window.initializeCodeFolding = function(show) {

  // handlers for show-all and hide all

  $("#rmd-show-all-code").click(function() {

    $('div.r-code-collapse').each(function() {

      $(this).collapse('show');

    });

  });

  $("#rmd-hide-all-code").click(function() {

    $('div.r-code-collapse').each(function() {

      $(this).collapse('hide');

    });

  });

  // index for unique code element ids

  var currentIndex = 1;

  // select all R code blocks

  var rCodeBlocks = $('pre.r, pre.python, pre.bash, pre.sql, pre.cpp, pre.stan, pre.julia, pre.foldable');

  rCodeBlocks.each(function() {

    // skip if the block has fold-none class

    if ($(this).hasClass('fold-none')) return;

    // create a collapsable div to wrap the code in

    var div = $('<div class="collapse r-code-collapse"></div>');

    var showThis = (show || $(this).hasClass('fold-show')) && !$(this).hasClass('fold-hide');

    var id = 'rcode-643E0F36' + currentIndex++;

    div.attr('id', id);

    $(this).before(div);

    $(this).detach().appendTo(div);

    // add a show code button right above

    var showCodeText = $('<span>' + (showThis ? 'Hide' : 'Show') + '</span>');

    var showCodeButton = $('<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-xs btn-secondary btn-sm code-folding-btn pull-right float-right"></button>');

    showCodeButton.append(showCodeText);

    showCodeButton

        .attr('data-toggle', 'collapse')

        .attr('data-bs-toggle', 'collapse') // BS5

        .attr('data-target', '#' + id)

        .attr('data-bs-target', '#' + id)   // BS5

        .attr('aria-expanded', showThis)

        .attr('aria-controls', id);

    var buttonRow = $('<div class="row"></div>');

    var buttonCol = $('<div class="col-md-12"></div>');

    buttonCol.append(showCodeButton);

    buttonRow.append(buttonCol);

    div.before(buttonRow);

    // show the div if necessary

    if (showThis) div.collapse('show');

    // update state of button on show/hide

    //   * Change text

    //   * add a class for intermediate states styling

    div.on('hide.bs.collapse', function () {

      showCodeText.text('Show');

      showCodeButton.addClass('btn-collapsing');

    });

    div.on('hidden.bs.collapse', function () {

      showCodeButton.removeClass('btn-collapsing');

    });

    div.on('show.bs.collapse', function () {

      showCodeText.text('Hide');

      showCodeButton.addClass('btn-expanding');

    });

    div.on('shown.bs.collapse', function () {

      showCodeButton.removeClass('btn-expanding');

    });

  });

}