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--- a +++ b/jap/node16.html @@ -0,0 +1,211 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 3.0//EN"> +<!--Converted with LaTeX2HTML 96.1-h (September 30, 1996) by Nikos Drakos (nikos@cbl.leeds.ac.uk), CBLU, University of Leeds --> +<HTML> +<HEAD> +<TITLE>Figure Legends</TITLE> +<META NAME="description" CONTENT="Figure Legends"> +<META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="gait-reprint"> +<META NAME="resource-type" CONTENT="document"> +<META NAME="distribution" CONTENT="global"> +<LINK REL=STYLESHEET HREF="gait-reprint.css"> +</HEAD> +<BODY LANG="EN" bgcolor="white"> + <A NAME="tex2html158" HREF="node17.html"><IMG WIDTH=37 HEIGHT=24 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="next" SRC="/icons/latex2html/next_motif.png"></A> <A NAME="tex2html156" HREF="gait-reprint.html"><IMG WIDTH=26 HEIGHT=24 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="up" SRC="/icons/latex2html/up_motif.png"></A> <A NAME="tex2html150" HREF="node15.html"><IMG WIDTH=63 HEIGHT=24 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="previous" SRC="/icons/latex2html/previous_motif.png"></A> <BR> +<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html159" HREF="node17.html"> About this document </A> +<B>Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html157" HREF="gait-reprint.html">Title Page</A> +<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html151" HREF="node15.html">References</A> +<BR> <P> +<H1><A NAME="SECTION00090000000000000000">Figure Legends</A></H1> +<P> +<DL ><DT><DD> Figure 1: Representative walking time series of 4, 7 and 11 year old children. +The stride-to-stride +fluctuations are largest +in the 4 year old and smallest in the 11 year old. The coefficient +of variation, a measure of variability, was 8.4, 4.3 and 1.9 % in the +4, 7 and 11 year old, respectively. +<P> +<DT><DD> Figure 2: Representative time series after detrending (for same +datasets as shown in Figure 1). Even after detrending, which minimizes the +effects of local changes in the mean value, stride-to-stride +fluctuations in stride time are still largest in the 4 year old and smallest +in the 11 year old. The standard deviation was 60, 27 and 20 msec for +the time series of these 4, 7 and 11 year old subjects. (For graphical +purposes, 2 off-scale data points with values between .2 and .3 sec are not shown for the 4 year old.) +<P> +<DT><DD> Figure 3: Stride time variability as a function of age. Shown +is the coefficient of variation (CV) calculated during the 30 stride sub-section of each +subject's time series with the lowest variability. Even during this +period of relatively steady walking, gait variability decreases with age. The +inset shows the data points replotted on log-log axes. The slope of the best fit line +is close to -1.0, indicating that CV decreases inversely with age +(<IMG WIDTH=102 HEIGHT=33 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline446" SRC="img15.png">). Note how the stride time variability observed in the oldest +children approaches that of healthy adults (12) (error bars correspond to +the mean <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> the standard error for young adults). +<P> +<DT><DD> Figure 4: Representative results of spectral analysis (for datasets +shown in Figure 1). The time series were normalized so that +the total power is the same in each of the spectra. Note the subtle +decrease +in low frequency power and increase in high frequency power with age. +The ratio of low (0.05 to 0.25 stride<IMG WIDTH=15 HEIGHT=9 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline306" SRC="img8.png">) to high frequency power +(0.25--0.50 +strides<IMG WIDTH=15 HEIGHT=9 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline306" SRC="img8.png">) +was 9.0, 4.6 and 1.5 for +the 4, 7 and 11 year old, respectively. +<P> +<DT><DD> Figure 5: Ratio of power in the relatively low (0.1 to 0.2 stride<IMG WIDTH=15 HEIGHT=9 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline306" SRC="img8.png">) +to relatively high (0.3 to 0.4 stride<IMG WIDTH=15 HEIGHT=9 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline306" SRC="img8.png">) frequency bands decreases with age. +Note that this index of stride dynamics excludes highest and +lowest frequencies. +In the oldest +children, the ratio approaches that of healthy adults (error bars correspond to +the mean <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> the standard error for young adults). + See also Table 3. +<P> +<DT><DD> Figure 6: Fractal scaling index, <IMG WIDTH=10 HEIGHT=9 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline314" SRC="img11.png">, decreases with age. +This finding suggests an age-related change in stride-to-stride dynamics over the +range of 10 to 20 strides. The scaling exponent shown here was +determined after 2nd order detrending of each window of observation. +Note how <IMG WIDTH=10 HEIGHT=9 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline314" SRC="img11.png"> observed in the oldest +children approaches that of healthy adults (error bars correspond to +the mean <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> the standard error for young adults). +<P> +</DL> +<P> +<SMALL CLASS=SMALL> +<P> +<SMALL CLASS=SMALL> +=.2in +<BR><IMG WIDTH=661 HEIGHT=497 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="boxedminipage103" SRC="img16.png"><BR> +<P><P> +<P> +<IMG WIDTH=4 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline468" SRC="img17.png">Note that unlike variability measures, temporal structure measures +are sensitive to the order of the data points in the time series. +<P><P> +<P> +<P><P> +<P> +<DIV ALIGN=CENTER><P ALIGN=CENTER><TABLE COLS=5 BORDER FRAME=BOX RULES=GROUPS> +<COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=CENTER><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=CENTER><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=CENTER> +<TBODY> +<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=5> +<B>Table 2: Stride Time Variability</B></TD></TR> +</TBODY><TBODY> +<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP COLSPAN=1></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP COLSPAN=1> +</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=1> +3 & 4 Year Olds</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=1> +6 & 7 Year Olds</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=1> +11--14 Year Olds</TD></TR> +</TBODY><TBODY> +<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>SD (msec) </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> Original Time Series </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 55 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 5<IMG WIDTH=11 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline472" SRC="img18.png"> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 31 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 2 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 23 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 1<IMG WIDTH=4 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline468" SRC="img17.png"> </TD></TR> +</TBODY><TBODY> +<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> After Detrending </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 48 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 4<IMG WIDTH=11 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline472" SRC="img18.png"> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 28 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 1 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 22 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 1<IMG WIDTH=4 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline468" SRC="img17.png">,<IMG WIDTH=3 HEIGHT=12 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline490" SRC="img19.png"> </TD></TR> +</TBODY><TBODY> +<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> 1st 30 Strides </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 47 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 5<IMG WIDTH=11 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline472" SRC="img18.png"> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 25 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 1 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 17 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 1<IMG WIDTH=4 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline468" SRC="img17.png">,<IMG WIDTH=3 HEIGHT=12 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline490" SRC="img19.png"> </TD></TR> +</TBODY><TBODY> +<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>CV (%) </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> Original Time Series </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 6.1 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.5<IMG WIDTH=11 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline472" SRC="img18.png"> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 3.3 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.2 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 2.1 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.1<IMG WIDTH=15 HEIGHT=9 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline512" SRC="img20.png"><IMG WIDTH=3 HEIGHT=12 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline490" SRC="img19.png"> </TD></TR> +</TBODY><TBODY> +<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> Lowest 30 stride segment </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 3.1 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.2<IMG WIDTH=11 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline472" SRC="img18.png"> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 1.8 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.1 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 1.2 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.1<IMG WIDTH=15 HEIGHT=9 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline512" SRC="img20.png"><IMG WIDTH=3 HEIGHT=12 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline490" SRC="img19.png"> </TD></TR> +</TBODY><TBODY> +<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> 1st 30 Strides </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 5.1 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.5<IMG WIDTH=11 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline472" SRC="img18.png"> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 2.6 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.1 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 1.6 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.1<IMG WIDTH=15 HEIGHT=9 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline512" SRC="img20.png"><IMG WIDTH=3 HEIGHT=12 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline490" SRC="img19.png"> </TD></TR> +</TBODY> +</TABLE> +</P></DIV> +<P> +SD: standard deviation; CV: coefficient of variation. <IMG WIDTH=4 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline468" SRC="img17.png"> and <IMG WIDTH=11 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline472" SRC="img18.png"> denote p < .005 and p < .0001, respectively, +compared to the 6 and 7 year olds. <IMG WIDTH=3 HEIGHT=12 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline490" SRC="img19.png"> denotes p < .0001 +comparing the oldest and youngest groups. + Kruskal-Wallis tests detected +significant differences among the three groups for all measures (p < +.0001). +<P> +<P><P> +<P><P> +<P> +<P> +<P><P> +<P><P> +<P> +<DIV ALIGN=CENTER><P ALIGN=CENTER><TABLE COLS=4 BORDER FRAME=BOX RULES=GROUPS> +<COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=CENTER><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=CENTER><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=CENTER> +<TBODY> +<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=4> +<B>Table 3: Spectral Analysis</B></TD></TR> +</TBODY><TBODY> +<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP COLSPAN=1></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=1> +3 & 4 Year Olds</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=1> +6 & 7 Year Olds</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=1> +11--14 Year Olds</TD></TR> +</TBODY><TBODY> +<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>% High Frequency Power (0.25--0.5 stride<IMG WIDTH=15 HEIGHT=9 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline306" SRC="img8.png">) </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 0.054 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.010 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 0.064 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.012 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 0.100 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.022 </TD></TR> +</TBODY><TBODY> +<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> Low/High Ratio </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 6.8 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 1.2 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 4.1 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.5 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 2.3 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.5<IMG WIDTH=14 HEIGHT=12 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline568" SRC="img21.png"> </TD></TR> +</TBODY><TBODY> +<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> Low/High Ratio after Detrending </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 0.30 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.02<IMG WIDTH=4 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline468" SRC="img17.png"> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 0.20 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.03 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 0.15 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.03<IMG WIDTH=3 HEIGHT=12 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline490" SRC="img19.png"> </TD></TR> +</TBODY><TBODY> +<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>% High Frequency Power (0.3--0.4 stride<IMG WIDTH=15 HEIGHT=9 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline306" SRC="img8.png">) </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 0.022 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.005 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 0.023 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.004 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 0.038 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.009 </TD></TR> +</TBODY><TBODY> +<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> Low/High Ratio </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 6.8 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 1.1 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 4.5 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.7 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 2.3 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.3<IMG WIDTH=14 HEIGHT=12 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline568" SRC="img21.png"> </TD></TR> +</TBODY><TBODY> +<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> Low/High Ratio after Detrending </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 0.41 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.06 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 0.29 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.04 </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> 0.18 <IMG WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=27 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline288" SRC="img6.png"> 0.02<IMG WIDTH=3 HEIGHT=12 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline490" SRC="img19.png"> </TD></TR> +</TBODY> +</TABLE> +</P></DIV> +<P> +<IMG WIDTH=4 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline468" SRC="img17.png"> denotes p < .05 +compared to the 6 and 7 year olds. + <IMG WIDTH=3 HEIGHT=12 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline490" SRC="img19.png"> denotes p < .005 +comparing the oldest and youngest groups. +Kruskal-Wallis tests detected +significant differences among the three groups for all measures except high frequency power. +<P> +<P><P> +<P><P> +<P><P> +<P> +<DIV ALIGN=CENTER><P ALIGN=CENTER><TABLE COLS=4 BORDER FRAME=BOX RULES=GROUPS> +<COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=CENTER><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=CENTER><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=CENTER> +<TBODY> +<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=4> +<B>Table 4: Effects of Age on Stride Time Dynamics<IMG WIDTH=4 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline468" SRC="img17.png"></B></TD></TR> +</TBODY><TBODY> +<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP COLSPAN=1></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=1> +3 & 4 Year Olds</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=1> +6 & 7 Year Olds</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=1> +11--14 Year Olds</TD></TR> +</TBODY><TBODY> +<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Variability </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> <IMG WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=29 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline614" SRC="img22.png"><IMG WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=29 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline614" SRC="img22.png"> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> <IMG WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=29 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline614" SRC="img22.png"> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> -- </TD></TR> +</TBODY><TBODY> +<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Low/High Frequency Power </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> <IMG WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=29 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline614" SRC="img22.png"><IMG WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=29 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline614" SRC="img22.png"> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> <IMG WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=29 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline614" SRC="img22.png"> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> -- </TD></TR> +</TBODY><TBODY> +<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Autocorrelation Decay Time </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> <IMG WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=29 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline626" SRC="img23.png"> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> -- </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> -- </TD></TR> +</TBODY><TBODY> +<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Fractal Scaling Exponent </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> <IMG WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=29 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline614" SRC="img22.png"> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> <IMG WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=29 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline614" SRC="img22.png"> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP> -- </TD></TR> +</TBODY> +</TABLE> +</P></DIV> +<P> +<IMG WIDTH=4 HEIGHT=6 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline468" SRC="img17.png">Compared to the oldest children in whom stride time dynamics +are the most adult-like. +Note how different aspects of +the temporal structure of the stride dynamics tend to mature at +different ages. (The low/high ratio was not statistically different in the two youngest groups, +however, this representation reflects the observed trend toward a decreased ratio +in the 6 and 7 years olds compared to the 3 and 4 year olds.) +<P> +<P><IMG WIDTH=557 HEIGHT=864 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure203" SRC="img24.png"><P> +<P> +<P><IMG WIDTH=548 HEIGHT=907 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure212" SRC="img25.png"><P> +<P> +<P><IMG WIDTH=448 HEIGHT=671 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure219" SRC="img26.png"><P> +<P> +<P><IMG WIDTH=554 HEIGHT=816 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure224" SRC="img27.png"><P> +<P> +<P><IMG WIDTH=447 HEIGHT=635 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure233" SRC="img28.png"><P> +<P> +<P><IMG WIDTH=448 HEIGHT=635 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure238" SRC="img29.png"><P></SMALL></SMALL><HR><A NAME="tex2html158" HREF="node17.html"><IMG WIDTH=37 HEIGHT=24 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="next" SRC="/icons/latex2html/next_motif.png"></A> <A NAME="tex2html156" HREF="gait-reprint.html"><IMG WIDTH=26 HEIGHT=24 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="up" SRC="/icons/latex2html/up_motif.png"></A> <A NAME="tex2html150" HREF="node15.html"><IMG WIDTH=63 HEIGHT=24 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="previous" SRC="/icons/latex2html/previous_motif.png"></A> <BR> +<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html159" HREF="node17.html"> About this document </A> +<B>Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html157" HREF="gait-reprint.html">Title Page</A> +<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html151" HREF="node15.html">References</A> +</BODY> +</HTML>