[d6730e]: / tests / test_toolkit.py

Download this file

538 lines (442 with data), 21.6 kB

  1
  2
  3
  4
  5
  6
  7
  8
  9
 10
 11
 12
 13
 14
 15
 16
 17
 18
 19
 20
 21
 22
 23
 24
 25
 26
 27
 28
 29
 30
 31
 32
 33
 34
 35
 36
 37
 38
 39
 40
 41
 42
 43
 44
 45
 46
 47
 48
 49
 50
 51
 52
 53
 54
 55
 56
 57
 58
 59
 60
 61
 62
 63
 64
 65
 66
 67
 68
 69
 70
 71
 72
 73
 74
 75
 76
 77
 78
 79
 80
 81
 82
 83
 84
 85
 86
 87
 88
 89
 90
 91
 92
 93
 94
 95
 96
 97
 98
 99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
import os
from collections import OrderedDict, deque
from six.moves.cPickle import loads, dumps
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import pytest
from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_array_almost_equal
import oddt
from oddt.spatial import rmsd
from oddt.toolkits.common import canonize_ring_path
test_data_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
xiap_receptor = os.path.join(test_data_dir, 'data', 'dude', 'xiap',
'receptor_rdkit.pdb')
xiap_actives = os.path.join(test_data_dir, 'data', 'dude', 'xiap',
'actives_docked.sdf')
def test_mol():
"""Test common molecule operations"""
# Hydrogen manipulation in small molecules
mol = oddt.toolkit.readstring('smi', 'c1ccccc1O')
assert len(mol.atoms) == 7
mol.addh()
assert len(mol.atoms) == 13
mol.removeh()
mol.addh(only_polar=True)
assert len(mol.atoms) == 8
mol.removeh()
assert len(mol.atoms) == 7
# Hydrogen manipulation in proteins
protein = next(oddt.toolkit.readfile('pdb', xiap_receptor))
protein.protein = True
res_atoms_n = [6, 10, 8, 8, 7, 11, 8, 7, 6, 8, 5, 8, 12, 9, 5, 11, 8,
11, 7, 11, 4, 7, 14, 8, 12, 6, 7, 8, 9, 9, 9, 8, 5, 11,
5, 4, 11, 12, 5, 8, 4, 9, 4, 8, 9, 7, 9, 6, 11, 10, 6,
4, 4, 4, 8, 7, 8, 14, 9, 7, 6, 9, 8, 7, 14, 9, 9, 10, 5,
9, 14, 12, 7, 4, 6, 9, 12, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 4, 9, 9, 12,
8, 8, 8, 8, 10, 8, 7, 10, 11, 12, 6, 7, 8, 11, 8, 9, 4,
8, 9, 7, 9, 6, 6, 4, 4, 4, 8, 7, 8, 14, 9, 7, 6, 9, 8,
7, 14, 9, 9, 10, 5, 9, 14, 12, 7, 4, 8, 10, 8, 7, 1, 1]
res_atoms_n_addh = [12, 17, 17, 19, 14, 23, 14, 14, 11, 17, 10, 13, 21,
16, 10, 23, 19, 20, 14, 20, 7, 14, 24, 19, 21, 11,
16, 14, 21, 16, 17, 19, 10, 23, 10, 7, 20, 21, 10,
19, 7, 16, 7, 13, 21, 16, 21, 10, 20, 17, 10, 7, 7,
7, 19, 14, 13, 24, 21, 14, 11, 16, 13, 14, 24, 16,
17, 16, 10, 21, 24, 21, 14, 7, 10, 21, 21, 19, 19,
16, 17, 21, 7, 17, 16, 21, 19, 14, 14, 19, 17, 19,
14, 18, 25, 22, 11, 17, 21, 22, 21, 17, 7, 13, 21,
16, 21, 11, 11, 7, 7, 7, 19, 14, 13, 24, 21, 14,
11, 16, 13, 14, 24, 16, 17, 16, 10, 21, 24, 21, 14,
8, 20, 17, 19, 15, 1, 1]
res_atoms_n_polarh = [9, 12, 9, 9, 7, 16, 11, 7, 8, 9, 6, 10, 14, 11,
6, 16, 9, 12, 9, 12, 5, 9, 16, 9, 14, 8, 8, 11,
12, 11, 12, 9, 6, 16, 6, 5, 12, 14, 6, 9, 5, 11,
5, 10, 12, 8, 12, 7, 12, 12, 7, 5, 5, 5, 9, 9,
10, 16, 12, 7, 8, 11, 10, 7, 16, 11, 12, 11, 6,
12, 16, 14, 7, 5, 7, 12, 14, 9, 9, 11, 12, 12, 5,
12, 11, 14, 9, 11, 11, 9, 12, 9, 9, 12, 17, 15,
8, 8, 10, 13, 10, 12, 5, 10, 12, 8, 12, 7, 8, 5,
5, 5, 9, 9, 10, 16, 12, 7, 8, 11, 10, 7, 16, 11,
12, 11, 6, 12, 16, 14, 7, 5, 10, 12, 9, 9, 1, 1]
assert len(protein.atoms) == 1114
assert len(protein.residues) == 138
assert_array_equal([len(res.atoms) for res in protein.residues],
res_atoms_n)
protein.addh()
assert len(protein.atoms) == 2170
assert len(protein.residues) == 138
assert_array_equal([len(res.atoms) for res in protein.residues],
res_atoms_n_addh)
protein.removeh()
protein.addh(only_polar=True)
assert len(protein.atoms) == 1356
assert len(protein.residues) == 138
assert_array_equal([len(res.atoms) for res in protein.residues],
res_atoms_n_polarh)
protein.removeh()
assert len(protein.atoms) == 1114
assert len(protein.residues) == 138
assert_array_equal([len(res.atoms) for res in protein.residues],
res_atoms_n)
def test_mol_calccharges():
mol = oddt.toolkit.readstring('smi', 'c1ccccc1O')
mol.addh()
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
mol.calccharges('mmff94aaaaaa')
for m in ['gasteiger', 'mmff94']:
mol.calccharges(m)
assert (np.array(mol.charges) != 0.).any()
protein = next(oddt.toolkit.readfile('pdb', xiap_receptor))
protein.protein = True
# for that protein mmff94 charges could not be generated
with pytest.raises(Exception):
protein.calccharges('mmff94')
def test_toolkit_hoh():
"""HOH residues splitting"""
pdb_block = """ATOM 1 C1 GLY 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.00 0.00 C
ATOM 2 C2 GLY 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.00 0.00 C
ATOM 3 O1 GLY 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.00 0.00 O
ATOM 4 O2 GLY 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.00 0.00 O
ATOM 5 N1 GLY 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.00 0.00 N
ATOM 6 O3 HOH 2 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.00 0.00 O
ATOM 7 O4 HOH 3 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.00 0.00 O
ATOM 8 O5 HOH 4 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.00 0.00 O
"""
protein = oddt.toolkit.readstring('pdb', pdb_block)
protein.protein = True
assert len(protein.residues) == 4
protein.addh(only_polar=True)
assert len(protein.residues) == 4
protein.addh()
assert len(protein.residues) == 4
def test_pickle():
"""Pickle molecules"""
mols = list(oddt.toolkit.readfile('sdf', xiap_actives))
pickled_mols = list(map(lambda x: loads(dumps(x)), mols))
assert_array_equal(list(map(lambda x: x.title, mols)),
list(map(lambda x: x.title, pickled_mols)))
assert_array_equal(list(map(lambda x: x.smiles, mols)),
list(map(lambda x: x.smiles, pickled_mols)))
for mol, pickled_mol in zip(mols, pickled_mols):
assert dict(mol.data) == dict(pickled_mol.data)
# Test pickling of atom_dicts
assert_array_equal(list(map(lambda x: x._atom_dict is None, mols)),
[True] * len(mols))
mols_atom_dict = np.hstack(list(map(lambda x: x.atom_dict, mols)))
assert_array_equal(list(map(lambda x: x._atom_dict is not None, mols)),
[True] * len(mols))
pickled_mols = list(map(lambda x: loads(dumps(x)), mols))
assert_array_equal(list(map(lambda x: x._atom_dict is not None, pickled_mols)),
[True] * len(mols))
pickled_mols_atom_dict = np.hstack(list(map(lambda x: x._atom_dict, pickled_mols)))
for name in mols[0].atom_dict.dtype.names:
if issubclass(np.dtype(mols_atom_dict[name].dtype).type, np.number):
assert_array_almost_equal(mols_atom_dict[name],
pickled_mols_atom_dict[name])
else:
assert_array_equal(mols_atom_dict[name],
pickled_mols_atom_dict[name])
# Lazy Mols
mols = list(oddt.toolkit.readfile('sdf', xiap_actives, lazy=True))
pickled_mols = list(map(lambda x: loads(dumps(x)), mols))
assert_array_equal(list(map(lambda x: x._source is not None, pickled_mols)),
[True] * len(mols))
assert_array_equal(list(map(lambda x: x.title, mols)),
list(map(lambda x: x.title, pickled_mols)))
assert_array_equal(list(map(lambda x: x.smiles, mols)),
list(map(lambda x: x.smiles, pickled_mols)))
for mol, pickled_mol in zip(mols, pickled_mols):
assert dict(mol.data) == dict(pickled_mol.data)
def test_diverse_conformers():
# FIXME: make toolkit a module so we can import from it
diverse_conformers_generator = oddt.toolkit.diverse_conformers_generator
mol = oddt.toolkit.readstring(
'smi',
'CN1CCN(S(=O)(C2=CC=C(OCC)C(C3=NC4=C(N(C)N=C4CCC)C(N3)=O)=C2)=O)CC1'
)
mol.make3D()
res = []
for conf in diverse_conformers_generator(mol, seed=123456):
res.append(rmsd(mol, conf))
assert len(res) == 10
if oddt.toolkit.backend == 'ob':
if oddt.toolkit.__version__ < '0.3':
assert_array_almost_equal(res, [0., 3.043712, 3.897143, 3.289482,
3.066374, 2.909683, 2.913927,
3.488244, 3.70603, 3.597467])
else:
assert_array_almost_equal(res, [0.0, 1.372770, 2.489789, 2.759941,
2.968366, 3.228773, 3.392191,
3.921166, 3.185065, 3.283915])
# else:
# if oddt.toolkit.__version__ > '2016.03.9':
# assert_array_almost_equal(res, [1.237538, 2.346984, 0.900624,
# 3.469511, 1.886213, 2.128909,
# 2.852608, 1.312513, 1.291595,
# 1.326843])
# else:
# assert_array_almost_equal(res, [3.08995, 2.846358, 3.021795,
# 1.720319, 2.741972, 2.965332,
# 2.925344, 2.930157, 2.934049,
# 3.009545])
# check all implemented methods
if oddt.toolkit.backend == 'ob':
methods = ['ga', 'confab']
else:
methods = ['dg', 'etkdg', 'kdg', 'etdg']
for method in methods:
assert len(diverse_conformers_generator(mol,
seed=123456,
n_conf=5,
method=method)) == 5
assert len(diverse_conformers_generator(mol,
seed=123456,
n_conf=10,
method=method)) == 10
assert len(diverse_conformers_generator(mol,
seed=123456,
n_conf=20,
method=method)) == 20
def test_indices():
"""Test 0 and 1 based atom indices"""
mol = oddt.toolkit.readstring('smi', 'CCc1cc(C)c(C)cc1-c1ccc(-c2cccc(C)c2)cc1')
atom = mol.atoms[0]
assert atom.idx0 == 0
assert atom.idx1 == 1
# the unmarked index is deprecated in ODDT
with pytest.warns((DeprecationWarning, FutureWarning)):
assert atom.idx == 1
def test_pickle_protein():
"""Pickle proteins"""
# Proteins
rec = next(oddt.toolkit.readfile('pdb', xiap_receptor))
# generate atom_dict
assert rec.atom_dict is not None
assert rec._atom_dict is not None
pickled_rec = loads(dumps(rec))
assert pickled_rec.protein is False
assert pickled_rec._atom_dict is not None
rec.protein = True
# setting protein property should clean atom_dict cache
assert rec._atom_dict is None
# generate atom_dict
assert rec.atom_dict is not None
pickled_rec = loads(dumps(rec))
assert pickled_rec.protein is True
assert pickled_rec._atom_dict is not None
if oddt.toolkit.backend == 'rdk':
def test_badmol():
"""Propagate None's for bad molecules"""
mol = oddt.toolkit.readstring('smi', 'c1cc2')
assert mol is None
def test_dicts():
"""Test ODDT numpy structures, aka. dicts"""
mols = list(oddt.toolkit.readfile('sdf', xiap_actives))
list(map(lambda x: x.addh(only_polar=True), mols))
skip_cols = ['radius', 'charge', 'id',
# following fields need to be standarized
'hybridization',
'numhs',
'formalcharge',
]
all_cols = [name for name in mols[0].atom_dict.dtype.names
if name not in ['coords', 'neighbors', 'neighbors_id']]
common_cols = [name for name in all_cols if name not in skip_cols]
# Small molecules
all_dicts = np.hstack([mol.atom_dict for mol in mols])
all_dicts = all_dicts[all_dicts['atomicnum'] != 1]
data = pd.DataFrame({name: all_dicts[name] for name in all_cols})
data['mol_idx'] = [i
for i, mol in enumerate(mols)
for atom in mol
if atom.atomicnum != 1]
# Save correct results
# data[common_cols].to_csv(
# os.path.join(test_data_dir, 'data/results/xiap/mols_atom_dict.csv'),
# index=False)
corr_data = pd.read_csv(os.path.join(test_data_dir, 'data', 'results',
'xiap', 'mols_atom_dict.csv')
).fillna('')
for name in common_cols:
if issubclass(np.dtype(data[name].dtype).type, np.number):
mask = data[name] - corr_data[name] > 1e-6
for i in np.argwhere(mask.values):
print(i, data[name][i].values, corr_data[name][i].values,
mols[data['mol_idx'][int(i)]].write('smi'))
assert_array_almost_equal(
data[name],
corr_data[name],
err_msg='Mols atom_dict\'s collumn: "%s" is not equal' % name)
else:
mask = data[name] != corr_data[name]
for i in np.argwhere(mask.values):
print(i, data[name][i].values, corr_data[name][i].values,
mols[data['mol_idx'][int(i)]].write('smi'))
assert_array_equal(
data[name],
corr_data[name],
err_msg='Mols atom_dict\'s collumn: "%s" is not equal' % name)
# Protein
rec = next(oddt.toolkit.readfile('pdb', xiap_receptor))
rec.protein = True
rec.addh(only_polar=True)
skip_cols = ['radius', 'charge', 'resid', 'id',
# following fields need to be standarized
'hybridization',
'numhs',
'formalcharge',
]
common_cols = [name for name in all_cols if name not in skip_cols]
all_dicts = rec.atom_dict[rec.atom_dict['atomicnum'] != 1]
data = pd.DataFrame({name: all_dicts[name] for name in all_cols})
# Save correct results
# data[common_cols].to_csv(
# os.path.join(test_data_dir, 'data/results/xiap/prot_atom_dict.csv'),
# index=False)
corr_data = pd.read_csv(os.path.join(test_data_dir, 'data', 'results',
'xiap', 'prot_atom_dict.csv')
).fillna('')
for name in common_cols:
if issubclass(np.dtype(data[name].dtype).type, np.number):
mask = data[name] - corr_data[name] > 1e-6
for i in np.argwhere(mask.values):
print(i,
data['atomtype'][i].values,
data['resname'][i].values,
data[name][i].values,
corr_data[name][i].values)
assert_array_almost_equal(
data[name],
corr_data[name],
err_msg='Protein atom_dict\'s collumn: "%s" is not equal' % name)
else:
mask = data[name] != corr_data[name]
for i in np.argwhere(mask.values):
print(i,
data['atomtype'][i].values,
data['resname'][i].values,
data[name][i].values,
corr_data[name][i].values)
assert_array_equal(
data[name],
corr_data[name],
err_msg='Protein atom_dict\'s collumn: "%s" is not equal' % name)
def test_ss():
"""Secondary structure assignment"""
# Alpha Helix
prot_file = os.path.join(test_data_dir, 'data', 'pdb', '1cos_helix.pdb')
protein = next(oddt.toolkit.readfile('pdb', prot_file))
protein.protein = True
# print(protein.res_dict['resname'])
# print(protein.res_dict['isalpha'])
# print(protein.res_dict['isbeta'])
isalpha = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26]
assert len(protein.res_dict) == 29
assert_array_equal(np.where(protein.res_dict['isalpha'])[0], isalpha)
assert protein.res_dict['isalpha'].sum() == 27
assert protein.res_dict['isbeta'].sum() == 0
# Beta Sheet
prot_file = os.path.join(test_data_dir, 'data', 'pdb', '1icl_sheet.pdb')
protein = next(oddt.toolkit.readfile('pdb', prot_file))
protein.protein = True
# print(protein.res_dict['resname'])
# print(protein.res_dict['isalpha'])
# print(protein.res_dict['isbeta'])
# print(protein.res_dict['isbeta'])
# for mask_group in np.split(np.argwhere(protein.res_dict['isbeta']).flatten(),
# np.argwhere(np.diff(np.argwhere(protein.res_dict['isbeta']).flatten()) != 1).flatten() + 1):
# print(mask_group + 1, protein.res_dict[mask_group]['resname'])
isbeta = [2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13]
assert len(protein.res_dict) == 29
assert_array_equal(np.where(protein.res_dict['isbeta'])[0], isbeta)
assert protein.res_dict['isbeta'].sum() == 8
assert protein.res_dict['isalpha'].sum() == 0
# Protein test
protein = next(oddt.toolkit.readfile('pdb', xiap_receptor))
protein.protein = True
# print(protein.res_dict['resname'])
# print(protein.res_dict['isalpha'])
# for mask_group in np.split(np.argwhere(protein.res_dict['isalpha']).flatten(),
# np.argwhere(np.diff(np.argwhere(protein.res_dict['isalpha']).flatten()) != 1).flatten() + 1):
# print(mask_group + 1, protein.res_dict[mask_group]['resname'])
# print(protein.res_dict['isbeta'])
# for mask_group in np.split(np.argwhere(protein.res_dict['isbeta']).flatten(),
# np.argwhere(np.diff(np.argwhere(protein.res_dict['isbeta']).flatten()) != 1).flatten() + 1):
# print(mask_group + 1, protein.res_dict[mask_group]['resname'])
isalpha = [15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 63, 64, 65, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88,
89, 90, 91, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128]
isbeta = [36, 37, 38, 45, 46, 47, 52, 53, 54]
assert_array_equal(np.where(protein.res_dict['isalpha'])[0], isalpha)
assert_array_equal(np.where(protein.res_dict['isbeta'])[0], isbeta)
assert len(protein.res_dict) == 136
assert protein.res_dict['isalpha'].sum() == 43
assert protein.res_dict['isbeta'].sum() == 9
assert (protein.res_dict['isalpha'] &
protein.res_dict['isbeta']).sum() == 0 # Must be zero!
assert (~protein.res_dict['isalpha'] &
~protein.res_dict['isbeta']).sum() == 84
def test_pdbqt():
"""RDKit PDBQT writer and reader"""
mol = next(oddt.toolkit.readfile('sdf', xiap_actives))
mol2 = oddt.toolkit.readstring('pdbqt', mol.write('pdbqt'))
assert mol.title == mol2.title
# test loop breaks in DFS algorithm
mol = oddt.toolkit.readstring('smi', 'CCc1cc(C)c(C)cc1-c1ccc(-c2cccc(C)c2)cc1')
mol.make3D()
# roundtrip molecule with template
mol2 = oddt.toolkit.readstring('pdbqt', mol.write('pdbqt'))
mol.removeh()
assert len(mol.atoms) == len(mol2.atoms)
def nodes_size(block):
out = OrderedDict()
current_key = None
for line in block.split('\n'):
if line[:4] == 'ROOT' or line[:6] == 'BRANCH':
current_key = line.strip()
out[current_key] = 0
elif line[:4] == 'ATOM':
out[current_key] += 1
return list(out.values())
# check the branch order and size
if oddt.toolkit.backend == 'ob':
assert_array_equal(nodes_size(mol.write('pdbqt')),
[6, 8, 2, 7])
else:
assert_array_equal(nodes_size(mol.write('pdbqt')),
[8, 6, 7, 2])
ligand_file = os.path.join(test_data_dir, 'data', 'dude', 'xiap',
'crystal_ligand.sdf')
mol = next(oddt.toolkit.readfile('sdf', ligand_file))
assert_array_equal(nodes_size(mol.write('pdbqt')),
[8, 3, 6, 6, 1, 6, 3, 2, 2])
# roundtrip a disconnected fragments
mol = oddt.toolkit.readstring('smi', 'c1ccccc1.c1ccccc1C')
if oddt.toolkit.backend == 'ob':
kwargs = {'opt': {'r': None}}
else:
kwargs = {'flexible': False}
mol2 = oddt.toolkit.readstring('pdbqt', mol.write('pdbqt', **kwargs))
assert len(mol.atoms) == len(mol2.atoms)
mol2 = oddt.toolkit.readstring('pdbqt', mol.write('pdbqt'))
assert len(mol.atoms) == len(mol2.atoms)
def test_residue_info():
"""Residue properties"""
mol_file = os.path.join(test_data_dir, 'data', 'pdb', '3kwa_5Apocket.pdb')
mol = next(oddt.toolkit.readfile('pdb', mol_file))
assert len(mol.residues) == 19
res = mol.residues[0]
assert res.idx0 == 0
assert res.number == 92
assert res.chain == 'A'
assert res.name == 'GLN'
def test_canonize_ring_path():
"""Test canonic paths"""
path0 = list(range(6))
path = deque(path0)
path.rotate(3)
assert canonize_ring_path(path) == path0
path.reverse()
assert canonize_ring_path(path) == path0
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
canonize_ring_path(tuple(range(6)))