The Glasgow-Maastricht Foot Model (GM Foot)

:::{admonition} External model:
:class: caution
The model is under development and not yet included in the managed model repository.
You can find this model in a public repository on GitHub.
:::

AnyBody Technology developed in corporation with Glasgow Caledonian
University and University of Maastricht inside the AFootprint EU project
a detailed multisegmental foot model, which is fully dynamic and
contains 26 segments representing all the foot bones, muscles,
ligaments, and joints connecting them.

The model can be used with the
anatomy and recorded motion from different subjects. It has been through
a validation process comparing it with other experimental and computational studies.

:::{admonition} Complex model:
:class: warning
The GM Foot model is very complex and not recommended for
beginners in musculoskeletal modeling and AnyBody.
:::

```{raw} html

## Usage:

The model can added to the TLEM 2.0 leg model and requires AMMR 2.0.1 or later.

To use the GM foot model the file GM_Foot_libdef.any must be included before the first Main statement.

```AnyScriptDoc
// Include before the first Main
#include "path/to/GM_Foot/GM_Foot_libdef.any"

Main = {

   // Add body model configuration. E.g.
   #define BM_ARM_RIGHT OFF
   #define BM_ARM_LEFT OFF

   // Include the GM foot model. It handles inlcuding the human model as well.
   #include "<GM_FOOT_PATH>/GM_foot_model.any"

Model structure

The foot model includes 26 rigid segments representing all the bones of
the human foot (except the sesamoid bones), namely:

Talus, Calcaneus,
Cuboid, Navicular, Medial cuneiform, Intermediate cuneiform, Lateral
cuneiform, First metatarsal, Second metatarsal, Third metatarsal, Fourth
metatarsal, Fifth metatarsal, First proximal phalange, First distal
phalange, Second proximal phalange, Second medial phalange, Second
distal phalange, Third proximal phalange, Third medial phalange, Third
distal phalange, Fourth proximal phalange, Fourth medial phalange,
Fourth distal phalange, Fifth proximal phalange, Fifth medial phalange,
Fifth distal phalange.

It includes the following joints and kinematic constraints:

Talocrural and Subtalar joint [20], Talonavicular joint,
Calcaneocuboid joint, Medialcuneonavicular joint,
Intermediate and lateral cuneonavicular joints, First
tarsometatarsal joint, Second, third and fourth tarsometatarsal
joints, Fifth tarsometatarsal joint, Metatarsophalangeal
joints, Interphalangeal joints, Toe flexion rhythm,
Intertarsal contact, Metatarsal head contact, Metatarsal
transverse arch, Tarsal transverse arch, Longitudinal medial
arch, Longitudinal lateral arch.

The GM-Foot model includes following additional ligaments:

Collateral
(tibiotalar anterior, tibiotalar posterior, tibiocalcaneal and
tibionavicular, and the lateral group constituted of the talofibular
anterior, talofibular posterior and talocalcaneal), Deep metatarsal
transverse, Plantar fascia, Long plantar, Calcaneo cuboid plantar,
Calcaneo navicular plantar, Tarsal ligaments ( Talonavicular dorsal,
Bifurcate, Calcaneocuboid dorsal, Cuneonavicular dorsal 1, 2 and 3,
Cuneonavicular plantar 1, 2 and 3, Intercuneiform dorsal 1 and 2,
Cuneocuboid dorsal, Intercuneiform plantar 1 and 2, Cuneocuboid plantar,
Cuboideonavicular dorsal, Cuboideonavicular plantar, Tarsometatarsal
dorsal 1 to 8, Tarsometatarsal plantar 1 to 7, Intermetatarsal dorsal 1,
2 and 3, Intermetatarsal plantar 1, 2 and 3) and Phalangeal ligaments

The muscles of the foot can be divided into two groups: the intrinsic
muscles and the extrinsic muscles. All the extrinsic muscles come from
the TLEM leg model of the AMMR. The intrinsic foot musculature is
constituted of the following muscles:

abductor hallucis (ABDH), flexor hallucis brevis medialis (FHBM) and
lateralis (FHBL), adductor hallucis transverse (ADHT) and oblique
(ADHO), abductor digiti minimi (ABDM), flexor digiti minimi brevis
(FDMB), dorsal interosseous (DI), plantar interosseous (PI), flexor
digitorum brevis (FDB), lumbricals (LB), quadratus plantar medialis
(QPM) and lateralis (QPL), extensor hallucis brevis (EHB), extensor
digitorum brevis (EDB)

More information can be found online:

• The new Glasgow-Maastricht AnyBody foot model (Sylvain Carbes,
  20. September, 2012)

Presentation
(2Mb),
YouTube

This webcast presents a detailed AnyBody musculoskeletal foot model
which includes all bones and joints of a real foot. Developed in
collaboration with Glasgow Caledonian University and University
Hospital Maastricht and referred to as the "Glasgow-Maastricht foot
model" this model can be driven by motion capture data and uses
combined force plate/pressure plate for accurate loading of the
different joints. Built-in scaling allows the user to reproduce
principal foot deformities such as flat foot and hallux valgus. The
high detail level of the model and a built-in scaling protocol allows
the user to investigate a wide range of parameters like joints motion
and load, muscles activation, both in healthy and pathologic feet.

References used as input:

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• Arndt, P. et al., Intrinsic foot kinematics measured in vivo during
  the stance phase of slow running. J Biomech, 40(12):2672–2678, 2007.
• Bandholm, T et al., Foot medial longitudinal-arch deformation during
  quiet standing and gait in subjects with medial tibial stress
  syndrome. J Foot Ankle Surg, 47(2):89–95, 2008.
• Bloome, DM et al., Variations on the insertion of the posterior
  tibialis tendon: a cadaveric study. Foot Ankle Int, 24(10):780–783,
  Oct 2003.
• Cailliet, R. The Illustrated Guide to Functional Anatomy of the
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• Cheung, JT et al., Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the
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• Fernandes, R. et al., Tendons in the plantar aspect of the foot: Mr
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• Funk, JR et al., Linear and quasi-linear viscoelastic
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• Kanatli, U. et al., Evaluation of the transverse metatarsal arch of
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• Kitaoka, HB, et al., Mat properties of the plantar aponeurosis. Foot
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• Kura, H, et al., Quant. analysis of the intrinsic muscles of the
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• Mengiardi, B, et al., Spring ligament complex: Mr imaging-anatomic
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• Picard, M et al., orthopedic physical assessment 3rd edition (1997)
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