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<B>Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html157" HREF="gait-reprint.html">Title Page</A>





  
  

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<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html151" HREF="node15.html">References</A>





  
  

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<BR> <P>





  
  

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<H1><A NAME="SECTION00090000000000000000">Figure Legends</A></H1>





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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<DL ><DT><DD> Figure 1: Representative walking time series of 4, 7 and 11 year old children.





  
  

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The stride-to-stride





  
  

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fluctuations are largest





  
  

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in the 4 year old and smallest in the 11 year old. The coefficient





  
  

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of variation, a measure of variability, was 8.4, 4.3 and 1.9 % in the





  
  

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4, 7 and 11 year old, respectively.





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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<DT><DD> Figure 2: Representative time series after detrending (for same





  
  

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datasets as shown in Figure 1). Even after detrending, which minimizes the





  
  

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effects of local changes in the mean value, stride-to-stride





  
  

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fluctuations in stride time are still largest in the 4 year old and smallest





  
  

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in the 11 year old. The standard deviation was 60, 27 and 20 msec for





  
  

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the time series of these 4, 7 and 11 year old subjects. (For graphical





  
  

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purposes, 2 off-scale data points  with values between .2  and .3 sec are not shown for the 4 year old.)





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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<DT><DD> Figure 3: Stride time variability as a function of age.  Shown





  
  

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is the coefficient of variation (CV) calculated during the 30 stride sub-section of each





  
  

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subject's time series with the lowest variability. Even during this





  
  

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period of relatively steady walking, gait variability decreases with age.  The





  
  

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inset shows the data points replotted on log-log axes. The slope of the best fit line





  
  

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is close to -1.0, indicating that CV decreases inversely with age





  
  

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(<IMG WIDTH=102 HEIGHT=33 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline446" SRC="img15.png">). Note how the stride time variability observed in the oldest





  
  

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children approaches that of healthy adults   (12) (error bars correspond to





  
  

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the mean <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> the standard error for young adults).





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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<DT><DD> Figure 4: Representative results of spectral analysis (for datasets





  
  

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shown in Figure 1). The time series were normalized so that





  
  

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the total power is the same in each of the spectra.  Note the subtle





  
  

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decrease





  
  

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in low frequency power and increase in high frequency power with age.





  
  

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The ratio of low  (0.05 to 0.25 stride<IMG WIDTH=15 HEIGHT=9 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline306" SRC="img8.png">) to high frequency power 





  
  

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(0.25--0.50





  
  

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strides<IMG WIDTH=15 HEIGHT=9 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline306" SRC="img8.png">)





  
  

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was 9.0, 4.6 and 1.5 for





  
  

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the 4, 7 and 11 year old, respectively.





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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<DT><DD> Figure 5: Ratio of power in the relatively low (0.1 to 0.2 stride<IMG WIDTH=15 HEIGHT=9 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline306" SRC="img8.png">)





  
  

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to relatively high (0.3 to 0.4 stride<IMG WIDTH=15 HEIGHT=9 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline306" SRC="img8.png">) frequency bands decreases with age.





  
  

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Note that this index of stride dynamics excludes highest and





  
  

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lowest frequencies. 





  
  

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In the oldest





  
  

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children, the ratio approaches that of healthy adults  (error bars correspond to





  
  

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the mean <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> the standard error for young adults).





  
  

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 See also Table 3.





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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<DT><DD> Figure 6: Fractal scaling index, <IMG WIDTH=10 HEIGHT=9 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline314" SRC="img11.png">, decreases with age.





  
  

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This finding suggests an age-related change in stride-to-stride dynamics over the





  
  

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range of 10 to 20 strides.  The scaling exponent shown here was





  
  

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determined after 2nd order detrending of each window of observation. 





  
  

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Note how <IMG WIDTH=10 HEIGHT=9 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline314" SRC="img11.png"> observed in the oldest





  
  

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children approaches that of healthy adults (error bars correspond to





  
  

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the mean <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> the standard error for young adults).





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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</DL>





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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<SMALL CLASS=SMALL>





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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<SMALL CLASS=SMALL>





  
  

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=.2in





  
  

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<BR><IMG WIDTH=661 HEIGHT=497 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="boxedminipage103" SRC="img16.png"><BR>





  
  

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<P><P>





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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<IMG WIDTH=4 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline468" SRC="img17.png">Note that unlike variability measures, temporal structure measures





  
  

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are sensitive to the order of the data points in the time series.





  
  

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<P><P>





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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<P><P>





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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<DIV ALIGN=CENTER><P ALIGN=CENTER><TABLE COLS=5 BORDER FRAME=BOX RULES=GROUPS>





  
  

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<COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=CENTER><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=CENTER><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=CENTER>





  
  

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<TBODY>





  
  

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<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=5>





  
  

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<B>Table 2: Stride Time Variability</B></TD></TR>





  
  

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</TBODY><TBODY>





  
  

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<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP COLSPAN=1></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP COLSPAN=1>





  
  

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</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=1>





  
  

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3 &amp; 4 Year Olds</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=1>





  
  

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6 &amp; 7 Year Olds</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=1>





  
  

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11--14 Year Olds</TD></TR>





  
  

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</TBODY><TBODY>





  
  

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<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>SD (msec) </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> Original Time Series </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 55 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 5<IMG WIDTH=11 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline472" SRC="img18.png"> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 31 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 2 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 23 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 1<IMG WIDTH=4 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline468" SRC="img17.png"> </TD></TR>





  
  

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</TBODY><TBODY>





  
  

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<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> After Detrending </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 48 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 4<IMG WIDTH=11 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline472" SRC="img18.png"> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 28 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 1 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 22 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 1<IMG WIDTH=4 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline468" SRC="img17.png">,<IMG WIDTH=3 HEIGHT=12 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline490" SRC="img19.png"> </TD></TR>





  
  

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</TBODY><TBODY>





  
  

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<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> 1st 30 Strides </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 47 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 5<IMG WIDTH=11 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline472" SRC="img18.png"> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 25 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 1 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 17 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 1<IMG WIDTH=4 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline468" SRC="img17.png">,<IMG WIDTH=3 HEIGHT=12 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline490" SRC="img19.png"> </TD></TR>





  
  

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</TBODY><TBODY>





  
  

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<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>CV (%) </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> Original Time Series </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 6.1 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.5<IMG WIDTH=11 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline472" SRC="img18.png">   </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 3.3 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.2 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 2.1 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.1<IMG WIDTH=15 HEIGHT=9 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline512" SRC="img20.png"><IMG WIDTH=3 HEIGHT=12 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline490" SRC="img19.png"> </TD></TR>





  
  

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</TBODY><TBODY>





  
  

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<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> Lowest 30 stride segment </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 3.1 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.2<IMG WIDTH=11 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline472" SRC="img18.png"> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 1.8 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.1 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 1.2 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.1<IMG WIDTH=15 HEIGHT=9 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline512" SRC="img20.png"><IMG WIDTH=3 HEIGHT=12 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline490" SRC="img19.png"> </TD></TR>





  
  

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</TBODY><TBODY>





  
  

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<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> 1st 30 Strides  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 5.1 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.5<IMG WIDTH=11 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline472" SRC="img18.png">  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 2.6 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.1 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 1.6 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.1<IMG WIDTH=15 HEIGHT=9 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline512" SRC="img20.png"><IMG WIDTH=3 HEIGHT=12 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline490" SRC="img19.png"> </TD></TR>





  
  

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</TBODY>





  
  

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</TABLE>





  
  

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</P></DIV>





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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SD: standard deviation; CV: coefficient of variation. <IMG WIDTH=4 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline468" SRC="img17.png"> and <IMG WIDTH=11 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline472" SRC="img18.png"> denote p &lt; .005 and p &lt; .0001, respectively,





  
  

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compared to the 6 and 7 year olds.  <IMG WIDTH=3 HEIGHT=12 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline490" SRC="img19.png"> denotes p &lt; .0001





  
  

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comparing the oldest and youngest groups.





  
  

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 Kruskal-Wallis tests detected





  
  

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significant differences among the three groups for all measures (p &lt;





  
  

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.0001).





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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<P><P>





  
  

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<P><P>





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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<P><P>





  
  

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<P><P>





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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<DIV ALIGN=CENTER><P ALIGN=CENTER><TABLE COLS=4 BORDER FRAME=BOX RULES=GROUPS>





  
  

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<COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=CENTER><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=CENTER><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=CENTER>





  
  

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<TBODY>





  
  

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<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=4>





  
  

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<B>Table 3: Spectral Analysis</B></TD></TR>





  
  

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</TBODY><TBODY>





  
  

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<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP COLSPAN=1></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=1>





  
  

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3 &amp; 4 Year Olds</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=1>





  
  

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6 &amp; 7 Year Olds</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=1>





  
  

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11--14 Year Olds</TD></TR>





  
  

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</TBODY><TBODY>





  
  

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<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>% High Frequency Power (0.25--0.5 stride<IMG WIDTH=15 HEIGHT=9 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline306" SRC="img8.png">)    </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 0.054 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.010    </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 0.064 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.012 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 0.100 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.022 </TD></TR>





  
  

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</TBODY><TBODY>





  
  

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<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Low/High  Ratio                   </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 6.8 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 1.2        </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 4.1 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.5 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 2.3 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.5<IMG WIDTH=14 HEIGHT=12 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline568" SRC="img21.png"> </TD></TR>





  
  

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</TBODY><TBODY>





  
  

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<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Low/High  Ratio after Detrending  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 0.30 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.02<IMG WIDTH=4 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline468" SRC="img17.png">     </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 0.20 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.03 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 0.15 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.03<IMG WIDTH=3 HEIGHT=12 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline490" SRC="img19.png"> </TD></TR>





  
  

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</TBODY><TBODY>





  
  

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<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>% High Frequency Power (0.3--0.4 stride<IMG WIDTH=15 HEIGHT=9 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline306" SRC="img8.png">) </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 0.022 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.005    </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 0.023 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.004 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 0.038 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.009 </TD></TR>





  
  

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</TBODY><TBODY>





  
  

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<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Low/High Ratio                    </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 6.8 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 1.1        </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 4.5 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.7 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 2.3 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.3<IMG WIDTH=14 HEIGHT=12 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline568" SRC="img21.png"> </TD></TR>





  
  

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</TBODY><TBODY>





  
  

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<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Low/High Ratio after Detrending           </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 0.41 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.06  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 0.29 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.04 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 0.18 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.02<IMG WIDTH=3 HEIGHT=12 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline490" SRC="img19.png"> </TD></TR>





  
  

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</TBODY>





  
  

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</TABLE>





  
  

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</P></DIV>





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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<IMG WIDTH=4 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline468" SRC="img17.png"> denotes p &lt; .05 





  
  

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compared to the 6 and 7 year olds. 





  
  

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 <IMG WIDTH=3 HEIGHT=12 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline490" SRC="img19.png"> denotes p &lt; .005





  
  

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comparing the oldest and youngest groups.





  
  

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Kruskal-Wallis tests detected





  
  

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significant differences among the three groups for all measures except high frequency power.





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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<P><P>





  
  

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<P><P>





  
  

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<P><P>





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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<DIV ALIGN=CENTER><P ALIGN=CENTER><TABLE COLS=4 BORDER FRAME=BOX RULES=GROUPS>





  
  

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<COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=CENTER><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=CENTER><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=CENTER>





  
  

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<TBODY>





  
  

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<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=4>





  
  

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<B>Table 4: Effects of Age on Stride Time Dynamics<IMG WIDTH=4 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline468" SRC="img17.png"></B></TD></TR>





  
  

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</TBODY><TBODY>





  
  

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<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP COLSPAN=1></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=1>





  
  

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3 &amp; 4 Year Olds</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=1>





  
  

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6 &amp; 7 Year Olds</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=1>





  
  

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11--14 Year Olds</TD></TR>





  
  

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</TBODY><TBODY>





  
  

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<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Variability  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> <IMG WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=29 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline614" SRC="img22.png"><IMG WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=29 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline614" SRC="img22.png"> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> <IMG WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=29 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline614" SRC="img22.png"> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> -- </TD></TR>





  
  

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</TBODY><TBODY>





  
  

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<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Low/High Frequency Power </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> <IMG WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=29 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline614" SRC="img22.png"><IMG WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=29 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline614" SRC="img22.png"> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> <IMG WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=29 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline614" SRC="img22.png"> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> -- </TD></TR>





  
  

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</TBODY><TBODY>





  
  

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<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Autocorrelation Decay Time </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> <IMG WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=29 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline626" SRC="img23.png"> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> --  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> --   </TD></TR>





  
  

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</TBODY><TBODY>





  
  

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<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Fractal Scaling Exponent </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> <IMG WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=29 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline614" SRC="img22.png">  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> <IMG WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=29 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline614" SRC="img22.png"> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> -- </TD></TR>





  
  

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</TBODY>





  
  

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</TABLE>





  
  

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</P></DIV>





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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<IMG WIDTH=4 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline468" SRC="img17.png">Compared to the oldest children in whom stride time dynamics





  
  

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are  the most adult-like.





  
  

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Note how different aspects of





  
  

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the temporal structure of the stride dynamics tend to mature at





  
  

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different ages. (The low/high ratio was not statistically different in the two youngest groups, 





  
  

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however, this representation reflects the observed trend toward a decreased ratio





  
  

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in the 6 and 7 years olds compared to the 3 and 4 year olds.)





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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<P><IMG WIDTH=557 HEIGHT=864 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure203" SRC="img24.png"><P>





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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<P><IMG WIDTH=548 HEIGHT=907 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure212" SRC="img25.png"><P>





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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<P><IMG WIDTH=448 HEIGHT=671 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure219" SRC="img26.png"><P>





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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<P><IMG WIDTH=554 HEIGHT=816 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure224" SRC="img27.png"><P>





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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<P><IMG WIDTH=447 HEIGHT=635 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure233" SRC="img28.png"><P>





  
  

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<P>





  
  

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