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LSD Surveillance table.xlsx
| # | Scenario | Health status | Vaccination status | Source of infection | Main surveillance objective | Susceptible population * | Areas at major risk ** | Period at major risk | Type of surveillance | Diagnostic tests | Design prevalence based on outcomes of the model | Sampling frequency and time | Primary epidemiological unit | Areas of surveillance and target population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.1 Areas or countries at risk of LSD where no LSD outbreaks have occurred and no LSD vaccination was carried out. | No LSDV infection. | No vaccination. | Introduction from neighbouring infected countries. | Early detection in case of introduction. | Whole cattle population. | Areas bordering infected countries (buffer of 80 km). | Vector season (April-October, could be longer due to climatic conditions) To be effective a window between 3 (21 days) to 5 (35 days) weeks from LSDV introduction should be considered for early detection. | - Active surveillance on areas at risk. - Passive surveillance on the whole country. | Clinical examinations of animals through periodical visits. It can be strengthened through systematic clinical examinations at live animal markets, before cattle leaving their herds (pre-movement clinical checks) and during ante mortem examinations at slughterhouses. Clinical suspicions must be confirmed by virological tests (PCR on blood and/or skin samples). | 0.0045% (for early detection at 21 days after LSD introduction, see Sheet 2) | Considering the time to detection window (3–5 weeks), the clinical examinations should be repeated at least every 5 weeks during the whole period at risk. | Herd | All cattle herds located in the areas at risk. The herds should be randomly selected. |
| 2 | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan |
| 3 | 2.2 Areas or countries at risk of LSD (e.g. due to LSD outbreaks in neighbouring countries), where LSD vaccination is carried out. | No LSDV infection. | Vaccination in place. | Introduction from neighbouring infected countries. | Quantification of the immunity level achieved in the population through the vaccination | Non-immunised fraction of cattle population (under age, reduced coverage or recently introduced from free countries). | Areas bordering infected countries (buffer of 80 km). | Vector season (April-October, it could be longer due to climatic conditions) To be effective a window between 3 (21 days) to 5 (35 days) weeks from LSDV introduction should be considered for early detection. | Active surveillance for virus detection cannot be feasible. A serological cross-sectional survey can be performed to assess the level of immunity of population. Passive surveillance in the whole country. | Random serological survey. | not available | Considering the period at risk (April–October), the level of immunity should be assessed just before this period. | Animal | All cattle living in the country or in the areas at risk. The herds should be randomly selected. |
| 4 | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan |
| 5 | 2.3 Areas or countries at risk of LSD, where no LSD outbreaks have occurred and LSD preventive vaccination was carried out, after cease of vaccination. | No LSDV infection. | Vaccination discontinued. | Introduction from neighbouring infected countries. | Early detection in case of introduction. | Non-immunised fraction of cattle population (animals born after vaccination cessation, animals not already vaccinated, animals recently introduced from LSD-free countries , calves under vaccination age, i.e. younger than 6 months, if not born from immunised dams). | Areas bordering infected countries (buffer of 80 km). | Vector season (April-October, it could be longer due to climatic conditions) To be effective a window between 3 (21 days) to 5 (35 days) weeks from LSDV introduction should be considered for early detection. | - Active surveillance on areas at risk. - Passive surveillance in the whole country. | Clinical examinations of animals through periodical visits. It can be strengthened through systematic clinical examinations at live animal markets, before cattle leaving their herds (pre-movement clinical checks) and during ante mortem examinations at slughterhouses. Clinical suspicions must be confirmed by virological tests (e.g. PCR on blood and/or skin samples). | 0.0045% (for early detection at 21 days after LSD introduction, see Sheet 2) | Considering the time to detection window (3–5 weeks), the clinical examinations should be repeated at least every 5 weeks during the whole period at risk. | Herd | All cattle herds with not vaccinated animals located in the areas at risk. The herds should be randomly selected. |
| 6 | nan | nan | nan | nan | Demonstration of disease absence | Non-immunised fraction of cattle population (animals born after vaccination cessation, animals not already vaccinated, animals recently introduced from LSD-free countries , calves under vaccination age, i.e. younger than 6 months, if not born from immunised dams). | nan | April-October. | Active surveillance on the whole country. Passive surveillance in the whole country. | Random serological survey. | 3.5% (the lowest 25th percentile of the proportion of herds ever infected during a simulation in Bulgaria and Greece, see Sheet 3) | Sampling can be performed at any period of the year, but preferably after the period at major risk (Autumn), when the expected prevalence of serological positive animals is higher. Surveillance may be performed at least eight months after the last vaccination (see article 11.9.4., point 2 of OIE’s TAHC). | Herd | All cattle herds with susceptible animals in the whole country. Calves born from vaccinated dams can be included in the target population after 6 months of age, when the maternal immunity can be considered waned and do not interfere with serological tests. |
| 7 | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan |
| 8 | 2.4 Areas or countries where LSD outbreaks have been confirmed, after cease of vaccination. | LSDV infection. | Vaccination discontinued. | Introduction from neighbouring infected countries. | Early detection in case of introduction. | Non-immunised fraction of cattle population (animals born after cessation of vaccination and of virus circulation) . | Areas bordering infected countries (buffer of 80 km). | Vector season (April-October, it could be longer due to climatic conditions) To be effective a window between 3 (21 days) to 5 (35 days) weeks from LSDV introduction should be considered for early detection. | - Active surveillance on areas at risk. - Passive surveillance in the whole country. | Clinical examinations of animals through periodical visits. It can be strengthened through systematic clinical examinations at live animal markets, before cattle leaving their herds (pre-movement clinical checks) and during ante mortem examinations at slughterhouses. Clinical suspicions must be confirmed by virological tests (e.g, PCR on blood and/or skin samples). | 0.02% (estimated median prevalence value in Bulgaria and Greece, with the re-emergence of the infection after 2 years of vaccination, 80% coverage, 95% effectiveness, see Sheet 2) | Considering the time to detection window (3–5 weeks), the clinical examinations should be repeated at least every 5 weeks during the whole period at risk. | Herd | All cattle herds with susceptible animals located in the areas at risk. The herds should be randomly selected. |
| 9 | nan | nan | nan | Re-emergence for virus persistence. | Demonstration of disease absence | Non-immunised fraction of cattle population (animals born after cessation of vaccination and of virus circulation) . | The whole country may be considered as area at risk for LSDV re-emergence. | April-October. | - Active surveillance on the whole country. - Passive surveillance in the whole country. | Random serological survey. | 3.5% (the lowest 25th percentile of the proportion of herds ever infected during a simulation in Bulgaria and Greece, see Sheet 3) | Sampling can be performed at any period of the year, but preferably after the period at major risk (Autumn), when the expected prevalence of serological positive animals is higher. Surveillance can be performed at least 14 months after the slaughter/killing of the last case, or after the last vaccination in case a stamping-out policy has been applied (Article 11.9.4 point 1.a.i.) or at least 2 years after the last vaccination in case no stamping out has been applied (Article 11.9.4 point 1.a.ii, 1.b). | Herd | All cattle herds with susceptible animals in the whole country. Calves born from vaccinated dams can be included in the target population after 6 months of age, when the maternal immunity can be considered waned and do not interfere with serological tests. |
| 10 | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan |
| 11 | * considering 100% effectiveness of vaccination in stimulating a protecting immunity | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan |
| 12 | ** considering the respect of rules governing the international trade and therefore no possibility to introduce the infection through legal/controlled movements. Not controlled movements considered only at small distance or at local level. | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan |