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The Shoulder Arm Model
The ShoulderArm model contains data from two different persons. Most of this data
comes from the Dutch Shoulder Group and their
shoulder model available online
:::{versionadded} 2.2
A new wrapping implementation of the deltoid muscles was added by Marta Strzelczak from École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, CA. See {ref}DeltoidWrapping below.
:::
The model is built using data from subject 2 from the VU study and subject 2
from the MAYO study. The files, which contains the name "forearm", are
built on data from the MAYO study.
The shoulder is a complex joint with mutually coupled motions of the scapula,
clavicle and the humerus. To balance realism with model simplicity, the model
defines motions of the scapula and clavicle as mathematical functions of the
glenohumeral joint angles, also known as a "Shoulder rhythms".
The AnyBody shoulder model's rhythm can be switched on
and off, the full details of which can be seen in this report
Shoulder Rhythm
Report.
```{raw} html
## Example Configuration
Short example of how to configure the Shoulder Arm model:
```AnyScriptDoc
#define BM_ARM_RIGHT ON
#define BM_ARM_LEFT ON
#define BM_ARM_SHOULDER_RHYTHM ON
#define BM_ARM_MUSCLE _MUSCLES_3E_HILL_
:::{seealso}
:class: margin
See {doc}Arm configuration parameters <../bm_config/arm> for a
full list of configuration parmaeters or {doc}configuration section <../bm_config/index>
for more information on BM parameters.
:::
% .. Image:arm.png
(deltoidwrapping)=
Deltoid wrapping
An wrapping implementation of the deltoid muscles have been added after the
model was first built. The implementation uses multiple wrapping cylinders for
each element of the deltoid muscle. The new approach ensures a more realistic
path of the muscle fibers compared to the previous implementaiton which used a
dedicated rake segment to hold the detoid fibers in place.
```{raw} html
Deltoid wrapping can be disabled/enabled with the switch
{ammr:bm_statement}`BM_ARM_DELTOID_WRAPPING`.
The deltoid wrapping was developed by Marta Strzelczak from Département de
génie de la production automatisée, École de technologie supérieure, Montreal,
CA. Please cite the following work if you need it:
> Strzelczak, M., Lund, M. E., Sins, L., Mickael, B. & Hagemeister, N. A new
> wrapping approach for the deltoid muscle modelling. in The Proceedings of the
> 20th Biennial Meeting of theCanadian Society for Biomechanics (2018).
## Degrees of freedom
The arm has the following basic dof, which can be controlled by combinations
joint drivers directly or indirectly through connections to the environment
- SternoClavicularProtraction
- SternoClavicularElevation
- SternoClavicularAxialRotation
- GlenohumeralFlexion
- GlenohumeralAbduction
- GlenohumeralExternalRotation
- ElbowFlexion
- ElbowPronation
- WristFlexion
- WristAbduction
## Joint terminology
The model consists of the following joints:
**Joints and kinematic contraints of the arm model**
```{eval-rst}
================================ ====================== ===============================================================
Name Description Joint/Constraint Type
================================ ====================== ===============================================================
SternoClavicularJoint SternoClavicular Spherical joint
AcromioClavicularJoint AcromioClavicular Spherical joint
GlenoHumeralJoint Glenohumeral joint Spherical joint (The default joint reactions are
disabled, since they do not automatically ensure that
the net force vector passes through the glenoid cavity.
The special force elements providing these biofidelic
reaction forces are contained in the file "GHReactions.any")
AI One DOF constraint requiring the bony landmark
AI on the scapula, to stay in contact with the thorax
AA One DOF constraint requiring the bony landmark
AA on the scapula, to stay in contact with the thorax
ConoideumLigament The length of this ligament is driven
to always remain constant
HumeroUlnarJoint Flexion-extension Revolute joint
of the elbow
HumeroRadialJoint Pronation-supination Single linear constraint (5 DOF joint) between radius
and humerus
ProximalRadioUlnarJoint Pronation-supination Trans Spherical joint between radius and ulna at the
proximal part.
DistalRadioUlnarJoint Pronation-supination Trans Spherical joint between radius and ulna at the
proximal part. The HumeroRadialJoint, ProximalRadioUlnarJoint
DistalRadioUlnarJoint leaves one DOF free which is
pronation/supination of the forearm
Wrist joint Two successive revolute joints where
the axes of rotations are not coincident
================================ ====================== ===============================================================
Resources
More details on the ShoulderArm model can be found online:
Anatomy References
- F.C.T. van der Helm and R. Veenbaas, Modeling the mechanical efect of
muscles with large attachment sites: aplication to the shoulder
mechanism. Journal of Biomechanics, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 1151-1163,
1991 - H.E.J. Veeger, F.C.T. van der Helm, L.H.V. van der Woude, G.M. Pronk
and R.H. Rozendal, Inertia and muscle contraction parameters for
musculoskeletal modelling of the shoulder mechanism. Journal of
Biomechanics, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 615-629, 1991 - F.C.T. van der Helm, A finite element musculoskeletal model of the
shoulder mechanism. Journal of Biomechanics, vol. 27, no. 5, pp.
551-569, 1994 - R. Happee and F.C.T. Van der Helm, The control of shoulder muscles
during goal directed movements, an inverse dynamic analysisJ.
Biomechanics, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 1179-1191, 1995 - Van der Helm FC, Veeger HE, Pronk GM, Van der Woude LH, Rozendal RH.
Geometry parameters for musculoskeletal modeling of the shoulder
system Journal of biomechanics Vol. 25 no. 2, pp. 129-144, 1992 Note:
this reference is used for the geometry used for the definition of
many of the geometries which are used for muscle wrapping - DirkJan (H.E.J.) Veeger, Bing Yu, Kai Nan An, Orientation of axes in
the elbow and forearm for biomechanical modeling Proceedings of the
first conference of the ISG,1997 - The segment coordinatesystem are according to the ISB proposal,
please see
https://media.isbweb.org/images/documents/standards/frans_c.t._van_der_helm_shoulder_protocol.pdf - H.E.J. Veeger, Bing Yu, Kai-Nan An and R.H. Rozendal, Parameters for
modeling the upper extremity, Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 30, No.
6, pp. 647-652, 1997 - H.E.J. Veeger, F.C.T. van der Helm, L.H.V. van der Woude, G.M. Pronk
and R.H. Rozendal,Inertia and muscle contraction parameters for
musculoskeletal modelling of the shoulder mechanism. Journal of
Biomechanics, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 615-629, 1991
Muscle References
- Jacobson, M. D., R. Raab, B. M. Fazeli, R. A. Abrams, M. J. Botte,
and R. L. Lieber. Architectural design of the human intrinsic hand
muscles. J. Hand Surg. [Am.] 17:804809, 1992. - Lieber, R. L., M. D. Jacobson, B. M. Fazeli, R. A. Abrams, and M. J.
Botte. Architecture of selected muscles of the arm and forearm:
Anatomy and implications for tendon transfer. J. Hand Surg. [Am.]
17:787-798, 1992. - Lieber, R. L., B. M. Fazeli, and M. J. Botte. Architecture of
selected wrist flexor and extensor muscles. J. Hand Surg. [Am.]
15:244-250, 1990. - Muray, W.M.,T.S. Buchanan, and S.L. Delp. Scaling of peak moment arms
with the elbow and forearm position J. Biomech. Vol. 28, pp. 513-525,
1995