAS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 2793184] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator [goid 6754] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [pmid 1709739] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids with a chain length of C18 or greater [goid 38] [pmid 10471116] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines [goid 42036] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines [goid 42036] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the sperm binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer of the egg. The process begins with the attachment of the sperm plasma membrane to the zona pellucida and includes attachment of the acrosome inner membrane to the zona pellucida after the acrosomal reaction takes place [goid 7339] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics [goid 8209] [pmid 11294878] [evidence IDA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium [goid 30855] [pmid 11304534] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants [goid 42448] [pmid 11294878] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A [goid 42572] [pmid 11304534] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative [goid 42904] [pmid 11304534] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative [goid 42904] [evidence ISS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics [goid 8209] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative [goid 42904] [evidence ISS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized microtubule-based cytoskeletal structures [goid 30951] [pmid 14718566] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of RNA, ribonucleic acids, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 50658] [pmid 15703215] [evidence ISS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized [goid 51297] [pmid 14718566] [evidence IMP]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spindle pole body (SPB). The SPB is the microtubule organizing center in fungi, and is functionally homologous to the animal cell centrosome [goid 51300] [pmid 14718566] [evidence IMP]
A cellular homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of glucose within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 1678] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of nourishment [goid 9267] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction [goid 6940] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 8521824] [evidence IDA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [pmid 11121057] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidic acid, any derivative of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids [goid 6654] [pmid 9461603] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 8654] [evidence IEA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The process by which the sperm binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer of the egg. The process begins with the attachment of the sperm plasma membrane to the zona pellucida and includes attachment of the acrosome inner membrane to the zona pellucida after the acrosomal reaction takes place [goid 7339] [evidence IEA]; The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote [goid 7338] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine bases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors [goid 6207] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine bases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors [goid 6207] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6221] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UMP, uridine monophosphate [goid 6222] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10380929] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 10380929] [evidence TAS]
Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 12714508] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 12714508] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cytokine or chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 19221] [pmid 11777952] [evidence TAS]; The movement of a leukocyte in response to an external stimulus [goid 30595] [pmid 11777952] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response [goid 50729] [pmid 11777952] [evidence IEP]; The activation of loosely bound or rolling leukocytes by signals displayed on blood vessel endothelial cells, which is typically the second step in cellular extravasation [goid 50902] [pmid 12714508] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion [goid 51041] [pmid 12714508] [evidence IDA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 1639063] [evidence TAS]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 9602027] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [pmid 9486824] [evidence TAS]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 9653648] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars [goid 6024] [pmid 11099377] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans [goid 6029] [pmid 10446189] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]
The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [pmid 10359671] [evidence TAS]; The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal [goid 9593] [pmid 10359671] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence IEA]; The binding of a protein or protein complex to the barbed (or plus) end of an actin filament, thus preventing the addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits [goid 51016] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 16051670] [evidence IDA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 8464732] [evidence NAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 9888994] [evidence TAS]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9888994] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 9050918] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6825] [pmid 9050918] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 2492107] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Rab family [goid 32313] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Rab family [goid 32313] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Control of the spatial distribution of actin filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking [goid 7015] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8081734] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls [goid 9253] [evidence IEA]; The series of events in which a stimulus from a bacterium is received and converted into a molecular signal [goid 16045] [pmid 11461926] [evidence IDA]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [pmid 11461926] [evidence NAS]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-positive bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 50830] [pmid 11461926] [evidence IDA]
The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [evidence IEA]; The stopping of bleeding (loss of body fluid) or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part [goid 7599] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell [goid 8360] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment [goid 9651] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of water within a cell [goid 9992] [evidence IEA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [evidence IEA]; The stopping of bleeding (loss of body fluid) or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part [goid 7599] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell [goid 8360] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment [goid 9651] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of water within a cell [goid 9992] [evidence IEA]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell [goid 8360] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose. The D-(+)-form is widely distributed in mannans and hemicelluloses and is of major importance in the core oligosaccharide of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins [goid 6013] [evidence IEA]; The removal of sugar residues from a glycosylated protein [goid 6517] [pmid 8910458] [evidence TAS]; The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time [goid 7611] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dioxygen (O2), or any of the reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (-OH) [goid 6800] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 11196675] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 11196675] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-6 [goid 42226] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Rab family [goid 32313] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [pmid 10610727] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine [goid 1822] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development [goid 9791] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process involving glucose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 432] [pmid 7852331] [evidence IMP]; Any process involving glucose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 432] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the specifically regulated synthesis of RNA from DNA encoding a specific gene or set of genes by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter [goid 10552] [pmid 8576131] [evidence IMP]; The last group of viral genes to be transcribed during the viral life cycle; genes consist mainly of those encoding structural proteins [goid 19086] [pmid 8576131] [evidence IC ]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of lipid within an organism or cell [goid 55088] [evidence ISS]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 11485208] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [pmid 11485208] [evidence NAS]; The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific [goid 42110] [pmid 11485208] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [pmid 10077596] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10585779] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of terminal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of deoxyribonucleotides [goid 738] [pmid 97382277] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 6401] [pmid 11401564] [evidence IDA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9569007] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [pmid 12594219] [evidence IDA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 2542247] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms [goid 7585] [pmid 2542247] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
Transport of substances into, out of or within a mitochondrion [goid 6839] [pmid 16225668] [evidence IMP]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 10700184] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 10700184] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 10363580] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [pmid 10363580] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]
The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) [goid 6171] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7188] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue [goid 9190] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general. Includes protein modification [goid 19538] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, during exocytosis [goid 6904] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [pmid 15790593] [evidence IDA]
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 12791985] [evidence EXP]; The process by which DNA replication is started; this involves the separation of a stretch of the DNA double helix, the recruitment of DNA polymerases and the initiation of polymerase action [goid 6270] [pmid 9765232] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 9765232] [evidence NAS]
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9787072] [evidence TAS]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9787072] [evidence TAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7759517] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [pmid 12032142] [evidence IDA]; Any process that reduces the pH of the vacuole, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion [goid 7035] [pmid 9442887] [evidence NAS]; The transport of protons against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from ATP hydrolysis [goid 15991] [pmid 9442887] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; Any viral process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the antiviral response of the host cell or organism [goid 50690] [pmid 16103193] [evidence EXP]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7219] [evidence IEA]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG [goid 6890] [pmid 11030615] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG [goid 6890] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network) [goid 6891] [pmid 11056392] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network) [goid 6891] [evidence ISS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins [goid 16044] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The addition of COPI proteins and adaptor proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat [goid 48205] [pmid 16956762] [evidence EXP]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between a cell and its substrate [goid 7044] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 2454952] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7157] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a leukocyte to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 7159] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]; The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task) [goid 7613] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits [goid 33631] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 8610] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid [goid 46513] [pmid 16951403] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [evidence IEA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 1886777] [evidence NAS]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [pmid 11118322] [evidence NAS]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10380929] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 10380929] [evidence TAS]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 10520995] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [pmid 10520995] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis [goid 50772] [evidence IEA]
The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence ISS]; The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [pmid 10949293] [evidence IMP]; Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation [goid 6338] [pmid 10949293] [evidence IDA]; Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation [goid 6338] [evidence ISS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to lysine at position 9 of the histone [goid 51567] [evidence IEA]; The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from another living organism [goid 51707] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 2404338] [evidence TAS]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9602068] [evidence NAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]
The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 10835488] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 1373132] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 8157683] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving any proteoglycan containing heparan sulfate, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans that have repeat units consisting of alternating alpha1->4 linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues, the former being a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic and L-iduronic acids, and the latter being either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups [goid 30201] [pmid 12368295] [evidence NAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 9989412] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 9989412] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dUTP, deoxyuridine (5'-)triphosphate [goid 46080] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [pmid 1325640] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 1325640] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9117] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving dUTP, deoxyuridine (5'-)triphosphate [goid 46080] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the progression from anaphase/telophase to G1 that is associated with a conversion from high to low mitotic CDK activity [goid 7096] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the progression from anaphase/telophase to G1 that is associated with a conversion from high to low mitotic CDK activity [goid 7096] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the progression from anaphase/telophase to G1 that is associated with a conversion from high to low mitotic CDK activity [goid 7096] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 11311121] [evidence IDA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the initiation of apoptosis (programmed cell death) [goid 42771] [pmid 17349958] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen [goid 45725] [pmid 11311121] [evidence IDA]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence IEA]
The movement of leukocytes within or between different tissues and organs of the body [goid 50900] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level [goid 1666] [evidence IEA]; The process by which information about a lack of oxygen are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies [goid 3029] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [evidence IEA]; Any process that increases the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components [goid 10524] [pmid 17895406] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling [goid 50850] [pmid 17895406] [evidence NAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 8036022] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]
The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, during exocytosis [goid 6904] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated [goid 6085] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate [goid 6090] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis [goid 6418] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Rab family [goid 32313] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 10866665] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; A cell-cell signaling process occurring between the two gastrulation-generated layers of the ectoderm and the mesoderm [goid 7499] [pmid 9182671] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation [goid 9314] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion [goid 6885] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion [goid 6885] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion [goid 6885] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 8917507] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [pmid 12711221] [evidence TAS]; The modification of histones by removal of acetyl groups [goid 16575] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics [goid 6702] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 1944596] [evidence TAS]; Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism [goid 7530] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 8584] [pmid 1944596] [evidence IMP]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 30539] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial membrane, the lipid bilayer surrounding a mitochondrion [goid 7006] [pmid 9786947] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [pmid 9731200] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 9731200] [evidence TAS]; The change in the morphology of the mitochondria in an apoptotic cell from a highly branched network to a fragmented vesicular form [goid 43653] [pmid 12499352] [evidence IMP]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue [goid 9187] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate [goid 46069] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate [goid 46069] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase [goid 188] [pmid 8602223] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 8277] [pmid 9858594] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9968] [evidence IEA]
A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells [goid 281] [pmid 12963707] [evidence IDA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The cell cycle process whereby chromatin structure is compacted prior to mitosis in eukaryotic cells [goid 7076] [pmid 12963707] [evidence IDA]; The cell cycle process whereby the directed movement of the mitotic spindle to a specific location in the cell occurs [goid 40001] [pmid 12963707] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis [goid 45840] [pmid 12963707] [evidence IDA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Rab family [goid 32313] [evidence IEA]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9117] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism [goid 9607] [evidence IEA]
Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 12024041] [evidence IMP]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 15109305] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general. Includes protein modification [goid 19538] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 9065485] [evidence TAS]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 9065485] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues [goid 7492] [evidence IEA]
The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness [goid 51017] [evidence IEA]; The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness [goid 51017] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness [goid 51017] [evidence IEA]
A process whereby force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope [goid 6941] [pmid 10767327] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10767327] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a muscle, across a synapse [goid 7274] [pmid 9119373] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 9915796] [evidence TAS]
A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 7499264] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [evidence IEA]; Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level [goid 9987] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30335] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 7774918] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 10509013] [evidence IDA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9060999] [evidence TAS]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10049768] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group [goid 6637] [pmid 7802672] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxin stimulus [goid 9636] [pmid 9202629] [evidence TAS]
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7219] [evidence IEA]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 8946909] [evidence EXP]; The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation at an RNA polymerase II-specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II [goid 6368] [pmid 9405375] [evidence EXP]
Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [pmid 9660858] [evidence TAS]; A signal transduction-based surveillance mechanism that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a mitotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage [goid 7093] [pmid 9660858] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9660858] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 31145] [pmid 11285280] [evidence EXP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 14593737] [evidence EXP]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The cleavage of proteins, usually near the N terminus, during the process of import into the mitochondrion; several different peptidases mediate cleavage of proteins destined for different mitochondrial compartments [goid 6627] [pmid 9073519] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol [goid 6661] [pmid 1377913] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid [goid 6796] [pmid 1377913] [evidence IMP]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1377913] [evidence IMP]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol [goid 7026] [pmid 11290329] [evidence NAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns [goid 7163] [pmid 15928712] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule [goid 31110] [pmid 11290329] [evidence IMP]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 9305847] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9305847] [evidence TAS]
Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [evidence IEA]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 9765293] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of organic anions into, out of, within or between cells. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage [goid 15711] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 8982256] [evidence TAS]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell [goid 6970] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell [goid 6970] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7835084] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9384573] [evidence NAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism [goid 9611] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [pmid 1639750] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adrenal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This gland can either be a discrete structure located bilaterally above each kidney, or a cluster of cells in the head kidney that perform the functions of the adrenal gland. In either case, this organ consists of two cells types, aminergic chromaffin cells and steroidogenic cortical cells [goid 30325] [evidence ISS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 1690992] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 10191259] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 8654] [evidence IEA]
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 2963000] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [pmid 9124315] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15858] [pmid 9124315] [evidence TAS]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10380929] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 12231349] [evidence TAS]; The biosynthesis of a synapse [goid 7416] [pmid 12231349] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16339] [pmid 11322959] [evidence NAS]
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7205] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7205] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7205] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 7609734] [evidence TAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 2995972] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [pmid 3003578] [evidence TAS]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 11909966] [evidence ISS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7219] [evidence IEA]
The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 10050892] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 10050892] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 8982256] [evidence TAS]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell [goid 6970] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell [goid 6970] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides [goid 6259] [pmid 10713074] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 10857751] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10512676] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [pmid 10512676] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9582072] [evidence NAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 11998687] [evidence NAS]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 42177] [pmid 11163772] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 43161] [pmid 11163772] [evidence NAS]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 9712705] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 9712705] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 10783264] [evidence TAS]
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone formation [goid 30279] [pmid 11181578] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity [goid 30514] [pmid 14633986] [evidence IDA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence ISS]
A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [pmid 9723620] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [pmid 12930796] [evidence IDA]
The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 8812503] [evidence TAS]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 43161] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 8530467] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 30509] [pmid 15621726] [evidence EXP]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a T cell [goid 2456] [pmid 8180467] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism [goid 6974] [pmid 17525332] [evidence IDA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8180467] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 8208544] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8790420] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 8790420] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 8790420] [evidence TAS]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 9332382] [evidence IDA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [pmid 10359825] [evidence TAS]; The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry [goid 7368] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [pmid 8898360] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A [goid 42573] [pmid 11007799] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A [goid 42574] [pmid 11007799] [evidence IDA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated by the accumulation of normal or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and leading to activation of transcription by NF-kappaB [goid 6983] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus [goid 42542] [evidence IEA]
Repression of transcription by altering the structure of chromatin, e.g. by conversion of large regions of DNA into an inaccessible state often called heterochromatin [goid 6342] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids [goid 6471] [pmid 10381378] [evidence TAS]; The removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid [goid 6476] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [pmid 11543634] [evidence NAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation [goid 6338] [pmid 14609955] [evidence IDA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 8350924] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity [goid 79] [pmid 9874798] [evidence TAS]; Heritable alterations in the activity of a gene that depend on whether it passed through the paternal or the maternal germline, but that are not encoded by DNA itself [goid 6349] [pmid 9874798] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [pmid 9874798] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The cell cycle process whereby chromatin structure is compacted prior to mitosis in eukaryotic cells [goid 7076] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes [goid 1570] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 7966354] [evidence NAS]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 7966354] [evidence TAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells [goid 7043] [pmid 7966354] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate [goid 48468] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 48738] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [pmid 2113467] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6221] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate [goid 6241] [pmid 16179339] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid [goid 6541] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease [goid 42493] [pmid 7981751] [evidence TAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence ISS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex [goid 2504] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]
The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan [goid 6487] [pmid 9479038] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [pmid 9414087] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9773984] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete) [goid 7281] [pmid 9773984] [evidence TAS]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9773984] [evidence TAS]
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [evidence IEA]
A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of bacterial origin such as peptides derived from bacterial flagellin [goid 2237] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby phagocytes engulf external particulate material. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles [goid 6909] [pmid 9548256] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 9548256] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 8798531] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 9731181] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 9731181] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7173] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9968] [pmid 10773671] [evidence NAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cytokine or chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 19221] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation [goid 45627] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation [goid 45629] [evidence ISS]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 8277] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9968] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field [goid 43010] [evidence IEA]; The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field [goid 45165] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a bipolar cell, the last neuron to be generated in the retina [goid 60040] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis [goid 15986] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10220376] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 10220376] [evidence TAS]; The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal [goid 7602] [pmid 10220376] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of rhodopsin gene expression [goid 45872] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates [goid 60041] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 7753825] [evidence IDA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 9266972] [evidence IDA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 2187191] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 2187191] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation [goid 45648] [pmid 8620536] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [pmid 9266972] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [pmid 7753825] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [pmid 10698492] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antibiotic stimulus. An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms [goid 46677] [pmid 9266972] [evidence IDA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 12888622] [evidence IDA]; The intracellular signaling cascade that results when a cell is triggered to undergo apoptosis [goid 8632] [pmid 8576161] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. Formerly known as mucopolysaccharides, they include hyaluronic acid and chondroitin, which provide lubrication in joints and form part of the matrix of cartilage. The three-dimensional structure of these molecules enables them to trap water, which forms a gel and gives glycosaminoglycans their elastic properties [goid 30203] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 11861901] [evidence IDA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [pmid 11861901] [evidence TAS]; The modification of histones by removal of acetyl groups [goid 16575] [pmid 11861901] [evidence IDA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2825356] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 7957066] [evidence NAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively [goid 42472] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [evidence IEA]
An immune response mediated through a body fluid [goid 6959] [pmid 10799849] [evidence TAS]
The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 1322358] [evidence TAS]; Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [evidence IEA]; Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism [goid 8344] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue [goid 9214] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [evidence IEA]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 1979171] [evidence NAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [evidence IEA]; The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains [goid 18149] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte [goid 30216] [pmid 8824274] [evidence IDA]; The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns [goid 31424] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cell envelope, everything external to, but not including, the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria, encompassing the periplasmic space, cell wall, and outer membrane if present [goid 43163] [pmid 14645372] [evidence TAS]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polyphosphate, the anion or salt of polyphosphoric acid [goid 6797] [pmid 10087200] [evidence TAS]; The deposition of calcium phosphate in bone tissue [goid 30282] [pmid 9923613] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis [goid 30100] [pmid 10753805] [evidence TAS]; The process by which clathrin triskelia are assembled into the ordered structure known as a clathrin cage [goid 48268] [pmid 10753805] [evidence TAS]; Any viral process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the antiviral response of the host cell or organism [goid 50690] [pmid 16103193] [evidence EXP]
Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The cell cycle process whereby centrosome duplication and separation takes place. The centrosome cycle can operate with a considerable degree of independence from other processes of the cell cycle [goid 7098] [pmid 10620804] [evidence TAS]; The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein [goid 51258] [evidence IEA]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein [goid 51258] [evidence IEA]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein [goid 51258] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 10207106] [evidence TAS]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation [goid 45668] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide [goid 6805] [pmid 3141926] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence NAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7665596] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone [goid 9755] [pmid 12626323] [evidence EXP]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [pmid 8106356] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA [goid 6351] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA [goid 6351] [evidence IEA]; The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 8946909] [evidence EXP]; The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation at an RNA polymerase II-specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II [goid 6368] [pmid 9405375] [evidence EXP]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 10828014] [evidence TAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 10828014] [evidence TAS]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 10976108] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [pmid 10976108] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; Any epigenetic process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of gene expression [goid 45814] [pmid 10976108] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 10976108] [evidence IDA]
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 10364514] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]
The process by which a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple moieties, are covalently attached to the target protein, thereby initiating the degradation of that protein [goid 42787] [evidence ISS]
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 10588729] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 10588729] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 10588729] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a mitochondrion along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins [goid 47497] [pmid 12762840] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]
A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 10766752] [evidence IDA]; Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 6919] [pmid 10766752] [evidence IDA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 10766752] [evidence NAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 7987396] [evidence TAS]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 10766752] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 10837460] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis [goid 16525] [pmid 12682293] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis [goid 16525] [pmid 10766752] [evidence IDA]
Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Rab family [goid 32313] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the sperm binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer of the egg. The process begins with the attachment of the sperm plasma membrane to the zona pellucida and includes attachment of the acrosome inner membrane to the zona pellucida after the acrosomal reaction takes place [goid 7339] [evidence IEA]; The translocation, or flipping, of phospholipid molecules from one monolayer of a membrane bilayer to the opposite monolayer [goid 45332] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase I (Pol I), originating at a Pol I-specific promoter [goid 6360] [pmid 7801123] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 7801123] [evidence TAS]
The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels [goid 1816] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 9422512] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 9422512] [evidence TAS]; Assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament [goid 8154] [pmid 9422512] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium [goid 9617] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 8610] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 11913944] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions initiated by the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB is sequestered by the inhibitor I-kappaB, and is released when I-kappaB is phosphorylated by activated I-kappaB kinase [goid 7249] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue [goid 7498] [pmid 8013627] [evidence TAS]; Any process induced by extracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8624] [pmid 8688094] [evidence TAS]; The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine [goid 18108] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 19722] [pmid 15046600] [evidence TAS]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 9315633] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [pmid 9786932] [evidence TAS]; An immune response mediated by immunoglobulins, whether cell-bound or in solution [goid 16064] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any type I interferon. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families [goid 45351] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult muscle that occurs in the anima. In vertebrate skeletal muscle the main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers [goid 7519] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7219] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult muscle that occurs in the anima. In vertebrate skeletal muscle the main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers [goid 7519] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9312132] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation [goid 45672] [pmid 17241109] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption [goid 45780] [pmid 17241109] [evidence IDA]
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [pmid 9566973] [evidence TAS]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 9566973] [evidence IMP]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9073069] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
The incorporation of iron and exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster [goid 16226] [pmid 12886008] [evidence IDA]
Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; The incorporation of selenocysteine into a peptide; uses a special tRNA that recognizes the UGA codon as selenocysteine, rather than as a termination codon. Selenocysteine is synthesized from serine before its incorporation, it is not a posttranslational modification of peptidyl-cysteine [goid 1514] [pmid 10567350] [evidence NAS]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 10391242] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme [goid 6744] [pmid 16262699] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues [goid 8299] [pmid 16262699] [evidence IDA]
A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle [goid 6099] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells [goid 44262] [evidence IEA]
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized, using parental DNA as a template for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases that synthesize the new strands [goid 6261] [pmid 8168825] [evidence TAS]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 8168825] [evidence TAS]; Repair of the damaged strand by the combined action of an apurinic endouclease that degrades a few bases on the damaged strand and a polymerase that synthesizes a 'patch' in the 5' to 3' direction, using the undamaged strand as a template [goid 6287] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [evidence IEA]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]
The repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the two broken ends are rejoined with little or no sequence complementarity. Information at the DNA ends may be lost due to the modification of broken DNA ends [goid 6303] [evidence IEA]; The repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the two broken ends are rejoined with little or no sequence complementarity. Information at the DNA ends may be lost due to the modification of broken DNA ends [goid 6303] [evidence IEA]; The repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the two broken ends are rejoined with little or no sequence complementarity. Information at the DNA ends may be lost due to the modification of broken DNA ends [goid 6303] [evidence IEA]; The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase [goid 6266] [pmid 9826654] [evidence TAS]; The repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the two broken ends are rejoined with little or no sequence complementarity. Information at the DNA ends may be lost due to the modification of broken DNA ends [goid 6303] [pmid 10508516] [evidence TAS]; The molecular events that lead to the integration of a viral genome into the host genome [goid 19047] [pmid 16291214] [evidence EXP]; The set of processes involved in the start of virus infection of cells [goid 19059] [pmid 12091904] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 12145306] [evidence IDA]
Process involving non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals [goid 6953] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [pmid 8275087] [evidence TAS]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 9829974] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 6520] [pmid 9829974] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 9829974] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6865] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6865] [evidence IEA]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein [goid 1934] [pmid 8114739] [evidence IDA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity [goid 45737] [pmid 8114739] [evidence IDA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 10749927] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [pmid 9414087] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus [goid 6997] [pmid 11792814] [evidence NAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus [goid 7030] [pmid 12808039] [evidence IDA]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell [goid 42692] [pmid 11792814] [evidence IDA]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 10552935] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue [goid 7498] [pmid 10552935] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6725] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any recombinational process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length [goid 722] [pmid 10810353] [evidence IDA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 2005901] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 10082554] [evidence IDA]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; Selection of a splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome [goid 6376] [pmid 7556075] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 14970218] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8756667] [evidence IDA]
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [pmid 10092216] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10092216] [evidence TAS]
Process involving non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals [goid 6953] [evidence IEA]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [evidence IEA]
A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 11266516] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [pmid 11266516] [evidence IDA]
The process of directing proteins towards the lysosome using signals contained within the protein [goid 6622] [pmid 10024875] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of nucleotide-sugars into, out of, within or between cells. Nucleotide-sugars are any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative [goid 15780] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine into, out of, within or between cells. N-acetylglucosamine is a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate [goid 15788] [pmid 15911612] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of UDP-xylose into, out of, within or between cells. UDP-xylose is a substance composed of xylose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate [goid 15790] [pmid 15911612] [evidence IDA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes [goid 31047] [evidence IEA]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria [goid 9103] [evidence IEA]
The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns [goid 31424] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter [goid 6356] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter [goid 6356] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter [goid 6356] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter [goid 6356] [evidence IEA]
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [evidence IEA]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [evidence IEA]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [evidence IEA]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 8389704] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 8389704] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8389704] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9181134] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8389704] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The cell cycle process whereby centrosome duplication and separation takes place. The centrosome cycle can operate with a considerable degree of independence from other processes of the cell cycle [goid 7098] [pmid 10620804] [evidence TAS]; The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein [goid 51258] [evidence IEA]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein [goid 51258] [evidence IEA]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein [goid 51258] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from visible light into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm [goid 7603] [pmid 1418997] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of excitation of rhodopsin by a photon [goid 16056] [pmid 8107847] [evidence TAS]; The covalent or noncovalent linking of a chromophore to a protein [goid 18298] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [pmid 9545239] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 10613906] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location [goid 8104] [pmid 9545239] [evidence IC ]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The condensation of mesenchymal cells that have been committed to differentiate into chondrocytes [goid 1502] [pmid 3201241] [evidence TAS]; The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 16824737] [evidence IDA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 7798260] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16338] [evidence ISS]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis [goid 16525] [pmid 15680911] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix [goid 30198] [pmid 15680911] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium [goid 30855] [pmid 12915442] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hair cell [goid 35315] [pmid 12915442] [evidence TAS]; The growth phase of the hair cycle. Lasts, for example, about 3 to 6 years for human scalp hair [goid 42640] [pmid 12915442] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation [goid 45580] [pmid 12915442] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus [goid 50777] [pmid 12915442] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix [goid 30155] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 45861] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9647739] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9647739] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [pmid 10343108] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands [goid 7422] [pmid 10343108] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 7531056] [evidence TAS]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes [goid 6402] [pmid 10205060] [evidence TAS]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [pmid 10859165] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol [goid 6094] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle [goid 33344] [pmid 15469992] [evidence IDA]; Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation [goid 50821] [pmid 15469992] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9500546] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [pmid 12237128] [evidence IDA]
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [evidence IEA]; The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction [goid 45987] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 10051746] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10940357] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9603968] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 2739737] [evidence TAS]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8063729] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction [goid 45987] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 9843209] [evidence TAS]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]
The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 11856869] [evidence NAS]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level [goid 1666] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 12888622] [evidence IDA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1373520] [evidence TAS]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational modification of a protein, particularly secretory proteins and proteins targeted for membranes or specific cellular locations [goid 16485] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IEP]
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 15087446] [evidence IDA]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein [goid 1934] [pmid 11278692] [evidence IDA]; The stimulation of the activity of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase through phosphorylation at specific residues [goid 7250] [pmid 11278692] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]
Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [pmid 1828535] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 17360970] [evidence NAS]
The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin D, a fat soluble vitamin that contributes to the maintenance of normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in the human bloodstream. Vitamin D is also known as calciferol and five different forms are known, including ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol [goid 42359] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 7632726] [evidence NAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 8506296] [evidence IDA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 1516833] [evidence TAS]
The addition of a methyl group to a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom [goid 6479] [pmid 9545638] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9029147] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 9315633] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [pmid 9786932] [evidence TAS]; An immune response mediated by immunoglobulins, whether cell-bound or in solution [goid 16064] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any type I interferon. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families [goid 45351] [evidence IEA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [pmid 11279123] [evidence NAS]
Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium [goid 30855] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 2159463] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
A system for the correction of errors introduced during DNA replication when an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination [goid 6298] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [pmid 10101297] [evidence ND ]
Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 8812413] [evidence TAS]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 8703119] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon [goid 30030] [evidence IEA]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The process of coupling serine to seryl-tRNA, catalyzed by seryl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6434] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus [goid 6606] [pmid 7798308] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 7518447] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 2468670] [evidence TAS]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [pmid 2468670] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein moiety consists of a lipid or lipids, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 42953] [pmid 9568716] [evidence TAS]; The recognition and removal of an apoptotic cell by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte [goid 43277] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 10488139] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [pmid 7493937] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 7592911] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 7493937] [evidence TAS]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 7493937] [evidence TAS]; Behavior associated with the intake of food [goid 7631] [pmid 10698177] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 10488139] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine [goid 6584] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom [goid 9309] [pmid 9119390] [evidence TAS]
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 3220103] [evidence TAS]
The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [evidence IEA]
The series of events in which a stimulus from a bacterium is received and converted into a molecular signal [goid 16045] [pmid 14500461] [evidence TAS]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex [goid 19882] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; The process by which T cells that express T cell receptors that are restricted by self MHC protein complexes and tolerant to self antigens are selected for further maturation [goid 45058] [pmid 14500461] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection [goid 45089] [pmid 14500461] [evidence TAS]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses lipid antigen of endogenous origin in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 family [goid 48006] [pmid 10523605] [evidence IDA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7877627] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron [goid 30182] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine [goid 42053] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 7911493] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 8943050] [evidence TAS]
Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location [goid 8104] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [pmid 10343108] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin [goid 8286] [pmid 10343108] [evidence TAS]; The assembly of a filopodium, a very long microspike extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or by the growth cone of a developing nerve cell axon [goid 46847] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 11784851] [evidence IDA]; The process by which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes, mediated by microtubules that grow between molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces [goid 6903] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 8643544] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 7515885] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 11784851] [evidence IDA]; A cascade of protein kinase activities, culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a member of the JUN kinase subfamily of stress-activated protein kinases, which in turn are a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that is activated primarily by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress [goid 7254] [pmid 7477268] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 11103812] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) [goid 42744] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 8277] [pmid 9748279] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9968] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence NAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence NAS]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling [goid 43569] [pmid 12746903] [evidence IDA]
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
The deposition of calcium phosphate in bone tissue [goid 30282] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dentine-containing tooth over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dentine-containing tooth is a hard, bony organ borne on the jaw or other bone of a vertebrate, and are composed mainly of dentine, a dense calcified substance, covered by a layer of enamel [goid 42475] [evidence IEA]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 1732748] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 10506221] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10506221] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 7781604] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 8661158] [evidence IMP]
The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan [goid 6487] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins [goid 6750] [evidence NAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 9918798] [evidence IDA]; A series of reactions initiated by the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB is sequestered by the inhibitor I-kappaB, and is released when I-kappaB is phosphorylated by activated I-kappaB kinase [goid 7249] [pmid 9918798] [evidence IDA]
The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex [goid 2504] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 10551838] [evidence TAS]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 10551838] [evidence TAS]; The process of directing proteins towards the lysosome using signals contained within the protein [goid 6622] [pmid 10551838] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases [goid 7040] [pmid 10551838] [evidence TAS]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry [goid 7368] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 8910577] [evidence TAS]
The series of events in which a calcium ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal [goid 5513] [pmid 10692449] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 10692449] [evidence IDA]; The process that modulates the membrane potential involved in the propagation of a signal in a neuron [goid 19228] [pmid 10692449] [evidence IDA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 2850480] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 2850480] [evidence NAS]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [pmid 9657428] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [evidence ISS]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8563754] [evidence TAS]
A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7608176] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 8530029] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 7911016] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 7865130] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]
The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task) [goid 7613] [evidence IEA]; Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism [goid 8344] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 7505609] [evidence TAS]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence ISS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence ISS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence ISS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [evidence ISS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [pmid 8522607] [evidence NAS]
Progression through G1 phase, one of two 'gap' phases in the mitotic cell cycle; G1 is the interval between the completion of mitosis and the beginning of DNA synthesis [goid 80] [pmid 9383053] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 9383053] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 9383053] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving malate, the anion of hydroxybutanedioic acid, a chiral hydroxydicarboxylic acid. The (+) enantiomer is an important intermediate in metabolism as a component of both the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle [goid 6108] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate [goid 6090] [pmid 7818469] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving malate, the anion of hydroxybutanedioic acid, a chiral hydroxydicarboxylic acid. The (+) enantiomer is an important intermediate in metabolism as a component of both the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle [goid 6108] [pmid 7818469] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving dioxygen (O2), or any of the reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (-OH) [goid 6800] [pmid 7818469] [evidence TAS]; The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor [goid 9060] [pmid 7818469] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 7818469] [evidence IDA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 10806483] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development [goid 9791] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription [goid 51090] [pmid 10806483] [evidence IDA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 8056341] [evidence NAS]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the nuclear localization signal of a protein with nuclear envelope proteins such as importins [goid 59] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a protein from the nucleus into the cytoplasm [goid 6611] [pmid 14592989] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [pmid 10786676] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 10786676] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell [goid 8360] [evidence IEA]; Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell [goid 30032] [evidence IEA]; Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell [goid 30032] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a ruffle, a projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell [goid 31529] [evidence ISS]; Long distance growth of a single process [goid 48675] [pmid 16260607] [evidence IMP]
The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments [goid 266] [pmid 16118244] [evidence IDA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 16118244] [evidence IDA]; The division of a mature peroxisome within a cell to form two or more separate peroxisome compartments [goid 16559] [pmid 16107562] [evidence IDA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth [goid 1701] [pmid 10601328] [evidence IEP]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 7836467] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; Invagination of the axonal plasma membrane creating a membrane-bounded vesicle. Without this process the presynaptic terminal would swell up due to fusion of vesicle membranes during neurotransmitter release. The vesicles created may subsequently be used for neurotransmitter storage/release [goid 48488] [pmid 9799604] [evidence TAS]
A system for the correction of errors introduced during DNA replication when an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination [goid 6298] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
A series of reactions initiated by the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB is sequestered by the inhibitor I-kappaB, and is released when I-kappaB is phosphorylated by activated I-kappaB kinase [goid 7249] [pmid 10747961] [evidence TAS]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase by phosphorylation by a JUN kinase kinase (JNKK) [goid 7257] [pmid 10747961] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [pmid 10747961] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7266] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rac family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 16601] [pmid 10747961] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle [goid 6099] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving malate, the anion of hydroxybutanedioic acid, a chiral hydroxydicarboxylic acid. The (+) enantiomer is an important intermediate in metabolism as a component of both the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle [goid 6108] [pmid 16740313] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving malate, the anion of hydroxybutanedioic acid, a chiral hydroxydicarboxylic acid. The (+) enantiomer is an important intermediate in metabolism as a component of both the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle [goid 6108] [pmid 6576816] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells [goid 44262] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination [goid 6449] [pmid 8530410] [evidence TAS]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 7954800] [evidence IDA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 7954800] [evidence TAS]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 15272311] [evidence IMP]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum [goid 7029] [pmid 15272311] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the endoplasmic reticulum [goid 16320] [pmid 15272311] [evidence IMP]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 10209101] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6164] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate, by the stepwise assembly of a purine ring on ribose 5-phosphate [goid 6189] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine bases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine [goid 9113] [pmid 2253271] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 9266848] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7157] [pmid 7534301] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 9220] [pmid 10462544] [evidence TAS]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16338] [evidence ISS]
The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse [goid 7270] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 10662549] [evidence TAS]; The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time [goid 7611] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 45745] [evidence IEA]
The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan [goid 6487] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan [goid 6487] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan [goid 6487] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The alteration of an amino acid residue in a peptide [goid 18193] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 8543] [pmid 17133345] [evidence EXP]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [pmid 11342227] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16339] [evidence NAS]
A series of reactions initiated by the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB is sequestered by the inhibitor I-kappaB, and is released when I-kappaB is phosphorylated by activated I-kappaB kinase [goid 7249] [evidence IEA]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 9368598] [evidence NAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 9368598] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 11311945] [evidence NAS]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 9580669] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which an organism or cell protects itself from ultraviolet radiation (UV), which may also result in resistance to repeated exposure to UV [goid 9650] [pmid 9580669] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid [goid 6552] [pmid 11170888] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid; the (+) enantiomer is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions [goid 6768] [pmid 11401427] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 8351518] [evidence TAS]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [pmid 11971875] [evidence NAS]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby non-proliferating myoblasts fuse to existing fibres or to myotubes to form new fibers. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers [goid 7520] [pmid 7566181] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid [goid 6796] [pmid 8041748] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 8041748] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of phosphate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6817] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 9360996] [evidence TAS]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; Selection of a splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome [goid 6376] [pmid 7556075] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin-like growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 48009] [evidence IEA]
Progression from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 86] [pmid 9469815] [evidence TAS]; Progression through anaphase, the stage of mitosis during which the two sets of chromosomes separate and move away from each other [goid 90] [pmid 9469815] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 9469815] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 31145] [pmid 11285280] [evidence EXP]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 15029244] [evidence EXP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 14593737] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 10793135] [evidence EXP]
The deposition of calcium phosphate in bone tissue [goid 30282] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dentine-containing tooth over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dentine-containing tooth is a hard, bony organ borne on the jaw or other bone of a vertebrate, and are composed mainly of dentine, a dense calcified substance, covered by a layer of enamel [goid 42475] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 9888] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt receptor signaling pathway activity [goid 30178] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium [goid 30855] [evidence IEA]
An inflammatory response driven by antigen recognition by antibodies bound to Fc receptors on mast cells or basophils, occurring within minutes after exposure of a sensitized individual to the antigen, and leading to the release of a variety of inflammatory mediators such as histamines [goid 16068] [evidence IEA]
The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I [goid 6120] [pmid 9878551] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 7557990] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [pmid 11030752] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [evidence IEA]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 8354692] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 9113991] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9113991] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cell wall [goid 16998] [evidence IEA]
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide [goid 6805] [evidence IEA]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [pmid 3286634] [evidence NAS]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [pmid 8336540] [evidence NAS]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a fungus that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 50832] [evidence IEA]
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKK [goid 187] [pmid 7649993] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 10352266] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9590258] [evidence TAS]; A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 8779720] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8702752] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2007135] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme phospolipase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7202] [pmid 7649993] [evidence TAS]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [pmid 8702752] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory chemical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal [goid 7606] [pmid 9590258] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity [goid 79] [pmid 8001816] [evidence IDA]; Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [pmid 10208428] [evidence IDA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 10208428] [evidence IDA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 10208428] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 10208428] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 10208428] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule [goid 42326] [pmid 10208428] [evidence IDA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification [goid 6694] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA];  [goid 15976] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [pmid 10786676] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 10786676] [evidence TAS]
The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 10192397] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 10531035] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA ploymerase III promoter [goid 6359] [pmid 9171375] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 9155018] [evidence IDA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 9155018] [evidence IDA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant [goid 9790] [pmid 16378762] [evidence NAS]; The modification of histones by removal of ubiquitin groups [goid 16578] [pmid 18206973] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle [goid 45931] [pmid 18206973] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [pmid 18206973] [evidence IMP]
Any process that modulates the extent of heart contraction, changing the force with which blood is propelled [goid 2026] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the extent of heart contraction, changing the force with which blood is propelled [goid 2026] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [pmid 1374913] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [pmid 1374913] [evidence TAS]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 1374913] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transforming growth factor beta receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7179] [pmid 9153275] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 10053005] [evidence TAS]; The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of an axis in the oocyte [goid 7309] [pmid 10053005] [evidence TAS]; The process by which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present [goid 16049] [evidence IEA]
The formation and assembly from one or more snRNA and multiple protein components of a ribonucleoprotein complex that in involved in formation of the spliceosome [goid 387] [pmid 15130578] [evidence EXP]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [pmid 10725331] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 11374903] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein moiety consists of a lipid or lipids [goid 42157] [evidence IEA]
The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine [goid 6306] [pmid 10555141] [evidence NAS]; The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine [goid 6306] [pmid 10433969] [evidence TAS]; The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine [goid 6306] [pmid 11102980] [evidence NAS]; The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine [goid 6306] [evidence IEA]; Heritable alterations in the activity of a gene that depend on whether it passed through the paternal or the maternal germline, but that are not encoded by DNA itself [goid 6349] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which a protein complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location [goid 31503] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7219] [evidence IEA]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 12354302] [evidence IDA]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [pmid 9439656] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of receptor recyling [goid 1919] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases [goid 7040] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes [goid 8333] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence NAS]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]
The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine [goid 6306] [pmid 12138111] [evidence ISS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of glutamate binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7215] [pmid 8263508] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 8263508] [evidence TAS]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 8266078] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8266076] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells [goid 32831] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 8047165] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 8047165] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6957] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6958] [evidence IEA]; The rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm [goid 19835] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate [goid 6183] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate [goid 6228] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate [goid 6241] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 7638209] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9117] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 8089075] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm [goid 6913] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8089075] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse [goid 7270] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid [goid 6691] [pmid 8576264] [evidence NAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [pmid 7673224] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 8549832] [evidence TAS]; The posttranslational modification of peptidyl-lysine to form hypusine, N6-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-L-lysine [goid 8612] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational modification of peptidyl-lysine to form hypusine, N6-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-L-lysine [goid 8612] [pmid 16452303] [evidence EXP]; The chemical reactions resulting in the breakdown of spermidine to form deoxyhypusine by the enzyme [eIF-5A]-deoxyhypusine synthase. The reaction occurs in four steps: 1. spermidine + NAD+ = dehydrospermidine + NADH + H+; 2. dehydrospermidine + [enzyme]-lysine = 1,3-diaminopropane + [enzyme]-lysine-N6=CH(CH2)3NH2; 3. [enzyme]-lysine-N6=CH(CH2)3NH2 = [eIF-5A]-lysine-N6=CH(CH2)3NH2; 4. [eIF-5A]-lysine-N6=CH(CH2)3NH2 + NADH + H+ = [eIF-5A]-deoxyhypusine + NAD+ [goid 50983] [pmid 8549832] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 8884281] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 8884281] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 8884281] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The process by which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes, mediated by microtubules that grow between molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces [goid 6903] [pmid 9188044] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the trans-Golgi network where they are recycled for further rounds of transport [goid 42147] [pmid 15215310] [evidence IDA]
Cascade of at least three protein kinase activities culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase. MAPKKK cascades lie downstream of numerous signaling pathways [goid 165] [pmid 10748122] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 7874169] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 1846977] [evidence NAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 2159626] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 8543] [pmid 2159626] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 8543] [pmid 17086194] [evidence EXP]; The process by which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present [goid 16049] [evidence NAS]
The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 10615131] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 10615131] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a protein bearing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane [goid 6607] [pmid 10615131] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 10660046] [evidence IDA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [pmid 10660046] [evidence IDA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 10552926] [evidence TAS]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9315662] [evidence TAS]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10840040] [evidence NAS]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7534286] [evidence TAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a complex capable of relaying a signal within a cell. Complex formation involves dimerization of a receptor protein tyrosine kinase followed by the association of several different intracellular signaling molecules with the cytoplasmic tails of the receptors [goid 7172] [pmid 9054445] [evidence TAS]
The reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels [goid 1974] [pmid 10545518] [evidence IEP]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 6203523] [evidence IDA]; The breakdown of tissues; usually, if not always, accompanied by cell death [goid 7559] [pmid 7890620] [evidence IC ]; Any process that stops or reduces the rate of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins [goid 10466] [pmid 6203523] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops or reduces the rate of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins [goid 10466] [pmid 7890620] [evidence IDA]; A process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix [goid 22617] [pmid 10545518] [evidence IEP]; The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells [goid 30574] [pmid 10545518] [evidence IEP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling [goid 34103] [pmid 10545518] [evidence IEP]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of fibrils, extracellular matrix material consisting of polysaccharides and protein [goid 43206] [pmid 18026102] [evidence IGI]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving elastin, a glycoprotein which is randomly coiled and cross linked to form elastic fibres that are found in connective tissue [goid 51541] [pmid 10545518] [evidence IMP]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the forms of vitamin K, quinone-derived vitamins which are involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in mammals. Vitamin K substances share a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and vary in the aliphatic side chains attached to the molecule [goid 42373] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation [goid 50820] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 2677049] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 11081504] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation [goid 42102] [pmid 15207081] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-gamma [goid 45078] [pmid 15765404] [evidence NAS]; A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell to attain its fully functional state [goid 48469] [pmid 14635054] [evidence IDA]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 8486355] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell [goid 50853] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of neutral amino acids, amino acids with no net charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15804] [pmid 10863037] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of D-alanine, the dextrorotatory isomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 42941] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of D-serine, the dextrorotatory isomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 42942] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7188] [evidence IEA]; The stopping of bleeding (loss of body fluid) or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part [goid 7599] [pmid 11196645] [evidence NAS]; A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug [goid 30168] [evidence IEA]
The glycosylation of a nitrogen atom of a free alpha amino terminal of a peptide [goid 6496] [pmid 9642163] [evidence IDA]; The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine forming N4-glycosyl-L-asparagine; the most common form is N-acetylglucosaminyl asparagine; N-acetylgalactosaminyl asparagine also occurs; this modification typically occurs in extracellular peptides with an N-X-(ST) motif. Partial modification has been observed to occur with cysteine, rather than serine or threonine, in the third position; secondary structure features are important, and proline in the second or fourth positions inhibits modification [goid 18279] [pmid 15835887] [evidence IC ]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus [goid 34097] [pmid 9642163] [evidence IDA]; The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific [goid 42110] [pmid 9642163] [evidence IDA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6865] [evidence IEA]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [pmid 10512675] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue [goid 9187] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate [goid 46069] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate [goid 46069] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 1868030] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 1868030] [evidence TAS]
The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote [goid 7338] [evidence IEA]
A cellular process resulting in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells. Cytokinesis usually occurs after growth, replication, and segregation of cellular components [goid 910] [pmid 10931866] [evidence IDA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of septins and associated proteins to form an organized structure resembling a ring at the cell cortex [goid 921] [pmid 10931866] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the progression from anaphase/telophase to G1 that is associated with a conversion from high to low mitotic CDK activity [goid 7096] [pmid 10931866] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle [goid 6099] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 8009371] [evidence TAS]; A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle [goid 6099] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8570614] [evidence TAS]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [pmid 11849973] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 6401] [pmid 11719186] [evidence NAS]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]
The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [pmid 1530946] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 8272] [pmid 10535998] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]
A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 10662549] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 1408763] [evidence NAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan) [goid 9072] [evidence IEA]
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase during osmolarity sensing [goid 173] [pmid 10801814] [evidence TAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [pmid 9060999] [evidence NAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence NAS]
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol [goid 6094] [evidence ISS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 6520] [pmid 12689582] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 15314157] [evidence IEP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 15788408] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence ISS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1376929] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 1376929] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), any RNA that forms part of the ribosomal structure, from a DNA template [goid 9303] [evidence ISS]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [pmid 8288572] [evidence IDA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [pmid 8253717] [evidence IDA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7266] [pmid 8253717] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase [goid 43087] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
The production by an organism of new individuals that contain some portion of their genetic material inherited from that organism [goid 3] [pmid 9988691] [evidence IEP]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 9988691] [evidence IDA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III-specific promoter [goid 6383] [pmid 12482973] [evidence IDA]; The discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule following their attachment to the zona pellucida surrounding the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the disperasl of the acrosomal contents into the egg [goid 7340] [pmid 10067875] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances [goid 44237] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10531379] [evidence NAS]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [pmid 9516430] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 9677360] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 9425895] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9425895] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 10430883] [evidence TAS]; The formation of O-glycans by addition of glycosyl groups either to the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or to the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine [goid 6493] [pmid 10430883] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues other than as a moiety of nucleic acid; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide [goid 9101] [pmid 10430883] [evidence IDA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages [goid 5977] [evidence IEA]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 9512535] [evidence TAS]; The cell cycle process whereby double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate. This results in the equal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes. These reciprocal recombinant products ensure the proper segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I and create genetic diversity [goid 7131] [pmid 9441753] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances within a cell [goid 46907] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 15344908] [evidence IDA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 9003802] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the Wnt receptor mediated signal transduction pathway [goid 30111] [pmid 11896061] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; Maintenance of transcription by remodelling of chromatin into an 'open configuration'. Once established, this regulation is mitotically stable and is maintained over many cell divisions. It is also heritable [goid 48096] [pmid 11734557] [evidence NAS]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [evidence IEA]
A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 19722] [pmid 15528213] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 9806637] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 9806637] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [pmid 8579597] [evidence TAS]
[goid 6112] [pmid 9537324] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9537324] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 9537324] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues [goid 8203] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops or reduces the rate of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds [goid 51346] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [pmid 12079286] [evidence NAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of phosphate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6817] [pmid 8867793] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 10648625] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate [goid 6183] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate [goid 6228] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate [goid 6241] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 11068177] [evidence NAS]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of sodium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6883] [pmid 12393794] [evidence IDA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes [goid 16071] [pmid 7556077] [evidence NAS]
Progression through prophase of meiosis I; divided into several stages [goid 7128] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 15161910] [evidence IDA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 15161910] [evidence IDA]; The slowing of DNA synthesis in response to DNA damage by the prevention of new origin firing and the stabilization of slow replication fork progession [goid 31573] [pmid 15161910] [evidence IDA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix [goid 30198] [evidence NAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8921386] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 30001] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6835] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L enantiomer anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6835] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 7521911] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L enantiomer anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15813] [pmid 7521911] [evidence TAS]
The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 11875070] [evidence IDA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus [goid 6606] [pmid 9461602] [evidence TAS]
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the axial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord [goid 48318] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the paraxial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube [goid 48339] [evidence IEA]
The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase [goid 6266] [pmid 2188979] [evidence TAS]; The repair of alkylation damage, e.g. the removal of the alkyl group at the O6-position of guanine by O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) [goid 6307] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 43281] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
Pathways for DNA repair which occur after DNA has replicated, e.g. mismatch repair, and which involve translesion synthesis (TLS-type) DNA polymerases [goid 6301] [pmid 11162572] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 11162572] [evidence NAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The formation of O-glycans by addition of glycosyl groups either to the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or to the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine [goid 6493] [evidence IEA]; The formation of O-glycans by addition of glycosyl groups either to the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or to the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine [goid 6493] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix [goid 30155] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30334] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development [goid 45995] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix [goid 30155] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30334] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development [goid 45995] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 8586427] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix [goid 30155] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30334] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development [goid 45995] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [pmid 9486406] [evidence TAS]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of, within or between cells. Phospholipids are any lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 15914] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages [goid 5977] [pmid 7980435] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated by the accumulation of normal or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and leading to activation of transcription by NF-kappaB [goid 6983] [pmid 14744935] [evidence IDA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 14749367] [evidence IDA]; The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine [goid 18105] [pmid 14744935] [evidence IDA]; The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine [goid 18105] [pmid 11104755] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [pmid 14744935] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm [goid 46827] [pmid 14744935] [evidence IDA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in transcription of target genes [goid 60070] [pmid 9601641] [evidence IC ]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ovarian follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 1541] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants [goid 6701] [pmid 14557487] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8220432] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transforming growth factor beta receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7179] [pmid 14557487] [evidence IEP]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence NAS]; Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction [goid 7292] [pmid 8220432] [evidence TAS]; The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 8220432] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of Sertoli cells, resulting in the expansion of the Sertoli cell population. A Sertoli cell is a supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules [goid 60011] [evidence IEA]
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 8280052] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 8839867] [evidence TAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1656220] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9349813] [evidence TAS]; Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of chemicals [goid 7635] [pmid 9349813] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [evidence ISS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid [goid 6796] [pmid 9428629] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; Invagination of the axonal plasma membrane creating a membrane-bounded vesicle. Without this process the presynaptic terminal would swell up due to fusion of vesicle membranes during neurotransmitter release. The vesicles created may subsequently be used for neurotransmitter storage/release [goid 48488] [pmid 9428629] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances in synaptic membrane-bounded vesicles within the neuron along the cytoskeleton either toward or away from the neuronal cell body [goid 48489] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 11739384] [evidence TAS]; The removal of one or more ubiquitin moieties from a protein [goid 16579] [pmid 11739384] [evidence IDA]; The removal of one or more ubiquitin moieties from a protein [goid 16579] [evidence ISS]
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [evidence IEA]; The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10903717] [evidence IDA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 7989345] [evidence TAS]
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9020851] [evidence TAS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 9020851] [evidence TAS]; Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction [goid 7292] [pmid 9020851] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 8585] [pmid 7553856] [evidence TAS]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 8207000] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The deposition of calcium phosphate in bone tissue [goid 30282] [evidence IEA]; The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells [goid 30574] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate [goid 51216] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [pmid 9119360] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of copper ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6878] [pmid 15910549] [evidence TAS]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7219] [evidence IEA]; Any process pertaining to the functions of the nervous and muscular systems of an organism [goid 50905] [pmid 7593229] [evidence NAS]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 9468540] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse [goid 7270] [pmid 9694864] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pain stimulus. Pain stimuli cause activation of nociceptors, peripheral receptors for pain, include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli [goid 48265] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 2008212] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15844] [pmid 16024787] [evidence IDA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]
The process of communication from a neuron to a muscle, across a synapse [goid 7274] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [evidence IEA]; The biological process by which a synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle is initially formed [goid 7529] [evidence IEA]; The specific actions or reactions of an organism that recur with measured regularity [goid 7622] [evidence IEA]; The actions or reactions of an adult relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg [goid 7628] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell [goid 16358] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron [goid 30182] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell [goid 42136] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the generation of rhythmic, synchronous excitatory synaptic inputs in a neural circuit [goid 43179] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis [goid 15986] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis [goid 15986] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [evidence IEA]
The process of coupling arginine to arginyl-tRNA, catalyzed by arginyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6420] [evidence IEA]
Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
The formation and assembly from one or more snRNA and multiple protein components of a ribonucleoprotein complex that in involved in formation of the spliceosome [goid 387] [pmid 15130578] [evidence EXP]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 7744013] [evidence IMP]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination [goid 6449] [pmid 7990965] [evidence TAS]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized, using parental DNA as a template for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases that synthesize the new strands [goid 6261] [pmid 8333869] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter [goid 6356] [pmid 8333869] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of RNA from a mitochondrial DNA template, usually by a specific mitochondrial RNA polymerase [goid 6390] [pmid 8333869] [evidence TAS]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 7510240] [evidence TAS]; A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity [goid 45859] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of cytokines from a cell or group of cells [goid 50710] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 7987303] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [pmid 11252894] [evidence EXP]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins [goid 16044] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 8226881] [evidence TAS]
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within a tRNA molecule to produce a tRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically [goid 6400] [pmid 12403464] [evidence IDA]
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7219] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 31145] [pmid 11285280] [evidence EXP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 15029244] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 12791267] [evidence EXP]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins [goid 30048] [pmid 7932763] [evidence TAS]
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey [goid 6000] [pmid 3383242] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [pmid 3383242] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Pain is medically defined as the physical sensation of discomfort or distress caused by injury or illness, so can hence be described as a harmful stimulus which signals current (or impending) tissue damage. Pain may come from extremes of temperature, mechanical damage, electricity or from noxious chemical substances [goid 19233] [pmid 12915402] [evidence NAS]; Any process by which an organism enters and maintains a periodic, readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity. Usually accompanied by physical relaxation, the onset of sleep in humans and other mammals is marked by a change in the electrical activity of the brain [goid 30431] [pmid 12915402] [evidence NAS]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 2365683] [evidence TAS]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin assembly or disassembly [goid 1672] [pmid 12660173] [evidence IDA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 12660173] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism [goid 6974] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 12660173] [evidence IDA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 2674141] [evidence TAS]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein [goid 19886] [evidence IEA]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein [goid 19886] [pmid 8765029] [evidence IDA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKK [goid 187] [evidence IEA]; The widespread phosphorylation of various molecules, triggering many downstream processes, that occurs in response to the detection of DNA damage [goid 6975] [pmid 10848581] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 10848581] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8621675] [evidence TAS]; Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue [goid 60048] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8782822] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis [goid 30100] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [evidence IEA]; The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The enzymatic addition of a sequence of 40-200 adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA primary transcript [goid 6378] [pmid 7984242] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which a pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner [goid 6379] [pmid 7984242] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity [goid 79] [evidence ISS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [pmid 10915792] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation [goid 45664] [pmid 10721722] [evidence NAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of organic anions into, out of, within or between cells. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage [goid 15711] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of monocarboxylic acids into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15718] [pmid 9425115] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9442393] [evidence TAS]; An immune response mediated through a body fluid [goid 6959] [pmid 9442393] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7877627] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron [goid 30182] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine [goid 42053] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 11739384] [evidence TAS]; The removal of one or more ubiquitin moieties from a protein [goid 16579] [pmid 11739384] [evidence IDA]; The removal of one or more ubiquitin moieties from a protein [goid 16579] [evidence ISS]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 9615232] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 226] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 226] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 226] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 10477520] [evidence TAS]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 10770953] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence NAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8555498] [evidence TAS]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [evidence IEA]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]; The reorganization or renovation of existing tissues. This process can either change the characteristics of a tissue such as in blood vessel remodeling, or result in the dynamic equilibrium of a tissue such as in bone remodeling [goid 48771] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 9630229] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG [goid 6890] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins [goid 16044] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The addition of COPI proteins and adaptor proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat [goid 48205] [pmid 16956762] [evidence EXP]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 30163] [pmid 12659830] [evidence NAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline [goid 1843] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7478540] [evidence TAS]; The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell [goid 45198] [evidence IEA]
In base excision repair, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase [goid 6284] [pmid 11286553] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 1380454] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding, selective interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid [goid 51101] [pmid 9119221] [evidence IDA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 10217480] [evidence NAS]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 14752512] [evidence IDA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 14512969] [evidence IMP]; Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells [goid 32387] [pmid 14752512] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]
A signal transduction pathway, induced by DNA damage, that blocks cell cycle progression (in G1, G2 or metaphase) or slows the rate at which S phase proceeds [goid 77] [pmid 10617473] [evidence TAS]; A signal transduction pathway, induced by DNA damage, that blocks cell cycle progression (in G1, G2 or metaphase) or slows the rate at which S phase proceeds [goid 77] [pmid 9889122] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; A cascade of processes initiated by the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death) [goid 8630] [pmid 12402044] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum [goid 10332] [evidence IEA]; A cascade of processes induced by the detection of DNA damage within a cell [goid 42770] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9673349] [evidence TAS]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fucose, or 6-deoxygalactose, which has two enantiomers, D-fucose and L-fucose [goid 6004] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [evidence IEA]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule [goid 16311] [evidence IEA]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein [goid 51258] [evidence IEA]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein [goid 51258] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 8610] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG [goid 6890] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG [goid 6890] [pmid 10402461] [evidence ISS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins [goid 16044] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ARF protein signal transduction [goid 32012] [evidence IEA]; The addition of COPI proteins and adaptor proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat [goid 48205] [pmid 16956762] [evidence EXP]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9115274] [evidence TAS]
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 12353226] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9738934] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [pmid 12353226] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8500166] [evidence TAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 8702627] [evidence TAS]
The posttranslational modification of peptidyl-histidine to 2'-(3-carboxamido-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl)-L-histidine, known as diphthamide, found in translation elongation factor eEF-2 [goid 17183] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a protein from a cell or group of cells [goid 50709] [pmid 14980502] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule [goid 51099] [pmid 14980502] [evidence IDA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids [goid 6071] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron [goid 30182] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an ephrin receptor binding to an ephrin [goid 48013] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2174105] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 7918100] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron [goid 30182] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an ephrin receptor binding to an ephrin [goid 48013] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 8550619] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 8550619] [evidence TAS]; The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 8550619] [evidence TAS]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 8047165] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 8047165] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level [goid 9987] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues [goid 31953] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of leading edge cells, cells at the front of a migrating epithelial sheet [goid 35026] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 51726] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 12721358] [evidence EXP]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 9598317] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 8584] [pmid 9598317] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone [goid 9755] [pmid 12626323] [evidence EXP]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation [goid 6338] [pmid 11018012] [evidence IDA]; Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation [goid 6338] [pmid 10078207] [evidence IDA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8804307] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [pmid 12192000] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 11018012] [evidence IDA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence NAS]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 9731529] [evidence IC ]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence NAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 11062248] [evidence NAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination [goid 6449] [pmid 9838146] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins [goid 6561] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 8652] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins [goid 6561] [pmid 1730675] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 8652] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 10548550] [evidence TAS]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 10548550] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ARF protein signal transduction [goid 32012] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ARF protein signal transduction [goid 32012] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ARF protein signal transduction [goid 32012] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ARF protein signal transduction [goid 32012] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ARF protein signal transduction [goid 32012] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ARF protein signal transduction [goid 32012] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 14741369] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 43161] [pmid 14741369] [evidence IDA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6221] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid [goid 6541] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6221] [evidence IEA]
Any process which produces a purine nucleoside from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis [goid 6166] [evidence IEA]; Any process that generates adenine, 6-aminopurine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis [goid 6168] [evidence IEA]; The specific actions or reactions of an organism relating to grooming, cleaning and brushing to remove dirt and parasites [goid 7625] [evidence IEA]; Any process which produces a purine nucleoside from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis [goid 6166] [evidence IEA]; Any process that generates adenine, 6-aminopurine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis [goid 6168] [evidence IEA]; The specific actions or reactions of an organism relating to grooming, cleaning and brushing to remove dirt and parasites [goid 7625] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), e.g. adenosine, guanosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine and deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine (= deoxythymidine) [goid 9116] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 7749981] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 7739550] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [evidence IEA]; The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration) [goid 45333] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell [goid 16358] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 9143499] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult muscle that occurs in the anima. In vertebrate skeletal muscle the main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers [goid 7519] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [pmid 1639419] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix [goid 30198] [pmid 1639419] [evidence NAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 10085091] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10085091] [evidence TAS]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 11322894] [evidence IEP]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor [goid 30521] [pmid 15572661] [evidence NAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor [goid 30521] [pmid 11322894] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen [goid 32355] [pmid 15831516] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 15572661] [evidence NAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities [goid 6693] [pmid 8573067] [evidence IDA]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 8573067] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [pmid 8573067] [evidence IDA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages [goid 5977] [pmid 9931343] [evidence NAS]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 11001928] [evidence IDA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 12915448] [evidence IDA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Patterned activity of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7610] [evidence IEA]
A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 10607832] [evidence TAS]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 10607832] [evidence TAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9628874] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6081] [pmid 1709013] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]
A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This is the process whereby most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells [goid 6887] [evidence IEA]; The regulated release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin [goid 7269] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 8521824] [evidence IDA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6958] [evidence IEA]; The rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm [goid 19835] [evidence IEA]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 10419521] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [pmid 16495485] [evidence ISS]; Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane [goid 6906] [pmid 10888671] [evidence IDA]; The internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, including the membrane and cytoskeletal processes required, which involves one of three mechanisms: zippering of pseudopods around a target via repeated receptor-ligand interactions, sinking of the target directly into plasma membrane of the phagocytosing cell, or induced uptake via an enhanced membrane ruffling of the phagocytosing cell similar to macropinocytosis [goid 6911] [pmid 15133481] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes [goid 8333] [pmid 10888671] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell, requiring the presence of calcium ions [goid 17156] [pmid 14993220] [evidence ISS]; The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as major basic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, and eosinophil cationic protein by an eosinophil [goid 43308] [pmid 14993220] [evidence ISS]; The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as proteases, lipases, and inflammatory mediators by a neutrophil [goid 43312] [pmid 14993220] [evidence ISS]
Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [pmid 9149227] [evidence IDA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; Any base modification or substitution events that result in alterations in the coding potential or structural properties of RNAs as a result of changes in the base-pairing properties of the modified ribonucleoside(s) [goid 16553] [pmid 9149227] [evidence IC ]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids [goid 6071] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 10760272] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]
The process whereby phagocytes engulf external particulate material. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles [goid 6909] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid [goid 6547] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine into other compounds, including glutamate and formamide [goid 19556] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic chromatin [goid 6325] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 6644] [pmid 8039723] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 9705830] [evidence TAS]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 9685330] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 8355710] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations [goid 7126] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]
Cascade of at least three protein kinase activities culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase. MAPKKK cascades lie downstream of numerous signaling pathways [goid 165] [pmid 10918587] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 8601314] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are activated by members of the JAK (janus activated kinase) family of tyrosine kinases, following the binding of cytokines to their cognate receptor. Once activated, STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes [goid 7259] [pmid 10918587] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 8543] [pmid 10918587] [evidence TAS]; The process by which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present [goid 16049] [evidence NAS]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness [goid 51017] [evidence IEA]; The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness [goid 51017] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 9614071] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 8912632] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 9614071] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9614071] [evidence TAS]; The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness [goid 51017] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 9792649] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9792649] [evidence TAS]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels [goid 1816] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size [goid 40014] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid [goid 6533] [pmid 9163533] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 9163533] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism [goid 9611] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30336] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9479505] [evidence TAS]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 9826712] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
[goid 19642] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells [goid 44262] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA];  [goid 19642] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells [goid 44262] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides [goid 6259] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 8661043] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]
Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons [goid 8089] [pmid 7539720] [evidence TAS]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10426995] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9435236] [evidence TAS]; A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor [goid 42116] [pmid 11607792] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tumor necrosis factor, an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis [goid 42535] [pmid 12077222] [evidence ISS]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-6 [goid 45410] [pmid 12077222] [evidence ISS]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nitrogen utilization [goid 6808] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA ploymerase III promoter [goid 6359] [pmid 9171375] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose [goid 6012] [pmid 9010752] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of nucleotide-sugars into, out of, within or between cells. Nucleotide-sugars are any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative [goid 15780] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of UDP-galactose into, out of, within or between cells. UDP-galactose is a substance composed of galactose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate [goid 15785] [pmid 9010752] [evidence TAS]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry [goid 7368] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of melanosomes into, out of, within or between cells [goid 32402] [evidence ISS]; The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic locomotor organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole [goid 42384] [evidence ISS]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]
A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) cascade relays one or more of the signals [goid 31098] [evidence IEA]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell proliferation [goid 42129] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-gamma [goid 45078] [pmid 12734330] [evidence IDA]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation [goid 45625] [pmid 12734330] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the antiviral response of a cell or organism [goid 50688] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon [goid 30030] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase complex at the promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter [goid 6352] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a histone protein [goid 16570] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase complex at the promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter [goid 6352] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a histone protein [goid 16570] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15758] [pmid 11247674] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. This process includes the actual movement of the solute, and any regulation and preparatory steps, such as reduction of the solute [goid 55085] [evidence IEA]
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 2466334] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 2466334] [evidence TAS]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the spliceosome, a ribonucleoprotein apparatus that catalyzes nuclear mRNA splicing via transesterification reactions [goid 245] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [pmid 9731529] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 9817934] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 9731529] [evidence TAS]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the spliceosome, a ribonucleoprotein apparatus that catalyzes nuclear mRNA splicing via transesterification reactions [goid 245] [pmid 9845364] [evidence NAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the spliceosome, a ribonucleoprotein apparatus that catalyzes nuclear mRNA splicing via transesterification reactions [goid 245] [pmid 9323129] [evidence NAS]; The formation and assembly from one or more snRNA and multiple protein components of a ribonucleoprotein complex that in involved in formation of the spliceosome [goid 387] [pmid 15130578] [evidence EXP]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 15684077] [evidence IDA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix [goid 1953] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin [goid 8286] [pmid 8276809] [evidence IPI]; The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell [goid 30183] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30335] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation [goid 45671] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a phosphoinositide, a class of substances comprising phosphatidylinositol and its derivatives [goid 46854] [evidence ISS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin-like growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 48009] [pmid 7541045] [evidence IPI]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8051149] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose [goid 6012] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose [goid 6012] [pmid 1427861] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins [goid 6561] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 8652] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins [goid 6561] [pmid 1730675] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 8652] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [pmid 16289705] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism [goid 9408] [evidence ISS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism [goid 9408] [pmid 12499492] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus [goid 9749] [evidence ISS]; The process aimed at the progression of an oligodendrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons in the central nervous system [goid 14003] [pmid 15217090] [evidence IMP]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals [goid 43434] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances [goid 44237] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 51716] [pmid 8626696] [evidence IDA]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 10799513] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 6520] [pmid 10471498] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 10799513] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of neutral amino acids, amino acids with no net charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15804] [evidence ISS]
The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a melanocyte [goid 30318] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which a melanosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell [goid 32400] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of melanosomes into, out of, within or between cells [goid 32402] [evidence IEA]; The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as perforin and granzymes by a cytotoxic T cell [goid 43316] [evidence IEA]; The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as perforin and granzymes by a natural killer cell [goid 43320] [evidence IEA]; The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell [goid 43473] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Rab family [goid 32313] [evidence IEA]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9162022] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9153189] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation [goid 46642] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine [goid 50731] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation [goid 46642] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine [goid 50731] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 8649363] [evidence TAS]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 9684878] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 10729163] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of monocarboxylic acids into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15718] [pmid 9425115] [evidence TAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 9344656] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 6446] [pmid 8663286] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]
Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [pmid 9473338] [evidence TAS]; The cell cycle process whereby chromatin structure is compacted prior to mitosis in eukaryotic cells [goid 7076] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9473338] [evidence TAS]
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 8798579] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are activated by members of the JAK (janus activated kinase) family of tyrosine kinases, following the binding of cytokines to their cognate receptor. Once activated, STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes [goid 7259] [pmid 7588638] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [pmid 7588638] [evidence TAS]
Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 12943237] [evidence IMP]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 11904290] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 12943237] [evidence IMP]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein [goid 42516] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein [goid 42516] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9073069] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of organic anions into, out of, within or between cells. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage [goid 15711] [pmid 10358072] [evidence TAS]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 10600115] [evidence TAS]; The methylation of the C-terminal amino acid of a protein [goid 6481] [pmid 10600115] [evidence IDA]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 10932188] [evidence NAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence ISS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7157] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7157] [evidence ISS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a virion enters a host cell, including virion attachment and penetration [goid 46718] [pmid 12885915] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages [goid 9312] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine forming N4-glycosyl-L-asparagine; the most common form is N-acetylglucosaminyl asparagine; N-acetylgalactosaminyl asparagine also occurs; this modification typically occurs in extracellular peptides with an N-X-(ST) motif. Partial modification has been observed to occur with cysteine, rather than serine or threonine, in the third position; secondary structure features are important, and proline in the second or fourth positions inhibits modification [goid 18279] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis [goid 6418] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid [goid 6551] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 7903453] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 7903453] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues [goid 8203] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide [goid 6805] [evidence IEA]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence IEA]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a fungus that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 50832] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 15146077] [evidence IC ]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 16385455] [evidence IMP]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 10748058] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 9069267] [evidence EXP]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 10748058] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum [goid 10332] [pmid 12874027] [evidence IDA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9602068] [evidence NAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 9655242] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9655242] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9655242] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 9655242] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9929984] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6835] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6835] [evidence IEA]
Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end uses the homologous intact duplex as the template [goid 731] [pmid 17563354] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair [goid 6282] [pmid 10398605] [evidence TAS]; The repair of UV-induced T-T, C-T and C-C dimers [goid 6290] [evidence IEA]; Pathways for DNA repair which occur after DNA has replicated, e.g. mismatch repair, and which involve translesion synthesis (TLS-type) DNA polymerases [goid 6301] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 290 nm [goid 10225] [pmid 17563354] [evidence IDA]; The repair of UV-induced T-T, C-T and C-C dimers [goid 6290] [evidence IEA]; Pathways for DNA repair which occur after DNA has replicated, e.g. mismatch repair, and which involve translesion synthesis (TLS-type) DNA polymerases [goid 6301] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9166430] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved directly in viral genome replication, including viral nucleotide metabolism [goid 19079] [pmid 9230441] [evidence TAS]
The covalent attachment of a prenyl moiety to a protein amino acid [goid 18346] [evidence IEA]; The covalent attachment of a prenyl moiety to a protein amino acid [goid 18346] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transforming growth factor beta receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7179] [pmid 8599089] [evidence TAS]; The covalent attachment of a farnesyl moiety to a protein amino acid [goid 18347] [pmid 8494894] [evidence TAS]; The covalent attachment of a geranylgeranyl moiety to a protein amino acid [goid 18348] [pmid 8106351] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitter receptors [goid 45213] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 9873016] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 8325635] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers [goid 9411] [pmid 3133554] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte [goid 30216] [pmid 8325635] [evidence NAS]; The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein [goid 51258] [pmid 3133554] [evidence TAS]
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 2581967] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 2311577] [evidence NAS]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]; The assembly of a filopodium, a very long microspike extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or by the growth cone of a developing nerve cell axon [goid 46847] [evidence IEA]
Cascade of at least three protein kinase activities culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase. MAPKKK cascades lie downstream of numerous signaling pathways [goid 165] [pmid 11395482] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 19722] [pmid 11395482] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity [goid 45859] [pmid 11395482] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [pmid 11395482] [evidence TAS]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 11395482] [evidence IDA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2890159] [evidence TAS]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10825539] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; The discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule following their attachment to the zona pellucida surrounding the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the disperasl of the acrosomal contents into the egg [goid 7340] [pmid 9949214] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 8277] [pmid 1338872] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator [goid 6200] [pmid 17430889] [evidence IDA]
The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [evidence IEA]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals [goid 302] [pmid 16082188] [evidence IDA]; Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [pmid 16357139] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 1940442] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte [goid 30216] [pmid 15740587] [evidence NAS]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [pmid 15568027] [evidence NAS]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-negative bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 50829] [pmid 15568027] [evidence IMP]; The process of binding or confining metal ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system [goid 51238] [pmid 15568027] [evidence IDA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine [goid 6584] [evidence IEA]; The specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Patterned activity of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7610] [pmid 8211186] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline [goid 42420] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The cell cycle process whereby a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the destruction of mitotic cyclins [goid 7091] [pmid 7736578] [evidence IMP]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 7736578] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 31145] [pmid 11285280] [evidence EXP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 15029244] [evidence EXP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 14593737] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 10793135] [evidence EXP]
The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [evidence IEA]
The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 1690992] [evidence TAS]
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol [goid 7026] [evidence IEA]
The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 12736868] [evidence IMP]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon [goid 30030] [evidence IEA]; Formation of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell [goid 30033] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which a vesicle or vesicles are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location [goid 51648] [pmid 8692943] [evidence IMP]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus [goid 7030] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [pmid 7962052] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 7962052] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network) [goid 6891] [pmid 7962052] [evidence IMP]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus [goid 7030] [pmid 7962052] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages [goid 9312] [pmid 7962052] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 2168878] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the activity of the GTPase ARF [goid 32312] [evidence IEA]
Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine [goid 1822] [pmid 16801329] [evidence IMP]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine [goid 1822] [pmid 10720943] [evidence IMP]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin [goid 31018] [pmid 16801329] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 15509593] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 16297991] [evidence IDA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 48806] [pmid 16801329] [evidence IMP]
Control of the spatial distribution of actin filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking [goid 7015] [pmid 9268706] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 10993894] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 10993894] [evidence NAS]; Assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament [goid 8154] [evidence ISS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 10993894] [evidence NAS]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 10395895] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence ISS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence ISS]
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized, using RNA as a template for RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (e.g. reverse transcriptase) that synthesize the new strands [goid 6278] [evidence IEA]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [pmid 12655004] [evidence NAS]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes [goid 1889] [evidence ISS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant [goid 9790] [evidence ISS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives [goid 9396] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives [goid 9396] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving formate, also known as methanoate, the anion HCOO- derived from methanoic (formic) acid [goid 15942] [pmid 8522195] [evidence NAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The directed movement of oligopeptides into, out of, within or between cells. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages [goid 6857] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a drug, a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15893] [pmid 16738539] [evidence NAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10585455] [evidence NAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [evidence IEA]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 7730328] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7730328] [evidence TAS]
The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a phosphoinositide, a class of substances comprising phosphatidylinositol and its derivatives [goid 46854] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphoinositide to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 48015] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a phosphoinositide, a class of substances comprising phosphatidylinositol and its derivatives [goid 46854] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphoinositide to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 48015] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 7660129] [evidence TAS]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 1849734] [evidence ISS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [pmid 8394762] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 9697698] [evidence TAS]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 1281549] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [pmid 9566973] [evidence TAS]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 9566973] [evidence IMP]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component [goid 16043] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component [goid 16043] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]
The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis [goid 15986] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis [goid 15986] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 6446] [pmid 12095986] [evidence ISS]; The disaggregation of a ribosome into its constituent components; includes the dissociation of ribosomal subunits [goid 32790] [pmid 12095986] [evidence ISS]
The condensation of mesenchymal cells that have been committed to differentiate into chondrocytes [goid 1502] [pmid 3182841] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 8872475] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix [goid 30198] [pmid 10486316] [evidence NAS]
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end uses the homologous intact duplex as the template [goid 731] [pmid 9488738] [evidence TAS]; The process by which a DNA strand is synthesized from template DNA during replication by the action of polymerases, which add nucleotides to the 3' end of the nascent DNA strand [goid 6271] [pmid 7774928] [evidence TAS]; Repair of the gap in the DNA helix by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase after the portion of the strand containing the lesion has been removed by pyrimidine-dimer repair enzymes [goid 6297] [pmid 9111189] [evidence EXP]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 10068674] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10068674] [evidence TAS]; The process by which a precursor cell type acquires characteristics of a more mature T-cell. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose definin characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex [goid 30217] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell [goid 50852] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]
The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane [goid 30866] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The process by which the sperm binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer of the egg. The process begins with the attachment of the sperm plasma membrane to the zona pellucida and includes attachment of the acrosome inner membrane to the zona pellucida after the acrosomal reaction takes place [goid 7339] [evidence IEA]
Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane [goid 6906] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [pmid 10523675] [evidence TAS]; The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [evidence IEA]; Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell [goid 30032] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase [goid 43087] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity [goid 43552] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion [goid 45785] [evidence IEA]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 8610] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
Progression from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 86] [pmid 7590285] [evidence NAS]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [pmid 10101292] [evidence NAS]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [pmid 11583995] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10893263] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43065] [pmid 10893263] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [pmid 10893263] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances in synaptic membrane-bounded vesicles within the neuron along the cytoskeleton either toward or away from the neuronal cell body [goid 48489] [pmid 11583995] [evidence NAS]
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The stages of blood cell formation that take place within the embryo [goid 35162] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey [goid 6000] [pmid 9678974] [evidence TAS]; The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol [goid 6094] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 2174700] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2174700] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [pmid 15824111] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]
The process by which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation [goid 6914] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]
A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. In Deuterostomes the initial blastopore becomes the anus and the mouth forms second [goid 1702] [pmid 11397015] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 8621628] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7769088] [evidence TAS]; Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism [goid 7530] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 10521492] [evidence TAS]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level [goid 1666] [pmid 15261140] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 12169688] [evidence IDA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 7913207] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 15261140] [evidence NAS]; The modification of histones by addition of acetyl groups [goid 16573] [pmid 11742995] [evidence IDA]; The acetylation of the N-terminal lysine of proteins [goid 18076] [pmid 12435739] [evidence IDA]; Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium [goid 42592] [pmid 15261140] [evidence NAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [pmid 11742995] [evidence IDA]
A point in the eukaryotic cell cycle where progress through the cycle can be halted until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage [goid 75] [pmid 17088560] [evidence IMP]; The removal of the oligonucleotide that contains the DNA damage. The oligonucleotide is formed by dual incisions that flank the site of DNA damage [goid 718] [pmid 10583946] [evidence EXP]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-B radiation stimulus. UV-B radiation (UV-B light) spans the wavelengths 290 to 320 nm [goid 10224] [evidence IEA]; The slowing of DNA synthesis in response to DNA damage by the prevention of new origin firing and the stabilization of slow replication fork progession [goid 31573] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 9683573] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 12879007] [evidence NAS]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary small nuclear RNA (snRNA) transcript into a mature snRNA molecule [goid 16180] [pmid 16239144] [evidence IDA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles [goid 48193] [pmid 11412045] [evidence IMP]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1648265] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 7585948] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9883723] [evidence TAS]; The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron [goid 7405] [pmid 9883723] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands [goid 7422] [evidence IEA]; Any process that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical [goid 50930] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine [goid 9082] [pmid 8702755] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine [goid 9083] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8808280] [evidence TAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 8808280] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 11311121] [evidence IDA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the initiation of apoptosis (programmed cell death) [goid 42771] [pmid 17349958] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen [goid 45725] [pmid 11311121] [evidence IDA]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 8558062] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms [goid 6020] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2176078] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1847047] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 9734353] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis, the process by which the nucleus of a diploid cell divides twice forming four haploid cells, one or more of which usually function as gametes [goid 40020] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 15029244] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 12791267] [evidence EXP]
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol [goid 6094] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 7761412] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 1321346] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [pmid 9858786] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [pmid 8972725] [evidence TAS]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex [goid 19882] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism [goid 6974] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 11101517] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues [goid 8203] [pmid 10588946] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [pmid 11279184] [evidence NAS]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10036195] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9820826] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [pmid 10788491] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]
The characteristic movement of immature neurons from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature [goid 1764] [pmid 16278297] [evidence NAS]; A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 10601354] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine [goid 30212] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 9037597] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [pmid 10918068] [evidence NAS]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 10918068] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 7989345] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
Addition of multiple ubiquitin moieties to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain [goid 209] [pmid 11278995] [evidence IDA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of rhodopsin gene expression [goid 45872] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]; Development of a rod cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Rod cells contain the photopigment rhodopsin or porphyropsin and are responsible for vision in dim light [goid 46548] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 1729696] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of rhodopsin gene expression [goid 45872] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]; Development of a rod cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Rod cells contain the photopigment rhodopsin or porphyropsin and are responsible for vision in dim light [goid 46548] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The resealing of a cell plasma membrane after cellular wounding due to, for instance, mechanical stress [goid 1778] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence NAS]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism [goid 9404] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 7647802] [evidence TAS]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism [goid 9404] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide [goid 6805] [evidence IEA]; A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 9756476] [evidence TAS]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence IEA]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a fungus that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 50832] [evidence IEA]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 10068674] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10068674] [evidence TAS]; The process by which a precursor cell type acquires characteristics of a more mature T-cell. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose definin characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex [goid 30217] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell [goid 50852] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 10639155] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 10639155] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 10639155] [evidence TAS]; The process by which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a neutrophil [goid 30223] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 9196039] [evidence NAS]; Transport of substances into, out of or within a mitochondrion [goid 6839] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [pmid 9054939] [evidence TAS]
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns [goid 7163] [pmid 10508521] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 10508521] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses and involved in nucleic acid packaging [goid 46208] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses and involved in nucleic acid packaging [goid 46208] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell [goid 16358] [evidence IEA]
A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 9050846] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7212] [evidence IEA]; The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7626] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process by which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body [goid 8016] [evidence IEA]; Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level [goid 9987] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylalanine, 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid [goid 6559] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 8652] [pmid 3856322] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan) [goid 9072] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neuromuscular junction over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 7528] [evidence IEA]; The sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a nerve cell (neuron) in response to stimulation [goid 19226] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane [goid 42391] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol [goid 7026] [evidence ISS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]
The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I [goid 6120] [pmid 9878551] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 12857734] [evidence IDA]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 15325272] [evidence IDA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]
Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [pmid 8681378] [evidence TAS]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 8681378] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 8681378] [evidence TAS]; Any process induced by intracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8629] [pmid 8681378] [evidence TAS]
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [evidence IEA]; The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides [goid 6259] [evidence IEA]
The specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Patterned activity of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7610] [pmid 11918424] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms [goid 9450] [pmid 15528998] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell [goid 42135] [pmid 15528998] [evidence NAS]; A change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a cocaine stimulus [goid 48148] [evidence ISS]
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKK [goid 187] [evidence ISS]; Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [pmid 15611079] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor activity [goid 45741] [pmid 15611079] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis [goid 45840] [pmid 15611079] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation [goid 50679] [evidence ISS]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKK [goid 187] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor activity [goid 45741] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis [goid 45840] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation [goid 50679] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 9070305] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8530383] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8530383] [evidence TAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [pmid 11750132] [evidence NAS]; The actions or reactions of an organism in response to a visual stimulus [goid 7632] [evidence ISS]
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network) [goid 6891] [pmid 9792665] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification [goid 6694] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]
The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 15342707] [evidence IMP]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9823953] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 9598324] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]; The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time [goid 7611] [pmid 9480748] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10571079] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a protein from a cell or group of cells [goid 50709] [pmid 12459492] [evidence IDA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates [goid 30097] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles [goid 48193] [pmid 11412045] [evidence IMP]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [evidence IEA]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 12482879] [evidence IMP]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium at the level of the cell [goid 19725] [pmid 12482879] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of a mitochondrion along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins [goid 47497] [pmid 16630562] [evidence IMP]
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]
Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein [goid 51258] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The directed killing of a target cell by a natural killer cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors [goid 42267] [pmid 11120798] [evidence NAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart [goid 51225] [evidence IEA]; The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein [goid 51258] [evidence IEA]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 9164961] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9380026] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8399349] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme adenylate cyclase [goid 7190] [pmid 9380026] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process by which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body [goid 8016] [pmid 9837869] [evidence TAS]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification [goid 6694] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics [goid 6710] [pmid 12697717] [evidence IDA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9188857] [evidence NAS]
The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [pmid 2334637] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8163514] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 1312219] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 1312219] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 9827529] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 1433497] [evidence NAS]; Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [pmid 10205060] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 6401] [pmid 10205060] [evidence TAS]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues [goid 5978] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [evidence IEA]
The assembly and arrangement of the membrane of a peroxisome [goid 16557] [pmid 12223482] [evidence IMP]; The assembly and arrangement of the membrane of a peroxisome [goid 16557] [pmid 9837814] [evidence IMP]; The import of proteins into the peroxisomal matrix. A peroxisome targeting signal (PTS) binds to a soluble receptor protein in the cytosol, and the resulting complex then binds to a receptor protein in the peroxisome membrane and is imported [goid 16558] [pmid 9922452] [evidence IMP]; The de novo formation of peroxisomes from the endoplasmic reticulum [goid 32581] [pmid 16717127] [evidence IDA]; The targeting of proteins into the peroxisomal membrane. The process is not well understood, but both signals and mechanism differ from those involved in peroxisomal matrix protein import [goid 45046] [pmid 12223482] [evidence IMP]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 7498459] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 10578051] [evidence TAS]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 30163] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 7870181] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 30163] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 31145] [pmid 11285280] [evidence EXP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes [goid 43069] [pmid 16432160] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the DNA-dependent transcription of a specific gene or genes [goid 43193] [pmid 7870181] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 15029244] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 12791267] [evidence EXP]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10506186] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 10506186] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
A point in the eukaryotic cell cycle where progress through the cycle can be halted until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage [goid 75] [pmid 10764811] [evidence TAS]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 10764811] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 10764811] [evidence TAS]; Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [evidence IEA]; The hatching of the cellular blastocyst from the zona pellucida [goid 1835] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration [goid 2687] [pmid 17726152] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion [goid 7162] [pmid 17726152] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30336] [pmid 17044017] [evidence IDA]; The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury [goid 42060] [pmid 17044017] [evidence IDA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis [goid 6418] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]
Progression from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 86] [pmid 7590285] [evidence NAS]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [pmid 10101292] [evidence NAS]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [pmid 11583995] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10893263] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43065] [pmid 10893263] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [pmid 10893263] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances in synaptic membrane-bounded vesicles within the neuron along the cytoskeleton either toward or away from the neuronal cell body [goid 48489] [pmid 11583995] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes [goid 6633] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure [goid 8217] [pmid 7907320] [evidence NAS]
Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6957] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6957] [pmid 162484] [evidence EXP]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [pmid 8530058] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7219] [evidence IEA]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 8612563] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The process by which the sperm binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer of the egg. The process begins with the attachment of the sperm plasma membrane to the zona pellucida and includes attachment of the acrosome inner membrane to the zona pellucida after the acrosomal reaction takes place [goid 7339] [evidence IEA]; The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote [goid 7338] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of phosphate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6817] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
Any process by which a pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner [goid 6379] [pmid 7742370] [evidence NAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [pmid 10343108] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin [goid 8286] [pmid 10343108] [evidence TAS]; The assembly of a filopodium, a very long microspike extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or by the growth cone of a developing nerve cell axon [goid 46847] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which DNA and associated proteins are formed into a compact, orderly structure [goid 6323] [pmid 7981673] [evidence TAS]; The acetylation of the N-terminal amino acid of proteins [goid 6474] [pmid 15496142] [evidence IDA]; The addition of an acetyl group to a non-terminal amino acid in a protein [goid 6475] [pmid 7981673] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]; The activities involved in the mental information processing system that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information a long time (typically weeks, months or years) after receiving that information. This type of memory is typically dependent on gene transcription regulated by second messenger activation [goid 7616] [pmid 10918068] [evidence NAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neurite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurite is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites [goid 31175] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase of the Ras superfamily [goid 32320] [evidence ISS]; Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive GTPase of the Rac family through the replacement of GDP by GTP [goid 32863] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rac protein signal transduction [goid 35020] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; A process that modulates neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers [goid 48168] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts [goid 1707] [evidence IEA]; The process involved in the specification of cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment [goid 1708] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue [goid 7498] [pmid 9933572] [evidence TAS]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9888994] [evidence TAS]; The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts [goid 1707] [evidence IEA]; The process involved in the specification of cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment [goid 1708] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [pmid 8207080] [evidence NAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor [goid 30521] [pmid 15572661] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 15572661] [evidence NAS]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ergosterol, (22E)-ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-beta-ol, a sterol found in ergot, yeast and moulds [goid 6696] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of iron ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6879] [evidence NAS]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 7036344] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein [goid 1933] [pmid 17591901] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9968] [pmid 11940579] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration [goid 14912] [pmid 10766744] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43065] [pmid 11971816] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers [goid 45663] [pmid 12599210] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation [goid 48662] [pmid 10766744] [evidence IDA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 8610] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid [goid 46513] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 10942434] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9008168] [evidence TAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 10942434] [evidence TAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [pmid 9060999] [evidence NAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [pmid 10369684] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 10369684] [evidence TAS]
The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis [goid 15986] [evidence IEA]; The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis [goid 15986] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis [goid 15986] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [pmid 8733135] [evidence TAS]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [pmid 11112352] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 8194769] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 7914867] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey [goid 6000] [pmid 2825199] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [pmid 2825199] [evidence TAS]; A process whereby force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope [goid 6941] [pmid 8598869] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 9820826] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9820826] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence NAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence NAS]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]
A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase by phosphorylation by a JUN kinase kinase (JNKK) [goid 7257] [pmid 10567356] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rac family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 16601] [evidence ISS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate [goid 6183] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate [goid 6228] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate [goid 6241] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9117] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate [goid 6183] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate [goid 6228] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate [goid 6241] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate [goid 6183] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate [goid 6228] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate [goid 6241] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an auditory hair cell [goid 42491] [evidence IEA]; Process by which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an auditory hair cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed [goid 42668] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation [goid 45665] [evidence IEA]; A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell to attain its fully functional state [goid 48469] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine [goid 6659] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 8654] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dioxygen (O2), or any of the reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (-OH) [goid 6800] [evidence IEA]; Process involving non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals [goid 6953] [pmid 11481447] [evidence NAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 10954742] [evidence NAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 10875937] [evidence IC ]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein [goid 42516] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6865] [evidence IEA]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell [goid 16358] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of zinc (Zn) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6829] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10380929] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 10380929] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor [goid 30521] [pmid 15572661] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 15572661] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 8027028] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15758] [pmid 8027028] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. This process includes the actual movement of the solute, and any regulation and preparatory steps, such as reduction of the solute [goid 55085] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing [goid 33119] [pmid 15716004] [evidence IDA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10220376] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 10220376] [evidence TAS]; The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal [goid 7602] [pmid 10220376] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of rhodopsin gene expression [goid 45872] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates [goid 60041] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes [goid 31047] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a protein from the nucleus into the cytoplasm [goid 6611] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 8051145] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 1569101] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 1569101] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16339] [pmid 8508762] [evidence NAS]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 9240447] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [evidence NAS]
A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [pmid 1849280] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process by which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets [goid 7059] [pmid 11266451] [evidence NAS]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 9598316] [evidence TAS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 8269511] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9367992] [evidence TAS]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 8297347] [evidence TAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [pmid 8297347] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 8297347] [evidence TAS]
The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I [goid 6120] [pmid 9878551] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 8543] [pmid 9806903] [evidence TAS]
The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns [goid 31424] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [pmid 11739784] [evidence TAS]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 11739784] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 31145] [pmid 11285280] [evidence EXP]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 15029244] [evidence EXP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 14593737] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 10793135] [evidence EXP]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6826] [evidence IEA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of iron ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6879] [evidence IEA]
Cell motility due to movement of cilia or flagella [goid 1539] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The binding and fusion of a sperm, having penetrated the zona pellucida, with the plasma membrane of the oocyte. Binding occurs at the posterior (post-acrosomal) region of the sperm head [goid 7342] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell [goid 30317] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions via a voltage-gated calcium channel [goid 51925] [evidence IEA]
A cyclic metabolic pathway that converts waste nitrogen in the form of ammonium to urea [goid 50] [pmid 10369256] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of ornithine, 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid, into, out of or within a mitochondrion [goid 66] [pmid 10369256] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 6520] [pmid 10369256] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator [goid 6754] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [pmid 11959398] [evidence NAS]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence NAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10037746] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 10037746] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol [goid 6094] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerol-3-phosphate, a phosphoric monoester of glycerol [goid 46168] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects [goid 8211] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, as carried out by individual cells [goid 44255] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 50810] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones [goid 6700] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects [goid 8211] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, as carried out by individual cells [goid 44255] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 50810] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The process by which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation [goid 6914] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]
The repair of single strand breaks in DNA. Repair of such breaks is mediated by the same enzyme systems as are used in base excision repair [goid 12] [pmid 14755728] [evidence IDA]; The repair of single strand breaks in DNA. Repair of such breaks is mediated by the same enzyme systems as are used in base excision repair [goid 12] [pmid 17519253] [evidence IDA]; The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix [goid 6302] [pmid 17519253] [evidence IDA]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]; Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein by altering the likelihood of its degradation or aggregation [goid 31647] [pmid 16777843] [evidence IMP]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus [goid 42542] [pmid 15044383] [evidence IDA]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule [goid 16311] [evidence IEA]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]
Progression through M phase, the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis takes place [goid 87] [pmid 8885239] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism [goid 6974] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The removal of the oligonucleotide that contains the DNA damage. The oligonucleotide is formed by dual incisions that flank the site of DNA damage [goid 718] [pmid 10583946] [evidence EXP]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 43161] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane [goid 6996] [evidence ISS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 1922361] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 8842728] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 1922361] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 1913827] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [pmid 1922361] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 16408284] [evidence ISS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 10871843] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9339373] [evidence TAS]
Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 1378080] [evidence TAS]; An immune response mediated through a body fluid [goid 6959] [pmid 8422464] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9310491] [evidence TAS]
A process whereby force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope [goid 6941] [pmid 9795116] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [pmid 9795116] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity [goid 79] [evidence ISS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [pmid 10915792] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation [goid 45664] [pmid 10721722] [evidence NAS]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [pmid 10734056] [evidence TAS]; A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This is the process whereby most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells [goid 6887] [pmid 10734056] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 9468473] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9119400] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 10734056] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [pmid 9468473] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a segment of DNA is incorporated into another, usually larger, DNA molecule such as a chromosome [goid 15074] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a segment of DNA is incorporated into another, usually larger, DNA molecule such as a chromosome [goid 15074] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester [goid 15937] [evidence IEA]
The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 15650299] [evidence IMP]; Any process preventing the degeneration of the photoreceptor, a specialized cell type that is sensitive to light [goid 45494] [pmid 15521980] [evidence IMP]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an orientational stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Equilibrioception refers to a combination of processes by which an organism can perceive its orientation with respect to gravity. In animals, stimuli come from labyrinth system of the inner ears, monitoring the direction of motion; visual stimuli, with information on orientation and motion; pressure receptors, which tell the organism which body surfaces are in contact with the ground; and proprioceptive cues, which report which parts of the body are in motion [goid 50957] [pmid 15521980] [evidence IMP]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]; The metabolic oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A [goid 6635] [pmid 1550553] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 1406622] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a macrophage [goid 30225] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [pmid 11543634] [evidence NAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 1430234] [evidence NAS]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [pmid 17289344] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells [goid 55003] [pmid 17289344] [evidence IEP]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 10484328] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [pmid 1370859] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 8652] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins [goid 9086] [evidence IEA]; The generation of L-methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid) from methylthioadenosine [goid 19509] [pmid 15938715] [evidence IDA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The incorporation of selenocysteine into a peptide; uses a special tRNA that recognizes the UGA codon as selenocysteine, rather than as a termination codon. Selenocysteine is synthesized from serine before its incorporation, it is not a posttranslational modification of peptidyl-cysteine [goid 1514] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6725] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme [goid 6744] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6725] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme [goid 6744] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [pmid 10493832] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 10493832] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis [goid 45722] [pmid 9653196] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle [goid 46326] [pmid 9653196] [evidence NAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 7539744] [evidence NAS]
The acetylation of the N-terminal amino acid of proteins [goid 6474] [pmid 16507339] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 10341080] [evidence NAS]
The process by which nitrogen is taken from its relatively inert molecular form (N2) in the atmosphere and converted into nitrogen compounds useful for other chemical processes, such as ammonia, nitrate and nitrogen dioxide [goid 9399] [pmid 8875867] [evidence TAS]; The incorporation of iron and exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster [goid 16226] [pmid 11060020] [evidence TAS]; The incorporation of iron and exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster [goid 16226] [evidence IEA]
The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [pmid 12663659] [evidence IDA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane [goid 6996] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases [goid 7040] [pmid 12663659] [evidence IDA]; The stopping of bleeding (loss of body fluid) or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part [goid 7599] [pmid 11836498] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a melanocyte [goid 30318] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of a pattern of pigment in the eye of an organism [goid 48075] [pmid 11836498] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation [goid 50821] [pmid 12663659] [evidence IPI]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 10514489] [evidence TAS]
The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [evidence IEA]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 9765293] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate [goid 7389] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thyroid gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thyroid gland is an endoderm-derived gland that produces thyroid hormone [goid 30878] [evidence IEA]; The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth [goid 35264] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The process of the formation of the constituents of the ribosome subunits, their assembly, and their transport to the sites of protein synthesis [goid 42254] [evidence ISS]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9690476] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 9690476] [evidence TAS]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 9878247] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction [goid 6310] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction [goid 6310] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of creatine (N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine), a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle [goid 6601] [pmid 9325156] [evidence TAS]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 8547310] [evidence TAS]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 8808289] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 12791985] [evidence EXP]; The process by which DNA replication is started; this involves the separation of a stretch of the DNA double helix, the recruitment of DNA polymerases and the initiation of polymerase action [goid 6270] [pmid 8808289] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 9164944] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 8399143] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9164944] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9164944] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid [goid 6796] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid [goid 6796] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid [goid 6796] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]
Process involved in cell fate commitment. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment [goid 1709] [evidence IEA]; The characteristic movement of immature neurons from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature [goid 1764] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron [goid 30182] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the rate, direction or extent of axon extension [goid 30516] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 45727] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances [goid 44237] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 10399917] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 10835680] [evidence TAS]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 8700514] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 8700514] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine phosphatase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7185] [pmid 8700514] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus [goid 10038] [pmid 9074634] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [pmid 11252894] [evidence EXP]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins [goid 16044] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]
Any process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction [goid 6310] [pmid 7663511] [evidence TAS]
A cyclic metabolic pathway that converts waste nitrogen in the form of ammonium to urea [goid 50] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid [goid 6527] [pmid 282632] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 8652] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine (2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid) via the intermediate compound ornithine [goid 42450] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 8004674] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6865] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [evidence IEA]; The regulated release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin [goid 7269] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [pmid 1621094] [evidence TAS]; The biosynthesis of a synapse [goid 7416] [evidence IEA]
Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 9922225] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [pmid 9326317] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars [goid 6024] [pmid 12907669] [evidence IDA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10878610] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharide chain component of heparan sulfate proteoglycan [goid 15014] [pmid 17761672] [evidence IMP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 8378084] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 8378084] [evidence IDA]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives [goid 9396] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives [goid 9396] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrofolate, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, a folate derivative bearing additional hydrogens on the pterin moiety [goid 46653] [pmid 8218174] [evidence IDA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation [goid 6338] [pmid 10220385] [evidence TAS]; Repression of transcription by altering the structure of chromatin, e.g. by conversion of large regions of DNA into an inaccessible state often called heterochromatin [goid 6342] [pmid 10869435] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10869435] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 12711221] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell [goid 30183] [pmid 12711221] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development [goid 45843] [pmid 12711221] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 17412687] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle [goid 7346] [pmid 17412687] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production [goid 32675] [pmid 17412687] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production [goid 32757] [pmid 17412687] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity [goid 45742] [pmid 17412687] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 17412687] [evidence IDA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 7565620] [evidence TAS]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 7565620] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete) [goid 7281] [pmid 9288969] [evidence TAS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis [goid 45836] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 45948] [pmid 16001084] [evidence IDA]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones [goid 6695] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues [goid 8299] [pmid 1377680] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide [goid 16310] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan into other compounds, including kynurenine [goid 19441] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid [goid 19674] [pmid 14704851] [evidence EXP]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator [goid 6754] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The transport of protons against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from a source such as ATP hydrolysis, light, or electron transport [goid 15988] [evidence IEA]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]
The binding of a protein or protein complex to the barbed (or plus) end of an actin filament, thus preventing the addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits [goid 51016] [evidence IEA]
Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein [goid 51258] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [evidence IEA]
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 12791985] [evidence EXP]; The process by which DNA replication is started; this involves the separation of a stretch of the DNA double helix, the recruitment of DNA polymerases and the initiation of polymerase action [goid 6270] [pmid 1549468] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]
The uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles [goid 6898] [pmid 9545095] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) into, out of, within or between cells. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines [goid 15884] [pmid 9545095] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines [goid 46655] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation at an RNA polymerase II-specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II [goid 6368] [pmid 8596958] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The process involved in the specification of cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment [goid 1708] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9214393] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened [goid 7224] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby non-proliferating myoblasts fuse to existing fibres or to myotubes to form new fibers. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers [goid 7520] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of the embryonic soma are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 10172] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane [goid 6996] [pmid 9782088] [evidence TAS]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone of a motor neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 8045] [evidence IEA]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 7592739] [evidence TAS]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [pmid 10369684] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level [goid 1666] [evidence IEA]; The process by which information about a lack of oxygen are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies [goid 3029] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [evidence IEA]; Any process that increases the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components [goid 10524] [pmid 17895406] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling [goid 50850] [pmid 17895406] [evidence NAS]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anti-apoptosis [goid 19987] [pmid 10644768] [evidence IMP]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of organic cations into, out of, within or between cells. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage [goid 15695] [pmid 9187257] [evidence TAS]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; A pathway of blood coagulation in which the earlier stages of the cascade are bypassed and the activation of factor X to factor Xa is effected by the combination of factor VIIa + thromboplastin; this second pathway occurs when tissue extracts are present in optimal amounts and is much more rapid than the intrinsic pathway [goid 7598] [pmid 7598447] [evidence EXP]
The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule [goid 32259] [evidence IEA]; The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine [goid 6306] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule [goid 32259] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 15385555] [evidence IDA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry [goid 7368] [pmid 9708732] [evidence TAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 9618168] [evidence TAS]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8084614] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7173] [pmid 8084614] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8084614] [evidence TAS]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism [goid 9607] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 1906403] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism [goid 9607] [evidence IEA]
Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [pmid 7514426] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 7514426] [evidence TAS]
The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid [goid 6691] [pmid 8026587] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 10075682] [evidence TAS]
The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer [goid 51260] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule following their attachment to the zona pellucida surrounding the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the disperasl of the acrosomal contents into the egg [goid 7340] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote [goid 7338] [pmid 9177349] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes [goid 6633] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 2142460] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2142460] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [evidence IEA]; Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 7017] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids with a chain length of C18 or greater [goid 38] [pmid 10471116] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKK [goid 187] [pmid 10617617] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 10617617] [evidence TAS]; The specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Patterned activity of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7610] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 10617617] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 16098148] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [pmid 11121057] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9525886] [evidence TAS]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme phospolipase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7202] [pmid 9804623] [evidence TAS]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [pmid 9804623] [evidence TAS]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 9590290] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 10610730] [evidence NAS]; Process by which cytoskeletal filaments are directly or indirectly linked to the plasma membrane [goid 7016] [pmid 10610730] [evidence NAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells [goid 7043] [pmid 15494027] [evidence TAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between a cell and its substrate [goid 7044] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane [goid 30866] [evidence IEA]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The generation and maintenance of gametes. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell [goid 7276] [evidence IEA]; The generation and maintenance of gametes. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell [goid 7276] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the onset of anaphase (chromosome movement) in the mitotic cell cycle [goid 30071] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The directed movement of oligopeptides into, out of, within or between cells. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages [goid 6857] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7188] [pmid 8794897] [evidence TAS]; Behavior associated with the intake of food [goid 7631] [pmid 9771698] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism [goid 19222] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption [goid 45780] [pmid 16614075] [evidence IMP]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule [goid 16311] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule [goid 16311] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule [goid 16311] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10508613] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16338] [evidence ISS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7898931] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 3755548] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of chemicals [goid 7635] [evidence IEA]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin moieties to a protein [goid 31397] [pmid 15808853] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mismatch repair [goid 32425] [pmid 15808853] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 42177] [pmid 15808853] [evidence IDA]
The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 15197186] [evidence IDA]
The transfer of a phospholipid from its site of synthesis to the plasma membrane [goid 6649] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 9054934] [evidence TAS]; The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from visible light into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm [goid 7603] [pmid 9202155] [evidence TAS]; Any process preventing the degeneration of the photoreceptor, a specialized cell type that is sensitive to light [goid 45494] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 2258622] [evidence TAS]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 7776974] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8407955] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8407955] [evidence TAS]
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKK [goid 187] [pmid 9115275] [evidence IMP]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9115275] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 14735464] [evidence IMP]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 11577081] [evidence IMP]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 9115275] [evidence IMP]; Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 51726] [pmid 14735464] [evidence IMP]
The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote [goid 7338] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the sperm binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer of the egg. The process begins with the attachment of the sperm plasma membrane to the zona pellucida and includes attachment of the acrosome inner membrane to the zona pellucida after the acrosomal reaction takes place [goid 7339] [pmid 8385033] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [pmid 11790799] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of, within or between cells. Phospholipids are any lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 15914] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of aminophospholipids into, out of, within or between cells. Aminophospholipids contain phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester and an amino (NH2) group [goid 15917] [pmid 11015572] [evidence TAS]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 10825160] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 10825160] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [pmid 10825160] [evidence NAS]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 10854325] [evidence NAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 10854325] [evidence NAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 10854325] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide [goid 16310] [pmid 1085432] [evidence IDA]; A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor [goid 45321] [pmid 11441107] [evidence NAS]
The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [evidence IEA]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 9331217] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]; The binding of a protein or protein complex to the barbed (or plus) end of an actin filament, thus preventing the addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits [goid 51016] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion [goid 7162] [pmid 9113980] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7266] [pmid 9113980] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism [goid 9893] [pmid 16162815] [evidence TAS]; The stepwise addition of the components of the GPI anchor on to phosphatidylinositol lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane [goid 16254] [pmid 11102867] [evidence EXP]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; Any process that decreases the stability of a protein, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes or aggregation [goid 31648] [pmid 17658461] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8824795] [evidence TAS]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid [goid 6542] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds; includes nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium [goid 6807] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A [goid 42572] [evidence IEA]
Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end uses the homologous intact duplex as the template [goid 731] [pmid 15670210] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of DNA replication; the process by which DNA becomes competent to replicate. In eukaryotes, replication competence is established in early G1 and lost during the ensuing S phase [goid 30174] [pmid 15670210] [evidence IDA]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication [goid 8156] [pmid 11395479] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication [goid 8156] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9966] [pmid 11395479] [evidence NAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 11395479] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [pmid 11395479] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity [goid 45859] [pmid 11395479] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity [goid 45859] [evidence ISS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9414125] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9414125] [evidence TAS]; Any process that increases the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components [goid 10524] [pmid 17895406] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling [goid 50850] [pmid 17895406] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 10521658] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 10521658] [evidence TAS]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
The process by which receptor molecules are returned to an active state and in an active cellular location after they have been stimulated by a ligand. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive a signal [goid 1881] [evidence IEA]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 7522304] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7173] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety [goid 9168] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9117] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety [goid 9168] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylulose, the ketopentose threo-2-pentulose [goid 5997] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides [goid 6006] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; metabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH [goid 6739] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-xylose, a naturally occurring plant polysaccharide [goid 42732] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [pmid 7806211] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 8944021] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 8944021] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [evidence IEA]
The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I [goid 6120] [pmid 9878551] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 8661098] [evidence TAS]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]
The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine within an RNA molecule. This posttranscriptional base modification occurs in tRNA, rRNA, and snRNAs [goid 1522] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 10373512] [evidence IDA]
The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7205] [evidence IEA]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7205] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A cell cycle checkpoint that arrests cell cycle progression G1 phase in response to DNA damage [goid 31571] [pmid 16286473] [evidence IGI]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle [goid 45930] [pmid 16286473] [evidence IGI]
The close range interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes them to change their fates and specify the development of an organ [goid 1759] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 8543] [pmid 10918587] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the oesophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax [goid 30324] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 10514489] [evidence TAS]
The posttranslational modification of peptidyl-lysine to form hypusine, N6-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-L-lysine [goid 8612] [pmid 16371467] [evidence IMP]; The posttranslational modification of peptidyl-lysine to form hypusine, N6-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-L-lysine [goid 8612] [pmid 16452303] [evidence EXP]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary small nuclear RNA (snRNA) transcript into a mature snRNA molecule [goid 16180] [pmid 16239144] [evidence IDA]
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [evidence NAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 1694014] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 2271120] [evidence TAS]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes [goid 16071] [pmid 7556077] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid [goid 6796] [pmid 8390685] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8390685] [evidence TAS]
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 12791985] [evidence EXP]; The process by which DNA replication is started; this involves the separation of a stretch of the DNA double helix, the recruitment of DNA polymerases and the initiation of polymerase action [goid 6270] [pmid 7502077] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate [goid 9258] [pmid 10204077] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase [goid 185] [pmid 11053428] [evidence IC ]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 8824585] [evidence IDA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 8824585] [evidence IDA]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase by phosphorylation by a JUN kinase kinase (JNKK) [goid 7257] [pmid 8824585] [evidence TAS]; The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine [goid 18105] [pmid 11053428] [evidence IDA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemocyte differentiation [goid 45610] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars [goid 6024] [pmid 8449405] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 9134435] [evidence TAS]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 8614804] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 9207113] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 8614804] [evidence TAS]; Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate [goid 7389] [evidence IEA]; The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping [goid 30326] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 42127] [evidence IEA]
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells such that the total number of B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus [goid 1782] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 9346484] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB [goid 51092] [pmid 15790681] [evidence IDA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a microorganism (or other particulate material) is rendered more susceptible to phagocytosis by coating with an opsonin, a blood serum protein such as a complement component or antibody [goid 8228] [pmid 8576206] [evidence TAS]
The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 11406283] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [pmid 11406283] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 11406283] [evidence NAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 10023074] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence ISS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [pmid 9285789] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; Covalent attachment of a glycosyl residue to a lipid molecule [goid 30259] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages [goid 5977] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes [goid 6633] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones [goid 6695] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation [goid 46320] [pmid 16054041] [evidence EXP]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]
The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I [goid 6120] [pmid 9878551] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 12857734] [evidence IDA]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]
Process by which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a mesoderm cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed [goid 7500] [pmid 10207104] [evidence TAS]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 8272] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 8272] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 8272] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 12719379] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 8272] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell [goid 8360] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane [goid 42391] [evidence IEA]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7173] [pmid 8596638] [evidence TAS]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase by phosphorylation by a JUN kinase kinase (JNKK) [goid 7257] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8596638] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin [goid 8286] [pmid 8596638] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30334] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 1909027] [evidence TAS]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 2995972] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [pmid 3003578] [evidence TAS]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8365415] [evidence TAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 9809752] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 12244321] [evidence NAS]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 9361039] [evidence TAS]; The actions or reactions of an organism in response to a visual stimulus [goid 7632] [pmid 12205563] [evidence NAS]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [pmid 12006559] [evidence NAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 12006559] [evidence NAS]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 12812072] [evidence IEP]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 12812072] [evidence IEP]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10380929] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 10380929] [evidence TAS]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 10744718] [evidence NAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 10625660] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC) [goid 7223] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the trans-Golgi network where they are recycled for further rounds of transport [goid 42147] [pmid 15215310] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme [goid 6744] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult muscle that occurs in the anima. In vertebrate skeletal muscle the main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers [goid 7519] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances out of the nucleus [goid 51168] [pmid 16209721] [evidence IDA]
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]
The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 8605869] [evidence TAS]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels [goid 19229] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals in which an ion or small molecule is formed or released into the cytosol, thereby helping relay the signal within the cell [goid 19932] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction [goid 45987] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 1825698] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels [goid 19229] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals in which an ion or small molecule is formed or released into the cytosol, thereby helping relay the signal within the cell [goid 19932] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction [goid 45987] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione [goid 6790] [pmid 11445554] [evidence IDA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 10988300] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans [goid 30166] [pmid 10988300] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone [goid 42446] [pmid 10988300] [evidence IEP]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 10764806] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8537382] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]
A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules [goid 1578] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell [goid 16358] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol [goid 7026] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol [goid 7026] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol [goid 7026] [evidence IEA]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component [goid 16043] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component [goid 16043] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [pmid 9931490] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate [goid 6047] [pmid 10393322] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of nucleotide-sugars into, out of, within or between cells. Nucleotide-sugars are any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative [goid 15780] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine into, out of, within or between cells. N-acetylglucosamine is a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate [goid 15788] [pmid 10393322] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of nucleotide-sugars into, out of, within or between cells. Nucleotide-sugars are any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative [goid 15780] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 9660962] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction [goid 6310] [pmid 9660962] [evidence TAS]
Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]
The process whereby phagocytes engulf external particulate material. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles [goid 6909] [pmid 9778037] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9778037] [evidence TAS]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]
The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 10858453] [evidence TAS]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9968] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence ISS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [evidence ISS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]
The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters. It does not occur during cholinergic synaptic transmission. Instead, acetylcholine is enzymatically degraded in the synaptic cleft [goid 1504] [pmid 8760387] [evidence NAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 8760387] [evidence NAS]; The regulated release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin [goid 7269] [evidence NAS]; The initial attachment of a synaptic vesicle membrane to the presynaptic membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the synaptic vesicle and the target membrane [goid 16081] [pmid 8760387] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin [goid 50796] [pmid 15537656] [evidence TAS]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 9878247] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction [goid 6310] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction [goid 6310] [evidence IEA]