--- a
+++ b/azure-pipelines.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+trigger:
+  # start a new build for every push
+  batch: false
+  branches:
+    include:
+      - 'main'
+      - 'maint/*'
+pr:
+  branches:
+    include:
+      - '*'  # must quote since "*" is a YAML reserved character; we want a string
+
+
+stages:
+
+  - stage: Check
+    jobs:
+      - job: Skip
+        pool:
+          vmImage: 'ubuntu-latest'
+        variables:
+          DECODE_PERCENTS: 'false'
+          RET: 'true'
+          BUILD_REASON: $(Build.Reason)
+        steps:
+          - bash: |
+              git_log=`git log --format=oneline -n 1 --skip=1`
+              echo "##vso[task.setvariable variable=log]$git_log"
+          - bash: echo "##vso[task.setvariable variable=RET]false"
+            condition: and(eq(variables.BUILD_REASON, 'PullRequest'), or(contains(variables.log, '[skip azp]'), contains(variables.log, '[azp skip]'), contains(variables.log, '[skip ci]'), contains(variables.log, '[ci skip]')))
+          - bash: echo "##vso[task.setvariable variable=start_main;isOutput=true]$RET"
+            name: result
+
+  - stage: Style
+    variables:
+      AZURE_CI: 'true'
+    jobs:
+      - job: All
+        pool:
+          vmImage: 'ubuntu-latest'
+        variables:
+          PYTHON_VERSION: '3.11'
+          PYTHON_ARCH: 'x64'
+        steps:
+          - bash: echo $(COMMIT_MSG)
+          - task: UsePythonVersion@0
+            inputs:
+              versionSpec: $(PYTHON_VERSION)
+              architecture: $(PYTHON_ARCH)
+              addToPath: true
+            displayName: 'Get Python'
+          - bash: |
+              set -eo pipefail
+              python -m pip install --progress-bar off --upgrade pip build
+              python -m pip install --progress-bar off -ve .[hdf5,test]
+              python -m pip uninstall -yq pytest-qt  # don't want to set up display, etc. for this
+              pre-commit install --install-hooks
+            displayName: Install dependencies
+          - bash: |
+              make pre-commit
+            displayName: make pre-commit
+            condition: always()
+          - bash: |
+              make nesting
+            displayName: make nesting
+            condition: always()
+          - bash: |
+              make check-readme
+            displayName: make check-readme
+            condition: always()
+          - bash: mypy
+            displayName: mypy
+            condition: always()
+          - bash: vulture
+            displayName: vulture
+            condition: always()
+
+
+  - stage: Test
+    condition: and(succeeded(), eq(dependencies.Check.outputs['Skip.result.start_main'], 'true'))
+    dependsOn: ['Style', 'Check']
+    variables:
+      AZURE_CI: 'true'
+    jobs:
+      - job: Ultraslow_PG
+        pool:
+          vmImage: 'ubuntu-22.04'
+        variables:
+          DISPLAY: ':99'
+          OPENBLAS_NUM_THREADS: '1'
+          MNE_TEST_ALLOW_SKIP: '^.*(PySide6 causes segfaults).*$'
+          MNE_BROWSER_PRECOMPUTE: 'false'
+        steps:
+          - bash: |
+              set -e
+              ./tools/setup_xvfb.sh
+              sudo apt install -yq tcsh
+            displayName: 'Install Ubuntu dependencies'
+          - bash: |
+              source tools/get_minimal_commands.sh
+            displayName: 'Install minimal commands'
+          - bash: |
+              echo $PATH
+              mne_surf2bem --version
+              fsl_rigid_register --version
+            displayName: 'Test minimal commands'
+          - task: UsePythonVersion@0
+            inputs:
+              versionSpec: '3.12'
+              architecture: 'x64'
+              addToPath: true
+            displayName: 'Get Python'
+          - bash: |
+              set -e
+              python -m pip install --progress-bar off --upgrade pip
+              python -m pip install --progress-bar off "mne-qt-browser[opengl] @ git+https://github.com/mne-tools/mne-qt-browser.git" pyvista scikit-learn python-picard qtpy nibabel sphinx-gallery "PySide6!=6.8.0,!=6.8.0.1,!=6.8.1.1" pandas neo pymatreader antio defusedxml
+              python -m pip uninstall -yq mne
+              python -m pip install --progress-bar off --upgrade -e .[test]
+            displayName: 'Install dependencies with pip'
+          - bash: |
+              set -e
+              mne sys_info -pd
+              mne sys_info -pd | grep "qtpy .*(PySide6=.*)$"
+            displayName: Print config
+          - bash: |
+              set -e
+              LD_DEBUG=libs python -c "from PySide6.QtWidgets import QApplication, QWidget; app = QApplication([]); import matplotlib; matplotlib.use('QtAgg'); import matplotlib.pyplot as plt; plt.figure()"
+          - bash: source tools/get_testing_version.sh
+            displayName: 'Get testing version'
+          - task: Cache@2
+            inputs:
+              key: $(testing_version)
+              path: /home/vsts/mne_data
+            displayName: 'Cache testing data'
+          - script: python -c "import mne; mne.datasets.testing.data_path(verbose=True)"
+            displayName: 'Get test data'
+          - script: pytest -m "ultraslowtest or pgtest" --tb=short --cov=mne --cov-report=xml -vv mne
+            displayName: 'slow and mne-qt-browser tests'
+          # Coverage
+          - bash: bash <(curl -s https://codecov.io/bash)
+            displayName: 'Codecov'
+            condition: succeededOrFailed()
+          - task: PublishTestResults@2
+            inputs:
+              testResultsFiles: '**/junit-*.xml'
+              testRunTitle: 'Publish test results for $(Agent.JobName)'
+              failTaskOnFailedTests: true
+            condition: succeededOrFailed()
+          - task: PublishCodeCoverageResults@2
+            inputs:
+              summaryFileLocation: '$(System.DefaultWorkingDirectory)/**/coverage.xml'
+
+      - job: Qt
+        pool:
+          vmImage: 'ubuntu-22.04'
+        variables:
+          DISPLAY: ':99'
+          OPENBLAS_NUM_THREADS: '1'
+          TEST_OPTIONS: "--tb=short --cov=mne --cov-report=xml --cov-append -vv mne/viz/_brain mne/viz/backends mne/viz/tests/test_evoked.py mne/gui mne/report"
+          MNE_TEST_ALLOW_SKIP: '^.*(PySide6 causes segfaults).*$'
+        steps:
+          - bash: ./tools/setup_xvfb.sh
+            displayName: 'Install Ubuntu dependencies'
+          - task: UsePythonVersion@0
+            inputs:
+              versionSpec: '3.10'
+              architecture: 'x64'
+              addToPath: true
+            displayName: 'Get Python'
+          - bash: |
+              set -e
+              python -m pip install --progress-bar off --upgrade pip
+              python -m pip install --progress-bar off --upgrade --pre --only-binary=\"numpy,scipy,matplotlib,vtk\" numpy scipy matplotlib vtk
+              python -c "import vtk"
+              python -m pip install --progress-bar off --upgrade -ve .[full,test_extra]
+            displayName: 'Install dependencies with pip'
+          - bash: |
+              set -e
+              which mne
+              mne sys_info -pd
+              python ./tools/check_mne_location.py
+            displayName: Print config
+          - bash: source tools/get_testing_version.sh
+            displayName: 'Get testing version'
+          - task: Cache@2
+            inputs:
+              key: $(testing_version)
+              path: /home/vsts/mne_data
+            displayName: 'Cache testing data'
+          - script: python -c "import mne; mne.datasets.testing.data_path(verbose=True)"
+            displayName: 'Get test data'
+          - bash: |
+              set -eo pipefail
+              python -m pip install PyQt6
+              LD_DEBUG=libs python -c "from PyQt6.QtWidgets import QApplication, QWidget; app = QApplication([]); import matplotlib; matplotlib.use('QtAgg'); import matplotlib.pyplot as plt; plt.figure()"
+            displayName: 'Check Qt import'
+          - bash: |
+              set -eo pipefail
+              mne sys_info -pd
+              mne sys_info -pd | grep "qtpy .* (PyQt6=.*)$"
+              PYTEST_QT_API=PyQt6 pytest ${TEST_OPTIONS}
+              python -m pip uninstall -yq PyQt6 PyQt6-sip PyQt6-Qt6
+            displayName: 'PyQt6'
+          - bash: |
+              set -eo pipefail
+              python -m pip install "PySide6!=6.8.0,!=6.8.0.1"
+              mne sys_info -pd
+              mne sys_info -pd | grep "qtpy .* (PySide6=.*)$"
+              PYTEST_QT_API=PySide6 pytest ${TEST_OPTIONS}
+              python -m pip uninstall -yq PySide6
+            displayName: 'PySide6'
+          # PyQt5 leaves cruft behind, so run it last
+          - bash: |
+              set -eo pipefail
+              python -m pip install PyQt5
+              mne sys_info -pd
+              mne sys_info -pd | grep "qtpy .* (PyQt5=.*)$"
+              PYTEST_QT_API=PyQt5 pytest ${TEST_OPTIONS}
+              python -m pip uninstall -yq PyQt5 PyQt5-sip PyQt5-Qt5
+            displayName: 'PyQt5'
+          # Coverage
+          - bash: bash <(curl -s https://codecov.io/bash)
+            displayName: 'Codecov'
+            condition: succeededOrFailed()
+          - task: PublishTestResults@2
+            inputs:
+              testResultsFiles: '**/junit-*.xml'
+              testRunTitle: 'Publish test results for $(Agent.JobName)'
+              failTaskOnFailedTests: true
+            condition: succeededOrFailed()
+          - task: PublishCodeCoverageResults@2
+            inputs:
+              summaryFileLocation: '$(System.DefaultWorkingDirectory)/**/coverage.xml'
+
+      - job: Windows
+        pool:
+          vmImage: 'windows-latest'
+        variables:
+          MNE_LOGGING_LEVEL: 'warning'
+          MNE_FORCE_SERIAL: 'true'
+          OPENBLAS_NUM_THREADS: '2'
+          OMP_DYNAMIC: 'false'
+          PYTHONUNBUFFERED: 1
+          PYTHONIOENCODING: 'utf-8'
+          AZURE_CI_WINDOWS: 'true'
+          PYTHON_ARCH: 'x64'
+        timeoutInMinutes: 90
+        strategy:
+          maxParallel: 4
+          matrix:
+            3.10 pip:
+              TEST_MODE: 'pip'
+              PYTHON_VERSION: '3.10'
+            3.12 pip pre:
+              TEST_MODE: 'pip-pre'
+              PYTHON_VERSION: '3.12'
+        steps:
+          - task: UsePythonVersion@0
+            inputs:
+              versionSpec: $(PYTHON_VERSION)
+              architecture: $(PYTHON_ARCH)
+              addToPath: true
+            displayName: 'Get Python'
+          - bash: |
+              set -eo pipefail
+              git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/pyvista/setup-headless-display-action.git
+              MESA3D_VERSION=24.3.0 bash setup-headless-display-action/windows/install_opengl.sh
+            displayName: Install OpenGL
+          - bash: ./tools/azure_dependencies.sh
+            displayName: Install dependencies with pip
+          - script: pip install -e .
+            displayName: 'Install MNE-Python dev'
+          - script: mne sys_info -pd
+            displayName: 'Print config'
+          - script: python -c "import numpy; numpy.show_config()"
+            displayName: Print NumPy config
+          - script: python -c "import numpy; import scipy.linalg; import sklearn.neighbors; from threadpoolctl import threadpool_info; from pprint import pprint; pprint(threadpool_info())"
+            displayName: Print threadpoolctl info
+          - bash: source tools/get_testing_version.sh
+            displayName: 'Get testing version'
+          - task: Cache@2
+            inputs:
+              key: $(testing_version)
+              path: C:\Users\VssAdministrator\mne_data
+            displayName: 'Cache testing data'
+          - script: python -c "import mne; mne.datasets.testing.data_path(verbose=True)"
+            displayName: 'Get test data'
+          - script: pytest -m "not (slowtest or pgtest)" --tb=short --cov=mne --cov-report=xml -vv mne
+            displayName: 'Run tests'
+          - bash: bash <(curl -s https://codecov.io/bash)
+            displayName: 'Codecov'
+            condition: succeededOrFailed()
+          - task: PublishTestResults@2
+            inputs:
+              testResultsFiles: '**/junit-*.xml'
+              testRunTitle: 'Publish test results for $(Agent.JobName) $(TEST_MODE) $(PYTHON_VERSION)'
+              failTaskOnFailedTests: true
+            condition: succeededOrFailed()
+          - task: PublishCodeCoverageResults@2
+            inputs:
+              summaryFileLocation: '$(System.DefaultWorkingDirectory)/**/coverage.xml'